governments

TABLE 4.1 Education roles and responsibilities of national and subnational governments

FUNCTION

Policy

Financing

Curriculum

Facilities and infrastructure

Teachers and education staff

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Sets standards, norms, and policies such as curriculum standards, teacher qualification framework, and secondary school certification Implements policies and regulations Implements policies and regulations

Responsible through the Federal Ministry of Finance for making federal transfers to states, the most important source of funding for education service delivery Responsible through the FMoF for making direct transfers of grants to higher education institutions Manages the budgets of the FMoE and the FMoHE Responsible for funding secondary education Responsible for funding basic education

Supervises the NCCER, the semiautonomous agency responsible for developing and supporting the national curriculum framework for basic and secondary education Responsible for setting the preschool curriculum through SMoE

Implement secondary education curriculum Implement preschool and basic education curriculums

Sets policies and establishes frameworks, such as the National School Construction Strategy, which includes norms, standards, technical specifications, bills of quantities, and local competitive bidding documents Responsible for the construction of secondary schools

In practice, about 80 percent of schools are constructed by local communities Responsible for the construction of preschool and basic education schools

In practice, however, approximately 80 percent of all schools are constructed by local communities

Responsible through the National Center for Teacher Training for the one-year accreditation process for basic education teachers

STATE GOVERNMENT LOCALITIES

Responsible through SMoE and SMoF for the recruitment and transfer of teachers for secondary education Although localities are responsible for the recruitment and transfer of teachers at the basic education level, most states actually carry out this role, especially when localities have limited capacity Responsible for the recruitment and transfer of teachers for basic education level

This can be done either by the state or the local government depending on the capacity of the local government as well the state’s willingness to devolve responsibility to the locality (see State government in this table 4.1) Volunteer teachers are hired directly by the schools and constitute 10 percent of total teachers in basic education and 6 percent in secondary education

Quality assurance Responsible through the Directorate of Quality Assurance–General Education for setting inspection framework and policies State inspectors supervise secondary school teachers In practice, basic and secondary school teachers are supervised by state and local inspectors or head teachers, or a combination of all three depending on capacity (see Localities in this table 4.1) Local inspectors supervise basic education teachers

In practice, state inspectors may also carry out inspections in basic education schools

Head teachers also carry out supervision of teachers

Sources: 2018 Rapid Survey Database, Ministry of Education, Khartoum, Sudan, and interviews for this chapter. Note: FMoE = Federal Ministry of General Education; FMoF = Federal Ministry of Finance; FMoHE = Federal Ministry of Higher Education; NCCER = National Center for Curriculum and Education Research; SMoE = State Ministries of Education; SMoF = State Ministries of Finance.