An Experimental investigation on self cleaning concrete using nano- titanium dioxide particles

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An Experimental investigation on self cleaning concrete using nanotitanium dioxide particles

1,2,3,4 Final year Students, Civil engineering department, Institute of Technology and Management Gida Gorakhpur , Uttar Pradesh, India

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Abstract - The growing relevance of sustainability in the world has increased worry about the environmentalimpactof utilising concrete in construction. Self cleaning concrete is appealing not just for its self cleaning qualities, butalsoforits environmental friendliness. The usage of this modern cement composite in urban and interurban regions can help to minimise maintenance costs while also ensuring a cleaner atmosphere. This paper presents an overview of self cleaning concrete, the underlying principles of self cleaning concrete, and its current applications. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is added to concrete in amounts ranging from 2% ,3% and 4% by weight of cement. When TiO2 reacts with light and heat on concrete surfaces, photocatalytic efficiency may be enhanced, and dirt can be broken down into basic oxygen, water, CO2, nitrate, and sulphate molecules. Photocatalysts assist to transform hazardous air pollutants to less dangerous ones in the presence of UV light. As a result, pollutants and impurities are eliminated from the environment. The compressive strength of concrete cubes that had been cured for 28 days was measured. The self cleaning ability of photocatalytic concrete is investigated using a typical test for self cleaning cementitious materials, RhB (Rhodamine dye) discoloration under UV light or sunlight.

Key Words: TiO2, Self Cleaning concrete , RhB (Rhodamine dye), Compression Test, Discoloration Test, Nitrogen Dioxide, Photocatalyst, Workability.

1. INTRODUCTION

As cities grow in size, so does the need for concrete. However,itsusagepollutestheenvironment,andhencehas a detrimental influence on the ecosystem. Air quality has been related to a variety of health risks. Self cleaning concrete can clean its own surfaces while also removing pollutants from the air. The addition of photocatalyst to concreteresultsinthistypeofconcrete.

Oneofthemostrecentinventionsintheworldofciviland environmental engineering isself cleaning concrete,often known as smog eating concrete. This concrete is distinguished by technology based on titanium dioxide (TiO2)particles.TiO2 canbeincludeddirectlyintoconcrete or into photocatalytic coatings on concrete specimens to implementthetechnique.Itmaybeutilisedinanytypeof concrete,withtheexceptionthatitcanbreakdownsmog

orotherpollutantsthathasadheredtotheconcretethrough a processcalledasphotocatalysis.Mostorganicandsome inorganic contaminants are neutralised when sunlight strikesthesurface.Otherwise,discolouredconcretesurfaces wouldresult.Rainwipesawayimpuritiesfromtheconcrete surface,keepingthebuildingsclean,andthecleanerairisan evenmorevitalenvironmentaladvantage.

1.1 Historical information

Titanium dioxide, TiO2, has been recognizedfor almost a century as a photo catalyst that may break downcontaminantswhenexposedtoUVlight.Itwasfound in the 1970s that titanium oxide triggered by light decomposes water via electrolysis. Products such as titaniumoxidecoatingfilms,compositematerials,andother materialshavebeencreatedbasedonthisfindingandused forwater purification, antifouling protection, and other applications.Organiccontaminationinwaterwasdegraded inthe1980sbyaddingTiO2undertheactionofUVlight.In Japan, photocatalysis was initially used on construction materials in the 1990s to create self cleaning and antimicrobialsurfaces.LuigiCassardeliveredthefirstformal publicationonsuchitemsin1997.Sincethen,photocatalytic concreteshavebeendevelopedwithagrowingnumberof creativemethods,movingfromself cleaningtodepolluting effects

1.2 Photocatalysis

The photocatalysis process consists of many steps: the photoactiveTiO2onthematerial'ssurfaceisactivatedbyUV light,andthepollutantsarethenoxidizedandprecipitated on the material's surface asa result of the photocatalyst's presencetheycanberemovedfromthesurfacebyrainor cleaning/washing with water. Photocatalysts degrade organicmoleculesthatdirtythesurfaceandcanbefoundon or in concrete structures. Dirt (soot, filth, oil, and particulates),biologicalcreatures(mold,algae,bacteria,and allergies),air bornepollutants(VOCs;cigarettesmoke;and thenitrous oxides(NOx)andsulphuricoxides(SOx)),and even odour causingchemicals are all examples of organic compounds.

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Nalin kumar1, Shreya yadav2, Sayra bano3, Malvika mishra4

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2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

2.1. Material and their characteristics

2.1.1. Cement (Ordinary Portland Cement)

In the presence of water, cement has both cohesive and adhesivecapabilities.Hydrauliccementisthenameforthese typesofcement.Inconcrete,cementisabindingingredient that holds the other components together to produce a compact mass.For this investigation, ordinary portland cementwasemployed(grade53).Thetestingwascarried out in accordance with Indian Standards. Table 1 lists the physicalcharacteristicsofcement.

Table 1: Physicalcharacteristicsofcement.

Characteristics

1. Standardconsistency(%) 30%

2. SpecificGravity 3.15

3. Initialsettingtime(inmin) 30

4. Finalsettingtime(inmin) 600

5. Fineness 7%

2.1.2.Titanium Dioxide

Titanium dioxide, often known as pigment or titania, is a naturallyoccurringtitaniumoxidehavingtheformulaTiO2. IncreasedphotocatalyticactivityisanotherfeatureofTiO2, whichisaidedbythenanoparticles'highsurface to volume ratioascomparedtomicroparticles.

About two and a half decades ago, scientists began researching light catalysis. Among the most fundamental elementsin our everydayliv,titanium dioxide(TiO2),has evolvedasagoodphotocatalystmaterialforenvironmental cleaning. The present state of TiO2 photo catalysis, particularlyphotocatalyticairfiltration,isexaminedinthis study.OnlywhenthesurfaceisexposedtoUVorsunlight canphotocatalysisoccur.Itisapowderwiththechemical formula TiO2 and a molar mass of 79.87. The colour of titaniumdioxideiswhite.

IS 13463 67 7 tio2 is a soft substance that melts at 1800 degreesCelsius.Ithasuniqueproperties,suchasinsulation, corrosionresistance,flags,andsoforth.It'spolymorphous, withthreedifferentcrystalformations.rutile,anatase,and brookitearethethreetypesofminerals.

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Factor value:

A.Titanium Dioxide Structure

Fig -2 Tio2Structure

B.Physical property of Titanium Dioxide

MolarMass 233.40g/mol Refractiveindex 2.77 2.55

Density 4.5g/cm3

Boilingpoint 1600 oC

Meltingpoint 1580 oC

C.Chemical property of Titanium Dioxide

Titaniumdioxideisnon toxicandalsohasstablechemical characteristics. Under normal temperatures, it practically hasnoreactivitywithothermaterials.It'sasomewhatacidic substance.Apartfromalkaliandwarmnitricacid,ithasno interactionwithoxygen,hydrogensulphide,sulphurdioxide, carbondioxide,orammonia,andisinsolubleinwater,fatty acids,otherorganicacids,andmildinorganicacids.

2.1.3 Fine Aggregate

Sandwithroundergrainsinsteadofangulargrainscanbe used to make higher quality concrete. Sea sand, which includes salt and other pollutants, must be replaced with

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Fig 1 NanoTitaniumDioxideParticles

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river or artificial sand. Manufactured sand is employed as fineaggregateinthisproject.Thezoneisdiscoveredusing sieveanalysis.

Table 2: PropertiesOffineaggregate

Properties

1

Waterabsorption 0.6%

2 Specificgravity 2.60

3 BulkDensity 1.31(kg/l)

4 FinenessModulus 3.47

2.1.4 Coarse Aggregate

Becausecoarseaggregate isextractedfrom rock mines or scrapedfromriverbeds,itssize,shape,toughness,texture, andothercharacteristicsvarywidelydependingonwhereit ismined.Coarseaggregateisclassifiedaseithersmootheror rounded (such as river gravel) or angular (such as sand) (such as crushed stone). Because of this diversity, test techniques have been developed to identify the most important traits, as precise identification is unattainable.

Relative density (or specific gravity), bulk density, and absorption are three essential properties that are widely employedtoexplainthebehaviourofcoarseaggregates.In ourresearch,weutilizeda20mmaggregate.

Table 3: PropertiesOfcoarseaggregate

Properties

1

Waterabsorption 1.3%

2 Specificgravity 2.69

3 BulkDensity 1.5(g/cc)

4 FinenessModulus 4.30

2.1.5 Rhodamine B Dye

Itisapigmentandachemicalsubstance.It'sfrequentlyused as a tracing dye in thewater to assess flow and transport rates and directions. Because dyes glow, they may be identifiedreadilyandcheaplyusingequipment.

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A.Properties Of Rhodamine B Dye

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Table-4: RhodamineBdyeproperties

Chemicalformula C28H31ClN2O3

Molarmass 479.02

Appearance redpowder

Meltingpoint 210to211°C

2.1.6.Nitrogen Dioxide

TheinorganicmoleculeNO2standsfornitrogendioxide.It's oneofagroupofnitrogenoxides.NO2isabyproductofthe factoryoutputofnitricacid,whichisgeneratedinmillionsof tonnes each year. It is a red brown gas with a uniquelystrong,bitterscentthatisamajoraircontaminant athotteraltitudes.

Fig 4 NitrogenDioxide

3. METHODOLOGY

Obtainingphysicalqualities ofrawmaterialssuch asOPC,coarseaggregate,andfineaggregate(M25, mixdesignasperIS 102622009).

The requisite quantity of 150x 150x 150 mm concretecubeswerethenmade.

In this experiment, titanium oxide was used to substitutecementin2%,3%,and4%byweightof cement.

60% course Aggregate and 40% Fine Aggregate were used in making of 150x 150x 150 mm concretecubes.

Hand mixedconcretewasused,andsteelmoulds were used to cast the specimens. 24 hours after casting,thespecimensweredemoulded.

Theconcreteispouredinto moldsin50mmlayer uponlayer.Thecompressiontestsarecarriedout using a compression testing equipment that is hydraulically.

Theconcretestrengthcubesmeasuring150x150x 150mmwasevaluatedfor28daystodeterminethe bestTiO2concentration.

With the assistance of RhB solution, the self cleaningactivityofconcreteisinvestigatedoncubes (500ppm).

Fig-3 RhodamineBDye

3.1 Curing

Thehydrationofcementparticlesgivesconcreteitsstrength. Thehydrationofcementisnotaone timeevent,butrathera long termprocess.Ofcourse,therateofhydrationisrapidat first, but it gradually decreases with time. The amount of hydrationproductgenerated,andhencetheamountofget created,isdeterminedbythedegreeofhydration.Cement requiresaw/cratioofroughly0.23forhydrationandaw/e ratioof0.15forfillingthevoidsingelpores,aspreviously stated.

4. CONCRETE TESTS

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the qualitiesofM25gradeconcreteusingtitaniumdioxideasa substitute for cement. After 28 days, the compressive strengthofthecubesismeasuredafter2%,3%,and4%of the cement has been replaced. Ordinary Portland cementproduced sand, and coarse aggregate, as well as titaniumdioxide,areusedtomakethetestspecimens.The gravelwaslimitedtoamaximumsizeof20mm.M25fresh concreteproportionswereemployed,withawater cement ratioof0.4.

In the instance of cubes, the concrete mix design was recommendedtoattainastrengthpropertiesof25MPaafter 28 days of curing. Concrete cubes (150mm x 150mm x 150mm) were manufactured for both standard and non traditional mixtures. Each layer was compressed using a 16mmdiameterrodand25blows.

4.1 Workability

Workabilityisacharacteristicofconcretethatdefineshow much beneficial internal labour is required to achieve complete compaction. The material, mix percentage, and ambient variables all influence the workability of fresh concrete.

Theworkabilityofconcretecontainingvariousquantitiesof Nano Titanium Dioxide was measured using a slump test with the same w/c ratio for all of the mixes, as shown in chart1.AsthepercentageofNanoTitaniumDioxideapplied increases,workabilitydecreasesinapredictablemanner.

Factor value:

Tio2

Chart 1 Slumptestresult

4.2. Compressive Strength Test

The most popular test on theconcrete structure is the compressivetest,partlybecauseitissimpletoexecuteand partlybecausemostofthedesirablepropertiesarefoundin it. Concrete's distinguishing characteristics are characterizedbyahighdegreeofquality. Thecompressive strengthofthematerialisconnectedtoit.

Fig 5 CuringConcretecubes

Fig 6 Slumptest

Fig-7 Compressiontest

Chart 2 CompressivetestResult

4.3. Rhodamine B dye test

Thedecolorizationundersunlight,acommontestforself cleaning cementitiousmaterials, was used to evaluate concrete containing TiO2 photocatalyst in this study. Experimentsondyedecolorizationof2%,3%,and4%TiO2 replacement concrete in the presence of sunshine are presented.

1ml of Rhodamine dye is put on the top of each moldedhardenedconcretesample,whichisthenplacedin directsunshineandtheresultsarerecorded

Afterafewhours,theRhodaminedyedecolorizesonthetop ofthecubes,asshownintheexamplesabove.Thevalueof decolorization increases as the amount of TiO2 rises, accordingtothefindings.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Oneofthemostrecentbreakthroughsintheworldofcivil andenvironmentalengineeringisself cleaningconcrete.

ThisconcreteisuniqueduetotheuseofTiO2photocatalysis. TiO2 can be included directly into concrete or into photocatalyticcoveringsonconcretesamplestoimplement the technique. The interaction of sunlight, air oxygen, and waterinthisprocessresultsinaself cleaningsurface.Under theeffectofUVlight,thephotoactiveTiO2atthematerial's surfaceisactivated,whichstartsthephotocatalysisprocess. Thecontaminantsareoxidizedanddepositedonthesurface ofamaterialinthefollowingphaseoftheprocess,thanksto the presence of the photocatalyst. They are eventually washedawayfromthesurfacebyrainorwatercleansing. Constructionsremaincleanerasaresult,andmaintenance expensesaredecreased.

Thecompressivestrengthofconcretethatcontains 3% titanium dioxide as a partial replacement for cementincreaseswithtime.

Aftercuringfor28days,thecompressivestrength of concrete samples containing 2%, 3%, and 4% titaniumdioxideishigherthantheintendedmean strength.

Thefindingsofthedecolorizationtestsrevealthat astheamountofTitatiniumdioxidegrows,sodoes theamountofdecolorization.

According to the results of the study, using 3% titanium dioxide in concrete samples delivers the bestresultsintermsofstrength,decolorization,and oxidation.

6. REFERENCES

[1]. R.Preetha, D. Ramachandran, Vinita Vishwakarma, Rani.P.George, C.Sundaramurthy, U.Kamachi Mudali, C.Sivathanu Pillai, Kalpana Kumari, R.Preetha, D. Ramachandran, Vinita Vishwakarma, Rani.P.George, C.Sundaramurthy, U.Kamachi Mudali, C.S Materials Today:Proceedings(2016)3,2387 2393,"Nanoparticles for increasing mechanical characteristics of fly ash concrete."

[2].AppliedCatalysisB:Environmental,vol.107,pp.1 8, Aissa, A. H., E. Puzenat, A. Plassais, J. M. Herrman, C. Haehnal,andC.Guillard,2011.

[3]."Photocatalyticconstructionandbuildingmaterials: Frombasicstoapplications,"JunChenandChi sunPoon, BuildingandEnvironment44,1899 1906.

Fig-8

After

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

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[4]. Durability of geopolymer materials in sodium and magnesium sulphate solutions, T. Bakharev, cement & concreteresearch,v35,p.1233 1256,2005.

[5].Construction&BuildingMaterials,vol.37,pp.51 57, Quagliarini,E.,F.Bondioli,G.B.Goffredo,andC.Cordoni, 2012.

BIOGRAPHIES

NALINKUMAR, BachelorofTechnology,finalyear student,Dept ofCivilEngineering Institute of Technology and managementGida,Gorakhpur

SHREYAYADAV, BachelorofTechnology,finalyear student,Dept ofCivilEngineering Institute of Technology and managementGida,Gorakhpur

SAYRABANO, BachelorofTechnology,finalyear student,Dept ofCivilEngineering Institute of Technology and managementGida,Gorakhpur

MALVIKAMISHRA, BachelorofTechnology,finalyear student,Dept ofCivilEngineering Institute of Technology and managementGida,Gorakhpur

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