2. Example child labour commodities

Cotton; Carpets; Garments; Footwear; Ceramics; Glass; Furniture Step 3 - Alcoholic Beverages; Baked Goods; Bamboo; Bananas; Beans; Beef; Blueberries; Bovines; Brazil Nuts/Chestnuts; Broccoli; Cabbages; Carrots; Cashews; Cattle; Charcoal; Chile Peppers; Citrus Fruits; Cloves; Coal; Cobalt ore; Coca; Coconuts; Coffee; Corn; Cottonseed; Cucumbers; Cumin; Diamonds; Dried Fish; Eggplants; Embellished Textiles; Fashion Accessories; Fireworks; Fish; Flowers; Fluorspar; Footwear (sandals); Fruits (Pome and Stone); Garlic; Gems; Goats; Gold; Granite; Grapes; Gravel (crushed stones); Gypsum; Hazelnuts; Hogs; Incense (agarbatti); Lettuce; Lobsters; Locks; Manioc; Matches; Melons; Nile Perch (fish); Oil (palm); Olives; Onions; Peanuts; Pepper; Peppers; Pineapples: Poppies; Potatoes; Poultry; Pulses; Rice; Salt; Sand; Sesame; Sheep; Shellfish; Shrimp; Silk Fabric; Silver; Sisal; Soap; Soccer Balls; Stones; Limestone; Pumice; Strawberries; Sugar Beets; Sugarcane; Sweet Potatoes; Tantalum ore; Tea; Tin ore; Tomatoes; Tungsten ore; Vanilla; Yerba Mate Beans (soy)a; Bidis b (handrolled c cigarettes); Bricks c; Thread/Yarn d; Sapphires e; Rubies f; Toys g; Surgical Instruments h; Emeralds i

No matches Beans (green beans, yellow beans); Brassware; Bricks (clay); Furniture (steel); Glass Bangles; Granite (crushed); Jade; Khat/Miraa (stimulant plant); Pornography; Tanzanite; Teak; Trona

Notes: * Codes where lower hierarchy codes were used in combination with higher ones, however controlling for double counting. a USDOL Flagged Beans (green, soy, yellow), as there were no matches for green or yellow beans, only soy was considered. b For Bidis, matching selected commodity was “Cigars, Cheroots and Cigarettes of tobacco [..]” as we assume bidis are included and the country mainly exports that type of cigarettes. c d g These commodities are manufactured goods (they are the result of industrial processes), we excluded some codes that contained the commodity as we considered highly unlikely a child being involved in the production e.g. refractory bricks. e f h i Exceptional cases where up to two non-flagged commodities were included (due to Comext coding).

2. Example child labour commodities

In order to illustrate this method, we highlight five products amongst those listed in the USDOL 2020 List of Goods, 9 namely Cocoa, Cotton, Sugarcane, Rice and Tobacco. The value in euros of importations of commodities to the EU was obtained by the EU database Comext (European Commission, 2021a) for the year 2019 and matched with the data contained in the 2020 USDOL List of Goods. Data for the third step were drawn from Alsamawi et al. (2019), and countries were matched to the regional data using the UN Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) (United Nations, 2020). The discussion below summarises the findings of five example commodities, further enumerated for each identified country in Annex I.

Cocoa: Cocoa has been identified as being produced by child labour in seven (7) countries partners of the EU, i.e. Brazil, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Sierra

9 USDOL’s 2020 list was applied as it represents a biennial list. There was no list published in 2019.

Leone. Ghana and the Ivory Coast were the largest EU cocoa trade partners in 2019 (amounting to over EUR 1 billion and EUR 3 billion, respectively) and Brazil was the smallest. Since Alsamawi et al. (2019) estimate that in Sub-Saharan Africa, 12% of exported goods and services are produced with child labour, and 22% in Latin America, the total value of cocoa flowing into the EU in 2019, produced with child labour, was worth approximately EUR 648 million. More than half of that value – an estimated EUR 373 million – was produced with child labour in Côte d’Ivoire alone.10

Cotton: According to the 2020 USDOL List, 15 countries produce cotton with child labour, with Turkey, China and India being identified by the Comext database as the largest exporters in 2019 (amounting to over EUR 751 million, EUR 416 million and EUR 415 million, respectively). Turkey, China and India had child labour value added of 9%, 26% and 12%, respectively. Accordingly, Turkey’s share of cotton produced with child labour and imported to the EU in 2019 was estimated to be EUR 67,641,399, that of China EUR 108,301,926, whilst that of India estimated to be EUR 49,860,002. In total, the value added from child labour for all 15 cotton-producing countries came to EUR 247 million in 2019.

Rice: In 2019, 5 countries grew rice with child labour according to USDOL: Brazil, Myanmar (Burma), India, Philippines and Viet Nam. Among them, India and Myanmar were the largest exports of rice to the EU, with exports worth EUR 223,058,929 and EUR 160,995,597, respectively. Given the degree of child labour in each country, the rice value added by child labour in Myanmar was EUR 41,858,855, and EUR 26,767,929 in India. Among the 5 identified countries, the total child labour value added for rice was an estimated EUR 76,164,154 in 2019.

Sugarcane: Nineteen (18) countries are identified by the 2020 USDOL List as producing sugarcane with child labour, 17 of which exported to the EU in 2019. The Comext database, which provides data on imports of cane sugar, identifies Belize and Brazil as the largest 2019 exporters of these products to Europe (with exports amounting to over 54 million and 76 million euros, respectively). Belize and Brazil produced an estimated EUR 12,011,958 and EUR 16,771,052, respectively, each with child labour value added of 22%. In total, the

10 In 2019, Côte d’Ivoire exported 1,343,072,400 kg of cocoa to the EU, a value of EUR 3,110,025,709. This value is, in our methodology, multiplied by 12% in order to obtain the child labour value added. Yet in order to double-check whether the 12% child labour value added estimate by Alsamawi et al. (2019) lines up with a specific commodity sourced from Sub-saharan Africa, we draw on figures available from the cocoa sector of Côte d’Ivoire. According to 2018/19 survey data reported by the child labour prevalence figures in the report "NORC Final Report: Assessing Progress in Reducing Child Labor in Cocoa Production in Cocoa Growing Areas of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana"(Sadhu et al., 2020), data from agricultural households (with at least one child in the 5-17 age group) in the cocoa growing areas of Côte d’Ivoire indicate that an estimated 790,647 children were engaged in child labour in cocoa production in Côte d’Ivoire. This works out to 38% of Ivorian children working as child labourers in cocoa growing areas. Incidentally, almost all of these children – 770,000 or 37% – were also exposed to at least one component of hazardous child labour in cocoa production. With an estimated 800,000 smallholder farmers (GIZ, 2021) in the country – between 700,000 and 1,000,000 cocoa producers in 2010 according to Ben Houassa (2011) – that works out to one child worker per smallholder (the average of 1 child labourer and 2.8 adults per cocoa-growing household is further corroborated by de Buhr et al. 2018, p. 20). The total output of a given farm X would be multiplied by 0.26316 in order to obtain an individual worker’s output. One must, however, also take into account that adult workers are 2 to 3 times more efficient than child workers. Thus, those 790,647 child labourers are responsible for 33%-50% of the workload. In sum, a 12% child labour value added of total cocoa output certainly passes the plausibility test (0.26316 X 50% = 0.13158, or 0.26316 X 33% = 0.8772).

sugarcane value added from child labour exported by 17 countries came to almost EUR 44 million (EUR 45,656,251) in 2019.

Tobacco: According to USDOL’s 2020 List, 17 countries produce tobacco with child labour. Malawi and Brazil are identified by the Comext database as the largest 2019 exporters to the EU (amounting to EUR 234 million and EUR 543 million, respectively). Child labour value added to exports from Malawi was 12%, and in Brazil 22%. Accordingly, Malawi’s share of tobacco produced by child labour and exported to the EU was estimated to be EUR 28,097,531, and that of Brazil estimated to be EUR 119,525,577. Altogether, the value of tobacco produced with child labour and exported to the EU was worth an estimated EUR 264,401,759 in 2019.