FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

A

RESEARCH ON FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

BY BENJAMIN ONAWO SAMUEL J00053696 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR A MASTERS (MSc) IN INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

THE UNIVERSITY OF ROEHAMPTON, LONDON ONLINE 2020

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

DECLARATION FORM The work I have submitted is my own effort. I certify that all the material in this Dissertation, which is not my own work, has been identified and acknowledged. No materials are included for which a degree has been previously conferred upon me.

Benjamin Onawo Samuel

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07/12/2020

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT

6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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CHAPTER ONE

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1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................8 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................................8 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...............................................................................................................8 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................9 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM........................................................................................................10 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................................................12 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY...........................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER TWO

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................................13 2.1 A DIGEST OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES..............................................................................................13 2.2 INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS IN RELATION TO NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.............14 2.3 CONCEPTUAL, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................14 2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF AN ADEQUATE INFORMATION SYSTEM.........................................................................17 2.5 THE NOTION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES........................................................................................18 2.6 CRITICAL PREMISES TO EXPLORE IN RELATION TO FAILURE FACTORS...............................................................19 2.7 OTHER CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................................................................20

CHAPTER THREE

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3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................22 3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................22 3.2 RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH APPROACH....................................................................................................22 3.3 RESEARCH PROCESS.........................................................................................................................................22 3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN........................................................................................................................................... 24 3.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................25 3.6 RESEARCH SETTING/CONTEXT.........................................................................................................................25 3.7 OPERATIONALIZATION......................................................................................................................................25 3.8 THE RESEARCH STUDY AREA............................................................................................................................26 3.8.1Setting..........................................................................................................................................................26 3.9 RESEARCH SAMPLE AND DATA SOURCES..........................................................................................................27 3.9.1Sampling and Recruitment Strategy............................................................................................................27 3.9.2Population....................................................................................................................................................27 3.9.3Sample.........................................................................................................................................................27 3.10 DATA COLLECTION METHODS.........................................................................................................................27 3.11 RESEARCH TOOLS...........................................................................................................................................28 3.12 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS......................................................................................................................................28 3.13 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS..............................................................................................................................28 3.14 ISSUES OF TRUSTWORTHINESS......................................................................................................................29 3.15 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.............................................................................................................................29

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 3.16 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY.............................................................................................................................30 3.17 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS.................................................................................................................31

CHAPTER FOUR

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4.0 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS........................................................................................32 4.1 RESULTS............................................................................................................................................................32 4.2 ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1 Qualitative Results......................................................................................................................................33 4.2.2 Quantitative Results....................................................................................................................................51 4.3 EVALUATION OF FINDINGS...............................................................................................................................65 4.3.1 Integration and Triangulation of Qualitative and Quantitative Results.....................................................65 4.3.2 Integrated and Triangulation Results.........................................................................................................65 4.4 DISCUSSIONS....................................................................................................................................................80

CHAPTER FIVE

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5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................83 5.1 REVIEW OF THE RESULTS..................................................................................................................................83 5.2 LIMITATIONS TO THE RESEARCH.......................................................................................................................85 5.3 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................................................86 5.4 SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH......................................................................................................................86

REFERENCES

88

APPENDICES

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APPENDIX I.............................................................................................................................................................97 APPENDIX II..........................................................................................................................................................122 APPENDIX III.........................................................................................................................................................125 APPENDIX IV.........................................................................................................................................................128 APPENDIX V..........................................................................................................................................................131 APPENDIX VI.........................................................................................................................................................135 APPENDIX VII........................................................................................................................................................138 APPENDIX VIII.......................................................................................................................................................144

FIGURES

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FIGURE 1................................................................................................................................................................ 21 FIGURE 2................................................................................................................................................................ 24 FIGURE 3................................................................................................................................................................ 34 FIGURE 4................................................................................................................................................................ 35 FIGURE 5................................................................................................................................................................ 36 FIGURE 6................................................................................................................................................................ 51 FIGURE 7................................................................................................................................................................ 52 FIGURE 8................................................................................................................................................................ 67 FIGURE 9................................................................................................................................................................ 71

CHARTS

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CHART 1................................................................................................................................................................. 37

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) CHART 2................................................................................................................................................................. 38 CHART 3................................................................................................................................................................. 39 CHART 4................................................................................................................................................................. 40 CHART 5................................................................................................................................................................. 41 CHART 6................................................................................................................................................................. 42 CHART 7................................................................................................................................................................. 43 CHART 8................................................................................................................................................................. 44 CHART 9................................................................................................................................................................. 45 CHART 10............................................................................................................................................................... 46 CHART 11............................................................................................................................................................... 47 CHART 12............................................................................................................................................................... 48 CHART 13............................................................................................................................................................... 49 CHART 14............................................................................................................................................................... 50 CHART 15............................................................................................................................................................... 53 CHART 16 (P2, Q11)............................................................................................................................................... 54 CHART 16 (P2, Q12)............................................................................................................................................... 54 CHART 16 (P2, Q13)..................................................................................................................................................55 CHART 16 (P2, Q14)............................................................................................................................................... 55 CHART 16 (P2, Q15)............................................................................................................................................... 56 CHART 16 (P2, Q16)............................................................................................................................................... 56 CHART 16 (P2, Q17)............................................................................................................................................... 57 CHART 16 (P2, Q18)............................................................................................................................................... 57 CHART 16 (P2, Q19)............................................................................................................................................... 58 CHART 16 (P2, Q20)............................................................................................................................................... 58 CHART 17 (P3, Q21)............................................................................................................................................... 59 CHART 18 (P3, Q22)............................................................................................................................................... 59 CHART 19A (P3, Q23)................................................................................................................................................60 CHART 19B (P3, Q23).................................................................................................................................................60 CHART 19C (P3, Q23).................................................................................................................................................61 CHART 19D (P3, Q23)................................................................................................................................................61 CHART 20 (P3, Q24)............................................................................................................................................... 62 CHART 21A (P3, Q25)................................................................................................................................................62 CHART 21B (P3, Q25).................................................................................................................................................63 CHART 21C (P3, Q25).................................................................................................................................................63 CHART 21D (P3, Q25)................................................................................................................................................64 CHART 21E (P3, Q25).................................................................................................................................................64 CHART 21F (P3, Q25).................................................................................................................................................65 CHART 21G (P3, Q25)................................................................................................................................................65 CHART 22............................................................................................................................................................... 75 CHART 23............................................................................................................................................................... 79

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

ABSTRACT Factors influencing information systems failures in Nasarawa state, Nigeria has increasingly limited the possibility of Nasarawa state to power-up Smart-city concepts that have recently become a global trend. It is very evident that if these factors remain potent/active and unchecked, the huge resources invested in this sector will end up perceived as wastage; where the results are increased inefficient systems that have little or no positive impact on growth and development for the Nation as a whole. Reviewed literature show that previous scholarly researches dwelled on generalized factors alone to research IS failures; however these generalizations have not really fully helped in curbing these failures especially for developing countries given rising IS failures. Key possibilities for this growing incapacity with ISs in Nasarawa state, Nigeria remains the: digital component and social context as specific to the study region. Therefore the researcher uses qualitative and quantitative data from select public/private sector workers to triangulate key elemental problem causing features of Information Systems based on (1) The Digital Component and (2) The Social Context as specifically obtainable in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. key findings show that issue-based themes in relation to IS failure factors in Nasarawa state, Nigeria revolve around community mobilization, ownership, multi-stakeholder approaches, resistance and conflicts, affordability of electricity to mention but a few. The research provides a blueprint for government and key stakeholders to take hold of the outstanding possibilities intrinsic in IS to not only empower their rich youth human resource base, economic resource base, social resource base, and enrich online customer markets but also to understand the raison d'être behind huge investments, a more smart and well organized environment and the basis for which these failures can be adequately curbed.

Keywords: Information, people, data, technology, internet, online, technology, systems, facilities, organizations, development

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I will like to take this opportunity to appreciate my wife Asmau Garba Benjamin for taking this journey with me through the uneasy road of a Masters education.

I appreciate my baby Raheema, who has been denied her full share of my attention during this period. And my entire extended family and friends who put up with my mood swings – it was all in a bid to get this done.

I also will like to appreciate my course mates, class mates and Student Support of the University of Roehampton for their various supports in making this a success; and to all those who took time to listen, and respond to my enquiries, thank you.

I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Kieran Mervyn for his kind and patient support from the beginning to the end of my Masters program. In my very first module your motivation helped me bounce back from adversity, and in my very last module, your motivation defined my performance. God bless you Sir. Finally, I will like to appreciate the efforts and memories of my late Dad and Mum, Mr and Mrs Samuel Okatu Agbo, their unwavering dedication to education has sent me down this road. I also appreciate the memories of those who have quietly been a part of this huge success, including those I haven’t had the opportunity to meet – you are highly appreciated.

To the SUPREME GOD, thank you JEHOVAH, for you are never not there.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The factors influencing information systems failures in Nasarawa state, Nigeria is an important research situation based on the fact that Information systems when successful exhibit their full positive potentials which are: increased efficiency and high quality service (Sadoughi, et. al., 2013) to mention a few. Therefore when failures are experienced in relation to Information Systems, it means then that: Information systems are likely to be seen as negative impacting tools to growth and development where huge amounts of investment end up wasted on inefficiencies, unsatisfactory and misdirected perceptions (Sadoughi, et. al., 2013). The gaps that have been created by information systems failures have put the positive effects of information systems at high risk of total rejection however the positive effects far outweigh the negative ones. Investigating the failure factors of Information Systems is key and has been an ongoing process globally (Heeks, 2002), however generalizations from researches on information systems has not really fully helped in curbing failures, especially for developing countries where researches need digging deeper into specifics in order to explore such failure factors (Avgerou, 2019). This research takes a deeper contextual look into factors influencing information systems failures in Nasarawa state with an expectation to creating valuable patterns that can advance practice; especially for developing countries who have struggled through the years around the concept of creating positively impacting information systems and failing because of a simple unknown factor.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY There are quite a number of factors to be considered given the occurrence and intensity of research/debate in this given area especially for developing countries (Samuel, 2020).

Understanding the nature of Information Systems researches in a developing country like Nigeria, with Nasarawa State in the research lens is of essential importance (Avgerou, 2008). This is because even from a general Information Systems perspective, there is the important need to connect peculiarities in the subfields with that which is commonly obtainable in the Information Systems research field as a whole (Avgerou, 2008). The concept suggested by Avgerou (2008) has the intrinsic capability of expanding general global perspectives significantly, where Information Systems failures are concerned (Samuel, 2020). Therefore, in relation to this the research aims at unveiling 8|Page

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

the peculiarities of Information Systems failures that exist in Nasarawa State, Nigeria and to accomplish this; according to Samuel (2020), the researcher intends to: 1. Elucidate the chief features influencing Information Systems failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria on the basis of generalized categorizations.

2. Examine the Digital Technological Innovation element.

3. Determine: a. The mindset/involvement/understanding of public sector workers vis-à-vis the nature and significance of Information Systems in the State. b. The role/participation/understanding of the rural poor in Information Systems undertakings by the State.

4. Present recommendations that will enable the government of Nasarawa state create avenues where the next frontier is one that unites and collaborates with key stakeholders to create and appropriately utilize IS value chain links with the global economy.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In relation to finding out the factors influencing Information Systems failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria; the researcher will attempt answering the following research questions: 1. What are the unusual elements connected to Information Systems failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria?

2. Do the: a. Mechanisms of the Digital component in variation impact Information Systems failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria? b. Mechanisms of the Social context in variation with relation to the mindset/involvement/understanding of the state’s public sector have any impact on Information Systems in terms of failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria? c. Mechanisms of the Social context in variation in relation to the role/participation/understanding of the rural poor impact Information Systems in terms of failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria?

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

3. Are the factors responsible for Information Systems failures in Nasarawa State aligning with generalized categorizations such as process, people, product and technology, or are there more or less categories?

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM The creation of a network that solves complex challenges across social and technological spheres is not out of place for Nasarawa State, with serious considerations of political, socio-cultural, historical, structural and functional environments (Malby and AndersonWallace, 2016). However, a holistic investigation is incumbent.

Information Technology in Nigeria since the revolutionary period in the early 21 st century where mobile phones and computers became the buzz word has shown beyond doubt the fundamental nature of IT in relation to digital concepts especially where Information Systems endeavors are concerned (Park and Mithas, 2020). Given the span of time, Nasarawa State falls short of an Information Systems revolutionary success story.

However, one cannot out rule the fact that much effort has been put in by government – nevertheless the level at which digital concepts have penetrated Nasarawa State and effectuated Smart City concepts must be ascertained and examined (Samuel, 2020). This can help greatly in improving how: vital information is shared and communicated, conflicts are managed, relationships are built and maintained and how making Nasarawa State Smarter can be precipitated (Goodstein, 1998) especially in such times as the COVID-19 Pandemic situations (Samuel, 2020).

An issue of major concern especially with regard Information/data collection, dissemination and utilization in Nasarawa State is alarming (Bello and Obinne, 2012), because without this data or information it is difficult to transform the state into that ideological Smart City state; at the same time efforts of government are seen to be futile indicating Information System inadequacies or failures socially, technologically or both (Samuel, 2020). What then are the underlying factors of Information Systems failures or inadequacies in Nasarawa State? Already there are suggestive indicators from enormous researches, however; it is important and necessary to undertake a holistic study that will help in better understanding the factors in the context of Nasarawa State, Nigeria (Samuel, 2020). This is in accordance with the submissions of Sadoughi, et. al. (2013) in which systematic methods of Information Systems appraisals is highly dependent on being able to identify its underlying success and failure factors. In as much as the success factors are important, this research work will focus 90% on the failure factors and 10% 10 | P a g e

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

on the success factors in an attempt to identify strategic measures of diminishing any failure factors associated with Information Systems in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Hence, the need to perform this research studies.

In an era where information is a key resource to be harnessed for economical, societal and organizational efficiency, effectiveness and vitality; efforts must be put together to properly harness such resources appropriately (Marion, 1998). Even as strategy has been identified as the best approach towards completely utilizing information as a resource for societal well-being, strategy must be adopted from a systems view approach (Luciano, 1998). The Nasarawa State Government of Nigeria has not been left out in the Nigerian Government’s quest to utilize information resources for the betterment of its citizenry. Recently, there has been an effort by the Nasarawa State Government to improve on security (Punchng.com, 2019; Business Day, 2020), digitization of communication (BICT Nasarawa State, 2020), the environment (Daniel and Obadiah, 2015), governance (Tribune on-line, 2019), education (Vanguard, 2020), standard of living (Umaru and Tende, 2013), e-commerce (in exploring the digital economy for revenue generation in terms of online stalls and market places) and the archiving of important and relevant data (HFGProject, 2018) for developmental planning efficacy and development of policies including the policy of urbanization and rural development (Joss, Mathew and Dayot, 2017).

This is a global trend, where growing interests are high in relation to concepts of the Smart City (Joss, Mathew and Dayot, 2017), in which e-libraries, ICT hubs, drones, CCTVs, Data/Information Centers, Geographic Positioning Systems and other crucial automated processes are the constituent elements of such a setting (Bello and Obinne, 2012). These exemplify advanced practices in Information Communication Technology and goes further to show the essentiality of Information Communication from a global and continental perspective (Bello and Obinne, 2012).

As our environment rapidly changes the world over, it is important to note that those who continue to do things the old fashioned way are in the danger of being left behind (Goodstein, 1998). An example of such is the way in which COVID-19 has brought about a sharp change in global trends and world events. Today, it is obvious that flexibility, initiative and individual responsibility are imperatives for a better society (Goodstein, 1998), being smart and working smart are dependent on how new technological opportunities are used to increase efficiency and productivity (Goodstein, 1998).

According to Goodstein (1998), being smart entails focusing time, energy and 11 | P a g e

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human/material/financial resources on productive endeavors and putting them into good use. It is evident then that a Smart City revolves around technology, digitization, Information Systems and the inclusive or exclusive social construct of a given community of people (Joss, Mathew and Dayot, 2017). Backing this up, Malby and AndersonWallace (2016) identify 3 crucial success elements: technology enhanced sharing; connections; and simplified sharing, validation and distillation, which support the argument of investing time and energy in technological processes. It all boils down to the ability of all stakeholders to interpret practicable knowledge into codified information via robust technological and informational architectures that can be accessed and inquired in multiple spheres evocatively and in locally significant ways (Malby and Anderson-Wallace, 2016).

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY There are so many outstanding opportunities that can be benefitted from using Information Technology, for example in the form of Geographic Information Systems, Agricultural, Health, Housing, Commerce and Financial Information Systems etc. as mentioned earlier (Sadoughi, et. al., 2013). According to Sadoughi, et. al. (2013), these outstanding opportunities are meant to diminish errors and support specialists in all ramifications, thereby increasing efficiency and quality in all spheres. However, there are certain scope based issues that often times are associated with Information Technology related systems that create gaps against the positive potentiality of the systems (Sadoughi, et. al., 2013). This study will focus on the public sector of the Nasarawa State Capital, Lafia LGA as the epicenter of development for the state as a whole.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study intends to disclose those key factors that are responsible for Information Systems failure experiences in Nasarawa State (Samuel, 2020). This can go a long way in establishing better resource investment by the state government against the backdrop of wasted huge resources that are relatively scarce; also it is believed the system will serve as a template that can be keyed into for advancing the practice both globally and continentally (Samuel, 2020).

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 A DIGEST OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES 12 | P a g e

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

Information Systems Failures and Successes are independent of geography (Lemon, et. al., 2002), hence, the fact that there are rising cases of failures show significantly that generalizations have not been as effective as envisaged (Avgerou, 2019) towards curbing particularly the failures. It is a known fact that the World Wide Web and the Internet are process facilitators irrespective of geographical spaces (Yakubu and Dasuki, 2018); however, cases have been made to show huge investments in e.g. Learning Management Systems (LMS) that have faced a high rate of technological failures (Al-Azawei, 2019).

The case does not end there, as other factors reflect dissatisfaction in the services and the exploitation of interactive features of social networking sites (SNS) with direct reference to developing countries (Al-Azawei, 2019).

Research figures show that in a span of 16 years there is little improvement that cannot be seen as very significant given the number of Information Systems that have not been successful within the same span of time (Hughes, Rana and Simintiras, 2017). This is suggestive of the fact that generalizations on the factors responsible for Information Systems failures need to be better understood, and contextualized with regards occurrences of failures and their basic or complex most significant remedies (Hughes, Rana, and Simintiras, 2017). Avgerou (2019) sees the need for improving on methodology and theory, contextualized generalizations, comparative complementarity and alternate perspectives of theory in relation to technological and action underpinnings.

From synthesized literature, developing countries are the focal-point of Information Systems researches today as elaborated by: Avgerou (2019); Aro-Gordon (2016); Audu, Gambo and Yakubu (2017); Hughes, Rana and Simintiras (2017); Nunamaker et. al., (2015); Dalal and Pauleen (2018); Al-Azawei (2019); Yakubu and Dasuki (2018); Yildrim and Bediroglu (2018); Azeta at. al.(No Date); Oravee, Zayum and Kokona (2018); Shagari (2017); Joshua (2010); Iyengar (2016); Nielsen and Sæbø (2016); Guerriero (2015); Bello and Obinne (2012); Dwivedi et. al. (2015); Gichoya (2005); Ismail and King (2007); Nauman, Aziz and Ishaq (2005); Ojoko and Ojoko (2017); Avgerou (2008); Heeks (2002); Vaidya, Myers and Gardner (2013); Walsham, Robey and Sahay (2007), - in relation to failures and a need for improvement through diversified and integrated mechanisms (Nielsen and Sæbø, 2016). This is in consonance with perceived failure occurrences and experiences in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Some of the consequential outcomes of these are investments of huge amounts of financial resources to implement inefficient systems in the least, or failed systems at worse (Sadoughi, et. al., 2013). Whatever the case, it is important to note that failure or success is contingent on contextual criteria or 13 | P a g e

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parameters, and in the case of Information Systems, failure or success lay on the system in question achieving the purpose for which it was created (Sadoughi, et. al., 2013).

2.2 INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS IN RELATION TO NASARAWA STATE NIGERIA This study is therefore a semblance of toxicology and interventionist research on Information Systems failures in developing countries with particular reference to Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Avgerou in her 2008 review on developing countries and Information Systems (IS) pointed out clearly how an attempt has been made by developing countries to benefit from the Information Communications Technology exposé. Three discourses in implementation and related socio-organizational coexistent changes in IS were identified to include: transfer of technological knowhow subjected to socio-indigenous settings; socially entrenched behaviors; and interventions related to technological/organizational transformations based on economic and political global undertones (Avgerou, 2008).If these are characteristic of IS endeavors in developing countries, then there is a missing link as to why most of the IS endeavors end up inadequate or failed, and this research study attempts to establish that missing link with particular reference and consideration of Nasarawa State, Nigeria as a segment within a developing country.

2.3 CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The expanse and incidence of arguments and enquiries in the IS field in relation to its failures in developing countries presents an enormous ‘cookie jar’ of elements to consider (Samuel, 2020) dynamic as they are. However, the importance of really understanding the strategic underpinnings of Information Systems researches in developing countries cannot be overemphasized (Avgerou, 2008).There should be some form of reinforcement in establishing whether local actions use the transfer of technological know-how to replicate or reengineer IS to suite the environmental settings available. For instance, some countries currently offer self-driving car services and it is believed that this is only possible in more organized settings. In Nigeria, particularly the Federal Capital Territory (used in this instance because of Nasarawa State’s proximity to the FCT) it is possible to drive around the city of Abuja using an app like Google Maps or a good navigation system in conjunction with the internet. In Nasarawa State, except for Karu which shares a border with the FCT, the possibility for that is highly limited despite the fact that a geographic information system Agency exists. The argument is that if 14 | P a g e

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

manned cars can hardly be navigated with a geographic information system in place, then how much more self-driving cars which are more reliant on the geographic positioning systems? This leads to the conclusion that self-driving cars may not be able to utilize the geographic information system in Nasarawa State, Nigeria based on the following premises: the setting is not organized; reckless driving and disobedience to traffic is paramount; the unrefined nature of road networks; and the information system not being adequate enough to provide the needed necessary information for self-driving cars to operate successfully (this is an analogy).

This brings us to an important point raised by Avgerou (2008) that recommends linking the commonly obtainable in IS research fields with peculiarities in the subfields, even while looking from the perspective of a general IS knowledge (Samuel, 2020). This has the capacity to boost and broaden global perspectives as related to Information Systems failures from a significantly generalized/generalize-able point of view (Samuel, 2020).Focusing on the benefits of Information Systems that are applicable to developing countries, Kanungo (2001) in his research discovered six apparent benefits of village info-knowledge shops in the milieu of information villages to include contextual elements such as: market and economic societies, organizations of government and nongovernmental organizations, institutional sub-divisions, industrial outlets, national level information and weather related centers, and non-segregated gender of farming class (Samuel, 2020) – one context he did not consider explicitly is the unemployed which is an important contextual consideration. Kanungo’s (2001) research objectives attempted to determine levels at which prevailing inferences of Information Systems particularly of management pertinently denote inter-organizational and emancipatory dispositions (Samuel, 2020). The research focused on shared issues/generalizations that are beyond context, on the principle of larger explanatory frameworks that subsume specific theories (Kanungo, 2001).

However, Kanungo’s (2001) framework is contradictory where Avgerou’s (2008) framework is concerned (Samuel, 2020), discouraging a framework which is inappropriate in the application of theories developed elsewhere purposefully for underlining explicit understanding in another, but centers on researching from the basic towards a more ornate and comprehensive research (Samuel, 2020).This research study wishes and attempts to build on the 2008 conceptual framework of Avgerou, which allows for a more elaborate and thorough enquiry into possible IS failure factors in Nasarawa State, Nigeria (Samuel, 2020). The study attempts to uncover any gap (s) that is/are likely to exist in the formation of multiple instances of info-knowledge village 15 | P a g e

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shops that unveil high costs and ineffective benefits to the people and government of Nasarawa State in addition to its limited sensitization benefit manifests (Kanungo, 2001; Samuel, 2020). To analyze this further, the research environment will be used as an example in the context of its: multi-cultural; ethnic; and wide community spread (Samuel, 2020). There are over 300 such communities in Nasarawa State from 13 Local Government Areas and about 18 Development Areas (Nasarawa State Government, 2019). Following Kanungo’s (2001) research exhibits, if the Nasarawa State government where to create info-knowledge village shops in over 300 communities, the cost burden will be overwhelming, considering there are other budgetary elements to spend on (Samuel, 2020). According to Aranyossy, Blaskovics, and Horváth, (2018) spending on Information Technology related endeavors to a large extent accounts a higher percentage of total corporate investments exceeding 30% in 2005 in the United States and 25% in European Union countries. The expectations are primarily for value creation, and this spending is likely to soar world-wide to about $3.5 billion in 2016 (Aranyossy, Blaskovics, and Horváth, 2018). Even with such spending, 18% of IT related projects experienced failures and 43% of IT related projects experienced challenges with expectations of a multiplier effect on the risks with regard larger, higher complex projects with level of 40% (Aranyossy, Blaskovics, and Horváth, 2018). This has inspired deeper exploration of the issues at hand and their possible solutions from different angles and perspectives (Aranyossy, Blaskovics, and Horváth, 2018).

In their research, which examined underlying assumptions of the universality of success and failure factors in East Central Europe with specific reference to Hungary, they make a comparative analysis of IT project failure factors from a non-US perspective (Aranyossy, Blaskovics, and Horváth, 2018). However, it is worth noting that IT related researches are indispensible of the United States from the perspective of technology, the internet and the World Wide Web. In that light, this research work explores failure factors from an African perspective but at the same time reflects on different regional, national and international perspectives. To work from an enlightened perspective that exhibits vision and increases awareness with the problem area (Nunamaker, Chen and Purdin, 1991) in relation to ISs, the Nasarawa State government can decide to create an IS infoknowledge base that can serve as a central solution from the perspective of the multicultural, ethnic and lingual nature of the associated population (Samuel, 2020). The Nasarawa State government can take this study research as a help towards enlightened perspectives and insights to identify what it is dealing with in an attempt to deal 16 | P a g e

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effectively, decisively and appropriately with issues that relate to Information Systems in the State.

2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF AN ADEQUATE INFORMATION SYSTEM Hinging on the UN-Habitat’s (2012) flagship report, which indicates enormous rural urban migration in developing regions by the year 2030, it is inevitable to ensure Information Systems are highly adequate enough to enhance developmental planning/decision procedures and Smart City concepts in Nasarawa State. Putting into consideration the ability to be able to solve the challenges of both rural and urban poverty, cities absent of slums, with proper health care, better security, inclusivity, power, water, sanitation, reasonably priced transport (UN-Habitat, 2012) etc. it is important to note the obvious inspiration and motivation of the research, in its attempt to examine the Information Systems failure issues associated with Nasarawa State, Nigeria in the context of developing nations (Samuel, 2020).This research work takes into cognizance the 1995 city consultative forum that focused on Information Systems especially in the context of the environment (Daniel and Obadiah, 2015). It goes a long way in establishing that fact that it is only when we know what we are dealing with, that we are able to do something about it; this adage speaks in volumes where Information Systems failure experiences are concerned (Samuel, 2020). And it is imperative to note that Information Systems concerns should not be limited to the environment or Citizenship (The Social Context) alone (Samuel, 2020). This research work will consider Smart City concepts in the perspective of the Social Context and the Digital Technological Innovation Component (Samuel, 2020) against Joss, Mathew and Dayot’s (2017) enquiry that viewed Smart Cities in the perspective of Citizenship alone. It is important to note that a holistic approach is fundamental in combining both components for a better understanding of IS and Smart City concepts in relation to Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

2.5 THE NOTION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURE What is it that constitutes an Information Systems failure? This question is one that will resonate in the minds of stakeholders such as the political actors and the rural poor of Nasarawa State. It is essential to note that when a system is said to be a failed system, it is obvious that the finished product does not align with the perceived benefits (Gichoya, 17 | P a g e

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2005) – with specific reference to the desire of the stakeholders in general (Samuel, 2020). Nonetheless, a system may also be seen as failed if it does not see completion (Nauman, Aziz and Ishaq, 2005) and if the individuals involved have a wrong mentality/ outlook and understanding of the system as a whole (Samuel, 2020). According to Gichoya (2005) the following premises: 1. Unsuitable Infrastructure; 2. Unenthusiastic Staff; 3. The existence of bureaucracy; and 4. Poor project and change management.

Could they be the pertinent factors responsible for the associated issues of Information Systems, information dissemination and Smart City concepts in Nasarawa State being labeled as inadequate or as failed, or could it be the suppositions postulated by Avgerou (2008) that are relatively linked to developing countries which include: 1. Techno-knowledge transfer process and socio-indigenous adaptation conditions 2. Socially embed action procedures; and 3. Techno-organizational intervention procedures linked with global transformative politics and economics?

According to Kaur and Aggrawal’s (2013) assertions summarizing Wilson and Howcroft’s elucidations on the classification of Information Systems failure types the following exhibit their summary: 1. Project type failures (a failure attributed to non-compliance with agreed ideals ranging from agreed time periods, budgets and functionalities).

2. System type failures (a failure attributed to low performance projections, operational time lag, and projected usage).

3. User failure type (a failure attributed to user confrontation/opposition, deficiency in ability and capacity building, associated complexities with the new system).

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establishments; SMES; larger companies; or world reputed countries (Kaur and Aggrawal, 2013).

It is important to note that IS failures are not linked to developing countries alone (Lemon, et. al., 2002) however, a higher percentage of the IS failures and incompletions (Heeks, 2002) can be associated to developing countries (Samuel, 2020). These failures can be attributable to general issues, factors, influences, impacts and intricacies (Nauman, Aziz, and Ishaq, 2005), nevertheless, developing countries it is believed experience influence factors that are multi-factorial (Dwivedi, et. al., 2015) and context specific (Samuel, 2020). In trying to establish emphasis, Information Systems failures are likely to occur anywhere (Samuel, 2020).Kaur and Aggrawal (2013) in their enquiry of indepth literature review articulated how Information Systems failures occur as technical or social failures. This research enquiry investigates the social and technical insinuations from a holistic standpoint of Information Systems failures in Nasarawa State, it is very likely that there involves an intertwining attribute of these socio-technical features in relation to Information Systems failures in the State (Samuel, 2020).

2.6 CRITICAL PREMISES TO EXPLORE IN RELATION TO FAILURE FACTORS The research study will focus on 6 key themes that are critical to information systems the world over, but will do this in the context of Nasarawa state. Key issues among others to look at with regards failures include in the context of: resources and communications Process; affecting the efficacy and efficiency of information systems – Improvement; affecting stability and maturity of information systems - Technology (Kaur and Aggrawal, 2013); where - access to generated data and information is accessible and fast for relative communities; for smart-city concept inclusions for the provision of novel and beneficial – services; transparent, administrative mechanisms that allow – creation of tools that affirm calculated benefits (Avgerou, 2008). These themes will also be explored from any emerging sub themes.

2.7 OTHER CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The percentage at which scholars focus on urban habitations and the corporate domain as conveyed by Kanungo (2001) and Brandt et. al., (2016) is alarmingly higher than the focus on rural habitations (Samuel, 2020). This research work intends to factor in the rural poor while investigating Information Systems failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

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inclusive portion of a biosphere within which a surge of digital life (Brandt et. al., 2016) will wash over in a not so distant future (Samuel, 2020). Taking it from another IS angle, considering smart cities from a global viewpoint with urban life and the private sector as the leading fundamental elements is a major inadequacy (Brandt et. al., 2016); this is an attribute that can likely be propagated from worldwide IS scholars to indigenous sub fields (Avgerou, 2008; Samuel, 2020) as is presumed to be the current condition within Nasarawa State (Samuel, 2020).

Technology has been established to be very central where Information Systems and Smart City deliberations are concerned, for instance the Internet of Things, Big and Open Data which function as drivers aimed at improving the quality and efficacy of services (Brandt et. al., 2016). It has the potential for improving the quality of life in addition to features that can deplete the digital divide (Kanungo, 2001). According to Kanungo (2001) this is not a complete reality owing to factors that impede the process such as colossal costs, unaffordable infrastructure and other context associated factors. To be more explicit in relation to these context associated factors it is essential that the frequency and disparity of fresher technology be mentioned as part of it (Samuel, 2020).

In addition to the frequency and disparity of fresher technology, technological adoption is another feature that is pertinent and should have been included in the summary of Kaur and Aggrawal (2013), based on the submissions of Brandt et. al., (2016) of technology playing a very indispensable role, in relation to Information Systems concerns.

Nasarawa State, Nigeria has the inherent potential of understanding Information Systems and putting them in place to enhance Smart City concepts by examining the likelihood of these factors and other factors being responsible for Information Systems failures and inadequacies in the state (Samuel, 2020); to this effect, the research enquiry will attempt to answer questions that revolve around IS failures in Nasarawa State such as displayed in below:

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FIGURE 1: Diagram showing the concepts of IS failures in relation to mechanisms of the social context, the digital component and factors responsible for IS failures in Nasarawa State.

Source: Personal Study Insight

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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this research study is to conduct a holistic research that is essential in order to help establish a network that solves complex challenges across social and technological spheres with serious regards to political, socio-cultural, historical, structural and functional environments (Malby and Anderson-Wallace, 2016) in the study area. Section 3.1 introduces the chapter, 3.2 presents the rationale for the research approach, 3.3 outlines the research process, 3.4 the research design, 3.5 methodology, 3.6 setting/context, 3.7 operationalization, 3.8 discusses the research study area, 3.9 explains the research sample and data sources, 3.10 presents the data collection methods, down to 3.16 which tackles issues of trustworthiness and 3.17 presents the limitations/delimitations and concludes the chapter.

3.2 RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH APPROACH 3.3 RESEARCH PROCESS In research, it is crucial to plan in order to find solutions to that unsolved problem, which has been identified (NME-ICT, 2020). In that light, the planning aspect of a research includes the Research Process, which is a step by step mapping of the research flow.

According to (NME-ICT, 2020) a research process should include: 1. Problem Identification 2. Literature Review of related Studies 3. Framing the objectives of the research (Draft/Final) 4. Formulating the hypotheses/research question 5. Collection of Data 6. Analysis of collected data 7. Testing the hypotheses/attempt at answering the research questions 8. Generalizations and Interpretations 9. Report Preparation; and 22 | P a g e

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10. Report Submission These give an elucidated understanding of the research idea and its purpose; the explanation on the research process and highlights of the theoretical structure of the research design (NME-ICT, 2020). As defined by Redman and Rory (2015) to be an organized or schematized determination directed towards gaining new insight and contributing to existing knowledge thereby advancing it (NME-ICT, 2020), research must have a well-defined configuration to obtain successful results.

Research designs must have a definite purpose, one that tries to elucidate certain current situations by using surveys to define the phenomenon (SlideShare, 2020). This being a descriptive research design tends to be exploratory in an attempt to paint a perfect image of the issues at hand; stipulating the natural affiliation between variables existent in the focus environment (SlideShare, 2020). This design unveils causes and affects affiliations, where manipulations are not possible on existent causes (SlideShare, 2020). Below is an expression of the research process for this research work.

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FIGURE 2: Diagrammatic Representation of the Research Process

Identification of the Unsolved Problem

Review of Related Literature

Ta ll

Review Draft Final

y

So lu ti o n

Report Preparation wi th

Pr

ob le m

Final Draft

Generalizations & Interpretations

Report Submission with Recommended Solution

Framing of Research Objectives Final/Draft

Formulating Research Questions

Attempt in Answering Research Questions

Collection of Data

Analysis of Collected Data

Source: Adapted From (NME-ICT, 2020 and Author’s Personal Study Insight)

3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN To provide a good quality research design careful consideration has been taken to observe all the interrelated features and decisions taken in relation to the research design process (Sileyew, 2019). The framework of the research has gone through appropriate and well thought out measures, based on the fact that the decision to be made here is largely significant regarding the approaches for obtaining and securing relevant data (Sileyew, 2019).

The researcher therefore, seeks to make the general research design outlook to be in consonance with that embraced by Mursu et. al., (2002); however, the general perspective is directed towards gaining new insight and broadening global Information 24 | P a g e

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Systems failures perspectives with specific reference to the research environment (NMEICT, 2020): 1. A review of Information Systems success or failure generalized or contextual literature.

2. Exploratory and analytical inferences of issues pertaining to present usages of Information Systems with specific reference to public domains within the research focus environment.

3. Collect data through qualitative and quantitative surveys using channels that are in-line with COVID-19 pandemic protocols as obtainable in the research environment and as advised by the constituted authorities.

4. Ensure that data analysis, results and presentations develop insights that are sensible and understandable enough for other users to adopt and extend knowledge and practice in the Information Systems field. This will put into effect considerations of social inclusivity or exclusivity of the rural poor and not just project practitioners as articulated by Hughes, Rana, and Simintiras, (2017).

The research work subsumes an epistemological position grounded on the context of phenomenology and positivism (Laureate Education Inc, 2014). A higher percentage of the reviewed literature (See APPENDIX I) focused on different epistemological stances.

This research work adopted one that best suites the nature of the investigation at hand.

3.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Methodology in research is a very crucial aspect of the research as well, because it is the pathway through which researchers undertake the research at hand (Sileyew, 2019).Therefore, based on the epistemological stance of the research, mixed methods methodology has been adopted(Laureate Education Inc, 2014) with primary and secondary data considerations (Oravee, Zayum, and Kokona, 2018). This is in alignment with achieving crucial research objectives; therefore, qualitative methods and quantitative methods (Sileyew, 2019) will be applied sequentially with the former supporting the latter. Uniting qualitative and quantitative methods gives a multiplier transcendent effect from harnessing the strengths of both methods; diminishing their weaknesses and allowing for triangulation in the research (Bamberger, 2012).

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3.7 OPERATIONALIZATION As an integral part of the research process, the researcher has by preference adopted the use of research questions rather than hypotheses owing to the recommendations of Pajares, (2016), which indicates that research questions portray higher relevance in relation to normative research types (Samuel, 2020). Qualitative and quantitative methodologies will be part of the methodological (Pajares, 2016) research process adopted to answer these research questions as appropriately as possible based on: 3.8 THE RESEARCH STUDY AREA At 9o25’ (N) and 9o37’ (E) of the Equator and Greenwich Meridian is the geographical location within which Lafia the research environment exists, known as Nasarawa State, of Nigeria (Nasarawa State Government, 2019; Samuel, 2020). Geographically positioned in the centre of the Middle Belt region, with thirteen (13) Local Government Areas and has a population size estimated at 1,826,883 at 67 persons/Km 2 density (Nasarawa State Government, 2019; Samuel, 2020). Nasarawa State, Nigeria is constituted of about 23 tribes and ethnic groups without factoring in settlers; its topography is composed of hills, undulating plains/lowlands, and is also blessed with a variety of rich solid minerals and other natural reserves like the Farin Ruwa waterfalls (a great tourist attraction still under development) (Nasarawa State Government, 2019; Samuel, 2020). Nasarawa State has the closest proximity to the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, as compared to other states of the federation (Nasarawa State Government, 2019; Samuel, 2020).

Nasarawa State, Nigeria has a rich inclination towards development, especially with the current administration, and as such from the perspective of a research environment, it can be viewed said to be very effective due to its attribute for supporting various worldleading researches and also researchers, with valid research for development undertones (UoR, 2020; Samuel, 2020). The research group as earlier described constitutes un-segregated male and female employees of the public sector and other key stakeholders, with varying ethnic, religious, cultural, and educational affiliations of varying income, position and class (Sifers et., al. 2002; Samuel, 2020).

3.8.1 Setting: The COVID-19 pandemic situation has changed the norm for data collection. However, the research data will be collected through valid channels like Zoom, Skype, social media and or telephone. These online tools offer newer and safer ways of conducting qualitative research interviews (Archibald et. al., 2019; Samuel, 2020). In addition the quantitative surveys will be conducted via web based electronic 26 | P a g e

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mails. Locations for the qualitative interviews can be from the office environment or from home.

3.9 RESEARCH SAMPLE AND DATA SOURCES 3.9.1 Sampling and Recruitment Strategy: Lafia, the Nasarawa State capital can be described at best as the epicenter through which various developmental endeavors cut across the state as a whole (Samuel, 2020). Pertinent and appropriate officials in Ministries, Departments and Agencies of Government including other relevant key stakeholders in Lafia the Nasarawa State capital will serve as the sample population, against taking the entire population of public sector workers and stakeholders as a sample.

3.9.2 Population: It is expected that the target population will have an idea and knowledge relating to Information Technology. Vulnerable populations will not be applicable to the research.

3.9.3 Sample: In line with Oravee, Zayum and Kokona (2018), the strategy is to maintain a manageable population that can enhance efficacy in the conduct of the research; therefore the sample population will be public sector workers of Ministries, Departments and Agencies and also key stakeholders, within the ages of 25 to 59 whose work responsibilities and environments relate to Information Systems within the Nasarawa State capital – Lafia. Collection of the data will be strictly the responsibility of the researcher (Samuel, 2020).

3.10 DATA COLLECTION METHODS The methods adopted for collection of data were considered on the basis of the nature of the data needed, which include both primary and secondary data source considerations (NME-ICT, 2020) and include: 1.

The use of qualitative Interviews, relating to phenomenon of quality or kind capable of unveiling fundamental motives/desires key to the research (NME-ICT, 2020), which will be conducted via zoom, social media or telephone calls as a result of present COVID-19 pandemic situations (Samuel, 2020).

2.

The use of electronic/online questionnaires to conduct a survey will follow sequentially as prescribed in the research process design,

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likert scales will be used to collect ordinal, nominal, ration or interval scale data as the case may be and as best suited within the context which data is being collected (SlideShare, 2020).

3.

Reports will constitute a major source for secondary data. However, given COVID-19 pandemic situations, it will be ensured that these reports are strategically extracted online, on the assumption that they will be readily available (Samuel, 2020).

3.11 RESEARCH TOOLS COVID-19 pandemic situations are at alarming rates the world over, these necessitates the use of online resources as the research tools adopted for the collection of data offering greater expediency, efficacy, flexibility and cost effectiveness (Archibald et. al., 2019; Samuel, 2019). It is more attractive to respondents and interviewees in comparison to face-to-face interviews or surveys with collaborative videoconferencing, meetings, messaging and secured recording features (Archibald et. al., 2019; Samuel, 2020). These tools offer real-time communication of modern trend attributes with high reliability and validity of data over widespread geographic locations i.e. mobile communication devices and software (Archibald et. al., 2019; Samuel, 2020).

3.12 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS Data analysis tools include software packages like SPSS, NVIVO and Atlas.ti (UoR, 2020).

The research analysis plan is to make use of these statistical tools which are super assistants in analysis of both Quantitative and Qualitative data (UoR, 2020). There will be contingency plans in regards alternative analysis tools like STATA 11 or 16 based on the availability of especially NVIVO or Atlas.ti in terms of license costs.

3.13 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS Data analysis is a most vital element of research where it identifies, transforms, supports decisions taken and helps conclude a research with substantiated information as linked to the identified problem (Ashirwadam, 2014). The data analysis method concisely puts facts and figures together towards solving the problem at hand in the forms of qualitative or quantitative showing either a difference or no difference at all in the suppositions (Ashirwadam, 2014).

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The data analysis method will be based on accessing, assessing, coding, concluding and reporting the collected data through charts, diagrams and tables etc. (Samuel, 2020).

The data analysis method will be statistical and the approach will be based on descriptive statistic measures allowing flexibility, and subjectivity to ensure for exact documentation in relation to data approaches and strategies (UoR, 2020; Samuel, 2020).

This ensures analysis is of highly qualitative, meaningful, not biased and eases answering of the research questions accurately (UoR, 2020, Samuel, 2020). However, care will be taken to avoid erroneous nuances of statistical conclusions (Ashirwadam, 2014).

These data analysis approach will be best suited for qualitative and quantitative data as is the nature of the research data, and the validity/reliability mechanism is based on near or accurate variable scale measurement (Samuel, 2020).

The presentation of the analyzed data is just as important as the analysis and interpretation (Ashirwadam, 2014). Therefore, the best strategy towards approaching the presentation of the results of this type of data analysis is in summarized forms (Kelley, et. al., 2003). The data will be examined carefully initially and substantial time will be devoted to that in a way of becoming friends with the collected and analyzed data (Kelley, et. al., 2003). An impartial detail of how the research was undertaken will be another good presentation strategy, and that includes the challenges that the data analysis approach might face in terms of budget constraints, the availability of constant power supply and other relative factors such as time constraints (Samuel, 2020).

3.14 ISSUES OF TRUSTWORTHINESS 3.15 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Being honest, responsible, respectful, fair, and making certain that decisions and actions are at best honorable and in the best interest of stakeholders, as highlighted by the Program Management and Accountability Act; define the ethics consideration of the research work (PMO Advisory, 2020; Samuel, 2020). This broad spectrum of ethics will be applied to ensure that gender considerations are balanced; focusing on the fact that equal treatment of people is in line with best practices of research and ensures that no harm comes to anyone. The researcher has carefully analyzed in line with guidelines the research process and design to try and identify any risks associated with the research; also efforts will be channeled appropriately towards mitigating any such risks that are likely to occur before, during or after the research work (UoR, 2020a).

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Confidentiality of respondents/interviewees will be highly maintained, and in this light collected and processed data in both hard and soft copy forms will be under strong lock and key/high level password protection (UoR, 2020a).

Anonymous selection of respondents/interviewees will be highly observed, both interviewees and respondents will be anonymously selected, their participation in interviews and surveys will highly optional (UoR, 2020a). There will be safeguards exercised against privacy intrusions throughout the complete process of the research work and each participant will be notified of the anonymity regulation guiding the research work (UoR, 2020a). The participatory group will be a mix of the research population linked with the Nasarawa State Government and in no way personal to the researcher (UoR, 2020a).

3.16 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Reliability and validity can very often pose serious challenges (Ashirwadam, 2014), however the same way that triangulation tests reliability and validity in quantitative research can be implied in maximizing validity and reliability for qualitative researches (Golafshani, 2003). When used apart Quantitative and Qualitative research methods have immense strengths with immense weaknesses, however, the use of the mixed methods is an approach that integrates their strengths for both methods to overcome their respective weak aspects (Bamberger, 2012; Samuel, 2020). Bamberger, (2012) explains at least 5 reasons that elucidate the researcher’s plan towards validity and reliability i.e. triangulation, development, complementarity, initiation and value diversity; promotion of: participatory approaches and alignment of stakeholder understanding and perspectives (Samuel, 2020). Generalizability of a research’s results as suggested by Golafshani (2003) can be a true test for validity and reliability and triangulation as supported by Bamberger (2012) strengthens reliability and validity by combining two methods Patton (2001) as cited in Golafshani (2003).

Therefore, given that this research is linked to analytics and evaluation, considering the research process and design, it is obvious that the results generated will be valid and reliable towards understanding and answering the research questions, and will therefore be generalizable (Kelley, et. al., 2003; Samuel, 2020).

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3.17 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS The entire population of public workers will result in a cumbersome population for the research study therefore, targeted population will range from ages 25 - 59 both males and females, of working class with varying ethnic, religious, cultural, and educational affiliations of varying income, position and class (Sifers et., al. 2002; Samuel, 2020).This is so as to have a small population that can be managed with efficacy (Oravee, Zayum, and Kokona, 2018) and to maintain scope and avoid time constraints in relation to conducting the research study.

In conclusion, this chapter has established how crucial it is to plan in conducting researches, and the research process design helps coordinate that plan. This is basically to gain new insight and for that reason, the research focuses on phenomenology and positivism as its epistemological position, not forgetting its exhibition of other features.

The research adopted a mixed methods approach on a sizeable and manageable population size. COVID-19 protocols were considered in selection of data collection tools, data analysis tools and methods centered on validity and reliability. Important ethical policies were adopted to curb the issues of trustworthiness for the overall success and attainment of objectives of the research study.

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CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS Chapter four discusses the results, analysis and evaluation of findings as appropriate in sequential order. The results section presents the findings from the results of the quantitative and qualitative researches conducted in terms of the corresponding elements that can assist in the trajectory for answering the research questions as accurately as obtainable. The analysis section exhibits how the qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed and further discusses the triangulation process as far as mixed methods are concerned. An in-depth discussion follows in the evaluation of findings section, where the main deduction constructs of the research are elicited.

Tables and charts will be adequately utilized in the presentation of results within chapter four and the appendices.

4.1 RESULTS Generalizations as described by Polit and Beck (2010) are an act of reasoning used to draw up broad inferences from particular observations. However this is most often associated with quantitative research as opposed to qualitative research which is usually more hinged on providing specific/contextualized perceptions of various kinds of experiences on subjects or objects via deeper and more intensified study of those particular objects, subjects or cases (Polit and Beck, 2010). It is believed that searching deeper has the possibility of discovering endless opportunities to solving potential or existing issues, and that means adopting strategies by researchers i.e. Information System researchers etc through qualitative and quantitative means to enrich reasonable research extrapolations (Polit and Beck, 2010). Generalizations as useful as they can be especially in evidence-based practice (Polit and Beck, 2010), elude critical contextual insights that can be derived or seen from research findings in specific contexts (Lee and Baskerville, 2003).

As much as the results of this research study may correspond with certain generalizations, it is essential to note that a mixed methods strategy was adopted in gathering data (qualitative and quantitative data) to intensify and deepen the research in the context of information systems in Nasarawa State. The essence of which is to integrate these two sets of data in an analysis to triangulate findings which is essential in providing more contextualized knowledge than it is when the research is based on just one of the methods (O’Cathain, 2010). Triangulation in this respect involves setting out 32 | P a g e

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the findings from both methods to see where they converge, offer complimentarity or discrepancy in terms of the themes constructed (O’Cathain, 2010).

As stated in the research methodology, the qualitative data was collected first in semistructured interviews. Fifteen interviews were conducted with 15 individuals via telephone call interviewing, three got lost due to recording software issues, and eleven have been successfully used, transcribed afterwards and analyzed on NVIVO based on case classification by person with gender, age, religion, organization, designation, organization’s name, level of education, discipline, location and IT Skill level – as attributes.

In compliance with the research methodology, a quantitative survey sequentially followed with 38 questionnaires e-mailed to 38 respondents. 33 respondents, representing 86% returned their responses to the survey. Microsoft Excel statistical software is the tool used to analyze the quantitative data in the form of bar graphs and pie charts in order to deduce empirical and statistical meaning from the data in relation to the research objectives, and give a visualizations story/presentation of the findings.

4.2 ANALYSIS 4.2.1 QUALITATIVE RESULTS

Qualitative data was imported into NVIVO as interview files, organized in: codes as interview questions; and cases as interviewees from which the codes were constructed.

Using a word frequency query with stemmed words, developed a word cloud from which key-words were generated in relation to the discussion of factors influencing information systems failures in Nasarawa State.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) FIGURE 3: WORD-CLOUD

SOURCE: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS WITH NVIVO RELEASE 1.3 (535)

The word-cloud provided insight and enhanced creating a mind-map from which themes were established for the coding process proper. Below is the mind-map that established the themes for the analysis.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) FIGURE 4: MIND-MAP

SOURCE: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS WITH NVIVO RELEASE 1.3 (535)

These themes where developed based on the qualitative interview questions that enhanced the development of the quantitative survey questions. Ideally, the qualitative data exhibits spoken terms and expressions, imaginations or thoughts, emotions and dispositions over specifics – which have the advantage of eliciting a lot of details about cases, people or groups (UON Learning Development, 2020). Quantitative data in the other hand will elicit figures or statistical information that can help in determining the overall true or false nature of what is exhibited by the qualitative data (UON Learning Development, 2020). This has been the general strategy in this research study and has influenced retaining all the themes as it corresponds to helping answer the research questions. Qualitative data where based on person case classification with attributes such as: gender, age, religion, organization, designation, workplace, level of education, location, and IT Skill level. Coding each theme was made possible by first of all 35 | P a g e

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coding the interviews according to the interview questions by interviewee responses. Therefore there were two categories of nodes i.e. interview questions (which contained interview response codes) and the nature of information systems in Nasarawa state (which contained discussion codes according to the mind-map themes and sub-themes). After all the coding, the themes where further coded for sentiments in all categories and the following exhibit the results obtained: Question one (Q1) - See Appendix II: Qualitative Research Questions, for comprehensive list – explored the general nature of Information Systems in Nasarawa State as a whole. Figure 5 shows a summary of the code in terms of references and coverage.

FIGURE 5: SUMMARY OF THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE

SOURCE: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS WITH NVIVO RELEASE 1.3 (535)

Most of the responses expressed varying emotions such as: ‘yes it does, it does, information system is very key, just like you said. It’s the modern way or should I say the contemporary way of doing things. It’s very, very important but unfortunately where I work, the Nasarawa State Urban Development Board, we don’t have any reliable information systems. Everything is still done analog, so we are still, it’s still a new thing to us to use, we don’t use anything information systems but, the use of information systems will really, really of course make things very easy and be able to curtail so many failures that we have been having.’

‘I will advise Nasarawa State to improve on information systems so that their students can have easy access to education, and to whatever their doing and then to the organization…organizations around, if Nasarawa State are able to improve in their information systems around it will help improve so many things and what they achieve in a year, or two years, can be achieved in months.’

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) ‘Exactly, there is a plan to have a natural ecosystem information, geographic information system. So where all the minerals in Nasarawa State, their locations, their quantum are explored and listed so that it is opened to the world’ ‘I said earlier they should upgrade, we need to have the current facility that will enable the process to function effectively and secondly, we need more of professionals if only they can take time to sample round the state, there are some hidden talents, there are some few professionals that can adequately manipulate the information system, but just to be in 1 place and you know looking round is not enough, let them go round we have, maybe advertize, open up people to come and you know apply. That’s where you test them, and can be able to sample or hand pick the professionals amongst them.’

The resulting overall analysis in terms of sentiment is shown in the charts below.

CHART 1: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS FOR THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE

Chart 1 shows Qualitative analysis Q1 sentiment behavior of respondents with regards their idea of Information Systems aligning with 21st century ideal information systems

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CHART 2: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE

Chart 2 shows comprehensive Qualitative analysis Q1 sentiment behavior of respondents with regards their idea of Information Systems aligning with 21 st century ideal information systems

It is important to show the varying responses of the interviewees in this study basing on Mihailescu and Mihailescu’s (2010) attempt to point out theoretical perspectives applied in conceptualizing Information Systems Development Methodologies. With outstanding clarity this study agrees with their deductions that despite the availability of large amounts of knowledge on ISDM, variations in disciplinary interests fragment the assessments of Information Systems making it a multi-perspective cross discipline occurrence (Mihailescu and Mihailescu, 2010). It is difficult at this point to really conclude that the nature of information systems in Nasarawa state is negative. However, following other elements in the sub-themes such as displayed in the charts below:

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CHART 3: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO ACCESS

Chart 3 shows sentiment behavior of respondents with regards accessibility by stakeholders to key information systems resource facilities.

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CHART 4: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO ACCESS

Chart 4 shows comprehensive sentiment behavior of respondents with regards accessibility by stakeholders to key information systems resource facilities.

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CHART 5: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO CREATION

Chart 5 shows sentiment behavior of respondents with regards involvement of stakeholders in the creation of information systems infrastructure.

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CHART 6: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO CREATION

Chart 6 shows comprehensive sentiment behavior of respondents with regards involvement of stakeholders in the creation of information systems infrastructure.

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CHART 7: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO IMPROVE-(MENT)

Chart 7 shows sentiment behavior of respondents with regards improvement of capacity and mindset of stakeholders in relation to concepts of information systems.

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CHART 8: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO IMPROVE-(MENT)

Chart 8 shows comprehensive sentiment behavior of respondents with regards improvement of capacity and mindset of stakeholders in relation to concepts of information systems.

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CHART 9: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO PROCESS

Chart 9 shows sentiment behavior of respondents with regards consideration of key policies, stakeholders and capacity building in relation to the process of creating or improving information systems.

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CHART 10: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO PROCESS

Chart 9 shows comprehensive sentiment behavior of respondents with regards consideration of key policies, stakeholders and capacity building in relation to the process of creating or improving information systems.

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CHART 11: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO SERVICES

Chart 11 shows sentiment behavior of respondents with regards information systems being electronic, digital, online and adequate enough to meet modern standards.

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CHART 12: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO SERVICES

Chart 12 shows comprehensive sentiment behavior of respondents with regards information systems being electronic, digital, online and adequate enough to meet modern standards.

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CHART 13: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY

Chart 13 shows sentiment behavior of respondents with regards technology change, foreign technicians, frequency of change and its effect on information systems usage and general understanding.

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CHART 14: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS SHOWING THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY

Chart 14 shows comprehensive sentiment behavior of respondents with regards technology change, foreign technicians, frequency of change and its effect on information systems usage and general understanding.

It can further be agreed that in researching a solution to a problem the solution to a large extent depends on the nature of the problem and how the questions toward that solution are addressed, either in: analysis and description; explanation, prediction, explanation and prediction; or design and action (Gregor, 2006). Here, considering the 50 | P a g e

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analysis and description from these charts, that the elements: technology, access and improvement are negative, goes to show that the nature of Information Systems in Nasarawa State is an erratic and unstable phenomenon.

FIGURE 6: HIERARCHY CHART OF SENTIMENTS FOR THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

This can be backed up by the fact that the demand for technology by information systems has seen growing and desperate interests, and the reliance of these systems on improved technological facilities means; improving these systems to enhance their 51 | P a g e

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efficiency, effectiveness and the quantity/quality of access by organizations and individuals are essential (ADMIN M2 IESC, 2018). However, this stands to further be explored in the integration of the quantitative and qualitative analyses.

4.2.2 QUANTITATIVE RESULTS Based on the operationalization of the research study in terms of sampling and recruitment strategy, the researcher adopted the use of subjective sampling in conducting the quantitative survey for collection of data. Close-ended type questionnaires were distributed by e-mail to 38 respondents based on the following demographics: gender, age, computer literacy, education, work-level, language efficiency and capacity to operate a simple information system. Respondents had 24 questions to respond to and 7 demographic characteristics to provide in 3 parts (See Appendix III).

The quantitative data suggests that there is adequate understanding of the concepts of information systems, where government responsibility is fair in relation to being a part of the process, and involvement of key stakeholders. Usage and knowledge of information systems is high especially in conjunction with the external environment, but not in the areas of technical expertise – where foreign involvement has seen little or no favor. Overall assessment of the quantitative data shows positive outcomes from half the percentage of the respondents. The following summarize Parts 1, 2 and 3 responses.

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FIGURE 7: SUMMARY OF PART 1

CHART 15: COLUMN CHART SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES FOR PART 1

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Object 3

In part 1, efforts were made to establish interlace within organizations between employees of the internal environment, individuals in the external environment (especially, the rural exclusions) and the government, with information systems.

In part 2, efforts were made to establish the nature of these information systems circulating the study area.

In part 3, efforts were made to collect suggestions from respondents on how government can meet their responsibility in ensuring information systems that work for the communities of Nasarawa State as a whole. Also demographic data for the individual respondents were collected for deeper analysis where necessary.

The following charts show the questions and the varying responses from the respondents.

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CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 11

Object 5

The pie chart above indicates a major percentage of the information systems being electronic in nature.

CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 12

Object 7

Here, 13% of mobile devices, 7% of tablets, 32% of computers, 12% of email, 7% of radio and 15% constitute electronic elements of the information systems. Adding these 55 | P a g e

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percentages together gives 86% in correlation to the 84% that show the electronic nature of the information systems.

CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 13

Object 9

CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 14

Object 11

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CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 15

Object 13

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CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 16

Object 15

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CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 17

Object 17

CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 18

Object 20

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CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 19

Object 23

CHART 16: ANALYSING PART 2, QUESTION 20

Object 25

In part 3 of the quantitative survey, efforts were made to establish: the best way in which the rural poor can be reached by the government, how these ways of reaching the 60 | P a g e

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rural poor relate to the Internet of Things, and the personal attributes of the respondents. The following charts depict the analysis.

CHART 17: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 21

Object 27

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CHART 18: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 22

Object 30

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CHART 19 a: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 23

Object 32

CHART 19 b: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 23

Object 34

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CHART 19 c: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 23

Object 36

CHART 19 d: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 23

Object 38

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CHART 20: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 24

Object 40

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CHART 21 a: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 25

Object 42

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CHART 21 b: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 25

Object 44

CHART 21 c: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 25

Object 46

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CHART 21 d: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 25

Object 48

CHART 21 e: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 25

Object 50

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CHART 21 f: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 25

Object 52

CHART 21 g: ANALYSING PART 3, QUESTION 25

Object 54

4.3 EVALUATION OF FINDINGS 4.3.1 INTEGRATION AND TRIANGULATION OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESULTS In an attempt for a systematic integration of the analyzed qualitative and quantitative data, rigorous, alternative designs have been adopted through short-hand notations of 69 | P a g e

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visualization diagrams as in figure 8 and 9; to help communicate particular integrations that can be used to answer the research questions (Wisdom and Creswell, 2013).

It is in a bid to validate results that this triangulation design follows a convergent construct (Wisdom and Creswell, 2013) seeing that this can help in adequate terms to explore, dissect and parse complex human emotions and dispositions even with its time consuming and complex nature, the process has been carefully and patiently effectuated in this research study for validation and near accurate purposes (Noble and Healle, 2019).

The established relationships are based on averages of multiple responses, where the values of responses like Agree and Strongly Agree, etc are summed up and averaged to come up with percentages that indicate either a positive or negative sentiment (for some elements of the quantitative data). The qualitative data sentiment percentages were obtained from the child and sibling nodes analysis of the main themes identified in figure 8, for a comprehensive visualization of these percentages see chart 22 below.

An attempt was made to create an integrated results oriented pattern from qualitative and quantitative questions (Q), were the highest percentages reflect either a positive (P) outcome when both quantitative and qualitative highest percentages are positive, or a negative (N) outcome when both quantitative and qualitative highest percentages are negative and finally an issue-based (I-B) outcome when the highest quantitative or qualitative outcomes are negative and positive; in the context of integrated quantitative and qualitative themes. The use of colors has been adopted because of their unique nature of showing variation.

4.3.2 INTEGRATION AND TRIANGULATION RESULTS Qualitative Q1 + Quantitative Q1 (General Knowledge of ISs in Organizations), theme = organization, outcome = (I-B) positive 40.00%, negative 16.25% Qualitative Q2 + Quantitative Q2 (Working with ISs in Organizations), theme = facilities, outcome = (P) positive 31.50%, positive 10.09% Qualitative Q3 + Quantitative Q2 (Productivity with regards ISs in Organizations), theme = productivity, outcome = (P) positive 31.50%, positive 3.29% Qualitative Q4 + Quantitative Q2 (Un-productivity with regards ISs in Organizations), theme = unproductivity, outcome = (I-B) positive 31.50%, negative 5.58% 70 | P a g e

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FIGURE 8: INTEGRATION AND TRIANGULATION

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FIGURE 9: ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS

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CHART 22: COMBINED VIEW OF SENTIMENT PERCENTAGES FROM CHILD AND SIBLING NODES OF ESTABLISHED THEMES

30.00%

25.00%

20.00%

15.00% Sentiment\\Negative Sentiment\\Positive 10.00%

5.00%

0.00% or ure me i on ra l ent vi ty vi ty l i ty ata ties ms ni c ters i ta l one l i ne rnet tive dge a ge a ns i ty ets ns d ili c e o g i te ru pm cti cti i bi un a rk zatio po ul t nco l i g ph on i nte effe owl man ni c ys ectr mpu di c m m c e i s o s u u i r l a n f d d n h o el o o om ve co kn ga tec de pr npr res p 80 | P ac g e or u

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Qualitative Q19 + Quantitative Q7 (Advice to government in terms of IS development in-line with professional support), theme = development, outcome = (P) positive 45.00%, positive 12.21% Qualitative Q1 + Quantitative Q11 (Nature and Alignment of IS ideas with 21 st Century), theme = effectiveness, outcome = (P) positive 84.00%, positive 6.73% Qualitative Q5 + Quantitative Q19 (The comfort derived from this ISs and the will to use them), theme = effectiveness, outcome = (P) positive 70.00%, positive 6.73% Qualitative Q20 + Quantitative Q15 (Establishing the need for foreign or local technicians), theme = knowledge, outcome = (P) positive 60.00%, positive 12.95% Qualitative Q2 + Quantitative Q13 (Availability of quality software digital systems), theme = systems, outcome = (I-B) positive 77.00%, negative 17.78% Qualitative Q20 + Quantitative Q16 (who manages the technology and what’s their proficiency), theme = manage, outcome = (I-B) positive 83.00%, negative 0.44% Qualitative Q20 + Quantitative Q18 (Reliance is on foreign or local technician), theme = manage, outcome = (I-B) positive 67.00%, negative 0.44% Qualitative Q20 + Quantitative Q17 (Preference for local or foreign technician), theme = technicians, outcome = (P) positive 80.00%, positive 18.98% Qualitative Q17 + Quantitative Q14 (Frequency of technology change, its effect and management), theme = manage, outcome = (N) negative 40.00%, negative 0.44% Qualitative Q18 + Quantitative Q14 (Frequency of technology change and usage), theme = effective, outcome = (I-B) negative 40.00%, positive 6.73% Qualitative Q8 + Quantitative Q12 (Effective online systems in organizations), theme = online, outcome = (N) negative 32.00%, negative 15.83% Qualitative Q8 + Quantitative Q12 (Effective database systems), theme = systems, outcome = (N) negative 32.00%, negative 17.78% Qualitative Q8 + Quantitative Q12 (Effective electronic database systems), theme = electronic, outcome = (I-B) negative 32.00%, positive 8.98%

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Qualitative Q8 + Quantitative Q12 (Effective phone database systems), theme = phone, outcome = (N) negative 13.00%, negative 11.75% Qualitative Q8 + Quantitative Q12 (Effective digital database systems), theme = digital, outcome = (N) negative 32.00%, negative 12.98% Qualitative Q9 + Quantitative Q20 (Internet usage in relation to ISs), theme = internet, outcome = (I-B) negative 47.00%, positive 20.01% Qualitative Q10 + Quantitative Q20 (Provision of internet by government in relation to IS), theme = internet, outcome = (I-B) negative 47.00%, positive 20.01% Qualitative Q19 + Quantitative Q21 (Advice to government on how best to general public especially rural poor), theme = data, outcome = (I-B) positive 66.00%, negative 29.31% Qualitative Q19 + Quantitative Q22 (Advice to government on platforms that best reach general public especially rural poor), theme = systems, outcome = (N) negative 39.00%, negative 17.78% Qualitative Q5 + Quantitative Q24 (Comfort-ability with choice of IS platforms), theme = effectiveness, outcome = (N) negative 49.00%, positive 6.73% Qualitative Q5 + Quantitative Q23 (Comfort-ability with Smart computer concepts/elements), theme = computer, outcome = (I-B) positive 67.00%, negative 9.89% Qualitative Q5 + Quantitative Q23 (Comfort-ability with phone concepts/elements), theme = phone, outcome = (I-B) positive 67.00%, negative 11.75% Qualitative Q5 + Quantitative Q23 (Comfort-ability with digital concepts/elements), theme = digital, outcome = (P) positive 67.00%, positive 12.98% Qualitative Q5 + Quantitative Q23 (Comfort-ability with internet concepts/elements), theme = internet, outcome = (P) positive 67.00%, positive 30.01%

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CHART 23: OCURRENCE OF THEMES AND THEIR OUTCOMES FROM ANALYSIS OF THE INTEGRATION AND TRIANGULATION RESULTS 3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0 t l t l i ty ter ure ata en i ta tive ni c i ties ome rne dge a ge kets l i ne tion one oor vi ty i on i l i ty ura ems a ns vi ty D pm c tro i l g e an ar g P e ti a h ti un pu ul t i c l n i b R e t st ci P D Eff ec O ni z m om C In I n ow M uc Rel ns i Sy hni duc M lo ac d m l F a e n C o E g o c o v K Co Te npr Pr sp Or De Re U

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Issue-Based Negative Positive

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4.4 DISCUSSION Information systems integrate people, computer and manual based activities that are effective were information dissemination and processing are concerned (Bello and Obinne, 2012).

This research study focuses on computer-based information systems and the important factor that underpins its successes such as adoption of newer technologies, strategies/approaches in maintaining, improving and developing these systems for better viability (Bello and Obinne, 2012).

In this light, an effective, viable and successful information system must deal with such elements as: organizations, technologies, websites, internet, collaborations, software, development, strategy, services, interactions, and exchange of ideas and solutions based technical proficiencies (Gichoya, 2005; Ismail and King, 2007). These and more intrinsic elements are those that have been considered in this research study.

Chart 23 shows these elements both usual and unusual that have been established to be connected with information systems in the study area (Mursu et. al., 2002). It shows at a glance how erratic and unstable the information systems (Mursu et. al., 2002) are in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The elements have been filtered using Microsoft Excel after the integration and triangulation analysis, to come up with their single state occurrences and the outcomes they exhibit in association with the nature of ISs in Nasarawa State.

It can be seen that the community, computer, culture, data, electronic, income, markets, organization, religion, rural and un-productivity themes are the key issues-based (Mursu et. al., 2002) themes with issues that revolve around community mobilization, ownership, multi-stakeholder approaches, resistance and conflicts, affordability of electricity (Mursu et. al., 2002), state topography deterring network flourishing, a lack of awareness of the positive impacts of IS, the need to replicate or create suitable technologies (Mursu et. al., 2002), computers seen as threats, low usage rates and literacy levels, and government concentrating on urban areas and the civil servants thereby excluding others like the rural poor (Joss, Mathew and Dayot, 2017) and a lack of adequate data and failure to adequately put the littlest collated data into proper use.

Technicians, productivity, poor and knowledge themes appear to be positive, based on the following central features, knowledge sharing platforms like GitHub collaborations and the likes that provide problem solving contributions, the ability to replicate 85 | P a g e

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technologies, the belief and confidence that there are competent home based technicians whose capacity can be built and whose local knowledge based on languages and culture can be a greater advantage with the possibility of a cross fertilization of ideas (Avgerou, 2008; Brandt et. al., 2016). The poor being the custodians of the agrarian wealth of the state, with the possibility of business process outsourcing and the fact that productive outcome have been witnessed especially by the technicians who have the capacity of displaying that no knowledge is a waste (Avgerou, 2008).

Given 21st century trends, that Nasarawa state is still working on an ICT policy, and still planning to digitize government businesses in all the ministries, departments and agencies is a sign of creeping development. That goes to show why the themes surrounding these are themes such as development, online, and responsibility; and they have shown from the outcome an outright negative. Despite having an innovation center which can be a technological incubation center to grow and create value chain linkages to the globe, indigenous research and development is stumpy in the state. The argument is that Nasarawa state as a baby state is still growing however, on 1 st October, 2020 Nasarawa state became 24 years old with enough initial startup resources to allow mainstreaming in the sphere of trending IOT concepts (Brandt et. al., 2016). These show a lag in responsibility (Vaidya, Myers and Gardner, 2013) and will power from inception on the side of government.

It is amazing that the perspective of the digital world being a common village that gives the latitude to envisage best practices (Park and Mithas, 2020) for organizational development exists in Nasarawa state. This is because the agrarian nature of the state has not taken the opportunity that exists in this to make their products open to the world. Rather farmers bask in the unconnected local markets that offer low system load capacity with no global competitiveness whatsoever. Awareness is low for IS advantages but high for the disruptive nature of technology among the community that surround civil servants with government in the middle. The effectiveness of these systems is known, but tough luck to those who don’t have easy access to them is the biggest percentage of views. However, there are others who have a centric view on effective coordination and high digital penetration. A functional database is 1 key facility that is poor, internet facilities are available but from private sector providers. This can help with internet/network connectivity for the massive population that has given mobile phones a good buy in (Avgerou, 2008), however the general populace wish government can meet its responsibility by making internet costs cheaper. The cost of internet has always been the issue especially where poverty is a major norm and concern, however there 86 | P a g e

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are ratings it is believed that show Nasarawa state among the worst internet users in Nigeria (Avgerou, 2008). These are the erratic features that surround the digital, effectiveness, facilities and internet, management, phone and systems themes (Brandt et. al., 2016). The bottom line is trust, honesty and safety where acceptance, use and management of these Information systems are concerned is a very critical and crucial issue (Vaidya, Myers and Gardner, 2013) in Nasarawa state.

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5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Chapter five explains the conclusion consequential to the results, analysis and evaluation of findings of the research study on the factors influencing information systems failures in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Chapter one has outlined the scope, rationale, objectives and research questions of the study, chapter two has reviewed related literature, chapter three elaborated the research design and chapter four has presented qualitative/quantitative results, and has discussed these results in detail. The survey results have been integrated/triangulated/linked with academic literature to explore, dissect and parse complex human emotions and dispositions in relation to statistical connotations; to elicit key inferences.

5.1 REVIEW OF THE RESULTS In its contextual assertion this holistic research examined the establishment of a network that solves complex challenges across social and technological spheres with serious regards to political, socio-cultural, historical, structural and functional environments (Malby and Anderson-Wallace, 2016) of the study area. As elaborated earlier in chapter one, the following embodies the research questions that needed clarification, analysis and examination: 1. What are the unusual elements connected to information systems failures in Nasarawa state, Nigeria?

2. Do the: (a). mechanisms of the digital component in variation impact information systems failures in Nasarawa state, Nigeria? (b). mechanisms of the social context in variation with relation to the mindset/involvement/understanding of the state’s public sector have any impact on information systems in terms of failures in Nasarawa state, Nigeria? (c). mechanisms of the social context in variation in relation to the role/participation/understanding of the rural poor impact information systems in terms of failures in Nasarawa state, Nigeria?

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3. Are the factors responsible for information systems failures in Nasarawa state aligning with generalized categorizations such as process, people, product and technology, or are there more or less categories?

This research study confirmed that smart-city concepts are framed by the social context and the digital innovation component (Samuel, 2020) against the perspective of citizenship alone (Joss, Mathew and Dayot, 2017).

It further confirmed the importance of examining information systems from the peculiar subfields before connecting it to the commonly obtainable perspectives in the field as a whole (Avgerou, 2008).

It was discovered in answer to the first research question that issue-based elements such as community resistance, acceptance and awareness among other elements related to computer literacy levels, usage and spread, culture, data availability and usage, income, zero market network connectivity and access, organization disconnect with the rest of the populace, religion, rural topography and exclusion are all connected to information systems failures in Nasarwa state, Nigeria. So also, development which is the anticipated resultant effect of technological advancement as related to information systems in the context of this research study evolving as a theme with an outright negative outcome. Other outright negative outcomes include online, and responsibility themes. This go to show that the online nature of the information systems in Nasarawa state are relatively poor, leading to poor developmental outcomes based on poor responsibility particularly on the side of government.

Answering the second research question involved the digital theme, which showed dissonance and potential contradiction (Adams, et al., 2015). This variation definitely impacts information systems failures in Nasarawa state in relation to the mechanisms of the digital component.

Religion, culture, income, markets, organization, responsibility, and rural themes are to have a social connotation and therefore impact information systems failures in the study area in relation to public sector mindset, involvement and understanding of the information systems. The public sector naturally serve as the link between government and the general populace, they are a key and critical factor in the scenario. In the same light, the above themes will impact information systems in the study area in relation to the role/participation/understanding of the rural poor in relation to social undertones.

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Answering the third research question involved categorizing themes into the following: Process (manage, development, effective, responsibility); People (community, culture, organization, religion, rural); Product (markets, productivity, un-productivity); Technology (online, computer, digital, internet, phone); Resources (data, Knowledge, electronic, facilities, income, systems, technicians). A fourth categorization emerged for factors responsible for information systems failures in the context of Nasarawa state as indicated above. This shows alignment with an additional category.

In emphasis to validation, accuracy and reliability (Noble and Healle, 2019), the themes that emerged were compared to relevant literature to solidify communicative expressions exhibited by the themes (Wisdom and Creswell, 2013) as elements associated to information systems (Gichoya, 2005; Ismail and King, 2007). Quantitative evidence was sought and compared to qualitative inferences to develop more precise inferences in this context.

In summary, it was discovered that apart from the need for quality process, commitment from key stakeholders, the availability of products, there is need for quality data, knowledge, facilities, income, systems, technicians etc. These converge into resources that are critical for any reasonable IS and smart-city oriented endeavors. 24 years since its creation, Nasarawa state falls short of a revolutionary success story where information systems are concerned. The levels at which digital concepts have penetrated and effectuated smart-city concepts (Brandt et. al., 2016), the issues of concern with data/information collection, dissemination and utilization (Bello and Obinne, 2012), in addition to other underlying factors of information systems failures or inadequacies have been brought to the bare and presented to all key stakeholders public and private alike.

This is believed can spark an Information System smart-city partnership that brings the fruitless endeavors of government to an end.

5.2 LIMITATIONS TO THE RESEARCH Limitations evolved such: 1.

Time constraint was the major limitation for taking deeper looks.

2. Income, partly contributed to the limitations which hampered the purchase of full time licenses for crucial proprietary data analysis tools.

3. Trying to balance study, work and home life simultaneously constrained some percentage of research study time.

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However, a mixed methods approach still proves very useful in this research study.

5.3 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The study disclosed those key factors that are responsible for information systems failure experiences in Nasarawa state (Samuel, 2020). This is believed can go a long way in fine tuning government efforts and the mindset of key stakeholders in relation to the successful development of information systems in the study area.

It is believed that this research study has created a guide that will serve as a template that can be keyed into by the government and stakeholders of Nasarawa state and other developing states in Nigeria or countries for advancing practice globally and continentally.

It is quite innovative to display content and satisfaction in indigenous, local technicians, but giving local technicians a chance to share knowledge and transfer technology can be an added advantage to improved efficiencies where information systems are concerned.

The older generations are advised not to wave off the potent power of digital technology just because it came about with a younger generation; else vast majorities of the aged that will eventually be dependent on these technologies in the short future are bound to be excluded and helpless.

The recommendation here is to create an avenue in which IS related talents that are hidden in the state are harvested and put into proper utilization. Channeling the energy of this population of innovative youngsters who are indigenous to the state using the existing technological incubation centers will go a long way in creating a value chain link that connects the state to the global world of limitless economic possibilities and competitiveness. There will be a wider level of acceptability if the older populations witness the profitability that emerges from their wards for the economic benefit of the state.

5.4 SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Themes such as digital, effective, facilities, internet, manage, phone and systems have shown dissonance and potential contradiction (Adams, et al., 2015) in the research and therefore serve as a call for further research. A deeper look can elicit a single outcome that can help Nasarawa state upgrade the level of its information systems.

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In conclusion, this research study calls on the government and people of Nasarawa state to put hands on deck to improve the position of information systems in the state. It is incumbent on government responsibility to tailor developmental efforts in information systems services to suit the needs of the people they serve. This research study presents the state with an invaluable tool that represents the voices of the concerned few. There is a huge economic profit that lies dormant and untapped from this trending global resource that is more inclined to the teeming unemployed youths of the state.

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69. Walsham, G., Robey, D., and Sahay, S., (2007) Foreword: Special Issue on Information Systems in Developing Countries. MIS Quarterly. Vol. 31 (2). Pp. 317326 70. Wisdom, J., and Creswell, J.W., (2013) Mixed Methods: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis while studying Patient-Centered Medical Models. Rockville MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

AHRQ Publication No, 13-0028-EF. 71. Yakubu, N.M., and Dasuki, S.I., (2018) Assessing ELearning Systems Success in Nigeria: An Application of The Delone and McLean Information Systems Success Model. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research. Vol.17, pp.182202, 9 June, 2018, doi:10.28945/4077 72. Yildrim, V., and Bediroglu, S., (2019) A geographic information system-based model for economical and eco-friendly high speed railway route determination using analytical hierarchy process and least-cost-path analysis. Expert Systems journal. Vol. 1, pp.1-14, 11 January, 2019, doi:10.1111 73. Zamawe, F., C., (2015) The Implication of Using NVivo Software I Qualitative Data Analysis: Evidence-Based Reflections. Malawi Medical Journal. Vol. 27 (1). Pp. 1315

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY TABLE (APPENDIX I) S/N

AUTHOR/DATE

1.

Yildirim & Bediroglu (2019)

2.

Yakubu & Dasuki (2018)

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CONCEPTUAL THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Built on various sequential processes: determining criteria and subcriteria weights, collecting spatial data and standardization of the geo database, applying GISbased MCDM analysis and calculating the accumulated cost surface, finding the optimum HSR route with least-cost-cost path analysis, discussing and reporting the entire study UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and use of technology) Framework by Venkatesh, Davis, and Davis (2003), was formulated to explain users’ behavioral intentions to use technology based on four fundamental constructs namely: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions.

METHODOLOGY

FINDINGS

AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

MCDM (with qualitative & quantitative criteria) method AHP, integrated with GIS technologies

Conventional route determination methods currently give rise to many environmental, economic, sociological, and sustainability problems.

Lack of standard and quality data extends the required process time. In developing countries, there are many challenges with Issues involving data.

Similar to previous studies using the D&M ISS model, a quantitative method was adopted.

Data was collected using an online survey. An online survey was the preferred method of collecting data in order to minimize errors that might be caused by data handling, increase the rate of response and reduce costs.

The path coefficients indicate that of the 9 relationships tested, only 5 were found to be significant. All the quality antecedents with the exception of service quality significantly influenced behavioral intentions of students to use Canvas which is the exact reverse as observed in the relationship between user satisfaction and the quality antecedents, where only service quality was found to significantly influence

Yakubu and Dasuki (2018) called for further research using other frameworks to investigate Nigerian students’ acceptance of eLearning.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) user satisfaction.

3.

Lee (2019)

Diagnostic conceptual framework

Action research involving five stages: diagnosing, action planning, action taking, evaluating, and specifying learning.

4.

Avgerou (2019)

The study is grounded mainly on the IS literature. A critical literature review seeking was conducted, with the aim to identify the variation of contextual research and to reveal weaknesses, discrepancies, controversies, and issues that require closer investigation

Exploratory/Comparative Research

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Bridging the gap between IS education and IS research will not be easily or readily achieved. However, until the gap is bridged, it will remain an uncomfortable reminder of the larger problem of the lack of relevance of our overly rigorous research in the IS discipline.

Alternative theoretical perspectives of context related with theories of technology and theories of action are identified; and directions toward the development of a sociomaterial perspective of context are suggested

Three Long-Term Strategies, mobilizing an outside agency, funding, accreditation body being involved in changing business school education and business school research

In relation to research based on the commonly adopted distal ontologies, this paper argues for the development of sociomaterial perspectives of domains of context and sociomaterial mechanisms to account for their influence on IS phenomena

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 5.

Poon & Wagner (2001)

Using the defined concepts of EIS success and CSFs, the study considered a basic EIS success model

Evolutionary Development

Companies that believe they can solve their problems with an information system will likely fail. Those that translate business goals into corresponding information needs and then into a wellmanaged system will likely succeed.

Understanding system failure and success in relation to the growing influence of information systems for executives. We also saw evidence that these systems cannot succeed if they contradict the prevailing management system.

6.

Beck et. al., (2018)

The HIV cascade Framework

The development of longitudinal health records for individuals and de-identified individual level information is used to monitor and evaluate the use, cost, outcome and impact of health services

Provision of ongoing evidence of improving service delivery through the use of information

7.

Aranyossy, Blaskovics, and Horváth, (2018)

examine the underlying assumption of universality of success and failure factors with empirical evidence from East Central Europe, specifically, from Hungary, analyzing the comparative importance — perceived by IT professionals — of

Project Management

For processes to be optimally successful it needs to be a progressive multistakeholder process that involves identifying champions to ‘carry the torch’ and highlight evidence of improvement during medium- to long-term process.

The research design also enables comparative analysis to examine how IT professionals from different national cultures, with different

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A higher level of geographic variety is a much needed development in this research field, as more diverse international research has the capacity to corroborate discrete findings.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) the factors of IT project failure and the IT project managerial characteristics for success.

8.

Aro-Gordon (2016)

As a possible solution, the paper proposes information technologybased performance appraisal approach within an integrated Systems-Goal-Setting theoretical framework

Exploratory and Demonstrative

9.

Sharma et. al., (2019)

This paper advocates model selection in information systems (IS) studies that use partial least

Comparative, exploratory, Statistical and data mining

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amount and quality of experience see the factors of IT project failure and the characteristics of project managers for success, to test how universal the importance of these factors are There is an apparent dearth of research focused on exploring the feasibility of new technologies in addressing some of the ‘frustrating’ concerns in conducting proper performance appraisal, particularly in the context of public sector organizations in developing countries like Nigeria that are yet to embrace computerized performance appraisal system as some other countries, notably Kenya, have done.

Importantly, there is not one unique model that characterizes the

Technology-based appraisal approach proposed in this paper can be further tested in a pilot usage by a few set of Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) of government for effectiveness before generalizing its application.

we have restricted our attention to reflectively specified measures and further research would be necessary to

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) squares path modeling (PLS) and suggests the use of model selection criteria derived from information theory for this purpose.

methodology

10.

Soroor, Tarokh & Keshtgary (2009)

Using a critical failure factor (CFF) approach and based on a perfect study, we investigate this crucial issue in-depth and put forward feasible solutions regarding failure prevention in such systems throughout this article.

The IT/IS industry and community continue to be plagued with extensive problems of systems failure. The field of IT/IS project management remains in ‘chaos’. The gap between theory and practice in SCMISs studies, particularly failure studies, remains. This paper is a great attempt trying to make sense of the somewhat ‘confused’ field of SCMIS project development and implementation.

11.

Audu, Gambo & Yakubu (2017)

This study sought to establish the prevalence of rifampicin-resistant TB in our state with a view to advocating for more commitment to efforts toward the treatment and

A retrospective review of laboratory records

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empirical evidence within a theoretical framework, but variations may offer theoretically justified alternatives for explaining the phenomenon under study.

Hence, as supply chain management information systems (SCMIS) and their derivatives are offered by an increasing number of vendors and supposedly used by more and more organisations, understanding the determinants for their successful implementation and use becomes increasingly important. Interestingly enough, little research has been carried out concerning this subject matter The findings of male preponderance in this study are similar to other reports from Nigeria and other parts

examine the case of formatively specified constructs, which have received considerable attention in the recent IS research.

To date, it has not yet been determined if the SCMIS critical failure factors (CFFs) are universal in their application to different organisations, business environments, and culture, or if they are an artefact of prevailing company and country cultures

This underscores the need to scale up intervention that will improve the treatment of DR TB cases and to make such treatment available closer to the patients.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) control of drug-resistant TB, including establishment of more treatment centres in the geopolitical zone.

12.

Nunamaker, Chen & Purdin (1991)

A framework to explain the nature of systems development as a research methodology in is research is proposed.

System Development

13.

Hughes, Rana & Simintiras (2017)

The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, to examine the key factors that influence project failure and an analysis of the major areas that can have a significant impact on success; and second, to explore some of the key aspects that have an impact on project management performance from the practitioner perspective and discusses the problems faced by organizations in the closer integration of change and project management.

This study critically reviews the IS failure literature developing a synthesized view of the key issues and common reasons for projects to fail. The approach taken in this study is one that focuses on a number of key questions that pull together the relevant themes in this genre of research whilst highlighting many of the implications for practitioners and organizations alike.

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of the world, which found that the male gender has a strong association with development of drug resistance.

The synthesis and expression of new technologies and new concepts in a tangible product, however, can act as both the fulfillment of the contributing basic research and as an impetus to continuing research.

Key questions remain on the underlying causes of instances of poor project management as an IS failure factor. The literature has omitted to develop a deeper analysis of the associations between failure factors and the potential causal relationships between these

The authors are convinced, however, that without a thorough and complete understanding of a research domain, a researcher may ask the wrong questions or formulate a meaningless hypothesis.

Further study is required to develop a clearer empirically based view on the measurement and categorizing of IS project failure to incorporate: time cost and quality factors, stakeholder satisfaction-based measures and both short- and long-term benefits realization factors to develop a more complete measurement.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 14.

Alarabiat & Ramos (2017)

15.

Nunamaker et. al., (2015)

16.

Toluyemi (1999)

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For a long time, researchers have considered the Delphi method as valuable, flexible, and well-suited to most research topics. The method has been widely and effectively adapted to serve various research purposes, the fact is Delphi method is a versatile research tool that researchers can employ at various points in their research System solutions must be not only technically and economically feasible but also operationally feasible, which, for the purposes of this paper, we define as politically, socially, cognitively, emotionally, and physically acceptable to its stakeholders.

Delphi Method

There is no consensus in the literature on the appropriate panel size for the Delphi study

The Delphi method, like others research methods, is not without limitations and weaknesses. These limitations must be identified and recognized so then they can be addressed and rectified as possible, in order to mitigate their undesirable effects

Exploratory research, validated through concatenation

A research community’s understanding of a problem domain will remain rudimentary until it has moved solutions through the last research mile.

Proof-of-concept technologies are impoverished compared to the proof-of-use systems.

When it comes to technology transition, the devil is in the details, and the details are in the field. An interesting idea for a new solution will contribute very little to scholarly knowledge and will make little impact on society until someone takes it through the last research mile.

AIS and attempt to suggest ways of sustaining the productivity and efficiency of the ADPs. Sustainability of ADPs can be viewed from different perspectives –sustaining the physical environment – sustaining the organization and management – sustaining productivity and efficiency

To meet the objectives of the paper, information was collected from forty financial and nonfinancial managers of twenty ADPs through unstructured interviews and discussions

Contrary to results of a survey in the United Kingdom (UK) which estimated that 81% of accountants’ in ADPs seems spend far more time on custody, sourcing and disbursing of funds. They are hardly interested in Management of

There is a need to maintain a fit between the AIS and organization/management structures. AIS should therefore emanate from overall corporate strategies to ensure capability between organizational plans and accounting information plans also to facilitate plan implementation.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

17.

Dalal & Pauleen (2018)

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Wisdom Theory, In this commentary, we make the case for a systemic focus on the role of wisdom in IS research, teaching, and practice. We introduce underlying theoretical concepts of wisdom; review relevant key research linking wisdom and IS; propose a framework to link wisdom with IS research, practice, and education; and discuss the implications of the framework and illustrate how it can be used to generate research opportunities for IS.

Wisdom Nexus

accounting information activities. It was revealed that absence of timely accounting information make managers to request for funds even when there is more or when available funds are inadequate Wise IS is not just about IS. Ultimately, an explicit focus on wisdom in IS may help us be wiser ourselves: to better understand our differences and philosophical positions and intelligently approach the disputes and controversies we are seeing in the IS field regarding journals, methodologies, geographies, and intellectual contributions. Indeed, wisdom (like maturity) is a “self-demanding capacity” so that “to fully grasp the profundity and meaning of wisdom, The manner and the depth from

This is a golden age for IS researchers, In a larger universe beset by financial, humanitarian, and social crises crying out for wisdom, the IS field with its interdisciplinary focus on the relationships between information technologies and diverse individual, organizational, and societal issues is well positioned to address the grand challenges we face.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) which we respond to the challenges in our field are as important as the content of our responses.

18.

Weisner (2018)

A framework structured around intragroup collaboration, intergroup collaboration, and team control is presented, along with a series of research questions that link sociological perspectives with accounting research.

The study is motivated by calls for expansion of theoretical perspectives through which accounting research can be approached, and aims to assist researchers in addressing the scarcity of sociologically informed inquiry in the domain of group processes, team dynamics, and related team management concerns.

IT specialists’ involvement is increasingly necessary ‘‘due to increased complexity in specialized areas within audit clients’ business processes,’’ which can result in struggles for power and legitimacy, Nevertheless, as shown by the reviewed articles, sociologically informed research is not limited to ethnographic field studies, but also well suited for case studies, experimental, survey, and (to a limited extent) archival research.

Some research questions that are not specific to IT specialists or technology used exclusively by audit firms (e.g., see the ‘‘Hot Spots and Hot Moments’’ subsection) are broad enough to be of potential interest to a wider audience. As such, they may inspire future research by management accounting scholars and other researchers interested in teamwork and the technologies that support such work.

19.

Al-Azawei (2019)

The study was based on an extension of DeLone and McLean’s Information Systems Success (D&M ISS) model to include four antecedent variables: system

In this study, a crosssectional survey was used to collect the research data. It targeted a population sampled

The research results support the influence of quality and experience antecedents on technology use and

As with most empirical literature, this research makes a number of recommendations for further work.

Future research could investigate other constructs that potentially influence

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) quality, information quality, technology experience, and Internet experience as direct determinants of technology use and user satisfaction, both of which affect the net benefits of Facebook and Moodle.

from amongst state sector university undergraduates in Iraq (N=143).

20.

Avgerou, C. (2008)

Epistemology:- Interpretivist

Critical Review

21.

Joss, S., Cook, M., and Dayot, Y. (2017)

Given the efforts to render the smart city supposedly more "citizen-centric", the question

Triangulation (Quantitative and Qualitative)

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learner satisfaction. The extended model also provides full support for the association between technology use and learner satisfaction, concerning the net benefits of Facebook and Moodle.

The proposed model achieved a good fit and explained 61.4% and 68.1% of the variance of LMS and SNS success, respectively.

I then point out the distinctive research agenda that has been formed in ISDC studies, both in the more familiar IS themes – failure, outsourcing, and strategic value of ICT – and also in studies of themes relevant specifically to the context of developing countries, such as the development of community ICT and information resources.

Confirmation of an explicit citizenship rational guiding the

technology success in education such as facilitating conditions, perceived privacy, and security. Moreover, researchers from different contexts are invited to apply this extended model and conduct a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) analysis to deepen the current understanding of the effect of SNS on teaching and learning, while also comparing it with the impact of LMS in this digital era.

Finally, I call the reader’s attention to the potentially significant theoretical contributions of ISDC research for understanding IS innovation in relation to social context and in relation to socioeconomic development theories and policies.

The article concludes with recommendations for both further theory and practice development. The BSI

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) arises what particular norms and practices of citizenship are promulgated through the smart city and, relatedly, in which ways these may depart from traditional understandings of citizenship, thereby pointing to an emergent, new citizen regime.

22.

Bello, M., and Obinne, C.P.O (2012)

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The main concepts including the problems of information utilization by farmers, communication strategies/process and the role of extension service in communicating with the rural farmers

smart city (standard), although there some substantive display of shortcomings and contradictions, the recommendations are for further development in both theory and practice

This is a review paper.

The authors analyzed the main concepts including the problems of information utilization by farmers, communication strategies/process and the role of extension

it was observed that one major constraint in information dissemination was the limited number of trained extension workers with recommendations to

standard, as this analysis demonstrates, issues a rather striking clarion call for a citizen-centric smart city strategy and practice. And yet, in its determination to place citizens at the heart of smart city innovation, the standard does not quite manage to articulate a sufficiently convincing, internally consistent citizenship regime, resulting in several unresolved issues and some persistent contradictions. While, positively, the standard puts citizenship on the map, thus responding to the charge against the smart city as an essentially technocratic endeavor, the resulting approach calls for further resolution on at least two levels.

First, within the standard itself, the three analytical dimensions of citizenship regime should be attended to in more detail, thereby particularly further clarifying the nature of citizens’ agency and more explicitly addressing pluralistic deliberative decision processes beyond the standard’s current limited stance on collaborative governance and its overreliance on data analytics.

Further prospect of in utilization in the study area will be the likely emergence of non-governmental organization (NGOs) that will be willing to provide extension service in poor rural communities as agricultural development aid.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) service in communicating with the rural farmers.

23.

Gichoya, D. (2005)

Descriptive Framework: The characteristic challenges that developing nations face, which make ICT implementation in government fail to succeed are identified and synthesized

Has two dimensions: Descriptive & Exploratory (Theoretically based ICT literature and Analytically based on case studies) In-depth interviews, observation and documentary review

24.

Heeks, R., (2002)

Contingency theory, which shows how model and theory help understand IS cases in developing countries but, equally, how those cases provide valuable data to help

Review, Qualitative

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massively increase the number of trained extension personnel as well as expand the critical training facilities in institution of learning Literature review of case studies from both developed and developing and preliminary studies grounded in the Kenya e-Government reality.

The key factors are identified, synthesized and categorized under common broad categories.

Creativity and improvisation can be supported by a variety of other contextual elements and

The response framework discussed in this paper is expected to be used to: • Provide a basis on which to analyze and specify international support and cooperation from development partners on ICT projects • To produce guidelines that the governments can use to help define their needs and agendas with regard to government ICT implementation and use • Provide a basis for assessing good practice for ICT implementation in government • Contribute to the body of knowledge on ICT implementation Future papers will include the findings of cases studies done in 9 ministries of the Kenyan government. Therefore, this further research will identify and categorise the factors influencing ICT implementation according to their degree of influence in Kenya and suggest possible actions.

At a deeper level, the ideas discussed here are informed by ideas on situated action and by the interrelationship between context and action. IS cases from industrialized countries can be challenging

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) IS models and theories

techniques, i.e participative approaches to implementation

25.

Dwivedi, et., al.

(2015)

Discuss and debate reasons for the success or failure of IS in organizations and to provide some directions for future research; to highlight current debates on IS success and failure.

Discussion, qualitative

26.

Nauman, A., B., Aziz, R., and Ishaq, A.F.M., (2017)

Highlighting the role and Integration of ICT tools in the planning, organisation, coordination and operation of future housing policies, and development programmes.

Descriptive

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Information systems success and failure are among the most prominent streams in IS research, some IS fulfil their expectations and others fail because of complex and multifactorial explanations The current state of housing development in the country remains poor despite the vast resources expended over the years, consequently poor planning, inconsistent policy and supervisory regulation, as well as inadequate funding,

to interpret since the cycles of reproduction and amendment take place within the same context. Adding in the 'stretch' of technology transfer throws new light onto the theory by pulling the cycles of interaction between context and action into a spiral that moves between different contexts. This stretch across place and time allows a clearer differentiation between the initial context, the design process, the design, the implementation context, the implementation process, and the ongoing contextual changes.

Several key issues emerged, such as the need to study problems from multiple perspectives, to move beyond narrow considerations of the IT artifact, and to venture into underexplored organizational contexts, such as the public sector.

We are not aware of an existing study that has reported on the extent of failed IS projects in Pakistan. This paper is a first step to fill this gap. We have chosen one small and simple IS project to study ISDP failure in a Pakistan. We would also like to point out that a single case study can provide no basis for estimation of overall failure/success rates in Pakistan and further work needs to done in this direction.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

27.

Mursu, et. al., (2000)

Research approaches on Information Systems Development (ISD) are characterized by diversity, focusing on a wide area of objectives and methods.

Nevertheless, the understanding of ISD as a universal phenomenon is less commonly questioned

Survey, Case Studies, predictive understanding, Action Research, Descriptive Interpretive Study

28.

Park, Y., and Mithas, S., (2020)

How firms should configure organizational capabilities to achieve competitive advantage in complex digital environments

Comparative Analysis, Qualitative

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empirical data, supporting infrastructure and corruption as bottlenecks to SHD in Nigeria are identified Sustainability of IT in the user organization, as required infrastructure and support activities are often lacking, affordability, and the ethics and socioeconomic justification of information technology.

IT-enabled information analytics capability alone is neither necessary nor sufficient in any configuration for high performance; documentation of few parsimonious configurations, and structure of

The factors that promote and threaten the sustainable use of information systems need to be further investigated, the second issue is the affordability of the social information system and the new technology used within it. The third issue is the ethics and socio-economic justification of information technology.

The requirements we present here for ISD in Nigeria and Africa are not yet empirically proved end results of the study, but a theoretically and empirically conducted hypothesis. The purpose is to start an iterative process in which ISD researchers and practitioners in Nigeria, in other African countries and globally can contribute to the future development of ISD methodologies and curricula Together, the findings provide implications for further research on complexity theory in digital business strategy, and for managers to view and redesign digital business strategy as configurations of IT and organizational capabilities.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 29.

Sadoughi, F., Kimiafar, K., Ahmadi, M., and Shakeri, M. T. (2013)

Suggested framework includes 12 main factors (functional, organizational, behavioural, cultural, management, technical, strategy, economy, education, legal, ethical and political factors. 67 sub factors, and 33 suggested methods for the evaluation of these sub factors (The evaluation framework is simply concentrated on elements whose measurement is easier

Narative Synthesis, Documentation review of relevant agencies (like statistics and information technology office in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education) and Database that provide grey literature (like system for information on grey literature) for publication bias control

30.

Ojoko, E.O., and Ojoko, O., (2017)

Highlighting the role and Integration of ICT tools in the planning, organisation, coordination and operation of future housing policies, and development programmes.

Descriptive

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configurations 16 Articles which required detailed analysis

The current state of housing development in the country remains poor despite the vast resources expended over the years, consequently poor planning, inconsistent policy and supervisory regulation, as well as inadequate funding, empirical data, supporting infrastructure and corruption as

Sufficient training to provide an understanding of its limitations and future potentials, The results of the present research indicates that the emphasis of the HIS evaluation moves from technical subjects to human and organizational subjects, and from objective to subjective issues.

Therefore, this issue entails more familiarity with more qualitative evaluation methods. In most of the reviewed studies, the main focus has been laid on the necessity of using multi-method approaches and combining methods to obtain more comprehensive and useful results.

In light of this, the study advocates for a global paradigm shift from public or government controlled housing schemes to an environment governed solely or at least in part by private shelter initiatives.

Furthermore, the study calls for governments to create a suitable climate to promote initiatives by householders, small-scale providers, and entrepreneurial private firms investing in SHD.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

31.

Monteiro, E., and Parmiggiani, E., (2019)

Practice-based perspectives are perfectly well aware of the fact that all knowing involves materiality, yet on the level of conceptualizing and theorizing, this is disregarded and replaced with role of materiality in knowing to be constitutive, the project is seen as an interesting, ambitious IoT-based initiative

Risk Assessment, Observation

32.

Ismail, N.A., and Malcolm, K., (2007)

The concept of alignment or fit between information technology (IT) and business strategy and strategic alignment deemed as crucial in increasing firm performance, yet previous researches suggest many firms struggling to achieve alignment.

Comparative Analysis, Qualitative

33.

Walsham, G., Robey, D., and Sahay, S., (2007)

This body of literature opposes the naïve idea that globalization is synonymous with cultural homogeneity and reasserts the

Interpretive, Quantitative and Qualitative

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bottlenecks to SHD in Nigeria are identified Synthetic knowing represents a new mode of knowing likely to grow in relevance yet to date under-researched and central to the politicized knowing of the Arctic.

IT-enabled information analytics capability alone is neither necessary nor sufficient in any configuration for high performance; documentation of few parsimonious configurations, and structure of configurations Each study in the special issue shows that consequences emerge from a complex set of

In our case, the controversy around the ice edge illustrates the limitations of approaching open data as neutral data.

With datasets and modeling in principle open, there is a fierce, ongoing debate around how to set the baseline for the ice edge and to frame natural variation/ Explore further these economic and political dimensions more explicitly in relation to the diffusion of technological innovations, and the discursive argumentations and justifications accompanying them.

The next section reviews existing literature on AIS and information system development in SMEs. It shows that there are rather contradictory findings about AIS design in SMEs and there are ambiguous findings about the strategic use of IT in SMEs, which justifies further investigation into the fit of AIS requirements with AIS capacity.

Future research is needed to provide a wider geographical spread, despite importance of IS topic in developing countries, literature is relatively sparse

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) crucial importance of understanding and valuing locally meaningful practices.

34.

Vaidya, R., Myers, M.D., and Gardner, L. (2013)

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Focus on how Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can play a decisive role in agricultural marketing.

Case Study, qualitative

processes over a significant period of time, involving a wide range of actors and institutions. IS do not have a simple deterministic impact on development.

Like other instances of IS being applied to complex social issues, outcomes are not determined only by

e.g. in IS journals like MIS Quarterly,work on gender studies, Research is also needed on society-wide critical issues in developing countries

Empirical evidence indicates that there are various kinds of problems in the conceptualization, design and implementation of these projects

We believe that our findings may be applicable to similar projects in other developing countries.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 35.

Archibald et. al., (2019)

Advances in communication technologies offer new opportunities for the conduct of qualitative research. Among these, Zoom— an innovative Videoconferencing platform—has a number of unique features that enhance its potential appeal to qualitative and mixed-methods researchers.

We asked 16 practice nurses who participated in online qualitative interviews about their experiences of using Zoom and concurrently recorded researcher observations. Although several participants experienced technical difficulties, most described their interview experience as highly satisfactory and generally rated Zoom above alternative interviewing mediums such as face-to-face, telephone, and other video conferencing services, platforms, and products.

Findings suggest the viability of Zoom as a tool for collection of qualitative data because of its relative ease of use, cost-effectiveness, data management features, and security options.

Further, research exploring the utility of Zoom is recommended in order to critically assess and advance innovations in online methods, data are lacking on the benefits and challenges of using Zoom as a data collection method. In this study, we explore the feasibility and acceptability of using Zoom to collect qualitative interview data within a health research context in order to better understand its suitability for qualitative and mixed-methods researchers.

36.

Bamberger, M., (2012)

This guidance note explains the essential elements of the MM approach and how it can be used in an impact evaluation (IE), while highlighting potential applications and benefits for NGOs.

Mixed methods (MM) evaluations

Basing the evaluation on a well-articulated theory of change Consultation with stakeholders Using triangulation to maximize the validity of estimates based on small samples from different sources Using mixed methods sampling to ensure the representativeness of QUAL data

37.

Brandt et. al., (2016)

We elaborate on IS theories that can influence the design and implementation of smart city

This panel will explore various issues in this context, such as e-

MM can help address common issues arising during evaluation design, data collection and analysis, as well as help promote the utilization of evaluation findings and recommendations.

The transformation towards smart, livable, and sustainable cities is

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With two thirds of the world’s population soon residing in cities, the question of how information technology affects urban

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38.

Goes, B.P (2014)

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concepts on the one hand and how insights from these project can refine and validate theory on the other hand. Furthermore, we discuss how the IS discipline can benefit from collaborations beyond theory development and seek to identify best practices to achieve successful collaborations and projects.

government, emergency response, and sustainable energy and mobility, to derive implications for future IS research directions and for successful collaborations with industry and municipal partners.

a major global challenge that requires experience and wisdom on the one hand and creativity and energy on the other. It demands a joint effort by public agencies, the private sector, and academia.

life and global urbanization trends becomes more relevant than ever. Due to the interplay of economic, social, organizational, and technological dimensions, the IS discipline is in an excellent position to contribute to solving this grand societal challenge.

In terms of methodologies for observational data analytics, the IS field has evolved tremendously, especially with econometric modeling.

BIG DATA Analytics

To adapt to the datadriven knowledge economy, organizations are shifting. Particularly, IS groups need to provide new leadership.

CIOs are being converted into Chief Innovation Officers, and significant changes in the IT function are taking place.

Analytics are taking hold in organizations who demand “data science” professionals.

Chief Analytics Officers are being created to head data analytics groups. IS leadership has to be involved and lead these changes.

There is much room for

It is a great time to be in IS doing IS research. We are uniquely positioned in this new big data analytics environment.

Let’s embrace the challenges and claim our territory. In closing, I would like to promote the MIS Quarterly “Special Issue Transformational Issues in Big Data Analytics” and invite innovative submissions.

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39.

Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner (2007)

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We believe that Greene (2006) has offered a useful framework for thinking about mixed methods research as a methodological or research paradigm, which she called “Mixed Methods Social Inquiry.” She divided mixed methods social inquiry or mixed methods methodology (broadly viewed) into four domains: (a) philosophical assumptions and stances (i.e., what are the fundamental philosophical or epistemological assumptions of the methodology?), (b) inquiry logics (i.e., what traditionally is called “methodology” and refers to broad inquiry purposes and questions, logic, quality standards, writing forms that guide the researcher’s “gaze”), (c) guidelines for practice (i.e., specific

Review

our research to inform organizations about the issues we know best: business alignment, IT and knowledge value, business process transformation, strategic analytics, deployment, and utilization of the new systems.

A synonym for our concept of “research paradigm” would be the term methodological paradigm. The point is that a paradigm can develop around what it means to conduct research and how it is undertaken. For Kuhn, the term paradigm was clearly not limited to epistemology, which is one of several popular usages today, but not ours. We find it convenient to speak of research or methodological paradigms as a way of separating organizing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed research.

The key idea that mixed methods research requires some form of integration is clear; still, however, additional research is needed to further explicate this process.

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40.

Kaur and Aggrawal (2013)

41.

Kanungo, S., (2001)

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procedures and tools used to conduct research; the “how to” part of research methodology), and (d) sociopolitical commitments (i.e., interests, commitments, and power relations surrounding the location in society in which an inquiry is situated).

This research paper explores the previous studies conducted by different researchers on Critical Failure Factors (CFFs) of Information System.

In using the conceptual framework provided by Hirschheim and Klein, we are also responding to an empirical gap they identify when they state, .virtually no published examples exist of how neohumanist

The objective of this paper is to explore and review with in-depth analytics and evaluation of the reasons for failures in the information system.

Two concept of failures, one project failure and other is actual failure was further elaborated by introducing actual, planned, achievable and perfection target goals.

Planning failure is the difference between planned target and what was actually achievable whereas the actual failure is the difference between what was achievable and what in reality was accomplished.

Furthermore it solely investigates the failure factors from project management profession point of view as only one of key project stakeholders. On this basis, the major failure factors identified and their corresponding recommendations seem to be valid merely from project manager’s stand and regardless the type of organizations which consequently creates future research proposal for further investigation of the matter considering these distinctions.

This research was conceptualized as a case study

Our experience reveals that technological problems are the lesser of two problem areas.

The second one having to do with people,

Remaining challenges include how to evolve replicable models and identifying predictors of sustainability. Replicability of success experiences may not be possible since contexts differ and a high degree of serendipity has been experienced in

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) values have been implemented in practice.

42.

Kelley et. al., (2003)

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This paper provides a checklist of good practice in the conduct and reporting of survey research. Its purpose is to assist the novice researcher to produce survey work to a high standard, meaning a standard at which the results will be regarded as credible.

Overview

processes, and structures. Power structures change with the intervention of technology. A major challenge in the project has to do with achieving a delicate balance between deconstructing existing belief systems as gently as possible while empowering disadvantaged individuals or groups and working toward an equitable system of information use and benefits experienced.

Technologically replicable systems have been achieved.

Replicability is assured by using standardized and robust technologies.

The method of data analysis will depend on the design of the survey and should have been carefully considered in the planning stages of the survey. Data collected by qualitative methods should be

villages that have many geographic and cultural similarities in addition to geographical proximity.

The researcher needs to tailor the research report to meet: The expectations of the specific audience for whom the conventions that operate at a general level with respect to the production of reports on research in the social sciences.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

43.

Lemon et al., (2002)

This paper describes the results of a survey performed between Australia and the United States regarding factors leading to IS project failure.

Survey

44.

Morse et al., (2002)

In this article, we argue that reliability and validity remain appropriate concepts for attaining rigor in qualitative research. We argue that qualitative researchers should reclaim responsibility for reliability and validity by implementing verification strategies integral and self-correcting during the conduct of inquiry itself.

Qualitative Inquiry

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analyzed using established methods such, as content analysis [18], and where quantitative methods have been used appropriate statistical tests can be applied.

The findings suggest that, among other things, end user involvement and executive management leadership are key indicators influencing IS project failure.

We suggest qualitative findings are still not regarded as solid empirical research. The purpose of this article is to reestablish reliability and validity as appropriate to qualitative inquiry; to identify the problems created by post hoc assessments of qualitative research; to

Many organizations, regardless of size, engage in at least one, and often many information system projects each year.

Many of these projects consume massive amounts of resources, and may cost as little as a few thousand dollars to ten, and even hundreds of millions of dollars.

Needless to say, the investment of time and resources into these ventures are of significant concern to chief information officers (CIOs), executives’ staff members, project managers, and others in leadership positions.

The aspect of theory development is to move with deliberation between a micro perspective of the data and a macro conceptual/theoretical understanding. In this way, theory is developed through two mechanisms: (1) as an outcome of the research process, rather than being adopted as a framework to move the analysis along; and (2) as a template for comparison and further development of the theory. Valid theories are well developed and informed, they are comprehensive, logical, parsimonious, and

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

45.

Pajares F., (2016)

46.

Sifers et. Al., (2002)

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“The introduction is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background information for the research reported in the paper. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research, so that readers can understand how it is related to other research” We examined the rates at which articles in four major journals publishing research in paediatric, clinical child, and child psychology report 18 important demographic, methodological and ethical information variables, such as participant’s gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and consent and asset procedures.

review general verification strategies in relation to qualitative research, and to discuss the implications of returning the responsibility for the attainment of reliability and validity to the investigator.

consistent

Quantitative and Qualitative endeavors

Findings will be discussed in terms of how they relate to the theory/line of inquiry that undergirds the study.

When a sample is drawn out of convenience (a nonprobability sample), rationale and limitations must be clearly provided.

Rates Examination

Overall, participant’s ages, genders, and ethnicity were reported at moderate to high rates, whereas socioeconomic status was reported less often.

Reports of research methodology frequently did not include information on how and where participants were recruited, the

There is wide variability in articles reporting key demographic, methodological, and ethical procedure information. Necessary information about characteristics of participation samples, important for drawing conclusions is lacking in the flagship journals serving the child psychology field.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) participation consent rates, or attrition rates.

Consent and assent procedures were not frequently described.

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QUALITATIVE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS (APPENDIX II)

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QUANTITATIVE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS (APPENDIX III)

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ETHICS INFORMATION SHEET (APPENDIX IV) Participant Information Sheet (PIS)

Title of Research Project: FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Brief description of research study, and what participation involves: This research work aims at finding out especially, the peculiarities of Information Systems Failures in Nasarawa State, and to achieve this aim, the researcher will: 1. Clarify the main factors influencing information systems failures, in Nasarawa State, Nigeria based on categorization.

2. Analyze the Digital Technological Innovation Component 3. Determine: a. The mindset/input/understanding of public sector workers vis-à-vis the nature and importance of Information Systems in the State

b. The role/input/understanding of the rural poor in Information Systems endeavors by the State Participation involves answering a set of electronic based questionnaire and or partaking in a 1 hour online interview that will be based on an agreed scheduled date and time.

When the study is complete, the researcher will produce a report with the findings and recommendations which shall be useful to the Nasarawa State government and their stakeholders, the public sector, stakeholders and other researchers.

Those participating in this study will be drawn from general staff level, which includes: management level staff, other officers (both senior andjunior) and the rank and file. They will be asked to take part in an in-depth web based interview that will last approximately one hour. The interview will be conducted through web based (Skype/Zoom) or telephone discussions whichever method is appropriate or suitable to the participant. These details will be agreed upon through a telephone call prior to the commencement of the interviews. The interviews will be recorded and later transcribed after 133 | P a g e

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) which the recordings will be destroyed. This is mainly for maintaining privacy and minimizing unintended exposure. The interview environment will be private to maintain privacy and avoid interruptions.

This research is not sponsored and as such you will not be provided with financial benefits, however, your help will be greatly appreciated. This research is for a greater good and shall benefit the Nasarawa State government and their stakeholders, and especially the public sector therefore; your participation is for a greater good.

Participation is voluntary and you can choose to take part, not to take part or leave at any time without being victimized. All data will be anonymous and no pointing data will be collected. Any demographic identifiers will be removed. In line with data/information protection and confidentiality, soft copy of data/information will be stored with strong password protection, and may even be encrypted if the need arises. Hard copy data/information will be locked up in drawers or cabinets with high access restrictions.

Confidentiality is a watch word for the research; both interviewees and respondents will be anonymously selected, and participation will be optional.

The online surveys and interviews will be conducted where there is no possibility of privacy intrusion. In the case of secondary data identifiers, aliases will be used.

Please note: if you have a concern about any aspect of your participation or any other queries, please raise this with the researcher. If the researcher is a student, you may wish to contact the Programme Director or the Chair of the Roehampton Online Research Ethics Committee:

Student Researcher contact details: Name Benjamin Onawo Samuel Emailbenjamin.samuel@roehampton-online.ac.uk ; onawo.sam@gmail.com Programme Director contact details:

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) Name: Eveline Stam Email: eveline.stam@roehampton-online.ac.uk Chair of the Roehampton Online Research Ethics Committee contact details: Name: Dr Susan Iacovou Email: ethics@roehampton-online.com

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

PARTICIPANT CONSCENT FORM (APPENDIX V) Title of Research Project: FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Brief description of research study, and what participation involves: This research work aims at finding out especially, the peculiarities of Information Systems Failures in Nasarawa State, and to achieve this aim, the researcher will: 4. Clarify the main factors influencing information systems failures, in Nasarawa State, Nigeria based on categorization.

5. Analyze the Digital Technological Innovation Component 6. Determine: a. The mindset/input/understanding of public sector workers vis-à-vis the nature and importance of Information Systems in the State

b. The role/input/understanding of the rural poor in Information Systems endeavors by the State Participation involves answering a set of electronic based questionnaire and or partaking in a 1 hour online interview that will be based on an agreed scheduled date and time.

Researcher name and contact details: BENJAMIN ONAWO SAMUEL, benjamin.samuel@roehamptononline.ac.uk; onawo.sam@gmail.com

Consent Statement: 1. I freely agree to take part in this research.

2. I have read and received a copy of this consent form and have been given the opportunity to ask questions. You have given me: (a) an explanation of the procedures to be followed in the study and (b) answers to any questions I have asked.

3. I understand that there may be no direct benefit to me from my participation in the study described above.

4. I understand that my participation will not cost me anything other than the time and effort involved.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 5. I understand that this study is entirely anonymous. My identity will not be recorded or passed on to anyone not involved in this study, and will be protected in the writing up of the findings. The researcher involved in the study will be unaware of any links between my identity and the data collected, and accordingly no individual feedback will be given.

6. I understand that the information I provide will be treated in confidence by the researcher, that my identity will be protected in the publication of any findings and that all data will be collected and processed in accordance with the UK’s Data Protection Act 1998 and with the University’s Data Protection Policy.

7. I am aware that I am free to withdraw at any point without giving a reason, although if I do so I understand that my data might still be used in a collated form but this will not be identifiable to me as an individual.

8. I confirm that I have read and understood the above and have been given adequate time to consider my participation and agree to comply with the instructions and any restrictions of the study.

Signature:

Name:

Date:

Please note: if you have a concern about any aspect of your participation or any other queries, please raise this with the researcher. If the researcher is a student, you may wish to contact the Programme Director or the Chair of the Roehampton Online Research Ethics Committee:

Student Researcher contact details: Name Benjamin Onawo Samuel Email benjamin.samuel@roehampton-online.ac.uk ; onawo.sam@gmail.com

However, if you would like to contact an independent party, you can contact the Academic Director for the University of Roehampton Online programmes.

Programme Director contact details: Name Prog Dir. Eveline Stam 137 | P a g e

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) Email

eveline.stam@lauret.net

Chair of the Roehampton Online Research Ethics Committee contact details: Name Dr Susan Iacovou Email

ethics@roehampton-online.com

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) PLEASE NOTE: THIS NOTES PAGE SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM THE PARTICIPANT CONSENT FORM BEFORE DISTRIBUTION TO STUDY PARTICIPANTS

NOTES FOR COMPLETING PARTICIPANT-FACING DOCUMENTATION (Participant Information Sheet, Participant Consent Form, Debriefing Form, Questionnaire, Posters/Leaflets etc)

Project Details

 

The project title must be consistent across all documentation.

The description of the research study should contain brief information on what will be involved, e.g. number of participants, how and where the research will be conducted, interviews, timings and whether interviews will be audio recorded (if applicable). This is to ensure that a participant knows what participation involves so that they can give informed consent

Information for Participants



  

You should include information on the participants’ right to withdraw without giving a reason and how a participant would do this (e.g. via use of an ID number which appears on the Debriefing Form). The implications of withdrawal should also be explained in the consent statement (e.g. that data in an aggregate form may still be used/ published).

Headings should clearly refer to either the researcher or participant. (‘I’ should not be used ambiguously in any participant-facing documentation) The participant-facing documentation should refer to the researcher’s willingness to discuss any concerns that may arise as a result of participation, and contain details of who a participant should contact if they feel any physical or emotional discomfort (e.g. GP, support groups etc) Payment of expenses to participants (e.g. vouchers) should be referred to as reimbursement or similar, rather than as ‘a payment’.

Presentation

 

The Participant Consent Form should follow the pro forma on the page above including the University logo, title, description of project, full contact details of the researcher and Programme Director, and the Academic Director as an independent party.

The Laureate and University logos should be presented in a consistent manner on all

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

 

documentation.

All documents that are more than one page in length should have page numbers All participant-facing documentation should have been proof-read for typos, the text should be formatted consistently in style and size and track changes should have been removed

May 2020

RESEARCH PARTICIPANT DEBRIEF (APPENDIX VI) Record Personal Identifier here:

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Research Study: FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARWA STATE, NIGERIA Thank you very much for participating in the above study. Please detach and retain this part for your records. You may want to note your Personal Identifier for future reference.

The aims of this study are to: This research work aims at finding out especially, the peculiarities of Information Systems Failures in Nasarawa State, and to achieve this aim, the researcher will: 7. Clarify the main factors influencing information systems failures, in Nasarawa State, Nigeria based on categorization.

8. Analyze the Digital Technological Innovation Component 9. Determine: a. The mindset/input/understanding of public sector workers vis-à-vis the nature and importance of Information Systems in the State

b. The role/input/understanding of the rural poor in Information Systems endeavors by the State Your data are held securely and anonymously. If you wish to withdraw from the study, contact me with your personal identification code (see above) and your data will be removed from all files. You may withdraw from the study at any time but after 31ST DECEMBER, 2020, the data you provided may still be used in collated form in the data analysis reported in the research findings but this will not be identifiable to you as an individual.

If you are a student, colleague, patient or in any other way have a dependent relationship with the researcher and you wish to withdraw from this study, you can be assured that this will not adversely affect the relationship in anyway.

Please note: if you have a concern about any aspect of your participation, please raise this with

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) The researcher: BENJAMIN ONAWO SAMUEL; benjamin.samuel@roehampton-online.ac.uk The Programme Director [Prog Dir. Eveline Stam; eveline.stam@laureate.net or the Chair of the Roehampton Online Research Ethics Committee at ethics@roehampton-online.com.

You may contact any of the above by post at: Laureate Online Education Haarlerbergpark River Building, 2nd Floor Haarlerbergweg 23C 1101 CH Amsterdam Z.O. The Netherlands

If you feel that you need support after participating in this study, you should contact your Medical Practitioner or other appropriate person who is able to guide you towards suitable support agencies.

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ETHICS RISK ASSESSMENT FORM (APPENDIX VII)

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

The aim is to prevent accidents and ill health to researchers and participants through proper planning. Part of the plan will be the arrangements needed to deal with emergencies including serious and imminent danger.

The essential requirement is that risk assessments are carried out for every stage of the work so that the person in control of work ensures that:    

The controls needed are put in place so that there are competent people, safe ways of working and the right equipment for the task and environment Those affected are informed of the significant findings The assessments are kept under review and amended in the light of change so that the controls continue to be appropriate and in place The assessments are recorded

Risk Assessment Process 1.

Look for the hazards i.e. anything that can cause harm.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Identify who could be harmed.

Identify how people could be harmed.

Identify how many people could be harmed and how frequently.

Describe the consequences should the hazard be realised. Death is always possible but the most likely consequence should be recorded.

6. List the existing control measures that are already in place, if any.

7. Record any relevant comments or additional information.

8. Record any specific regulations, approved codes of practice, guidance etc. used during the risk assessment process or relevant to the activity.

9. Risk - allocate a ‘likelihood’ rating based on all the information gathered in the risk assessment process so far i.e. very low, low, medium, high or very high.

10. Identify and list any additional control measures that could be implemented in order to eliminate/reduce the hazard and/or risk further.

11. Decided what control measures are to be adopted, by when and who is responsible for researching or implementing the additional control measures.

12. Decide on a suitable review date. The higher the risk ‘likelihood’ the sooner the review should take place. Similarly if significant changes have taken place or an accident or near miss occurred during the activity the risk assessment should be reviewed, updated and records kept.

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Potential hazards to consider Please note that the table below contains only suggestions as to possible hazards and control measures. Each project will be different and you need to consider the risks carefully in the context of your own RESEARCH STUDY. This list is not exhaustive.

Hazards Animals (wild and domestic)

Climatic Extremes

Cultural Differences Drowning

Electric shock

Emotional distress (researcher/participant)

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Suggested Controls Use experienced guides with appropriate firearms if required Do not feed or pet wild or domestic animals Do not approach wild animals Be appropriately trained in working with animals if required.

Be aware of household pets Avoid handling or petting animals not known to you Ask owners to keep control of animals when entering their property Appropriate clothing to be worn to protect from extreme cold or heat Suitable protection from the sun to be provided Avoid being outside at hottest times of day Protect extremities from cold or heat Be aware of local traditions and stick to them Wear appropriate clothing as the culture dictates Avoid entering water wherever possible In the case of using boats or canoes a lifejacket must be worn Visual checks of electrical equipment before use Use appropriately tested equipment where possible Look for evidence of PAT testing Only use tested university equipment Details of support groups should be given on Debriefing Form Student welfare officer support Withdrawal from project at any time Take regular breaks and stop the research if necessary Work with other colleagues or in a familiar environment where possible Seek professional advice or contact support groups if necessary

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

Fire

Food poisoning

Hazardous substances/chemicals

Infections and Diseases

Insect bites/Leeches etc

Hazards Infected Needles Lone Working

Manual Handling

Poisonous plants

Physical attack/Violence/Aggression

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Be aware of escape routes from buildings Avoid use of naked flames Extinguish cigarettes fully in arrid areas Be aware of how to raise the alarm in the event of a fire Ensure all food is well cooked Avoid eating high risk foods (e.g. rice, salads, chicken, fish) Avoid drinking or eating if unsure of how it was prepared Avoid use of hazardous substances/chemicals wherever possible Consider safer alternatives Use of suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) Ensure appropriate vaccinations before trip Be aware of what infections and diseases that may be encountered and the symptoms/treatment involved.

Wear appropriate clothing – long sleeves and trousers Use DEET based repellent sprays Re-apply spray regularly Suggested Controls Take own hypodermic needles in case of hospital attendance (easy to obtain from UK Pharmacy) Avoid lone working wherever possible Ensure team knows your location Regular check-ins Emergency contact details Mobile phone/satellite phone or radio contact at all times Don’t overload bags Use support team to carry equipment Use trolleys/carts/horses etc for transportation of kit Don’t carry more than personally able to Use portable equipment where possible Be aware of local plant life Wash hands regularly and before eating Avoid touching unknown plant life with bare hands Be aware of local problems Know how to recognise a situation arising Know how to diffuse a possible conflict situation Ensure there is always a route of escape from a situation

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

Reptiles/Snake bites

Transport

Unfamiliar location with people not already known to researcher

Waterborne diseases

Workplace equipment

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Be aware of the local snakes and their venom Ensure venom antidotes are available within local facilities.

If bitten obtain immediate medical attention Cover all wounds to prevent infection Ensure known transport is used Seek advice for appropriate safe transport Wear a seatbelt if provided Keep hands and arms in a vehicle if open sided Travel with companion where necessary Awareness of options for mode of travel Awareness of physical environment, e.g., alleyways, open spaces Visit location prior to data collection to assess possible risks associated with built and social environment Use this information to plan session Identify back up at location Allow extra time to familiarise participants with research and environment Researcher to have contact details and means of making timely contact with back up Drink only known source bottled water Keep any cuts or wounds covered with waterproof dressings Avoid entering water wherever possible Use equipment appropriate for the task Check all equipment visually before use

RISK ASSESSMENT FORM Interviews and Date questionnaires distribution

20/05/2020

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

(online) Area/Locations

Office Environment

Hazards Non-identified Who can be harmed?

How can someone be harmed?

Number of people affected Consequence

No potential harm is expected on anyone No potential harm is expected on anyone

Existing Control Measures

The questionnaires and interviews will be distributed and conducted online via legal means; all safety and protection measures are observed and implemented.

Comments

The questionnaires will be distributed via online means i.e. e-mails to voluntary participants; interviews will be conducted on the basis of interviewee preferences voluntarily and participants reserve the full right to pull out or skip at any point in time.

Bibliography Risk rating Further possible control measures

Signed (Applicant)

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0

Rate 0

H=Hourly, D=Daily, W=Weekly, M=Monthly, Q=Quarterly, S=Six monthly, A=Annually

None

VL

VH=Very High, H=High, M=Medium, L=Low, VL=Very Low

Are not necessary.

Benjamin Onawo Samuel

Print Name and Date

20/05/2020

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APPROVED ETHICS PROPOSAL (APPENDIX VIII) Researcher name (student):

Faculty reviewer name:

Date of Review:

Benjamin Onawo Samuel

Dr. Kieran Mervyn

20 May, 2020

Working title of the research: Factors Influencing Information Systems Failures in Nasarawa State, Nigeria Research Proposal attached?

Yes

Is all supplementary documentation attached?(please remove Yes as appropriate) This must include: Risk Assessment Yes, PIS Yes, Consent forms Yes, Debrief forms No, Letter of authorization No, Local ethical approval Yes, Questionnaire or interview schedule as relevant No. You should also include other relevant communications you intend to use such as flyers etc.

How to use this form

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) These 4 columns (on this page) contain an explanation of how the form is set out and how you should use it.

The questions you need to answer will be in this column below. You must answer all of these as directed.

You write your answers in the blue column.

Some of the questions have links to footnotes you can follow for definitions for some of the terminology.

The Ethics committee reviewers will check your answers to the questions on this form alongside what you have written on all the other papers you submit.

You should make sure all the forms you submit to us are accurate and consistent.

There are 3 sets of questions.

The first 12 must be answered by ALL research students. The second set must be answered by researchers collecting new data. The 3rd set by researchers who hope to research with a vulnerable group or with sensitive information.

Researcher’s ethics

Ethics Reviewer’s assessment:

self-check

You complete this blue column. (Also complete the blue boxes above).

In this column, the RESEARCHER (student) should do a thorough self-check before submitting the ethics form to the faculty member supervising the study.

In each row of the blue column, the RESEARCHER should enter YES, NO, or NA as well as a very brief explanation.

There is some additional guidance in this column in italics which you can remove as you type.

The Academic Honesty Declaration must be attached and should be signed and dated.

The ethics reviewer will read ALL your documents.

In the yellow column, the ETHICS REVIEWER (Module 7 faculty member) will enter YES, NO, or NA to confirm or challenge the RESEARCHER’S self-check on each standard or principle.

With each NO, the ETHICS REVIEWER will tell you what revisions are required for ethics approval. The reviewer will also make a decision at the end of this form and return the form to the RESEARCHER.

Researcher’s response to Ethics Reviewer

This column is only used if the form needs to be resubmitted.

You will have to re-submit it if the REVIEWER has concerns about the ethics of your work.

Normally, you will need to change some/all of your documents.

If you do, then you must use this column to explain how and where each of the Ethics Reviewer’s concerns (from the yellow column) have been addressed in the resubmitted materials.

PLEASE NOTE: After approval is given, if there are any subsequent modifications to the study once it is underway a further Ethics Response Form and re-approval will be required

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Examples of the use of this form are as follows: The question to answer:

Will data be stored securely?

The researcher answered this question by saying:

Yes. Data in both hard and soft copy will be secured under lock and key, except during usage. Hard copies will be locked in personal desk drawers (if for any reason copies are printed, because it will be a virtual interview), electronic files both interview files and questionnaire files will be secured within a password protected computer (there is possibility of even encrypting data files if the current security if ever perceived as inadequate)

Yes.

Has the researcher identified and then managed any potential conflicts of interesti?

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The researcher has adopted the ethics of honesty and has no additional role other than to initiate and conduct interviews, and distribute questionnaires to the relevant sample population. The respondents are appealed to give their responses without the intervention of the researcher so that the research reveals truth, not the outcome that is desired by the researcher.

The reviewer was not satisfied with the fullness of that answer, so they said:

The researcher then clarified:

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) Hover the mouse over the blue footnoted words (in the questions below) to view information and definitions which we hope will help you further.

All researchers must complete all the first 12 questions below Beneficence Is your research of benefit, and in the public interest? Explain how it is.

1.

(For example, what new knowledgeiiwill come from the work?)

YES Yes.

The Research is focused towards creating a template which other local and even global practitioners can key into. This template will address those peculiar factors that affect information systems in developing countries; to advance practice in the field of information systems.

Non-maleficence Are participant recruitment and data collection stepsiii described clearly?

YES Yes. The whole process is clearly described. Because of a strong belief that individuals should be treated equally without fear or favor the research as a whole, including data collection processes will base on the broad spectrum of ethics of the Program Management and Accountability Act. The decisions and actions taken will be honorable and in the best interest of stakeholders (PMO Advisory, 2020).

2.

a.

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Surveys- This will adopt e-mail/online questionnaires with respect details

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

b.

What burdensivare you placing on participants?

Yes there will be a burden on the participants with regards their time. But in order to avoid burdening the participants, there will be a schedule initiation and data collection processes will be conducted based on appointment – i.e. when the participants are likely to be relatively free. The data collection will also be structured in such a way that it does not over consume their free time. So there is no intension to burden any of the participants.

YES

Is the benefit of your research, worth the burden on/to participants?

Explain how.

Yes.

YES

3.

4.

Have you completed the Risk Assessment Form and evaluated risk thoroughly and carefully? Have all:

5.

Interviews- will be conducted online or via telephone calls at the instance of the participant with respect details

The participants will be able to contribute to establishing the peculiar factors that influence Information Systems Failures in Nasarawa State (The Research Area) against the efforts of government and further this will enable practitioners especially in the public sector to grasp a relative understanding of how resources can be maximized and failures minimized for sustainability of ISs in the research area.

YES YES - Time has been taken to thoroughly evaluate the Risks that can be associated with the research work, using the Risk Assessment Form.

Actual and potential risks Direct and indirect risks Risks to yourself and others

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Careful attention will be given to adequately mitigate any type of risk that may evolve before, during or after the research work

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

     

psychologicalv, relationshipvi, legalvii, economic/professionalviii, physicalix, and other risks (such as accidental disclosure of information, or the creation of stigma) been fullyacknowledgedx and described?

Potential overall gain

6.

Are the benefits of this research worth the overall risks and burdensxiof it? Explain why?

YES Yes. The world is turning into a global village and data/information has become a key resource worldwide. The benefits of this research work are worth all the burden and risks for Nasarawa State to overcome all IS failures so as to key into global world trends. An example is data/information concerning current COVID-19 pandemic and other related issues. It is essential for Nasarawa State to have a robust Information System and the research attempts to improve that.

Data security, privacy and confidentiality for people in the research Will the data be stored for at least 5 years?

YES Yes. – ALSO

7.

Will data be stored securelyxiiand

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In line with data/information protection and confidentiality, soft copy data/information will be stored

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) how will you maintain the confidentiality of the data?

with strong password protection, and may even be encrypted if the need arises.

Hard Copy data/information will be locked up in drawers or cabinets with high access restriction for.

8.

Are participants’ names or contact information to be recorded in the research records?

Will the research procedures ensure privacyxiiiduring data collection?

No. Anonymity will be part of the details explained to the participants. If the participants require the outcome of the survey, it will only be appropriate to refer them to UoR. There will be no need to keep records of participants’ names or contact information.

YES Yes. Confidentiality is a watch word for the research. Both Interviewees and respondents will be anonymously selected, and participation will be optional. The online survey and interview will be conducted where there is no possibility of privacy intrusion.

9.

In the case of secondary data identifiers, Aliases will be used.

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YES

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) YES

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Do the research procedures and analysis/write-up plans include procedures to ensure that participant identities are not directly or indirectlyxivdisclosed?

Yes.

How will you do this?

The participants will be given elaborate description of this gesture.

Identity of the participants is not required. Where secondary data or cases are involved, aliases will be used. However, the research will focus on not recording identifiable information.

Conflict of interests (COI) and access to the research site Has the researcher identified and then managed any potential conflicts of interestxv?

The participants will be from different groups mostly public sector, as I am a consultant I will look to collect relevant information from the interviewees and respondents.

11 (These can arise for many reasons, and cannot be managed by a student using a research assistant).

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The group is a mix of relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies that are linked with the Nasarawa State Government, not the researcher. Emphasis will be put on the need to give true and relevant information for the benefits accruable to Nasarawa state.

Participation will be based on anonymity and researcher influence free.

YES

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Has the research site provided an Authorisation Letter (or email) granting permissionxvi for:

   

all relevant dataxviiaccess, access to participants, facility use, and/or use of personnel time for research purposes?

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YES N/A The research will not require the researcher to use any such facilities of the organizations or access to participants for data collection. There is also no request or requirement to sensitive data by the research.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

Only researchers whose work involves recruiting participants to collect new data (such as surveys, interviews, observations) should answer the following questions ____

Place an

X on this line if NONE of the questions in the next section are applicable to the proposed study Recognising power and autonomy, and ensuring informed consent

Are participants recruited in a way that is non-coercivexviii?

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The researcher must state here whether/how they may already be known to the participants and explain how perceptions of coerced research participation will be minimizedxix.

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If anyone is to be excluded from participating in the research is their exclusion justified? Is their exclusion handled respectfully and without stigmaxx?

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YES Yes. The relationship between the researcher and the participants is basically professional, autonomy is a key consideration for the participants, and the researcher will not influence the participant’s decision to partake as participation is purely optional. There will be no repercussion whatsoever from a participant opting out or declining to participate in the research.

N/A Participation will be optional and based on participants’ consent therefore no negative consequence will arise from non-consenting participants. All participants will be based on relevance and their opinions and ideas will be relevant. Participation will be strictly confidential and anonymous.

YES

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT)

Other risks

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Where the researcher proposes to use an interpreter to assist with communication tell us how the interpreter has been trained regarding:    

confidentiality and respect the principles of informed consent reporting accurately what is said how they will be appropriately debriefed Will this researcher be appropriately qualifiedxxiand supervisedxxiiin all data collection procedures?

N/A

YES

There will be no need for an interpreter because the language used for the research is the English language, and it is officially recognized as a language of communication in the location of the research site. However, the researcher is ready and able to give clarifications where the questions asked are not clearly understood.

Yes. The Faculty Member supervision will be a key determining factor of the researcher’s qualification. i.e. the research proposal being approved, the right data is collected and approved, and these are factors that researcher has undertaken from the research course sequence which is sufficient. The supervisor match shows the researcher will be well supervised.

YES

Autonomy and informed consent (consent forms and PIS)

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Do the proposals to gain informed consentxxiiiprovide participants with enough time to review the study information and ask questions before they give consent?

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YES Yes. The participants will be given enough time to thoroughly study and review the detailed explanation of the research interview and survey, they are free to ask questions pertaining the research and give their consent if they are convinced of the relevance of their ideas and opinions to the research work. Non-consenting participants will experience no negative

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) consequence.

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Do the consent documents preserve the participant’s legalxxivrights?

Yes.

Will informed consent be appropriatelyxxvdocumented, and where?

Yes.

Is the Participant Information Sheet (PIS) written using language that will be understandablexxvito the potential participants? Is it written in direct language and addressed to “you”?

Yes.

Does the PIS explainthe sample’s inclusion criteria in such a wayxxviithat the participants can understand how/why THEY are being asked to participate?

Yes.

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YES

Consent documents are prepared to the favor of the participant in terms of non infringement, intrusion or distortion of rights of the participant.

Nigeria is a country that respects human rights of individuals, and so is obtainable in the research site.

YES

There will be appropriate documentation of consent documents as with hard copy and soft copy of interviews and surveys, under lock and key in drawers or cabinets, and password protected electronic devices. Encryption will be used where necessary. Implied consent will be obtained through appropriate anonymous means such as one not requiring a signature or name.

YES

All potential participants will be communicated to using the English language for the PIS. English language is an officially recognized language in the research site, which is Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

All participants will be clearly informed via the PIS what role they are to play in the research and why, how the sample criteria makes them fall under the group they are assigned and how/why their

YES

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) participation is important. This will be in simple and clear terms.

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Does the PIS clearly state that participation is voluntary?

Yes.

Does the PIS disclose all potential conflicts of interest?

N/A

Does the PIS include an understandable description of the data collection procedures?

Yes.

Does the PIS convey that the participant has the rightxxviiito decline or discontinue participation at any time?

Yes.

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YES

The PIS makes it clear that participant consent is necessary and optional. This means they are volunteers and the approach to obtaining their consent will be non-coercive.

YES

There is no inclusion of CIO in the PIS. There is non to be disclosed. This is because the research work has no conflict of interest

YES

The PIS includes a description of the data collection processes, and how they can be achieved. It spells it out in such a way that shows the participant if they are able to consent to the interview or the survey.

The PIS clearly informs the participant of the optional nature of participation as a voluntary endeavor. Therefore it clearly states that participants are free to opt out any time they feel necessary, without any negative consequence.

YES

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Does the PIS include an estimate of the time commitmentxxixfor participation?

Yes.

Does the PIS describe:

Yes.

The PIS clearly explains the time frame devoted to the interview or survey and allows the participant to voluntarily schedule an appointment in relation to that time frame.

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any thank you gifts, compensation, or reimbursement to participants (for travel costs, etc.) or lack of?

The PIS makes available the element of appreciation in terms of adding value to Nasarawa State, but not necessarily in form of cash or material rewards [which would compromise the study and lead to bias]

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Does the PIS include a description of reasonably foreseeable risksxxxor discomforts?

Yes.

Does the PIS include a description of anticipated benefits to participantsxxxiand/or others?

Yes.

Does the PIS describe how privacy will be maintainedxxxii?

Yes.

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YES

YES

YES

All risks, if any will be clearly stated and explained to participants in the PIS. YES

The PIS expresses clearly anticipated benefits to participants and others in the adding of value from the research work to Nasarawa State, the research site. Especially from the research aims, objectives, conclusion and recommendations.

Anonymity is a key word here, and the PIS clearly states that the participants’ right and privacy will experience no intrusion or breach. This is explained clearly enough to gain their confidence and trust.

YES

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Does the PIS explain how the participant can contact the researcher’s supervisor and the Dean of Online Studies?

Yes. The PIS provides the email addresses of the researcher’s Supervisor and the Dean of online studies for participants’ to contact them. kieran.mervyn@roehampton-online.ac.uk

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YES

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Only researchers whose work involves sensitive content and/or working with vulnerable participants need answer these questions

____

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x

Place an

X on this line if NONE of the questions in the next section are applicable to the proposed study

If vulnerablexxxiiiindividuals will be specifically sought out as participants, is such targeted recruitment justifiedxxxivby a research design that will specifically benefit that vulnerable group at large?

N/A

YES

If the researcher is in a trusted or authoritativexxxv role to the participant (e.g., health care provider, teacher etc.), do the recruitment procedures ensure voluntary participation?

N/A

YES

If the research procedures might reveal or create an acute psychological state that necessitates referral, are there suitable procedures in place to manage this?

N/A

YES

Are limits to confidentiality (i.e. your duty to report) appropriately mentioned in the Participant

N/A

YES

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Information Sheet?

If the research procedures might reveal:   

criminal activity, child/elder abuse, employer policy noncompliance that necessitatesxxxvireporting, are there suitable procedures in place for managing this?

Education Programmes only

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Does the research fall under the definition of usual curriculum or other institutional activities (see definition below) and do you have (or will obtain before research begins) the written approval for your research project from a senior member of school staff (or organization) with legal responsibility?

Definition of usual curriculum: 



The research involves the preparation, delivery and assessment of classes that are part of assigned class/subject allocation for the academic year; The content being delivered to students during the research follows the standard curriculum for the subject;

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N/A

FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 

Work is conducted with the entirety of the student group with whom the instructor normally works.

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ETHICS APPROVAL DECISION This whole document must be posted in the ‘ethics’ thread/forum in the student researcher’s classroom after the supervising faculty member has made a decision.

The Research Proposal faculty member will mark an

x next to box A, B, or C.

If box A or B is marked, then the Research Proposal faculty member will also mark an

A.

x next to the applicable subcategory (1,2,3)

APPROVED VIA EXPEDITED (LIGHT TOUCH) ETHICS REVIEW:  

As the Research Proposal faculty member, I confirm that all questions above are answered with either a “Yes” or “N/A.” I understand my responsibilities,and will ensure to the best of my abilities that the student investigator abides by the University’s policy on Research Ethics at all times.



I affirm that the research activities fall entirely within the parameters of the design indicated with an X below (1, 2 or 3) that the RoehamptonOnline Research Ethics Committee has authorized faculty members to approve via the expedited (light touch) review:

X

For Education programmes only: Where 35 is met with a “Yes”, Programme Director approval is indicated below Date: PD Name: PD Signature:

X

1. The proposed study is analysis of public documents, artifacts, behaviour or data.

2. The proposed study is secondary analysis of existing data that is privately held but released for research purposes (with all identifiers removed).

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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA (A MASTER’S RESEARCH PROJECT) 3. The study will use surveys or interviews of non-vulnerable adults on non-sensitive topics (i.e., there is no potential to participants of coercion, distress, loss of work/school time, damage to professional reputation etc).

X

Note: Vulnerable populations include children, clinic patients, prisoners, military personnel, facility residents, anyone over whom the researcher holds authority (e.g., students, subordinates etc), anyone who might feel undue pressure to participate in the study, and any individuals with severe enough mental disabilities to interfere with their capacity to consent to the study.

B.

REFERRED TO ETHICS COMMITTEE BY THE MODULE 7 FACULTY:  

As the initial reviewer, I am referring this study to the full ethics committee (ROREC) as indicated below [please mark 1, 2, 3, 4 or Other below].

I will email the student’s ethics application and all attachments as a single zip file to the ethics committee via Ethics@roehampton-online.com, copying theProgramme Director.

The ethics committee can accept applications at any time, but only meets every 2 weeks. Applications will need to be with reviewers for one week prior to the meeting where they will be considered.

Decisions and feedback will be emailed to the student and Research Proposal faculty member within 5 business days after the 4th Thursday of the month.

1. Referred because the researcher proposes to collect data from vulnerable individuals such as children, clinic patients, prisoners, military personnel, facility residents, anyone over whom the researcher holds authority (e.g., students, subordinates etc), anyone who might feel undue pressure to participate in the study, or any individuals with severe enough mental disabilities to interfere with capacity to consent to the study.

2. Referred because some (potential) participants may find the research topic or premise sensitive.

3. Referred because participants’ jobs or livelihoods may be placed at risk by the study activities.

4. Referred because the participants’ culture and/or international location suggest that extra participant protections may be necessary.

Other: _____

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c. C.

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REVISIONS REQUIRED: The student needs to revise the proposal and ethics materials to address the concerns in the yellow columns and resubmit to me before I can select A or B above.

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Footnotes

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i A conflict of interest is caused when the researcher has some additional role or roles in the research context, such as being a parent, teacher, therapist, investor, business-owner, manager, etc. Conflict of interest must be managed to ensure that the research reveals “truth,” not just the outcome that the researcher might desire to see due to their other role. ii Examples of “new knowledge” include: effectively addressing a gap in the literature, generating new theory, enhancing understanding of a phenomenon, assessing effectiveness of a particular professional practice, addressing a local practical problem via data analysis. iii In order to weigh potential risks against benefits, the researcher first needs to plan and clearly articulate all of the following that apply: how existing data or contact information of potential participants will be obtained, format and context of the initial contact with potential participants, informed consent procedures, assignment to groups (if applicable), description of any pilot activities, data collection steps, transcript review and/or membercheck (if applicable), and how results will be shared with stakeholders. iv All research activities place some degree of burden on the participants by asking the participants to share personal information, volunteer time, and assume risks. v Psychological risks include stress greater than what one would experience in daily life (e.g., materials or topics that could be considered sensitive, offensive, threatening, degrading). vi Relationship risks are present if the recruitment or data collection process are likely to alter the existing dynamics between the researcher and participant (who may be coworkers or have some professional relationship), among participants (if they know one another), or between the participant and the participant’s friends, coworkers, or family members. vii Legal risks are present if data collection might result in a participant’s disclosure of violation of laws. viii Economic/professional risks are present if data collection could result in the participant disclosing violation of workplace policies, disagreement with leadership decisions, poor work performance, or anything else that could be damaging to the participant’s position, professional reputation, promotability, or employability. Risks are acceptable but participants need to be made aware of professional risks during the consent process so they can make an informed decision. ix Physical risks are not common in social science research but would involve risk of serious physical injury to the participant or the researcher. xMinimal risks are acceptable but must be identified upfront. Minimal risk is defined as when: “the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life.” xi All research activities place some degree of burden on the participants by asking the participants to share personal information, volunteer time, and assume risks. xii Secure data storage requires password protection on electronic files and locks for physical data. xiii Privacy risks might include unintended breach of confidential information (such as educational or medical records); being observed/overheard by others while meeting researcher or providing data; or intrusion on the privacy of others who are not involved in the study (e.g. participant’s family). xiv Participant identities might be “indirectly” and unintentionally disclosed if a researcher’s final research report fails to with hold demographic details or site descriptions that might permit a reader to deduce the identity of a participant. So the researcher needs to think about which demographic descriptors are most important to collect and report, while ensuring that the identity of individual participants is protected. Also, the name of the site/organization is typically masked in scholarly research though in some cases, the organization can elect to publicize their name along with the research results. xv A conflict of interest is caused when the researcher has some sort of dual role in the research context, such as being a teacher, therapist, investor, business-owner, manager, etc. Conflict of interest must be managed to ensure that the research reveals “truth,” not just the outcome that the researcher might desire to see due to their other role. xvi No documentation of permission is required (a) if the researcher will simply be asking organizations to distribute research invitations on the researcher’s behalf, or (b) if the researcher is using only public means to identify/contact participants.

xvii Note that when medical, educational, or business records would be analyzed or used to identify potential research participants, the site needs to explicitly approve access to data for research purposes (even if the researcher normally has access to that data to perform his or her job).

xviii For example, anonymous surveys and/or low-pressure communications such as email invitations permit potential participants to opt out with minimal fear of retaliation or other negative consequences.

xixCompletion of the study directly benefits the student (allowing him or her to obtain a degree), and so the researcher should minimize the potential for either (a) conflict of interest or (b) perceived coercion to participate. Researchers who are in positions of authority or familiarity must take extra precautions to ensure that potential participants are not pressured to take part in their study. Examples: an instructor researcher may recruit her students AFTER grades have been assigned; a psychologist researcher may recruit clients from ANOTHER psychologist’s practice; a manager researcher may conduct ANONYMOUS data collection so that subordinates do not perceive their responses or [non]participation as being associated with their job standing.

xx When applicable, the exclusion criteria should be listed on the recruitment material (flyer, invitation email,etc.) or participant information sheet (PIS) to prevent situations in which the researcher rejects volunteers in a stigmatizing manner. xxiResearchers must be able to document their training in the data collection techniques and the ethics committee might require the researcher to obtain additional training prior to ethics approval. For most student researchers, the research course sequence is sufficient but some research procedures (such as interviewing people with mental disabilities) may require additional training. For psychological assessments, the manual indicates specific qualifications required. Data collection from children requires a background check/clearance through a local agency.

xxii Remote supervision is suitable for most studies but onsite supervision may be required for certain types of sensitive data collection (e.g., interviews or assessment regarding emotional topics). xxiiiInformed consent is not just a form; it is a process of explaining the study to the participant and encouraging questions before the participant makes a decision about participation. xxivThe consent forms/process should not ask a participant to waive any legal rights. xxv While documenting consent via signature is common, note that anonymous surveys can obtain “implied consent” by informing the participant, “To protect your privacy, no consent signature is requested. Instead, you may indicate your consent by clicking here/returning this survey in the enclosed envelope.”) It is also acceptable to audio record verbal consent for interviews, in order to not have any record of the interviewee’s name. xxviThe ethics committee encourages tailoring the language to the readers as long as a professional tone is maintained. xxvii People receiving the PIS should not be left wondering, “How did the researcher get my name?” or “Why am I being invited and not others?” or “Does the researcher already know private information about me?” The means by which the researcher has identified and contacted the potential participant needs to be made clear, if it is not already clear from the context. Sample explanations of inclusion criteria in PIS: (a) The human resources department has forwarded this invitation to all employees who meet the researcher’s study criteria (i.e., have been with the organization at least 2 years and have transitioned into a managerial role within the past year); or (b) The researcher is inviting all attendees of the past year’s XYZ professional conference to be in the study; or (c) The researcher will be randomly selecting possible participants by approaching the residents of every 5th home in this neighborhood until 100 responses are obtained. xxviii When the researcher is already known to the participant, the PIS must include written assurance that declining or discontinuing will not negatively impact the participant’s relationship with the researcher or (if applicable) the invitee’s access to services. xxix Provide an estimate (in minutes or hours) of each component of data collection (e.g., survey, interview, memberchecking. etc. ) xxx Describe only the possible harms that go beyond the risks of daily life. xxxi For most social science studies, it is appropriate to state that there are no particular direct benefits to the individual. In this case, just present the benefits to society. xxxiiThe PIS shouldexplain that the research report will not include names and that the data will not be used for any purposes other than research. It is not always clear to participants how a research interview is different from a journalistic interview, in which informants might be named.So the PIS should also describe any coding system that will permit the researcher to not use names. For sensitive interviews, the researcher might also want to assure participants that recordings will be destroyed immediately after transcription. xxxiii Vulnerable participants include children, clinic patients, prisoners, military personnel, facility residents, anyone over whom the researcher holds authority (e.g., students, subordinates), anyone who might feel undue pressure to participate in the study, and any individuals with severe enough mental disabilities to interfere with capacity to consent to the study. Pregnant women (and their unborn children) are only considered a vulnerable population when a study involves physically risky data collection. xxxivTargeted recruitment of vulnerable participants can only be approved when the ethics committee determines that the study’s benefits justify its risks/costs. xxxv A researcher with a dual role must use anonymous surveys or some other method that permits potential participants to opt out without fear of negative consequences. Patients, students, and subordinates of the researcher need explicit assurance that their decision about participation will in no way impact their ongoing relationship with the researcher. xxxvi Any limits to confidentiality (i.e., duty to report) must be mentioned in the participant information sheet (PIS).