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REFERENCES Albuquerque, M.T.P.R. 2009. Uma análise da cota-parte do ICMS dos municípios Cearenses. Fortaleza, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Ceará. Arvate, P.R., E. Mattos, and F. Rocha. 2015. “Intergovernmental Transfers and Public Spending in Brazilian Municipalities.” Working Paper No. 377, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, São Paulo, Brazil. Brandão, J.B. 2014. O rateio de ICMS por desempenho de municípios no Ceará e seu impacto em indicadores do sistema de avaliação da educação. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Bruns, B., and J. Luque. 2014. Great Teachers: How to Raise Student Learning in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org​ /handle/10986/20488. Carneiro, D., and G. Irffi. 2017. Avaliação comparativa das leis de incentivo à educação no Ceará. Fortaleza, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Ceará. Costa, L.O., and M. Carnoy. 2015. “The Effectiveness of an Early-Grade Literacy Intervention on the Cognitive Achievement of Brazilian Students.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 37 (4): 567–590. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373715571437. Cruz, T., and T. Mereb. 2020. “Minimum Spending in Education and the Flypaper Effect.” Economics of Education Review 77 (August): 102012. Franca, E.M. 2014. Repasse da cota-parte do ICMS aos municípios Cearenses: Avaliação das mudanças ocorridas no período de 2009 a 2011. Fortaleza, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Ceará. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15161. Garcia, F.G., A.G. Simonassi, and R.F.R. da Costa. 2015. “A lei 14.023/07 e os investimentos em educação fundamental e saúde nos municípios Cearenses: Uma análise no período 2006–2010.” Revista Economia e Desenvolvimento 14 (1). https://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2​ /index.php/economia/article/view/27510. Gordon, N., and E. Vegas. 2005. “Education Finance Equalization, Spending, Teacher Quality, and Student Outcomes: The Case of Brazil’s FUNDEF.” In Incentives to Improve Teaching: Lessons from Latin America, edited by Emiliana Vegas, 151–86. Washington, DC: World Bank. Lautharte, I., V.H. de Oliveira, A. Loureiro. 2021. “Incentives for Mayors to Improve Learning: Evidence from State Reforms in Ceará, Brazil.” Policy Research Working Paper 9509, World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35024. Loureiro, A., L. Cruz, I. Lautharte, and D.K. Evans. 2020. “The State of Ceara in Brazil is a Role Model for Reducing Learning Poverty.” World Bank, Washington, DC. https://open knowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34156. Menezes-Filho, N.A. 2007. “Os determinantes do desempenho escolar do Brasil.” Instituto Futuro Brasil, Ibmec-SP e FEA-USP. http://www.cepe.ecn.br/seminarioiv/download​ /menezes_filho.pdf. ———. 2012. “O piso salarial dos professores.” Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Insper., São Paulo, Brazil. Menezes-Filho, N., and E. Pazello. 2007. “Do Teachers’ Wages Matter for Proficiency? Evidence from a Funding Reform in Brazil.” Economics of Education Review 26 (6): 660–72. https://doi​ .org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.08.003. Nogueira, C.A.G. 2012. “Efeitos distributivos das políticas públicas: O caso da nova metodologia de cálculo da cota parte do ICMS do Ceará.” Revista FSA (Centro Universitário Santo Agostinho) 9 (1): 55–69. Petterini, F.C., and G.D. Irffi. 2013. “Evaluating the Impact of a Change in the ICMS Tax Law in the State of Ceará in Municipal Education and Health Indicators.” EconomiA 14 (3): 171–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2013.10.003. Sales, P.S.T. 2011. Avaliação da distribuição das cotas-parte do ICMS devidas aos municípios cearenses: Cenários alternativos. Fortaleza, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Ceará. http:// www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/5768.


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Notes

2min
page 333

References

9min
pages 334-339

Key policy directions

2min
page 332

Fiscal transfer mechanisms

2min
page 312

education?

2min
page 311

10.2 Education expenditure in Shandong, 2018

7min
pages 307-309

9.1 Evolution of the allocation mechanism in school finance

2min
page 288

9.2 Improving education outcomes in Ceará, Brazil

5min
pages 296-297

Key policy directions to strengthen decentralized education financing

5min
pages 294-295

Introduction

2min
page 301

9.4 Pillars for central government education transfers to municipalities

4min
pages 284-285

governments

7min
pages 274-276

Conclusion

2min
page 265

References

3min
pages 268-270

Notes

7min
pages 266-267

8.2 Change in IDEB scores, 2005–17

1min
page 263

Impact of Brazil’s decentralized financing system on subnational spending and education outcomes

2min
page 258

in Ceará

4min
pages 253-254

8.10 Federal contributions to FUNDEB, 2007–17

2min
page 252

8.7 Brazil’s results on PISA, 2000–18

1min
page 245

8.1 Learning poverty in Brazilian municipalities, 2017

1min
page 244

8.1 Preuniversity education responsibilities of governments in Brazil

4min
pages 240-241

Introduction

4min
pages 237-238

References

1min
pages 235-236

7.9 Impact of total local expenditure on reading

2min
page 230

7.1 Distribution of education transfers as a zero-sum game

5min
pages 217-218

7.9 Subnational education spending by financing source, 2018

4min
pages 211-212

How is the system financed? Effects of decentralized financing system on subnational spending

2min
page 207

and 2018

2min
page 201

6.13 Transfers and education spending

1min
page 191

Context

1min
page 199

7.12 Allocation of education transfers, 2005–19

2min
page 215

6.15 Predicted education outcomes and district spending

1min
page 194

6.14 District spending and education outcomes

4min
pages 192-193

Introduction

1min
page 173

Fiscal transfer mechanisms

2min
page 183

References

12min
pages 168-172

Notes

9min
pages 165-167

Key policy directions to strengthen the decentralized education finance system

5min
pages 163-164

5.24 GERs in government primary schools, by LG, 2019/20

1min
page 155

and high primary GER and falling secondary GER, 1996/97–2019/20

1min
page 152

Effects of the decentralized finance system on subnational spending and education outcomes

4min
pages 150-151

Introduction

4min
pages 121-122

5.2 Government responsibilities under the Education Act

12min
pages 127-132

4.18 Fund flows in education

1min
page 109

for education

5min
pages 103-104

governments

2min
page 93

4.1 Population pyramid of Sudan, 2000–30

1min
page 90

4.9 Gender parity index, by state

2min
page 98

Notes

2min
page 82

Introduction

1min
page 89

References

10min
pages 83-88

Political economy constraints

2min
page 81

transfers for education

13min
pages 75-80

Education (FUNDEB

2min
page 66

Intergovernmental transfers

2min
page 48

3.3 Marginal effects of fiscal transfers on subnational education spending

5min
pages 61-62

3.3 The No Child Left Behind Act in the United States

5min
pages 72-73

outcomes?

5min
pages 70-71

Tax assignment

2min
page 47

Impact of fiscal transfers in education: A literature review

7min
pages 51-53
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