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Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance

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23. OPM (2011). 24. Escot’s (2018) findings indicate that HEA in Gao was the most appropriate method for an emergency response as it managed to be implemented quickly, guaranteeing the acceptance of leaders but potentially at the expense of reliability. 25. Food insecurity, low human and physical capital asset holding, and low household earning capacity. 26. Escot’s (2018) findings indicate that PMT, which seems less suited to an emergency, has better reliability and its long-term perspective seems better suited for long-term interventions.

References Abelson, Brian, Kush R. Varshney, and Joy Sun. 2014. “Targeting Direct Cash Transfers to the Extremely Poor.” DataKind DataCorps, New York. http://dx .doi.org/10.1145/2623330.2623335. Acosta, Pablo, Phillippe Leite, and Jamele Rigolini. 2011. “Should Cash Transfers Be Confined to the Poor? Implications for Poverty and Inequality in Latin America.” Policy Research Working Paper 5875, World Bank, Washington, DC. https:// openknowledge-worldbank-org.libproxy-wb.imf.org/handle/10986/3642. Agbenyo, Fauster, Sylvester Zackaria Galaa, and Gilbert Abotisem Abiiro. 2017. “Challenges of the Targeting Approach to Social Protection: An Assessment of the Ghana Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty Programme in the Wa Municipality of Ghana.” African Journals OnLine 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.4314 /gjds.v14i1.2. Alatas, Vivi, Abhijit Banerjee, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken, Ririn Purnamasari, and Matthew Wai-Poi. 2016. “Self-Targeting: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.” Journal of Political Economy 124 (2): 371–427. https://doi .org/10.1086/685299. Alatas, Vivi, Abhijit Banerjee, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken, Ririn Purnamasari, and Matthew Wai-Poi. 2019. “Does Elite Capture Matter? Local Elites and Targeted Welfare Programs in Indonesia.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 109: 334–39. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191047. Alatas, Vivi, Abhijit Banerjee, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken, and Julia Tobias. 2012. “Targeting the Poor: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.” American Economic Review 102 (4): 1206–40. https://www.aeaweb.org /articles?id=10.1257/aer.102.4.1206. Alderman, Harold, Ugo Gentilini, and Ruslan Yemtsov. 2018. The 1.5 Billion People Question: Food, Vouchers, or Cash Transfers? Washington, DC: World Bank. Arruda, Pedro Lara. 2018. “Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer Programme.” One Pager 398, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Brasilia, Brazil. https:// ipcig.org/sites/default/files/pub/en/OP398_The_fragmented_operation_of_ Malawi_s_Social_Cash_Transfer_Programme.pdf. Arunatilake, Nisha, Priyanka Jayawardena, and Ashani Abayasekara. 2019. “CEQ Master Workbook: Sri Lanka (2009–2010),” CEQ Data Center on Fiscal

Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance

Articles inside

7.5 Performance Triangle for Two Programs

7.9 Relative Efficiency of Programs

Concluding Remarks

7.13 Exclusion and Inclusion Errors

the Poverty Line

7.12 Impacts on Poverty and Inequality

7.3 Inclusion and Exclusion Errors in a 10-Person Economy

7.4 Targeting Differential

What to Look for When Conducting Method Assessments

7.1 Social Program Coverage in Brazil

Illustrative Case Study on How to Avoid Spurious Interpretations

Introduction

References

Notes

B6.11.2 Household Consumption, Assets, and Land Access in PSNP Woredas, by PSNP Beneficiary Status, 2008

Conclusion

B6.11.1 Criteria for Selecting Beneficiary Households

Community-Based Targeting

Key Elements for Community-Based Targeting

6.10 Machine Learning, Big Data, and Human Rights

PMT, Machine Learning, and Big Data: What Do We Know?

Poor Households in Togo

Formulae

Its Drivers

B6.6.1 Distribution of Winners and Losers, by Demographic Group

6.8 Machine Learning Models That Are Commonly Used

B6.6.1 Timeline of Key Developments in Georgia’s Targeted Social Assistance Program

Causal Effect One

Updating the PMT Formula: The 2013–15 Reform of the Georgia Targeted Social Assistance Program

6.3 Illustration of PMT Weights for Selected Variables

Key Elements for PMT Methods: Traditional Models, Processes, and Machine Learning

B6.4.1 Summary of the Availability and Quality of Administrative Data in Tunisia, 2019

Hybrid Means Testing Targeting System: The Case of Tunisia

6.2 Romania: Asset-to-Income Conversion Coefficients

and Proxy Means Testing Models in Algeria

6.1 Albania: Imputation of Farm Income

Key Elements for Hybrid Means Testing

6.2 Income Test under the Hybrid Means Testing Approach

6.2 Treatment of Assets in Means-Tested Programs

Key Elements for Means Tests

Geographic Targeting: Big Data Are Revolutionizing Poverty Mapping

6.1 Example of Classification of Developed Area

6.1 Examples of Big Data

Some Starting Considerations about Data—Traditional and Big

Summary

Notes

References

Targeting Methods

Different Eligibility Approaches

Addition of Quantitative Information to the Decision-Making Process

5.8 Illustrative Lessons from the Simulations Literature

Country

5.6 Profiling Job Seekers to Differentiate Support

Methods That Rank People According to Welfare

a Fragile State

from Mongolia, Bolivia, and Nepal

Considerations in Choosing among Welfare Targeting Methods

Category in Determining Eligibility or Benefits

B5.3.2 Woreda Selection Does Not Add Much to the PSNP’s Targeting Performance

5.1 Humanitarian–Social Protection Alignment

Reflections on Patterns of Use of Targeting Methods

Patterns in Using and Combining Targeting Methods

5.1 Common Targeting Methods

Notes

Introduction

Conclusion

References

4.7 Examples of How Countries Are Providing Data Security

Data Protection?

from Chile and Moldova

Planning and Adapting Delivery Systems for Crisis Response

Program Access That Lead to Errors of Exclusion

Data Systems and Their Role in Supporting Eligibility Determination and Recertification

Client Interface: The Interaction between People and Institutions

Jigisemejiri Program

4.2 How Big Should a Social Registry Be?

Support Program

Fortifying Weak Links in the Delivery Chain to Reduce Errors of Exclusion and Inclusion