E-NEWSLETTER OF PERUVIAN CULTURE FOR AFRICA MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
MAINACTIVITIESINTHEDIPLOMATIC ANDCULTURALAGENDARELATEDTO AFRICAANDTHEAFRO-PERUVIAN COMMUNITY
TONDEROMORROPANO: Notesonafro-Peruvianparticipation
RECIPE
PeruvianflavorswithanAfrican influence
IInlastApril2023,threediplomatic,political,andcultural eventswereheld.Theseeventscontributetostrengthourties with African countries, disseminate and display afroperuvianess. Hereinafter, those main events will be highlighted:
On April 4, 2023, Ambassador José Jesús Guillermo Betancourt Rivera presented his Letters of Credence as Ambassador of Peru to the Arab Republic of Egypt to PresidentAbdelFattahEl-SisiIntheceremony,theEgyptian Presidentexpressedhisgreetingsandbestwishesofsuccess tothePeruviangovernmentanditspeopleInhisspeech,Mr President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi highlighted the excellent bilateralrelationshipbetweenbothcountries
Likewise, the occasion was propitious to highlight the convergencethatexistsbetweenbothcountriesinvarious areas,beingoneofthemthefactofbeingthecradleofancient civilizations AmbassadorBetancourtsaidthatthebilateral relationshipisoneoffullconvergenceinvariousareas,and thatitshouldbeexpandedanddiversifiedinthecoming yearsAlongtheselines,itisimportanttonotethatPeruand Egyptareabouttocelebrate60yearssincetheestablishment ofdiplomaticrelations,whichwereestablishedonOctober7, 1963
On April 6, 2023, Minister Jorge Eduardo Wurst Calle, presentedhisLettersofCredenceasAmbassadorofPeruto thePeople'sDemocraticRepublicofAlgeriatoPresident AbdelmadjidTebbouneIntheceremony,theAlgerianHead of State extended an invitation to the President of the Republic of Peru to official visit Algeria Mr President Tebbounealsopointedoutthat,althoughPeruandAlgeria aregeographicallydistantcountries,theysharethesame principles,includingnon-Alignment
Similarly, various aspects of the bilateral agenda were discussed,suchastherecentcommemoration,in2022,ofthe 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relationsbetweenbothcountries,thecelebrationoftheIV PoliticalConsultationMechanism,amongothers.
The presentation of Letters of Credence of both Ambassadorsprovidesanimportantopportunitytobuilda richanddiversifiedagenda,aimedatstrengtheningourties withtheAfricancontinent.
FromApril24to28,2023,theXIIIAfro-PeruvianWeekwas held by the Faculty of Social Sciences-Specialty of AnthropologyofthePontificalCatholicUniversityofPeru. Thepurposeofthiseventwastoencourageresearchbythe academic community and the general public on issues relatedtoafro-peruvianess.
Forthisedition,thefollowingtopicswereaddressedthrough discussionpanels:
Panel1:Undergroundandnormalizedracism,anapproach fromtheliteraturemadebyAfro-Peruvians
Panel2:PracticesofinvisibilitytowardstheAfro-Peruvian community.
Panel3:ChallengesinAfro-Peruviancommunityeducation.
Panel 4: Art and identity resistance: Experiences from culturalmanagement
The development of these thematic panels had the participation of various academics, communicators, and artists
Inthesameway,thereweresomeartisticpresentationssuch astheone-manshowentitled"Fabiana,PasosyLatidos", which takes as main elements the historical situation of vulnerabilityofAfro-descendantpopulations,aswellasthe linkswithAfricanmigrationsandrefugeesoftheXXIcentury; allfromaperspectiveoffictionaluniverses,wheretheactress embodiesanAfro-descendantslavewoman(Fabiana)and theprocessinwhichsheinvestigatesherfamilyheritageand linkstotheirAfricanrootsOntheotherhand,theCineforo wasalsoheld:"TheAfroinPeruvianMusic"
Likewise, it was highlighted that it not only seeks to commemoratethepast,whoserecognitionisnecessaryfor all,butalso"togoonestepfurtherandproposeconcrete actions for the development of Afro-Peruvians" In this regard,itwasindicatedthatthroughdialoguewithvarious levelsofthestate,localandregionalgovernments,civil society organizations, diplomatic representatives and international organizations, the active collaboration of theseactorsissoughtforthedevelopmentofpublicpolicies infavoroftheAfro-Peruvianpopulation
In this sense, two guidelines have been proposed: 1) RecognitionofthecontributionofAfro-Peruvianstothe nationalidentity Revalidate,recognize,andmakevisible thehistoryoftheAfro-Peruvianpeoplethroughoutthese 500years,withaprospectivelook 2)Developmentofthe Afro-Peruvian people Preparation of diagnoses and developmentprojectsineducation,health,infrastructure, work,agriculture,amongotheraxes,oftheAfro-Peruvian peopleFinally,itwasreportedthatintheperiod2023-2028 aseriesofanniversarieswillbecommemoratedwherethe participationofoutstandingAfro-Peruviancharacterswho havecontributedtoournationalhistoryishighlighted
OnApril27,2023,intheRaúlPorrasBarrenecheahemicycle oftheCongressoftheRepublicofPeru,the"Agenda20232028:Towards500yearsofAfro-descendantsinPeru"was presentedbytheAfro-PeruvianWorkingGroup Theorder speechwasmadebytheFirstVicePresidentoftheCongress oftheRepublicandPresidentoftheAfro-PeruvianWorking GroupoftheCongressoftheRepublic,MrsCongresswoman MarthaMoyanoDelgado.
In the development of the presentation, Congresswoman Moyanosaidthat,throughtheagenda,"apermanentwork willbecarriedoutwiththeobjectiveofrethinkingtheAfroPeruvian presence in our national territory, valuing the contributionofourancestors,makingvisiblethosemenand womenwhobuiltthisnationcalledPeru"
Cultural expressions such as dance and music have played a central role in the formation of Peruvian national identity Beyond the hegemonic national project,politicallycentralizedinLimaandculturallyin expressionssuchasthenorthernmarinera,manyothers makeupthediversityofPeruviansocialandculturallife
ThemultiplePeruvianculturalexpressionsalsoshow the different dimensions of power that structure Peruvian society, including racial hierarchies They attribute to the less white populations a place of subalternity and, to miscegenation (biological and cultural)astrategyofdomination
In this context, Afro-Peruvian populations face ambiguity On the one hand, they have achieved recognition as part of the Peruvian nation for their culturalcontribution,suchasthecajóninCreolemusic
However,Afro-Peruviansstruggletoachieverecognition aspoliticalactorsandcitizens Theyresistmaterialand symbolicoppressions
Belowisthetranscriptofthepaperpresented,inaddition tothecommentsofPierrPadilla,moderatorofthetable
CamilaDaniel:
My presentation is not going to be a traditional presentation Iwanttoexplainthecontextalittlebit I prepared a video to show the fieldwork I did in Morropón in February 2019. This video shows an interviewwithMr.AgustínHuertas,ateacherinSocial Sciences morropano, Afro-Peruvian activist who has beenpartoftheWorkingGroupoftheAfro-Peruvian Population I personally have a lot of interest in the Tondero,buttherearefewrecordsofthedanceandits Afro-Peruvianconnections.I'mgoingtoshowyouthe videoandifIgetthetime,I'llcommentsomethingelse.
(Video: Tondero Morropano Notes on African participation)
TheTonderoisaculturalexpressionofnorthernPeru with indigenous, Spanish and African influences. In Morropón,theTonderoisanimportantreferenceforthe recognitionofAfroperuanity TheTonderoMorropano rescuesthehistoryofAfricansintheregion
AgustínHuertas:
Withlimpet,thefruitofavegetablelikealargepumpkin Tothatpumpkintheysewedagoathide,goat They seweditup,tempereditanditwaslikeadrumandthey startedbeatingthere.Hewasaccompaniedbytheharp. Later,thecajóncomesandthentheguitar But,atfirst, theTonderowasplayedwithharpandlimpetThen,the harpwaschangedfortheguitarandthelimpetwiththe goat'sleatherwaschangedforthedrawer
AgustínHuertas:
TheDécimaandtheCumananaareconnectedbecauseinthe beginningitwasthequatrains,whichcometobetheCumanana thatweresungtogiverisetothelyrics...theCumananawhichisa poetic,popularepicgenreandthatispopularbecauseitisborn withthepeopleofthetownwhooftencouldnotreadorwrite Thosepeopledidnotgotoschool,muchlesstouniversitytoknow musicalityandstuff,buttheyhadagreatimaginativepowerand couldweavetheirideas Sosoonthat,inseconds,theybuilta quatrain,whichcomestobefourversesandinadditiontobeing octosyllable,ithadrhymeandemittedamessage
TheCumananaisofthemoment:itisatellmethatIwilltellyou ThatiswhyitissaidthattheCumananaisacounterpoint:youask me,IansweryouButtherearealsothefamousCumananasthat are a monologue (when it is from a single person) Those Cumananasinmonologueweretheonesthatwereusedaslyrics oftheTonderosatthebeginning
TheCumananaissaidtobebornliketheTondero, with the arrivalofAfricanswhowerebroughtbytheSpaniardstoPeruto workasslavesonthehaciendasThatgoesbackalongtimeThe Tonderoisalittleover240to280yearsoldThen,moreorlessin 1780,TonderowasdancedandtheCumananas were already sungBecausenotonlytheCumananaisrecitedbutsung
Thetucuyo:
Itisaverysimplesuit;youcouldevensayordinaryItisnotasuitof afabricthatcostsalotIsitaveryordinarysuitand,whyisthat?As Isaid,(theTondero)wasbornwiththeblackslaves,sotheblacks hadnopaymentfortheworkdoneduringtheday
Whentheyhadtheopportunitytoacquirefabricfortheir clothing, they used the most common, the cheapest Therefore, the tucuyo hasta is now maintained. It is maintainedbecauseagroupofmorropanoslikeZullyare integratingthegroupoftheCommitteeoftheTonderoWe aresayingthat:"no,donotchange,thatistohavetobethe samedress" Andwe'regoingtohavetokeepfightingto keepitgoing
Quimbaandsaltshaker:thisishowtheTonderoisdanced.
Inthedance,theTonderoischaracterizedbytheelegant flirtation of the man towards the woman The dance representslifeinthecountrysideAfricanparticipationin danceisnotasresearchedasinmusicInLambayeque,it isclaimedthattheTonderohasconnectionstotheGolpe Tierra. In Morropón, some tonderistas diffusers of the TonderodefinetheAfricancontributioninthedanceas the"quimba",the"saltshaker"andthemischief
Comparative studies between the Tondero and other Afro-Peruviandancescancontributetotherecognitionof theAfricancontribution,alsointhecorporalrepertoireof thedance;forexample,thehipmovements,presentin otherAfro-diasporicdances,suchastheZamacueca
PierrPadilla:
Definitely,very,veryinteresting,whenonelistenstothe TonderoitisundeniabletheAfropresenceandthegreat influencethattherewasinhismusic,theTonderoinmy case, at least activates the finest fibers I have and immediatelyprovokesmetodance
CamilaDaniel:
IhadthesamefeelingwhenImethim(theTondero)in Rio TheTonderoisarhythminwhichitisnecessarily recognized that there are mixtures, and how these mixturesarepartofanationalprojectthaterasesthe possibility that we know exactly how each group, especially the racialized ones, have contributed to the existenceoftheserhythms Forme,itdoesnotseema coincidence that we cannot know exactly what the indigenousandAfro-Peruviancontributionsareinthe Tondero Atthesametime,Iunderstandthatcultureis builtonexchanges.
Unfortunately,intheseexchangestherearealsopower relations InthehistoryofallLatinAmericancountries, miscegenationisaverypowerfulwaytoeraseandtake awayfromusthepossibilitiesofknowinghowAfricans havecontributedtoourcultures
InthecaseofthePeruvianindigenouspeople,itispossible to recognize more (afro contribution); but in these rhythmsthataremixed,itismuchmoredifficultItseems to me that this is part of the machinery of “blanqueamiento"(socialpracticeto"improvetherace" towardsasupposedidealofwhiteness)and,insomeway, what also drives me to understand what the African contributionsintheTonderoareandinthedance
Ithinkit'simportanttosaythattheTonderohasdifferent historiesineachregion Theseculturalconstructionsin dance,whichhavebeenbuiltintherelationshipsthat existedineachplace
Forexample,inLambayeque,thepeopleIhavemet in ChiclayoandLambayeque understandtheTonderoas part of the Golpe Tierra and with the Marinera Lambayecana;intheMorropanocase,thereisagroup, whichismeetingwiththeCommitteeforthePromotion and Dissemination of the Tondero Morropano, which claimstheAfricanrootsoftheTonderoasitsmainrootsI find this very powerful and at the same time very interesting
WhentheTonderoisfinallyrecognized,almostalwaysthe referencethatpeoplehave( )istheTonderoPiuranoSo, inMorropón,theexistenceofitsspecificTonderoisbeing claimedbecauseithastodowiththehistoryofMorropón Aboutdancing,Icontinuewithmanyquestions Iaman amateurpractitionerofTonderoandIamstartingtotake Landóclasses,therearesomestepsthatfeelverysimilar.I don'thaveproof,butIthinkwehavetothinkabout these bodilyconnectionsInthecaseoftheAfricandiaspora,the bodyisaverypowerfulspaceforproducingandpreserving knowledgethatwehavenotbeenallowedtocarryinother ways.That'swhyI'mhere,withmanymorequestionsthan answers.
You said something quite interesting referring to miscegenationIndeed,miscegenationcurrentlyservesas aflagformanywhohavecarriedoutveryimportant studies I have several friends who have developed a projectbasedonmiscegenation,butinitsbeginningsit served to civilize the Afro-descendant contribution in many cases, and also the Andean contribution The Andeancontributionwasalwaysdeeplyrootedinthe originalPeruvians,soithassurviveddespitethissearchfor civilization. However, Afro-Peruvians have been easily replacedbymiscegenationInthatwaywecanfindCreole music
Itisdenied,orinmanycasesthereistalkofalittleofthe contributionoftheAfro-Peruvianfromtheintroductionof thecajónButfrommysense,withthefewstudiesIhave done, one can realize that the Afro-descendant contributionwasalwayspresentinthisreconstructionof CreolemusicinPeru
Ihavebeenquitedelightedwithyourpresentationand surely, we will be in contact with Camila to continue talkingaboutthesubject.
Excerpt from the Article originally published in AFROPERUANA CULTURE Meeting of researchers 2020, Ministry of Culture Pp 119-124 available at: https://centroderecursosculturape/es/registrobibliografico/culturaafroperuana-encuentro-de-investigadores2017#: :text El%20Encuentro%20se%20llev%C3%B3%20a,e)%20identidad%2 0desde%20el%20arte
TaameyaisanEgyptianvarietyoffritterorbetterknownas"falafel",whichismadewithbeansinsteadofchickpeas
"While the exact origin of falafel is debatable, most scholars and food historians agree that taameya has its roots in Egyptiancuisine[ ]Althougheatenyear-roundandareacommonstreetfoodinEgypt,[ ]theyareespeciallypopular duringRamadan"
Source:WorldFoodAtlas/TasteAtlas
Ingredients:
2cupsdriedsplitbeans
1redonion,quartered
1/2cupfreshparsley
1/2cupfreshcilantro
1/2cupfreshdill
3garliccloves
11/2teaspoonsgroundcilantro
11/2teaspoonssalt
1teaspoongroundcumin
1cupsesameseeds vegetableoil
Placethebeansinalargebowlandcoverwithseveralinchesofwater Leavetosoak,from8hourstoovernight
Combinethesoakedbeans,redonion,parsley,coriander,dill,garlic,coriander,saltandcumininafoodprocessor; Processuntilyougetadough-likeconsistency
Heat a skillet over medium heat Add the sesame seeds; Cook and stir occasionally, until toasted, about 5 minutes
Transfertoalargeplate Thenformballswiththebeanmixtureandrollthesesameseedstocover
Filla largesaucepan to 1/4 of its capacity with oil, Heat over medium heat Fry thebean balls in batches untilgolden brown,3to5minutes Drainonpapertowels
Itisrecommendedtoserveaccompaniedbymixedsaladwithonion.