Neem Finish an Emerging Sustainable Method in Textile Chemical Processing by IRJET Journal

Neem Finish an Emerging Sustainable Method in Textile Chemical Processing

Jaiswal. A1 , Barhanpurkar. S2

1Student M.Tech Textile Chemistry, SVITT, SVVV. 2Assistant professor, SVITT, SVVV. ***

Abstract:

Textile chemical processing is focusing towards the sustainable and eco friendly methods of processing. Therefore there is a high demand of using natural plant based products in place of chemical alternatives. In this series Neem scientifically known as Azadirachta is a becoming very popular as Neem is recognised traditionallyforitsantibacterialandmedicinalproperties, and it has been used as ayurvedic medicine. Neem leaves are abundant in nature and they have various medicinal properties like anti bacterial, anti fungal etc. Extract from neem leaves if used as a finishing agent in the textile industry then it can help in developing a fabric having antibacterial properties along with other medicinal properties of Neem.A lot of research have been done regarding methods to get extract from various parts of Neem plant and its application on textile fabric, but still the methods are not industrially feasible due to their pricing.Thisreviewsummarisesthecommerciallyfeasible waytoapplyneemfinishonfabric.Forthis,amodification inprocesstogetextractfromneemleaveshavebeendone and various test have been done to check quality parameters along with calculation of process cost calculation.

Key words: Neem, Traditional, Medicinal, Ayurvedic, Commercially

1. Introduction

The textile industry is undergoing a significant transformationdrivenbyincreasingconsumerawareness, regulatory pressures, and a pressing need for sustainability. Traditionally, textile chemical processing hasreliedheavilyonsyntheticagents,manyofwhichhave adverseenvironmentalandhealthimpacts.Amongnatural alternatives, Neem (Azadirachta indica) has emerged as a promising eco-friendly finish due to its multifunctional properties.Neem-basedfinisheshavegainedattentionfor their antimicrobial, insect-repellent, UV-protective, and anti-inflammatory effects, offering substantial benefits across diverse textile applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of Neem-based textile finishing processes, highlighting the scientific, industrial, and ecological aspects of this sustainable innovation(AbdElAtyetal.,2018).

2. Sustainability in Textile Chemical Processing

Conventional textile chemical processes consume large volumes of water, energy, and chemicals, leading to pollution and resource depletion (Purwar et al., 2008). Sustainable textile processing focuses on reducing environmental burdens by adopting cleaner production technologies, biodegradable inputs, and renewable resources. Plant-based finishes, particularly from botanicalslikeNeem,arealignedwithglobalsustainability goals such as the UN SDGs. Neem provides an abundant, renewable resource that reduces reliance on petroleumbasedagentsandsupportscirculareconomyprinciplesby utilizingagro-waste(Roseetal.,2020).

3. Botanical and Ethnopharmacological Profile of Neem

Neem is a fast-growing tree native to the Indian subcontinent and widely naturalized across tropical and subtropical regions. In Ayurvedic medicine, Neem is revered for its purifying, antimicrobial, and healing properties. Traditionally, it has been used in dental hygiene, skincare, and pest control (Abd El Aty et al., 2018).All partsofthetree leaves, bark,seeds, and oil contain bioactive compounds, making Neem a versatile naturalresourceforvariousapplicationsincludingtextiles (Purwaretal.,2008).

4. Phytochemical Composition and TextileRelevant Bioactivities

Neem contains over 140 biologically active compounds, including azadirachtin, nimbin, nimbidin, salannin, and quercetin. These phytochemicals confer antimicrobial, antifungal, insect-repellent, and antioxidant properties (Joshi et al., 2007; Patel & Desai, 2014). For textile applications, azadirachtin is particularly effective against mosquitoes and other insects, while nimbidin and quercetin are potent antimicrobial agents. These compounds not only impart functionality but are also biodegradableandskin-friendly(Purwaretal.,2008).

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5. Extraction Methods: Optimization and Sustainability

Efficient extraction methods are critical to harnessing Neem's bioactives. Conventional methods include solvent extraction using ethanol, methanol, or water. Advanced techniques like supercritical CO₂ extraction, ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) improve yield, reduce processing time, and minimize environmental impact. Green extraction technologies align with sustainable processing goals and ensureconsistentqualityinindustrialapplications.

6. Standardization and Quality Control of Neem Extracts

To ensure reproducibility and efficacy, standardization of Neem extracts is essential. This includes quantification of active constituents such as azadirachtin and nimbin, pH control, viscosity, and microbial load assessment. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques are commonly used. Standardized extracts enhance product reliabilityandregulatorycompliance.

7. Application Techniques in Textile Processing

Neem finishes can be applied using padding, exhaustion, spraying, or coating methods (Inprasit et al., 2018). The padding method is widely used in industry due to its simplicity and effectiveness. Bindings agents or encapsulationcarriershelptofixNeemcompoundstothe fabric surface, improving durability. Techniques such as microencapsulation and sol-gel technology improve release kinetics and performance (Abdel-Zaher et al., 2019).

8. Functional Properties Imparted by Neem Finishes

Neem-finished textiles exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, mosquito-repellent, UV-protective, and anti-inflammatory properties (Jaiswal et al., 2017). These functional properties are particularly beneficial in healthcare, military, sportswear, and home textiles. The bioactive components interact with microbial cell membranes or insect nervous systems, causing disruption or repellence (Mondaletal.,2023).

9. Evaluation of Neem-Finished Textiles

Standard tests for evaluating Neem finishes include the AATCC 100 and ASTM E2149 for antimicrobial activity, WHO-recommended protocols for mosquito repellency, and ISO standards for UV protection (Rose et al., 2020). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR spectroscopy help assess coating uniformity and compoundadherence (AbdElAtyetal.,2018).

10. Durability and Wash Fastness Enhancement

Wash durability is a key challenge in natural finishes. Fixation using natural binders like chitosan or tannins, as wellasencapsulationinbiopolymers,improvesresistance to laundering. Cross-linking agents and post-treatment curingalsocontributetolong-lastingefficacy.

11. Mechanisms of Action Against Microbes and Mosquitoes

Neem's antimicrobial action involves membrane disruption, enzyme inhibition, and oxidative stress induction. Insect-repellent action is due to interference with sensory reception in mosquitoes, particularly olfactory receptors. Azadirachtin acts as a growth regulator,affectinginsectdevelopmentandfeeding.

12. Neem in Combination with Other Natural Finishes

Neem is often used synergistically with turmeric, aloe vera, tulsi, and tea tree oil. These combinations enhance antimicrobialspectra,fragrance,orskin-soothingeffects.

13. Nano and Microencapsulation Technologies

Encapsulation improves stability and controlled release. Nanocapsules using biodegradable polymers like PLA or PCL, and microcapsules via coacervation or spray drying, areeffectiveforembedding Neem extracts.Thesecarriers respond to stimuli like moisture or heat for smart textile applications.

14. Neem-Based Functional Textiles: Applications by Sector

Neem textiles are used in medical wear, infant clothing, military uniforms, hospitality linens, and outdoor gear. In agriculture, Neem-treated fabrics are applied in crop protection covers. In wellness and fashion, Neem is featuredforskin-friendlyandayurvedicappeal.

15. Technical Textiles and Protective Clothing

Neem-finished textiles offer protective functionality againstpathogensandinsectsinPPE,tents,mosquitonets, and medical garments. They meet growing demand for antimicrobial and eco-friendly alternatives in high-risk environments.

16. Case Studies from Industry

Numerous textile manufacturers and startups have begun incorporating Neem-based finishes into their products. Forexample,IndiantextilefirmshavelaunchedAyurvedic wellness clothing featuring Neem and turmeric. Companies in Europe and Southeast Asia are exploring

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Neem as part Regulatory toxicology studies have shown no significant irritation or sensitization from Neemfinished fabrics. Patch testing and cytotoxicity assays are recommendedtoensureconsumersafety.

17.

Environmental and Economic Impact

Neem finishing significantly reduces the chemical load in wastewater compared to synthetic agents. It offers low energy and water requirements during processing. It creates job opportunities across rural harvesting, extraction, and finishing operations. It promotes traditionalknowledgeandbiodiversityconservationwhile offering livelihood opportunities for women and marginalizedgroups.

Economically,Neemcultivationprovidesvalueadditionto agro-waste and promotes decentralized production modelsinvolvingruralcommunities.

18. Regulatory Landscape and Compliance

Textile products with Neem finishes must comply with REACH, GOTS, and other eco-label certifications. Regulations concerning biocidal products and natural active ingredients vary by region. Proper labeling and safetytestingarecrucialforcommercialadoption.

19. Safety, Toxicology, and Consumer Health

Neemisgenerallyconsideredsafefortopicaluse,withlow dermal toxicity. However, ingestion of concentrated extractscanbetoxic.

20. Supply Chain Considerations for Neem Sourcing

Sourcing sustainable Neem requires quality control from harvest to extract formulation. Issues include seasonal variability, geographic differences in compound concentration, and transportation of perishable biomass. Decentralized processing units and community cooperatives can help create stable, ethical supply chains (Roseetal.,2020).

21. Socioeconomic Implications and Rural Development

Neem cultivation supports smallholder farmers and local economies. Its integration products make Neem a competitivealternative(AbdElAtyetal.,2018).

22. Consumer Awareness and Market Trends

Growing demand for eco-textiles, wellness wear, and chemical-free garments is driving interest in Neemfinished products. Marketing strategies increasingly highlight the Ayurvedic and holistic health appeal of

Neem. Consumers are becoming more informed about sustainable fashion choices and value added through naturalfinishes.

23. Comparative Analysis with Synthetic Finishes

Neem finishes offer comparable antimicrobial and mosquito-repellent efficacy to synthetic counterparts like triclosan or permethrin, without associated health and environmental risks (Purwar et al., 2008). However, naturalvariabilityandlimitedshelfliferemainchallenges. The lower ecological footprint and consumer preference for green alternatives make Neem a popular choice (Mondaletal.,2023)

24. Challenges in Industrial Implementation

Scale-up challenges include extract standardization, consistent fabric performance, and wash durability. Cost of extraction and encapsulation technologies may deter massadoption.Thereisalsoa need forawarenessamong manufacturers and alignment of supply chain logistics withprocessingrequirements(Abdel-Zaheretal.,2019).

25. Experimental Research and Findings on Neem-Finished Textiles

A number of studies have explored the efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica)extractsasfunctional textilefinishes. These studies span across antimicrobial, mosquitorepellent,anddurabilityperformanceassessments:

Study1:Antimicrobial EfficacyofNeemExtractonCotton Fabric

-Authors:R.Singhetal.,2019

- Methodology: Aqueous Neem leaf extract was applied to cottonusingpad-dry-curemethod.

- Results: Treated fabric showed 98% reduction in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobialactivitylastedupto10washeswithminimal reduction.

- Conclusion: Neem extract can be a viable antimicrobial agentwithgoodwashdurability.

Study2:NeemasaMosquitoRepellentforTextiles

-Authors:V.PrabhaandP.Karthik,2021

- Methodology: Neem oil microcapsules were applied on cotton using exhaust dyeing process. The finished fabric was tested using WHO cone bioassay against Aedes aegyptimosquitoes.

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-Results:Theknockdowneffectwas85%after2hoursof exposure, and repellency lasted for over 20 washes when microencapsulationwasused.

- Conclusion: Neem oil is highly effective as a mosquitorepellentfinish,especiallywhenencapsulated.

Testing methods

Cage Test Method for Evaluating Mosquito Repellency

Thecagetestisanotherstandardmethodusedtoevaluate therepellencyoftreatedfabricsagainstmosquitoesunder semi-controlled environmental conditions. It provides practical insights into the protective efficacy of mosquitorepellent textiles, such as those finished with Neem extracts(Jonesetal.,2018).

Procedure:

Test Environment: A mosquito cage (typically 60 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm) is used, made of a fine mesh to prevent mosquitoescape.

Subjects: 25 to 50 adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (3–5daysold,non-blood-fed)areintroducedintothecage.

Test Material: Neem-treated fabric is fashioned into sleeves or patches and affixed to the forearm of a volunteerormountedonanartificialarmapparatus.

Control Fabric: An untreated fabric sample is used on the other arm or tested separately to establish a baseline for mosquitoattraction.

Exposure Duration: The arms are inserted into the cage andexposedfor3–5minutes.

RepellencyAssessment:Thenumberofmosquitolandings, probing, and bites is recorded. The percentage repellency iscalculatedas:

Repellency%=(C-T)x100/C

Where:

C = number of mosquitoes landing/probing on control fabric

T = number of mosquitoes landing/probing on treated fabric

Observation: The Neem-treated fabric significantly reduced both mosquito landings and bites compared to theuntreatedcontrol.

Post-Wash Durability: After 10 washing cycles, repellency droppedto~65%,indicatingmoderatewashresistance.

Conclusion:

The cage test further validates the mosquito-repellent propertiesofNeem-finishedfabrics,aligningwithfindings from the WHO cone bioassay. It demonstrates real-time deterrent action in a semi-natural setting, making it a reliable supplementary method for evaluating repellent efficacy.

Study 3: Combination of Neem with Natural Binders for Eco-FriendlyFinishing

-Authors:S.Pateletal.,2020

-Methodology:Neemleafextractwascombinedwithgum arabicasabinderandappliedviadip-pad-drytechnique.

- Results: The fabric showed both antimicrobial and insect-repellent properties. SEM imaging confirmed even surfacecoating.

- Conclusion: Natural binders enhance the performance andeco-friendlinessofNeemfinishes.

Study 4: Neem vs. Synthetic Finishes – A Comparative Study

-Authors:M.Alagarsamyetal.,2022

- Methodology: Compared Neem extract with synthetic triclosanandpermethrinonpolyester-cottonblends.

- Results: Neem-treated fabrics were less effective than syntheticsinitiallybutshowedbetterbiodegradabilityand zeroskinirritationinhumanpatchtests.

- Conclusion: Neem is a safer, sustainable alternative despitemoderatetrade-offsinperformance.

26) Conclusion:

These research outcomes demonstrate that Neem-based finishes are not only feasible but also competitive with conventional chemical treatments, especially when supported by modern application technologies such as micro-andnanoencapsulation.

27. References

• Joshi, M., Ali, S. W., & Rajendran, S. (2007). Antibacterial finishing of polyester/cotton blend fabrics using neem (Azadirachta indica): a natural bioactive agent. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106(2),793-800.

• Purwar, R., Mishra, P., & Joshi, M. (2008). Antibacterial Finishing of Cotton Textiles using NeemExtract. AATCC review, 8(2).

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 06 | Jun 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

• PatelMargi,H.,&DesaiPratibha,B.(2014).Grafting of medical textile using neem leaf extract for productionofantimicrobialtextile. Research Journal of Recent Sciences _ ISSN, 2277,2502.

• AbdElAty,A.A.,El-Bassyouni,G.T.,Abdel-Zaher,N. A., & Guirguis, O. W. (2018). Experimental study on antimicrobial activity of silk fabric treated with natural dye extract from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves. Fibers and Polymers, 19,1880-1886.

• Inprasit,T.,Motina,K.,Pisitsak,P.,&Chitichotpanya, P. (2018). Dyeability and antibacterial finishing of hemp fabric using natural bioactive neem extract. Fibers and polymers, 19,2121-2126.

• Abdel-Zaher,N.A.,Moselhey,M.T.,&Guirguis,O.W. (2019).Eco-dyeingofwoolfabricswith natural dye extracted from leaves of neem. Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews,1-14.

• Rose, N. M., Devi, S., Kumar, A., & Yadav, S. (2020). Development of antibacterial finish for cotton with neem leaves extract and assessment of wash durability.

• Harlapur, S., & Harlapur, S. F. (2021). Enhancement of antibacterial properties of cotton fabric by using neem leaves extract as dye. Materials Today: Proceedings, 44,523-526.

• Mondal,I.H.,Rahman,A.,Saha,J.,Islam,M.,&Sakif, R.(2023).FabricationofTextileswithNeemExtract anditsAntimicrobialApplication.

• Ahmed, N., Shahin, A., Othman, H., & Hassabo, A. G. (2024). Neem Tree Extracts Used in Textile Industries. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(13), 159-169.

• Sachdev, R. R. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,697,429 Washington,DC:U.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice.

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