33
Step 3
No matches
Cotton; Carpets; Garments; Footwear; Ceramics; Glass; Furniture -
Alcoholic Beverages; Baked Goods; Bamboo; Bananas; Beans (soy)a; Beans; Beef; Blueberries; Bovines; Brazil Bidis b (handNuts/Chestnuts; Broccoli; Cabbages; Carrots; Cashews; rolled c Cattle; Charcoal; Chile Peppers; Citrus Fruits; Cloves; cigarettes); Coal; Cobalt ore; Coca; Coconuts; Coffee; Corn; Bricks c; Cottonseed; Cucumbers; Cumin; Diamonds; Dried Fish; Thread/Yarn d; Eggplants; Embellished Textiles; Fashion Accessories; Sapphires e; Fireworks; Fish; Flowers; Fluorspar; Footwear (sandals); Rubies f; Fruits (Pome and Stone); Garlic; Gems; Goats; Gold; Toys g; Granite; Grapes; Gravel (crushed stones); Gypsum; Surgical Hazelnuts; Hogs; Incense (agarbatti); Lettuce; Lobsters; Instruments h; Locks; Manioc; Matches; Melons; Nile Perch (fish); Oil Emeralds i (palm); Olives; Onions; Peanuts; Pepper; Peppers; Pineapples: Poppies; Potatoes; Poultry; Pulses; Rice; Salt; Sand; Sesame; Sheep; Shellfish; Shrimp; Silk Fabric; Silver; Sisal; Soap; Soccer Balls; Stones; Limestone; Pumice; Strawberries; Sugar Beets; Sugarcane; Sweet Potatoes; Tantalum ore; Tea; Tin ore; Tomatoes; Tungsten ore; Vanilla; Yerba Mate Beans (green beans, yellow beans); Brassware; Bricks (clay); Furniture (steel); Glass Bangles; Granite (crushed); Jade; Khat/Miraa (stimulant plant); Pornography; Tanzanite; Teak; Trona
Notes: * Codes where lower hierarchy codes were used in combination with higher ones, however controlling for double counting. a USDOL Flagged Beans (green, soy, yellow), as there were no matches for green or yellow beans, only soy was considered. b For Bidis, matching selected commodity was “Cigars, Cheroots and Cigarettes of tobacco [..]” as we assume bidis are included and the country mainly exports that type of cigarettes. cdg These commodities are manufactured goods (they are the result of industrial processes), we excluded some codes that contained the commodity as we considered highly unlikely a child being involved in the production e.g. refractory bricks. efhi Exceptional cases where up to two non-flagged commodities were included (due to Comext coding).
2. Example child labour commodities In order to illustrate this method, we highlight five products amongst those listed in the USDOL 2020 List of Goods,9 namely Cocoa, Cotton, Sugarcane, Rice and Tobacco. The value in euros of importations of commodities to the EU was obtained by the EU database Comext (European Commission, 2021a) for the year 2019 and matched with the data contained in the 2020 USDOL List of Goods. Data for the third step were drawn from Alsamawi et al. (2019), and countries were matched to the regional data using the UN Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) (United Nations, 2020). The discussion below summarises the findings of five example commodities, further enumerated for each identified country in Annex I. Cocoa: Cocoa has been identified as being produced by child labour in seven (7) countries partners of the EU, i.e. Brazil, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Sierra 9
USDOL’s 2020 list was applied as it represents a biennial list. There was no list published in 2019.
