PASSIVE TECHNIQUES IN HOT & DRY CLIMATE

PASSIVE TECHNIQUES IN HOT & DRY CLIMATE Synopsis of the dissertation to be submitted for the award of the degree of

Bachelors of Architecture Saurav Chakraborty 0233AR171011

Hitkarini College of Architecture and Town Planning

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiri Vishwavidhalaya September, 2020

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the synopsis entitled Passive techniques in hot & dry climate submitted

by Saurav Chakraborty to Hitkarini college of Architecture & Town planning for award of degree of Bachelors of Architecture, is a bonafide record of the research work which will be carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. This B.Arch Dissertation synopsis along with recommendation is being forwarded to the Director.

08 Jan 2021

-----------------------------------AR. Md. Noor Alam Khan Dissertation Guide

--------------------------------------Ar. Dhananjay Deshpande Director

Place: Date: 08 Jan 2021

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CONTENTS CHAPTER-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 5 SYNOPSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 5 WORKING TITLE- ..............................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION-................................................................................................................5 AIM- .......................................................................................................................................5 OBJECTIVES- ......................................................................................................................6 NEED FOR THE STUDY- ...................................................................................................6 SCOPE- ..................................................................................................................................6 LIMITATION- ......................................................................................................................6 METHODOLOGY-...............................................................................................................6 CHAPTER-2 ........................................................................................................................................ 7 HOT AND DRY CLIMATE ............................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................7 COMFORT REQUIREMENTS AND PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION IN HOT AND DRY REGION.................................................................................................................................8 TEMPERATURE ..................................................................................................................8 HUMIDITY............................................................................................................................9 PRECIPITATION .................................................................................................................9 SKY CONDITION- ...............................................................................................................9 SOLAR ORIENTATION .....................................................................................................9 WIND SPEED ......................................................................................................................10 SOIL AND VEGETATION ................................................................................................10 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT DESERT .......................................................................11 CHAPTER-3 ...................................................................................................................................... 11 PASSIVE DESIGNING .................................................................................................................... 11 Building components ...........................................................................................................11 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING ...........................................................................................12 PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING ...........................................................................................13 CHAPTER-4 ...................................................................................................................................... 15 DESIGN GUIDELINES.................................................................................................................... 15 PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUE ................................................................................15 FORM AND ORIENTATION ................................................................................................. 15 SHADING BY NEIGHBORING ............................................................................................. 18 3

SHADING BY TREES AND VEGETATION ........................................................................ 20 SHADING BY TEXTURED SURFACES............................................................................... 20 INSULATION............................................................................................................................ 20 INDUCED VENTILATION TECHNIQUES ......................................................................... 21 SOLAR CHIMNEY .................................................................................................................. 21 AIR VENTS ............................................................................................................................... 21 WIND TOWER ......................................................................................................................... 22 ROOF POND ............................................................................................................................. 23 EVAPORATIVE COOLING ................................................................................................... 23 PASSIVE DOWNDRAFT EVAPORATIVE COOLING (PDEC) ....................................... 23 ROOF SURFACE EVAPORATIVE COOLING (RSEC)..................................................... 24 EARTH AIR TUNNEL ............................................................................................................. 24 EARTH BERMING .................................................................................................................. 25 HOUSE TYPE .....................................................................................................................25 ARRANGEMENT ...............................................................................................................27 HOUSE PLAN .....................................................................................................................29 OPENINGS AND WINDOWS ...........................................................................................29 COLOURS ...........................................................................................................................31 WALLS ................................................................................................................................32 ROOFS .................................................................................................................................32 SHADING DEVICES..........................................................................................................33 MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER-5 ...................................................................................................................................... 40 CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................................... 40 CASE STUDY-1 ..................................................................................................................40 PEARL ACADEMY OF FASHION ..................................................................................40 CASE STUDY – 2 ................................................................................................................49 72 screens .............................................................................................................................49 CHAPTER- 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 56 LEARNING FROM CASE STUDIES...............................................................................56 COMPARITIVE CHART ........................................................................................................ 56 CASE STUDY CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 57 CHAPTER- 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 58 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................58 BIBLOGRAPHY-.............................................................................................................................. 59

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CHAPTER-1 SYNOPSIS WORKING TITLEPASSIVE TECHNIQUES IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE

INTRODUCTIONClimate is an important aspect of life particularly in areas with hot and dry climate, where people face variety of problems related to climate especially in housing.

In hot and dry climate, the most significant problems are those caused by Solar radiation and UV rays. Thus, a need for eco-friendly building material and climate responsive passive techniques are to be adopted for comfortable indoor environment.

AIMTo study the process of designing energy efficient built spaces in hot and dry climate with application of passive techniques.

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OBJECTIVES• •

To understand the pattern of planning in hot & dry climatic condition.

To understand the Passive cooling design strategies used in hot and dry climate.

NEED FOR THE STUDYThe study will help to designing & planning building in hot & dry climate with its lowest energy consumption.

SCOPEThis study will help in understanding the orientation of the building, landscaping, openings & windows, forms & shapes and designing & planning in hot & dry climate.

LIMITATIONThe study area would remain to Rajasthan and all the techniques that have been observed in the state. The study would be limited to architectural aspects of building construction in modern buildings.

METHODOLOGY-

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CHAPTER-2 HOT AND DRY CLIMATE INTRODUCTION The hot and dry zone lies in the western and the central part of India; Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Sholapur are some of the towns that experience this type of climate.

A typical hot and dry region is usually flat with sandy or rocky ground conditions, and sparse vegetation comprising cacti, thorny trees and bushes. There are few sources of water on the surface, and the underground water level is also very low. Due to intense solar radiation the ground and the surroundings of this region are heated up very quickly during day time. In summer, the maximum ambient temperatures are as high as 40–45 ºC during the day, and 20– 30 ºC at night. In winter, the values are between 5 and 25 ºC during the day and 0 to 10 ºC at night. It may be noted that the variation in temperature is quite high, that is, more than 10 ºC.

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The climate is described as dry because the relative humidity is generally very low, ranging from 25 to 40 % due to low vegetation and surface water bodies. Moreover, the hot and dry regions receive less rainfall- the annual precipitation being less than 500 mm.

Hot winds blow during the day in summers and sand storms are also experienced. The night is usually cool and pleasant. A generally clear sky, with high solar radiation causing an uncomfortable glare, is typical of this zone. As the sky is clear at night, the heat absorbed by the ground during the day is quickly dissipated to the atmosphere. Hence, the air is much cooler at night than during the day.

In such a climate, it is imperative to control solar radiation and movement of hot winds. The design criteria should therefore aim at resisting heat gain by providing shading, reducing exposed area, controlling and scheduling ventilation, and increasing thermal capacity. The presence of “water bodies” is desirable as they can help increase the humidity, thereby leading to lower air temperatures. The ground and surrounding objects emit a lot of heat in the afternoons and evenings. As far as possible, this heat should be avoided by appropriate design features.

COMFORT REQUIREMENTS AND PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION IN HOT AND DRY REGION 1)Resist heat gain • • • • • • •

Decrease exposed surface area- Orientation and shape of building Increase thermal resistance- Insulation of building envelope Increase thermal capacity (Time lag)- Massive structure Increase buffer spaces -Air locks/ lobbies/balconies/verandas Decrease air exchange rate (ventilation during day-time)- Weather stripping and scheduling air changes Increase shading- External surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and trees Increase surface reflectivity- Pale colour, glazed china mosaic tiles etc.

2)Promote heat loss • • •

Ventilation of appliances -Provide windows/ exhausts Increase air exchange rate (Ventilation during night-time) -Courtyards/ wind towers/ arrangement of openings Increase humidity levels -Trees, water ponds, evaporative cooling

TEMPERATURE•

In this type of climate temperature is usually very hot

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In can vary up to 50⁰C and ever more in summers

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The difference between day and night is very high 15-20⁰C. 8

HUMIDITYDue to very hot and very harsh sun ray’s humidity is very low Generally varies from 10-15%.

PRECIPITATION•

As the air is totally hot dry is this type climate

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Precipitation is very low.

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It may vary between 50 to 150 mm per year.

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SKY CONDITIONSky is normally clear and blue is this type of climate

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Sometimes dust storm fills completely sky.

SOLAR ORIENTATIONSolar radiation is direct and strong during day time and this often escape into open clear skills during night.

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WIND SPEED•

High

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Dusty

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20-30 km

SOIL AND VEGETATION•

Soil is very loose and sandy.

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Low humidity

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Less rainfall result is poor vegetation

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Only thick leaves and thorny plants can easily survive here.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT DESERT•

Maximum temperature reaches approx. 30⁰C Min. 12⁰C

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Rainfall less than 250 mm

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Rainfall is only in few months but often in torrential storm.

CHAPTER-3 PASSIVE DESIGNING Passive solar energy designs use the energy from the sun to heat, cool, and illuminate our buildings. Solar energy is a renewable energy resource made from sunlight and nearly all of the renewable energy sources we use today comes directly or indirectly from the sun. Solar energy is environmentally friendly, and unlike traditional fossil fuels, passive solar energy is available just about everywhere on Earth. The heat and light that comes from the sun can be used in many ways to make electricity, to provide heating and cooling for buildings, or to heat water.

Passive Solar Energy is the use of solar energy by passive means to reduce the heating demand of a building. A “passive” solar house provides solar cooling and heating to keep the home comfortable without the use of any mechanical equipment such as pumps or fans.

There are several types of passive solar energy designs for buildings and these include: direct gain, indirect gain, solar greenhouse, and convective loops.

Building components The nature of a building envelope determines the amount of radiation and wind that will enter the building. It consists of the following elements: (A) Roof (B) Walls (C) Ground-based floor (D) Fenestrations (E) External colour and texture The heat flow through these elements is characterised by their resistance, thermal capacity, absorption, transmission and emission

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Heat exchange processes between a building and external environment

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING Conservatories are also an effective means of bringing thermal energy into houses by means of conduction through a shared mass wall in the rear of a sunroom or by using vents that allow the air between the sunroom and living space to be exchanged by natural convection. A brick chimney between a sunroom and the living room can also act as additional thermal mass. A south-facing home having an attached conservatory can in the hot summer months, use of blinds, curtains or awnings to block the sunlight and prevent the building from overheating.

But as well as large south facing windows and high efficiency windows, modern passive solar thermal designs use buildings with high levels of wall insulation and air-tight construction to keep the heat in, when it is cold outside and keep the interior cool when it is hot outside. With the heat contained, often a simple ceiling fan is all that is required for the heat to be distributed around the building.

Direct Gain The sunlight heats the walls and floors, which then store and transmit the heat to the indoor environment.

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Glazed windows Thermal storage mass

Indirect gain 1.Thermal storage walls I) Trombe wall ii) water wall iii) trans wall 2. Roof top collectors I) thermosyphon panel 12

ii) roof radiation trap Isolated gain -

solarium sunroom

PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING A passive cooling system uses elements of the building to store and distribute energy and when prevailing conditions are favourable to discharge heat to the cooler parts of the environment the sky, atmosphere and ground. Since the collection, discharge, storage and distribution of energy is generally accomplished by the architectural elements and textures of the building the passive cooling system components are not easily distinguishable from the remainder of the structure.

PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN STRATIGIES Solar control through: -

Form and orientation of building

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Shading by neighbouring building

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Shading by vegetation

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Shelter against hot winds

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Shading by louvers, overhangs and textured façade.

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• • • •

VENTILATION COOLING - Cross ventilation - Wind tower - Induced ventilation EVAPORATIVE COOLING Passive Solar Energy Conclusion Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling (PDEC) Roof Surface Evaporative Cooling BENEFITS – As we know, the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man. This resource intensive development model posed problems for a developing country like rising of costs, loss of productivity and disruption of economic activity etc. With the advancement of technology, the consumption of energy has increased and thus even technology is seen as a factor of environmental degradation. As we are aware that there is a limit to the natural resources 13

available on earth, we need to conserve these by judicially utilizing these. In the case of India reducing the consumption of energy may be linked to slowing down the development rate which surely may not be appreciated by many. It is need of the hour therefore to look into the aspects and methods which shall help to reduce the consumption of energy without hampering the development rate. It is therefore taken up in top priority by the Indian Government, although sustainable development in India is often misunderstood that such type (sustainable or energy efficient) construction is luxury and considered to be costly but the fact is not true as it is necessary to address this issue before it is too late and the costs of reversing the tends rise beyond control. The results are significant as this issue is of particular relevance for developing countries such as India that are in the process of industrializing but are yet to confront the high costs of development. Both urbanization and suburban growth take a heavy toll on the environment and the lack of appropriate technologies and sustainable framework suggests that the architectural profession has failed to recognize the critical need for developing socially appropriate sustainable architectural practices for India.

There is an increasing demand for higher quality office buildings in India. Occupants and developers of the office building ask for a healthy and stimulating working environment.

They also demand the buildings that create less environmental damage. The need for energy conservation and sustainable design in buildings is the main reason for this study.

The commercial sector posted the highest economic growth rate and accounts for larger share of energy consumption in India. Double skin façades are getting ever-greater importance in building practice in modern building practice in the developed countries of the world. Providing comfortable environment to the building occupant is a major challenge for building designer in Hot and Dry regions.

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CHAPTER-4 DESIGN GUIDELINES PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUE A ‘passive’ solar design involves the use of natural processes for heating or cooling to achieve balanced interior conditions. The flow of energy in passive design is by natural means: radiation, conduction, or convection without using any electrical device.

Various Methods to reduce heat gain in a building

FORM AND ORIENTATION Form and orientation constitute two of the most important passive design strategies for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort for occupants of a building. It affects the amount of sun falling on surfaces, daylighting and direction of winds. Towards net zero energy goals, form and orientation have significant impact on building’s energy efficiency, by harnessing sun and prevailing winds to our advantage.

Building designs vary according to context of its location and climate. However, the 15

underlying principle remains the same, maximizing amount of solar radiation in winter and minimizing the amount in summers. In predominantly hot regions, buildings should be ideally oriented to minimize solar gains. Orientation also plays an important role with regard to wind direction.

The building form determines the volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled. Thus, more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in gaining/losing heat. In hot & dry regions, building’s shape needs to be compact to reduce heat gain and losses, respectively.

In hot climates, the sun is the major source of heat. To arrange any site, the position of the sun must be considered for all hours of the day at all seasons as well as the direction of the prevailing winds, especially during the hot season. With good orientation the need for supporting heating and cooling is reduced, resulting in lower energy consumption. With regard to the sun factor the best lineup for building is along East-West direction. In fact, the length of the building should be along East-West axis and the width of the building along North-South axis. The reason for this is because the northern Façade is least exposed to the sun. In fact, exposure take place only in the early and late hours of summer days when the angle of altitude is low and the angle of declination is such that the sun's rays are almost tangential to the surface of the wall. And since the southern wall absorbs the most of sun energy in winter and because the sun is high over the horizon in summer southern wall can be shaded using a relatively small overhang. Furthermore, the eastern and western façades get the undesirable heat in summer therefore they should have less surface exposed to the sun and itis better to cover them with the shadow of trees or nearby buildings. An orientation slightly east of south (typically 15° east of south) is often more effective, because in this way the western façade absorbs lesser sun heats in the summer. The eastern facade is exposed to the sun's rays only from sunrise to noon. The walls cool down considerably by evening, making this exposure more suitable for bedrooms than the western exposure Thermal conduction is the transport of heat energy from the warmer part to the colder part of the same body or from a warmer to a colder body in physical contact with each other without displacement of the particles of the body or bodies. Thermal control is an essential aspect in all buildings.

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Maximum solar radiation is interrupted by the roof (horizontal surface) followed by the east and west walls and then the north wall during the summer period, when the south oriented wall receives minimum radiation. It is therefore desirable that the building is oriented with the longest walls facing north and south, so that only short walls face east and west. Thus, only the smallest wall areas are exposed to intense morning and evening sun.

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SHADING BY NEIGHBORING Buildings The buildings in a cluster can be spaced such that they shade each other mutually.

The amount and effectiveness of the shading, however, depends on the type of building clusters. Pavilions are isolated buildings, single or in clusters, surrounded by large open spaces. Street, long building blocks arranged in parallel rows, separated by actual streets in open spaces and courts are defined as open spaces surrounded by buildings on all sides

SOLAR SHADING

Solar shading with locally available materials like terracotta tiles, hay, inverted earthen pots, date palm branches etc. can reduce this temperature significantly. Shading with tree reduces ambient temperature near outer wall by 2°C to 2.5°C. On an average a depression of six degree centigrade in room temperature.

I) Shading by overhangs, louvers and awnings etc.

Different types of shading devices.

II) Shading of roof Shading the roof is a very important method of reducing heat gain. Roofs can be shaded by providing roof cover of concrete or plants or canvas or earthen pots etc.

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Roof shading by solid cover.

Roof shading by plant cover.

Covering of the entire surface area with the closely packed inverted earthen pots, as was being done in traditional buildings, increases the surface area for radiative emission. Insulating cover over the roof impedes heat flow into the building.

Figure 5. Removable roof shades

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AN effective device is a removable canvas cover mounted close to the roof. During daytime it prevents entry of heat and its removal at night, radiative cooling. Painting of the canvas white minimizes the radiative and conductive heat gain.

SHADING BY TREES AND VEGETATION Trees can be used with advantage to shade roof, walls and windows. Shading and evapotranspiration (the process by which a plant actively release water vapor) from trees can reduce surrounding air temperatures as much as 5°C. Different types of plants (trees, shrubs, vines) can be selected on the basis of their growth habit (tall, low, dense, light) to provide the desired degree of shading for various window orientations and situations.

SHADING BY TEXTURED SURFACES Highly textured walls have a portion of their surface in shade. The increased surface area of such a wall results in an increased outer surface coefficient, which permits the sunlit surface to stay cooler as well as to cool down faster at night.

INSULATION The effect of insulation is to reduce heat gain and heat loss. The more insulation in a building exterior envelope, the less heat transferred into or out of the building due to temperature difference between the interior and exterior. In hot climates, insulation is placed on the outer face (facing exterior) of the wall or roof so that thermal mass of the wall is weakly coupled with the external source and strongly coupled with the interior.

Air cavities within walls or an attic space in the roof ceiling combination reduce the solar heat gain factor, thereby reducing space-conditioning loads. The performance improves if the void is ventilated. Heat is transmitted through the air cavity by convection and radiation.

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INDUCED VENTILATION TECHNIQUES

SOLAR CHIMNEY A solar chimney is a modern device that induces natural ventilation by the thermal-buoyancy effect. The structure of the chimney absorbs solar energy during the day, thereby heating the enclosed air within and causing it to rise. Thus, air is drawn from the building into an open near the bottom of the chimney. They can also improve the comfort of the inhabitants during the day if they are combined with an evaporative-cooling device.

AIR VENTS Curved roofs and air vents are used in combination for passive cooling of air in hot and dry climates, where dusty winds make wind towers impracticable A hole in the apex of the domed or cylindrical roof with the protective cap over the vent directs the wind across it. The opening at the top provides ventilation and provides an escape path for hot air collected at top. The system works on the principle of cooling by induced ventilation, caused by pressure differences.

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WIND TOWER In a wind tower, the hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower, gets cooled, and thus becomes heavier and sinks down. The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air movement. When an inlet is provided to the rooms with an outlet on the other side, there is a draft of cool air. It resembles a chimney, with one end in the basement or lower floor and the other on the roof. The top part is divided into several vertical air spaces ending in the openings in the sides of the tower . In the presence of wind, air is cooled more effectively and flows faster down the tower and into the living area. The system works effectively in hot and dry climates where diurnal variations are high.

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ROOF POND In this system a shallow water pond is provided over highly conductive flat roof with fixed side thermal insulation. The top thermal insulation is movable. The pond is covered in day hours to prevent heating of pond from solar radiation. The use of roof pond can lower room temperature by about 20°C. While keeping the pond open during night the water is cooled by nocturnal cooling. The covered pond during the day provides cooling due to the effect of nocturnally cooled water pond and on other side the thermal insulation cuts off the solar radiation from the roof. The system can be used for heating during the winter by operating the system just reverse. The movable insulation is taken away during day so the water of pond gets heated up by solar radiation and heating the building. The pond is covered in night to reduce the thermal losses from the roof and the hot water in the pond transfers heat into building EVAPORATIVE COOLING Evaporative cooling is a passive cooling technique in which outdoor air is cooled by evaporating water before it is introduced in the building. Its physical principle lies in the fact that the heat of air is used to evaporate water, thus cooling the air, which in turn cools the living space in the building. However passive evaporative cooling can also be indirect. The roof can be cooled with a pond, wetted pads or spray, and the ceiling transformed into a cooling element that cools the space below by convection and radiation without raising the indoor humidity.

PASSIVE DOWNDRAFT EVAPORATIVE COOLING (PDEC) Passive downdraft evaporative cooling systems consist of a downdraft tower with wetted cellulose pads at the top of the tower. Water is distributed on the top of the pads, collected at the bottom into a sump and re-circulated by a pump. Certain designs exclude the re-circulation pump and use the pressure in the supply water line to periodically surge water over the pads, eliminating the requirement for any electrical energy input. In some designs, water is sprayed using micronizes or nozzles in place of pads, in others, water is made to drip. Thus, the towers are equipped with evaporative cooling devices at the top to provide cool air by gravity flow.

These towers are often described as reverse chimneys. While the column of warm air rises in a chimney, in this case the column of cool air falls. The air flow rate depends on the efficiency of the evaporative cooling device, tower height and cross section, as well as the resistance to air flow in the cooling device, tower and structure (if any) into which it discharges. Passive downdraft evaporative cooling tower has been used successfully at the Torrent Research Centre in Ahmedabad. The inside temperatures of 29 –30 °C were recorded when the outside temperatures were 43 – 44 °C. Six to nine air changes per hour were achieved on different floors.

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Torrent Research Centre, Ahmedabad, GUJRAT ROOF SURFACE EVAPORATIVE COOLING (RSEC) In a tropical country like India, the solar radiation incident on roofs is very high in summer, leading to overheating of rooms below them. Roof surfaces can be effectively and inexpensively cooled by spraying water over suitable water-retentive materials spread over the roof surface. Wetted roof surface provides the evaporation from the roof due to unsaturated ambient air. As the water evaporates, it draws most of the required latent heat from the surface, thus lowering its temperature of the roof and hence reduces heat gain. Therefore, the wetted roof temperatures 40°C.

EARTH AIR TUNNEL The use of earth as a heat sink or a source for cooling/heating air in buried pipes or underground tunnels has been a testimony to Islamic and Persian architecture. The air passing through a tunnel or a buried pipe at a depth of few meters gets cooled in summers and heated in winters. Parameters like surface area of pipe, length and depth of the tunnel below ground, dampness of the earth, humidity of inlet air velocity, affect the exchange of heat between air and the surrounding soil.

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EARTH BERMING In an earth sheltered building or earth bermed structure the reduced infiltration of outside air and the additional thermal resistance of the surrounding earth considerably reduces the average thermal load. Further the addition of earth mass of the building acts like a large thermal mass and reduces the fluctuations in the thermal load. Besides reducing solar and convective heat gains, such buildings can also utilize the cooler sub-surface ground as a heat sink. Hence with reference to thermal comfort, an earth sheltered building presents a significant passive approach.

HOUSE TYPE

To achieve thermal comfort in cooling applications, building envelopes are designed to minimize daytime heat gain, maximize night-time heat loss, and encourage cool breeze access when available.

Considerations include: Designing the floor plan and building form to respond to local climate and site using and positioning thermal mass carefully to store coolness, not unwanted heat choosing climate appropriate windows and glazing positioning windows and openings to enhance air movement and cross ventilation shading windows, solar exposed walls and roofs where possible 25

installing and correctly positioning appropriate combinations of both reflective and bulk insulation using roof spaces and outdoor living areas as buffer zones to limit heat gain.

Envelope design — floor plan and building form Envelope design is the integrated design of building form and materials as a total system to achieve optimum comfort and energy savings.

Heat enters and leaves a home through the roof, walls, windows and floor, collectively referred to as the building envelope. The internal layout — walls, doors and room arrangements — also affects heat distribution within a home.

Good design of the envelope and internal layout responds to climate and site conditions to optimize the thermal performance. It can lower operating costs, improve comfort and lifestyle and minimize environmental impact.

The physical comfort we feel in a building is the result of the heating energy balance between ourselves and the surrounding spaces. In hot and dry regions in order to design energy efficient buildings and keep the inside of the building thermally pleasant, solar gain and heat conduction into the building should be minimized while ventilation, evaporation, earth cooling, and radiant cooling should be promoted. In the past, architects were obliged to observe these factors, without the benefit of technology and without using polluting, mechanical devices, reliant on electricity. Therefore, there should be solutions to render inside the buildings thermally comfortable while keeping our environment clean.

The efficiency of the building envelope can be maximized in a number of ways to minimize heat gain: Shading windows, walls and roofs from direct solar radiation using lighter colored roofs to reflect heat using insulation and buffer zones to minimize conducted and radiated heat gains making selective or limited use of thermal mass to avoid storing daytime heat gains.

To maximize heat loss, use the following natural sources of cooling: •

Air movement

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Cooling breezes

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Evaporation 26

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Earth coupling

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Reflection of radiation.

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Varied responses are required for hot and dry climate zone depending on local conditions and the microclimate of a given site.

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Maximize the indoor−outdoor relationship and provide outdoor living spaces that are screened, shaded and rain protected.

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Maximize convective ventilation with high level windows and ceiling or roof space vents.

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Zone living and sleeping areas appropriately for climate — vertically and horizontally.

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Locate bedrooms for sleeping comfort.

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Design ceilings and position furniture for optimum efficiency of fans, cool breezes and convective ventilation.

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Locate mechanically cooled rooms in thermally protected areas (i.e., highly insulated, shaded and well-sealed).

ARRANGEMENT Where the climate provides cooling breezes, maximizing their flow through a home when cooling is required is an essential component of passive design. Unlike cool night air, these breezes tend to occur in the late afternoon or early evening when cooling requirements usually peak.

Cool breezes work best in narrow or open plan layouts

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Cool breezes work best in narrow or open plan layouts and air-pressure differentials caused by wind or breezes. They are less effective in: •

Buildings with deep floor plans or individual small rooms

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Locations with high noise, security risk or poor external air quality, where windows may need to be closed.

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Thermal currents are common in flatter, inland areas, created by daily heating and cooling. They are often of short duration in early morning and evening but with good design can yield worthwhile cooling benefits.

Convective air movement

Convection causes warm air to rise, drawing in cool air. Convective air movement improves cross-ventilation and overcomes many of the limitations of unreliable cooling breezes. Even when there is no breeze, convection allows heat to leave a building via clerestory windows, roof ventilators and vented ridges, eaves, gables and ceilings.

Convection produces air movement capable of cooling a building but usually has insufficient air speed to cool people.

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HOUSE PLAN 1. Compact plans are preferred as these will expose minimum surface to harsh solar radiations.

2. Deeper rooms are better against hot outside solar radiations.

3. Inward looking plans best suits for this type of climate as these straight away protect us from external solar heat and radiations.

4. Courtyard planning along with some trees and small water body creates very good cool microclimate as evaporative cooling effects occurs in this type of courtyard.

5. Thicker external walls with minimum windows should be used to avoid heat and solar radiations.

6. Heat producing areas should be separated from other areas of house.

OPENINGS AND WINDOWS Ventilation is defined as the act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of foul air. Normally in this process outdoor air is the source of fresh air and the inside air is pollutant air which should 29

be replaced. Building component and technical solutions providing ventilation, both for building and structural cooling, in hot climates were already used in ancient times.

The wind catcher is a shaft rising high above the building with an opening facing the prevailing wind. It traps the air where it is cooler and at higher velocity and channel sit down into the interior of the building. This device is used in the hot arid zones of the Middle East.

A wind catcher operates in two different physical mechanisms: First is the function according to the principle of traction of opening facing the wind and the suction of openings back against the wind. Wind catchers mainly perform by this mechanism which works under windy condition. In fact, a wind catcher takes the fresh air into the building and sends the hot and polluted air out.

Second is the function according to temperature difference. During the day, when the sun hits on the southern face of the wind catcher, the air heats in the southern shaft of the wind catcher, and goes up. This air is taken above through the inner air of the porch. On the other hand, in the morning, hot ambient air enters into another shaft of wind tower and it becomes cool when it contacts with the tower walls, which have enough thermal inertia to release at night the heat absorbed during the day. In fact, it makes a kind of proportional vacuum inside the building, and takes the cool air of the inner court into itself, so the existing air in the northern opening which was cooled is pulled down too. During the night outside temperature becomes cold, and the cold air moves down through the wind tower. This air becomes warm by walls and then goes up. This circle continues till the temperature of the walls and outside temperature become equal. Therefore, in this point night ends and once again the wind catcher acts its function.

Ventilation appears as a logical and suitable strategy for many types of buildings. Great deal of air flow is needed for summer thermal control of the building in hot and dry climates. Air changes provide people with fresh air to breath, take away pollutants, contribute to the thermal behavior of the building and are an important parameter in the feeling of wellbeing. To increase the amount of air flow through the building few small fans can be added to traditional wind catchers to enhance ventilation within the building Natural ventilation is most effective in climates where there is a comfortable ambient air temperature outside for a number of months of the year. Using natural ventilation as a passive 30

design strategy is less common in climates where there are fewer days out of the year that a building can be comfortably occupied without being mechanically cooled or mechanically heated.

When using natural ventilation as a passive design strategy, it is important to consider how air will move throughout the space given a number of factors such as the orientation of windows and other openings to be used for natural ventilation and the physics of how air moves (e.g., cold air sinks and hot air rises).

Outdoor breezes create air movement through the house interior by the push-pull effect of positive air pressure on the windward side and negative pressure on the leeward side. In order to have a good natural ventilation, openings must be placed at opposite pressure zones. Natural ventilation using tall spaces called stacks in the buildings with opening near the top of stacks warm air can escape whereas cooler air enters the building from the openings near the ground.

The windows, play a dominant role in inducing indoor ventilation due to wind forces.

In most home exhausting the warm air quickly can be a problem with the design of high ceilings throughout the breeze zone combined with clerestory windows at 14' ceiling height of three walls the rising hot air is allowed to escape which in turn does two things. first the rising air creates a low-pressure zone on the cool mass floor, pulling air along the floor from other areas of the houses as well as open doors. Secondly the rising and escaping air creates an interior low pressure that should pull in large volumes or exterior air from doors.

COLOURS Colours that absorb less heat should be used to paint the external surface. Darker shades should be avoided for surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation. The surface of the roof can be of white broken glazed tiles. During the day-time openings should be closed and shaded.

Decreasing the surface of the building exposed to the outside. Using materials that take a longer time to heat up. Providing buffer spaces (lobbies, etc.) between the living areas and the outside.

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Interiors 1. Light cool colours should be used for interiors 2. Surfaces that may reflect radiations should be painted dark to reduce glaring effect Exteriors 1. Dark surfaces should be avoided as these would absorb heat.

2. Light coloured /shiney reflective surfaces should be used to reflect solar heat 3. Provide as much green surface as possible as this will cool the surroundings 4. Avoid hard paved surfaces as these may create glare and radiate heat inside the building

WALLS 1. The walls of day time living areas should be made of heat storing materials so that these can store heat in day time and keep the inside cool and radiate hot solar radiation back in to atmosphere during night 2. Eastern and western walls should be shaded with trees or some other screens.

3. Double wall construction with proper ventilation may also be constructed on western side

ROOFS 1. Roof should be insulated from hot solar radiations 2. Thicker insulating materials should be used for this 3. A light coloured or totally white terrace surface will reduce effect of hot solar radiations, 4. Roofs should be made higher so that radiations from ceiling is less hard and there is enough space for hot dicipated air

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SHADING DEVICES Solar control is a critical requirement for both cooling-load dominated and passively solarheated buildings.

The most effective method of cooling a building is to shade windows, walls and roof of building from direct solar radiation heavily insulated shading, walls and roofs need less shading can use overhangs on outside facade of the building.

Each project should be evaluated depending on its relative cooling needs: • • •

Extend the overhang beyond the sides of the window to prevent solar gain from the side.

Use slatted or louvered shades to allow more daylight to enter, while shading windows from direct sunlight.

Reduce solar heat gain by recessing windows into the wall.

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MATERIALS The materials surrounding the occupants of a building are of prime importance for protection against heat and cold. Great care must be taken in the choice of the wall and roof materials and their thicknesses with respect to their physical properties, such as thermal conductivity, resistivity and transmission, and optical reflectivity. Using materials with the poor heat conductivity and high thermal mass will reduce the heat flowthrough the building in hot-dry climates resulting in reducing energy cost inside the buildings. The process of heat transfer through the building materials described as thermal conduction, and the value of heat transfer through a material is the thermal transmission. The thermal conductivity of a material is the amount of heat transfer per unit of thickness for a given temperature difference. Organic materials such as wood tend to be poor conductors. Aerated materials, which have solid conduction paths broken by air or gas gaps such as foam and glass fiber quilt are very poor conductors and they are good insulators as they have low thermal conductivities. In hot-dry climate in the past, vernacular architects made use of materials with poor thermal conductions.

In traditional houses of hot-dry regions walls were made out of mud, brick clay or mud clay and plaster of straw and mud with high thickness. Thick and heavy walls made of construction materials with the poor thermal conduction provide thermal flywheel effect resulting of cool environment in summer and warm environment in winter.

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EAVES TO PROTECT FROM GLARE OF SUN

Use of deeper entrance door and broad eaves

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Thick thermal insulating material is used to protect building from top sun.

Use of orial windows and different type of louvered sun shades also reduce sun's harshness

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Sun protection devices(pergolas) are used to protect front facades of hot dry region

Hot solar radiations can be converted in useful electricity by using photovoltaic cells.

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double roof technique to protect main structure from solar heat.

Double roof technique protect main structure from solar heat.

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Hollow block construction technique also help in thermal insulation of buildings.

Intake of air in vertical section and exhausts at roof level.

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CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY-1 PEARL ACADEMY OF FASHION

Typology: Educational Location: Jaipur, India Completion: June 2008 Site Area:12,542 sqm Gross Floor Area: 12,250 sqm Building Height: 21m Capacity: 600 students & 100 staff Programme: 4 classrooms, 24studios, offices, library Auditorium (195 occupancy)

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INTRODUCTION • • • •

The institute is located in a hot, dry desert type climate on the outskirts of Jaipur in the soulless Kukas industrial area, 20 kilometres from the famous walled city.

The architecture of the academy was proposed to be a confluence of modern adaptations of traditional Indo-Islamic architectural elements and passive cooling strategies prevalent in the hot-dry desert climate of Rajasthan.

Elements such as open courtyards ,water bodies, step-well or baoli and jaalis were derived from their historic usages but manifested themselves through the built form and become an intrinsic part of the daily life of the students.

Some of the historical references used from Indian architecture for jaali, step well, courtyard, heat sink & pavilion are Jal mahal, Hawa Mahal, Panna Mian ki Baoli in Amer Fort, Ganesh Pol in first courtyard of Amer fort, Baradhari Pavillion in Amer Fort.

SITE AND FORM OPTIMIZATION Due to the project location within an industrial site context and the impact of form optimization on built form, a rectangular volume was formulated that would provide with minimum exposed surface area. The entire building is raised above the ground and 4 meters were excavated to create an underbelly. The underbelly forms a natural thermal sink which is cooled by water bodies through evaporative cooling. Floating above the underbelly is a teaching block raised on pilot is, two stories high with footprint of 111 by 50 meters. The mass is broken into several courts creating alternative solids and voids which respond to solar geometry . The solids become studios and classrooms, whilst the voids are visual breaks that allow daylight and air through. Throughout most of the year these incisions offer shade, limiting solar ingress into the underbelly. Cool air as it warms up rises vertically through these courts creating cross ventilation. The courtyards plan is a simple form where the floor plate is no more than 9 meters wide at any point, at no point is an occupant more than 4.5 meters from a window or opening-this eliminates daytime reliance on electrical lighting,90% of the gross space area relies on natural daylight.

Green spaces and water bodies are designed as per orientation to be in shaded areas in order to lower the water evaporation and aid evaporative cooling. During the night, when the desert temperature drops, this floor slowly dissipates the heat to the surroundings, 41

keeping the area in thermal comfort. Learning was derived from the built heritage of Rajasthan, replete with havelis3, inward-looking blocks with rooms along corridors and in enfilade, surrounding a single or multiple courtyards. Thehaveli3typology epitomizes the idea of the building as a device for environment control, where the solid-void balance is calibrated for maximum daylight penetration, minimum heat ingress and the accommodation of multiple functions .Hence, The Design response was an introverted building, given the setting which was largely industrial. A long low-lying twofloored perimeter block pushes the building envelope to the mandatory setbacks, optimizing the exposed surface area to volume ratio of the form and almost seems to float above the land.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROGRAM ZONES The underbelly provides functional spaces that operate in a passive environment, eliminating the need for additional built volume in the form of a floor without jeopardizing the program. Steps on the perimeter of the underbelly double up as seats, making this an ad-hoc performance venue. The institute creates interactive spaces for a highly creative student body to work in multifunctional zones that blend the indoors with the outdoors seamlessly. The underbelly is thermally banked on all sides serving a large student recreation and exhibition zone. It also houses the cafeteria and spill out area thus forming the anchor for the entire project. The ramp is multi functional as a runway during fashion shows. The spatial flexibility allows ample room for growth. An additional floor will be built in the future to accommodate students’ residences, thereby becoming a mixture of residence and workspace that will take the building even closer to the archetypal haveli3. The multifunctional programming allows for the elimination of a complete storey which would otherwise use artificial techniques of cooling hence making the building extremely efficient in its energy consumption. The Classrooms, Labs, and Offices have been designed around an internal courtyard, which is further broken down to fluid forms housing the flexible requirements of Studios

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ELEVATIONAL STRATERGY Jaali acts as a second skin to the building, servicing the functions of 3 filters, air, light and privacy. 1.2 m wide sliver of space between the two building skins along the outer perimeter of the teaching block cuts down solar heat gain without curtailing air flow or daylight entry. The porosity of the jaali2panels varies with orientation of façade; the greater the solar exposure the more opaque it comes. the variances was made with Ecolect. The building is wrapped in a double skin consisting of Fritted screens set 1.2 meters away from inner walls and windows. The jaali moderates incoming natural light, which can be harsh much of the time. The double skin acts as a thermal buffer between the building and surrounding, there by reducing direct heat gain through fenestrations, yet allowing for diffused daylight .The façade is entirely composed of two detached horizontal planes formed by perforated panels, creating a ventilated buffer space to protect the outer walls and a service corridor through which the horizontal pipes, cables and ducts are supplied around the building. The wall section is inspired by the Hawa Mahal, an 18thcentury building with a tapered block with finely screened windows that provide shade and admit cool air. However, the primary purpose of these grilles was to allow women of the court to observe life in the street without exposing themselves to view.

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COURTYARDS / STEP WELLS Self shading courts keep the solar ingress out and control the temperature of internal spaces, whilst allowing for sufficient day lighting inside studios and classrooms. The lowest floor of the building, the underbelly is able to moderate ambient temperatures with water, shade and vegetation. The underbelly is sunken 4 meters below street datum so that the cool humidified air which is heavier than warm dry air might be contained. The sinking of this space also provides privacy for inner sanctum where students gather. A matrix of water and greenery creates a microclimate via evaporative cooling and transpiration that is substantially cooler than outside. The minimal aesthetic places the focus on the students who inhabit the space and the activities that bring it to life. The people-friendly intent is most evident on the lowest level, an excavated ground that steps down from all four sides of the buildings, a grotto-like space containing all the makings of desire: water, plants, food and people. Livening this multifunctional and creativity-Inducing space is a gentle breeze that continually flows in all directions, generated by a temperature differential between inside and outside and the cross ventilating through 44

Venturi effect. The traditional courtyards take on amorphous shapes within the regulated form of the cloister-like periphery. This curvilinear geometry is generated through a computerized shadow analysis that tracks the precise movement of the sun through the day and across the seasons. The water bodyworks on the basic principle of evaporative cooling and was designed on the format of the “baoli”(step well). Dry winds are drawn into the underbelly due to the rise of hot air from the courtyard. These winds get cooled as they travel over the water body.

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LOCAL MATERIALS

Section showing the use of matkas4(earthen pots) in the roof for the purpose of insulation The pallet of materials include stone, glass and concrete, all of which are locally sourced.

Jaisalmer stone, kota stone, granite and slate are quarried from within Rajasthan. All materials use dare from under 300 km distance Hundreds of 35cm wide matkas were placed 2.5 cm apart, the gap was filled with sand and broken bricks, and then cast over with binding layer of concrete. The sandwich of trapped air is applied to horizontal surfaces that are exposed to the sun, becoming a barrier that limits solar heat transmission.

The fill and the air within the mutkas4provide insulation. Matka’s (earthen pots) were inverted and placed along the terrace creating an air cavity that thermally insulates the roof. The exterior is painted orange to set off the jaalis, but the interior surfaces are white, to reduce heat absorption and create a cool backdrop for the bustle of activity and the brillian colors of women's saris.

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SOLAR STUDY

This curvillinear geometry is generated through a computarized shadow analysis that tracks th precise movement of the sun through the day and across the season .

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CASE STUDY – 2 72 screens

• • • • • • •

Architects: Sanjay Puri Architects Project: 72 Screens Location: Jaipur, India Building type: Commercial building corporate Office headquarter Site area: 1956sqm.

Completion year: 2013 Client: Shree cements

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INTRODUCTION • •

• • •

•

Located in the city of Jaipur in India which has a desert climate with average temperatures ranging from 30oC to 50oC through most of the year .

On a small plot of 1075 sq. m , the building envelope is restricted on all sides in plan as well as governed by height restrictions The resultant floor area on each level after leaving mandatory open spaces is only 326 sqm.

Enveloped in abstractly folded planes of perforated screens, this 6 level office building creates a sculptural presence.

The ground level houses a reception and conference rooms and all above levels are office area.

The concrete screens around the building are supported by a steel framework with projections that vary from 0.9 to 1.5m . This creates an external periphery space for plants at each level that will act as further insulation from the external heat creating cooler office spaces within. The office building thus overcomes the restrictions of its small plot creating office spaces that are very energy efficient to combat the excessive summers of its location while imbibing tradition in an abstract manifestation to create a sculptural quality for its inhabitants.

The primary structure of the building is reinforced concrete.

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DESIGN PRINCIPLES • • •

•

•

A glass reinforced screen inspired from traditional “Jali”of Rajasthan on all sides further reducing the heat gain and rendering the building very energy efficient.

On the façade the planes are not straight but planes are folded in different direction.

The concrete screens around the building are supported by a steel framework with projections that vary from 0.9 to 1.5m. This creates an external periphery space for plants at each level that will act as further insulation from the external heat creating cooler office spaces within. The screen is made up of glass reinforce concrete for its structural stability.

The entire service core and toilets are located on its southern side thus effectively reducing the heat gain substantially in a location where the sun is in the Southern hemisphere throughout the year.

These panels were made out of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete, sometimes called GRC or GFRC, an interesting composite having high strength alkali resistant glass fiber

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embedded

in

a

cementitious

mix

52

having

numerous

applications.

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TRADITIONAL JALI: - The building manifests local tradition creating a structure that is strongly contextual to the site and its location while simultaneously creating a sculptural identity.

- The concept of a jali exterior is to force the air through small openings, cooling air and increasing its force marginally. This element of traditional architecture in Rajasthan has been used to reduce heat gain, increase ventilation and reduce noise from the busy traffic outside.

- The jaali screens sheath the building on all sides reducing the heat gain and rendering the building very energy efficient.

- The building is fragmented into triangular facets with jali as a secondary screen all around it and the interstitial spaces are used for plants to further reduce the heat gain creating a building that is extremely energy efficient in response to the city's 45°c summer months that are from mid-march to mid oct.

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TRADITIONAL JALI AND PERIPHERY SPACE FOR PLANTS

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CHAPTER- 6 LEARNING FROM CASE STUDIES COMPARITIVE CHART PEARL JAIPUR

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Location Building typology Site area Architect Completion year Client Facade

8. Cooling

9. Lighting

10. Materials 11. Landscaping 12. Waterbody

ACADEMY, 72 SCREENS, JAIPUR

Jaipur, Rajasthan Educational 12,542sqm.

Morphogenesis 2008 Pearl academy of fashion Jalis

Jaipur, Rajasthan Commercial, office 1956sqm.

Sanjay puri architects 2013 Shree cement Concrete screen supported by steel framework Planters placed in the • Jalis buffer zone created • Courtyard effect between the outer jalis • Evaporative cooling and inner skin of the through water bodies building. (stepwell) • Cavity created in roof by using earthen pots for the purpose of insulation • Diffuse light through • Diffuse light through jalis. jalis.

• Curvilinear geometry • Small buffer spaces courtyards for between two skins of shadow. the building for diffuse light.

• Small buffer spaces between two skins of the building for diffuse light.

Local materials used like Local materials used earthen pots, jalis, etc.

30% of the site area is Plants provided in the buffer covered by landscaping. spaces.

4% of the site is covered by No water body in the site water Bodies (stepwell)

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13. Natural ventilation

14. Grey-water recycling

•

• • • • • • •

100% of floor area is designed for natural ventilation.

Grey water recycling is available.

100% of floor area is designed for natural ventilation.

Grey water recycling is not available.

CASE STUDY CONCLUSION Using of jalis on outer façade will fulfil three purposesi.

Lighting ii.

Cooling iii. Privacy The curvilinear geometry courtyards can be used for the precise movement of the sun through the day and across the seasons.

Underbellies can be created by excavating the site by 4m to 5m for cooling effects.

Local materials can be used for making the building climate responsive and environment friendly.

Earthen pots can be used by creating cavity on the roof for cooling effect.

Buffer spaces can be created between the two skins of the building and planters can be placed there for natural cooling.

Atleast 30% of the site should be used for landscaping which can make building environment friendly.

Creating water bodies on site can give a natural cooling effect to the building.

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CHAPTER- 7 CONCLUSION The purpose of the current study was to determine the passive techniques should be used in the buildings situated in hot and dry region. By adopting passive natural practices that reduce energy and resource consumption in building, can make the building environment friendly and more climate responsive.

The main objective of the passive building is to provide high quality thermal and visual comfort using natural sources that save energy and have environmental benefits. Passive buildings have potential to reduce energy demand.

Since this building can also function independent of mechanical system, in case of power failure they still natural daylight and thermal comfort.

Indoor environment inside the building have direct impact on health and well being of its occupants. In passive building occupants have direct connection with the outside environment, they have access to natural daylight and outside air. These features avoid the problem of sick building syndromes in passive buildings which are healthy places to live and work.

Some points to be noted are as following: • • • • • •

• •

The most important factor is the relation between interior and exterior environment, building form, orientation and the material used for the construction.

Considering the sun path and the wind direction create a natural comfort in the building.

In hot and dry climate, the building orientation should always be north-south direction, i.e. longer side of the rectangle should be facing along north and south.

Landscape can also be a passive cooling technique which controls wind, solar radiation and extreme temperature.

Along with the wind direction if a buffer space or a water body is provided then the intensity of heat is reduced until it reaches inside.

Courtyard is the important feature of the vernacular architecture. All the rooms of the house will be surrounded all around this rectangular opening which act as a source for natural light and ventilation and provide shaded spaces.

Thicker walls act as a cooling technique as the intensity of heat reduces by the time it enters inside thus providing a comfortable indoors.

The window sizes are small and the window sill is also high thus reducing the heat gain and increase the light penetration. The ventilators are also provided very high thus it helps in removing the hot air from inside.

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BIBLOGRAPHYBOOKS• • • • • •

Building in hot dry climates by Saini, Balwant Singh Mazria E., The passive solar energy book, Rodale Press, Pennsylvania, 1979.

Nayak J.K., Hazra R. and Prajapati J., Manual on solar passive architecture, Solar Energy Centre, MNES, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1999 Energy Conversation Building Code (ECBC) Design strategies for hot and dry climate Energy and climate in the urban built environment, James

WEBSITE• •

• • • • • • • •

https://www.indianetzone.com/45/hot_dry_climate_india.htm Anon, 1988. CIBSE guide, volume A: Thermal properties of building structures, CIBSE, London.Bahadori, M.N., 1978. Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture, scientific American, Vol.238, No2February, pp: 144-154.Baruch Giovani, 1998. Climate consideration in building and urban design, John Wiley & Sons Inc.Donald Watson, 1983. Climatic design: Energy-Efficient Building Principles and Practices, copyright byMcGraw-hill, Inc.http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.htmlHassan Fathy, 1986. Natural energy and vernacular architecture; principles and examples with the referenceto Hot Arid climates, published for the united nation university by the university of Chicago press Chicagoand London.Ivan Margolius, 2002. Architects + Engineers = Structures, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Jan, F., Kreider & Ari Rabl, 1994.

Heating and Cooling Of Buildings; Design for Efficiency, by McGraw-Hill, Inc.Lechner Norbert, 2009. Heating, Cooling, and Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects. Thirdedition, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.J.F. van STRAATEN, 1967. Thermal performance of buildings, national building research institute SouthAfrican council for scientific and industrial research, Elsevier publishing company Randall Thomas & Max Fordhams, 1999. Environmental Design An introduction for architects andengineers, second edition, spon press, pp: 9-11. https://www.ksquarearchitects.com/materials-used-facades/ https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2016/08/05/studios-18-inrajasthan-india-by-sanjay-puri-architects/ https://www.archdaily.com/792265/studios-18-sanjay-puri-architects https://igsmag.com/market-trends/super-tall-buildings/the-al-bahar-towers-shadingthe-real-envelope/ http://www.journalijar.com/uploads/125_IJAR-6522.pdf https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/27841335/ii-jabalpur-urbanadministration-development-department https://architecturelive.in/morphogenesis-monograph-the-indian-perspective-theglobal-context/#jp-carousel-9907 https://www.glassonweb.com/article/evaluation-adaptive-facades-case-study-al-bahrtowers-uae

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