How do colored shade nets affect postharvest quality of fresh produce?

How do colored shade nets affect postharvest quality of fresh produce?

Elazar Fallik, Sharon Alkalai-Tuvia, Daniel Chalupowicz and Tamar Azulay ARO, the Volcani Institute, Department of Postharvest Science

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2021

How do colored shade nets affect postharvest quality of fresh produce?

Elazar Fallik*, Sharon Alkalai-Tuvia, Daniel Chalupowicz and Tamar Azulay * efallik@volcani.agri.gov.il ARO, the Volcani Institute, Department of Postharvest Science

Index 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1 2. Colored shade nets and fruits ................................................................................................... 2 3. Colored shade nets and vegetables .......................................................................................... 3 4. Colored plastic materials ........................................................................................................... 5 5. Conclusions................................................................................................................................ 6 6. Pictures ...................................................................................................................................... 7

Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons ReconocimientoNoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

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1. Introduction Netting is used to protect agricultural crops from excessive solar radiation (shade nets), environmental hazards, or pests (Sivakumar and Jifon, 2018). Black nets are used for shading, while clear, transparent nets are used to protect from abiotic environmental hazards or from biotic pests. Both net types do not alter the spectral composition of light reaching the plants.

In the last decade or so, the photoselective shade netting has become an emerging approach, which introduces further additional benefits, in addition to the mere protective functions of the netting (Shahak et al., 2009; Shahak, 2014). Photoselective shade nets are unique in that they both spectrallymodify, as well as scatter, the transmitted light. The photoselective nets include “colored-ColorNets” (e.g., Red, Yellow, Green, Blue net products) as well as “neutral-ColorNets” (e.g., Pearl, White and Grey) absorbing spectral bands that are shorter or longer than the those in the range of visible light.

Spectral manipulation is aimed at specifically promoting photomorphogenetic-physiological responses, while light scattering improves light penetration into the inner canopy (Ilic and Fallik, 2017).

Modern shade nets are manufactured from woven polypropylene or knitted polyethylene materials, with different dimensions of fibers and holes to achieve specific shade levels. The fraction of light that passes through the holes in the shade cloth remains unchanged in its quality, while the light hitting the threads is spectrally modified and scattered on exit. Depending on the thread pigmentation and knitting design with different fibers and variable density to create specific shade indices, photo-selective colored shade nets provide diverse mixtures of natural, unmodified light and scattered, spectrally modified light (Appling, 2012).

Compared with black shade nets with the same shading factor, as determined by the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), red and yellow nets were found to specifically stimulate the vegetative growth rate and vigor of foliage and cut-flower crops, while the blue shade nets caused dwarfing. The grey shade nets enhanced branching and bushiness, in conjunction with reduction of leaf size and variegation due to their distinct absorption in the IR range (Ilic and Fallik, 2017).

When blue and red light were increased, plants exhibited improved photosynthesis and enhanced productivity due to chlorophylls a and b (Sivakumar et al., 2017). That was achieved by using red and blue shade nets.

However, photoselective nets can influence the plant’s growth and development already in the nursery.

Citrus seedlings grown under red net had improved seedling diameter, internodal length, leaf area and number, shoot dry weight and budding success. Higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc levels were recorded in the leaves of rough lemon and mandarin plants grown under red shade net. The plant height of rough lemon seedlings was positively correlated to internodal length, budding success and leaf area as well as leaf phosphorus and iron levels.

The highest number of buddable seedlings were recorded in open conditions but, budding success was greater in a red shade net house.

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How do colored shade nets affect postharvest quality of fresh produce?

Longest sprouts of mandarins were recorded under red nets, followed by green and white.

Higher photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were recorded under red shade net, whereas lowest PAR interception was recorded in open conditions (Brar et al., 2020).

Use of colored shade nets can also lengthen the storability and shelf life of the produce, thereby reducing postharvest losses.

Photoselective shading nets of red, pearl and yellow color markedly increase productivity (Fallik et al., 2009), improved fruit quality (Goren et al., 2011; Kong et al., 2013) and reduced crop infestation by pests and diseases (Díaz-Pérez, 2014).

The application of photoselective shade netting technology is gaining popularity in agricultural regions in Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America. The shade nets can be placed directly over plants as a net-house or in combination with plastic tunnels. They can also be movable or fixed (Ilic et al., 2015).

The aim of this mini review is to elucidate the latest information on light quality manipulation by photoselective colored shade-nets and on their influence on external, internal, biochemical and sensory parameters after harvest and prolonged storage and shelf life of fruits and vegetables. We also discuss the use of colored plastic or mulch materials in relation to plant growth and fruit quality.

2. Colored shade nets and fruits Fruits with appealing color, size, firmness and flavor have high consumer acceptance and market value (Manja and Aoun, 2019). Satisfying market demand while offering fruits of premium quality is a challenge for tree fruit producers (Sivakumar et al., 2017).

Apples Apples, cv ‘Honeycrisp’ were covered by pearl, blue and red photoselective netting of 20% shade. The scattered light was higher under the pearl net compared to other colors, while red and far-red light were lower under the blue net. Fruit harvested from trees under red and blue nets had less sunburn apples than pearl and control.

Red color development for fruit was lower when nets were used. Interestingly, bitter pit incidence was lower underneath red nets. ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit quality was not appreciably affected by the use of netting (Serra et al., 2020).

Orchards of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples were covered in red and pearl nets (providing 20% shading), respectively.

Depends upon the cultivar and the type of the net used, the colored shade net changed the composition and antioxidant capacity of the fruit peel (Olivares-Soto et al., 2020).

An assessment of a red photoselective netting system on apple production was conducted in a Mediterranean semi-arid climate during two seasons. At harvest, apples taken from netted trees were better graded than in the control in terms of both quality and quantity. Fruit weight, size

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and color blush were significantly higher in apples grown under nets compared to uncovered ones in both cultivars.

However, fruit firmness was slightly lower under nets, and no significant differences were reported in terms of sugar content and malic acid between both treatments. (Aoun and Manja, 2020).

Anti-hail photoselective pearl netting of apple trees reduced the incidence of bitter pit by up to 52%, but did not affect the other fruit quality parameters (Candian et al., 2020).

Kiwifruits Basile et al. (2012) reported high fruit soluble solids content in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruits grown under red colored shade net.

Stone fruits On the other hand, Giaccone et al. (2012) reported that covering cv. ‘Laura’ nectarine in Italy with white nets, as opposed to red nets, increased fruit sugar content.

The beneficial effects of colored shade nets on above-ground parts of plants have been well investigated, while the root system was neglected.

Citrus fruits In a field experiment, performed in a 4-year-old orange orchard, Zhou et al. (2018) found significant positive effects of photoselective nets on citrus tree physiological performance by increased photosynthesis rate and vegetative growth. They concluded that a yellow photoselective net had a strong impact on shoot-root interaction and proved equally successful in promoting rapid establishment of young citrus trees.

Avocados Blue and white (but not red) netting improved the marketable yield, reduced the incidence of anthracnose in ‘Hass’ avocado fruit on the 5th d at shelf-life conditions due to delayed ripening (Tinyane et al., 2018).

3. Colored shade nets and vegetables Extensive experiments have been conducted to test effects of photoselective nets on vegetable production.

Basil Basil was grown in the soil under net-house cover by pearl and red nets (50% shade index), or in unshaded condition (open field-control). Light manipulation by colored shade nets also increased antioxidant activity in the leaves. Plants grown under blue shade nets were characterized by the highest eugenol content and highest antioxidant activity (Milenkovic et al., 2019).

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How do colored shade nets affect postharvest quality of fresh produce?

Lettuce Red light influences the production of flavonoids in lettuce leaves (Nsoante et al., 2016).

Significantly higher total phenol content was recorded in lettuce plants grown under pearl shade nets and it was accompanied by significantly higher flavonoid content and antioxidant properties in comparison to all other nets (Ilić et al., 2017).

Separately, the influence of colored shade nets (pearl, blue or red with 50% shade) was investigated on quality traits of lettuce cultivars. Pearl net significantly increased carotenoid content in the leaves, while blue shade net retained antioxidants content higher, compared with other nets (Ilic et al., 2019).

However, the concentration of the pigments and phytochemical content depends upon the genotype response to different environmental and light conditions (Pinheiro et al., 2020).

Baby spinach Baby spinach grown under black netting had less water loss and decay incidence after cold storage at 4°C, while maintaining flavonoid content and antioxidant activity after growing under pearl, red and yellow nets (Mudau et al., 2017).

Peppers Red bell pepper grown under 35% pearl and yellow shade nets maintained better quality after 16 days at 7°C and three days at 20°C, mainly by reducing decay incidence caused by Alternaria alternata, compared to commercial black and red nets (Goren et al., 2011). No significant differences were observed in percentage of weight loss, firmness and total soluble solids in fruit harvested under the different colored shade nets.

Moreover, pearl and yellow shade nets significantly reduced Alternaria spp. population in the field. The highest Alternaria population was found under the red shade net. The significant low decay incidence in fruit harvested under pearl and yellow shade nets was due to the low inoculum level of Alternaria spp. in the field, and inhibition of fungal sporulation, and/or by a slowing of fruit ripening during its growth as shown by fruit skin colour which was lighter, thus reducing fruit susceptibility to fungal infection in the field.

The significant low decay incidence after harvest was additionally explained by the scattered light, its quality and the ratio between the light spectrum under the two shade nets in the range of blue/UV and the red/far red (Goren et al., 2011).

Alkalai-Tuvia et al. (2014), reported that the lower decay incidence in red pepper under pearl shade net was due to high level of antioxidant activity and carotenoids content that are known to be involved in fruit defense mechanism against decay causing agents. Similar results were reported by Kong et al. (2013) with red pepper grown under pearl shade net.

Bell peppers were grown under black, red, silver and white nets and an unshaded control for 2 years. Use of shade nets increased fruit yield and quality in bell pepper compared with fruit produced in unshaded conditions. Nevertheless, there were no consistent differences between colored nets in fruit total and marketable yield and postharvest fruit transpiration and chemical composition (Diaz-Perez et al., 2020).

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Galvez et al. (2020), reported that shading pepper plants with red nets was efficient in managing in controlling the ion homeostasis and hormonal balance of the plant to cope with salinity stress.

Based on the above information, the effect of the right colored shade net depends upon the specific environmental condition at the experimental site and the genotype.

Strawberries Strawberries were grown under red, green and black shade nets of 40% shade. The photoselective nets increased anthocyanin in the fruit compared to control. Stomatal conductance in red colored net decreased by about 38% when compared to full sunlight. The lowest soil temperature was observed under green colored net (Aras and Esitken, 2019).

Tomato fruits Red shade net resulted in better internal tomato fruit quality than pearl net (Ilic’ et al., 2019).

Tomato plants were grown under blue or red nets transmitting similar photosynthetic yield from transplanting until the end of the fruit harvest.

Plants under the red net were taller with a greater leaf area and a shoot to root ratio.

An increased blue to red ratio slightly enhanced the reproductive development of tomato plants, while an increased red to blue ratio enhanced the tomato sugar content, while the acidity content decreased.

In a different report, a low blue to red light increased fruit weight at harvest and even if it did not significantly improve fruit yield, it favored fruit quality as it enhanced the tomato sugar/acid ratio (Thwe et al., 2020).

Cucumber Light quality transmitted by gray, aluminized, pearl, blue, red and black (control) nets with 30% shade was evaluated, as well as its effects on photosynthetic properties and fruit production of cucumber plants. Leaf greenness and foliar area increased with the red net, while the dry weight of leaves increased with pearl net. The fruit production was also increased under pearl, red, aluminized and blue nets, in comparison with the conventional black net (Tafoya et al., 2018).

4. Colored plastic materials Although colored shade nets are gaining popularity amongst farmers to improve plants’ growth and fruit quality, there has also been research on colored plastic mulch or plastic covers of walking or high tunnels, or plastic houses on growth and fruit quality over the last several years.

Basil plants were grown under yellow, green or blue plastic films, plus a control (Stagnari et al., 2018). Although green films had very similar transmitted radiation spectra to blue, it had the greatest effect on plant height, while growth under yellow film always resulted in the highest biomass accumulation. Shading also had a positive impact on accumulation of phenolic compounds; the use of green film GF generally decreased the content of rosmarinic and caftaric acids, while at harvest there was increased caffeic acid accumulation (Stagnari et al., 2018). Red plastic cover retarded the population growth of Aphis gossypii in large-scale cucumber

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How do colored shade nets affect postharvest quality of fresh produce?

greenhouses (Chi et al., 2019). To evaluate fruit production and qualities, strawberry plants were grown under transparent, red, yellow, green, blue and purple plastic films. Red plastic film was found to be suitable for strawberry production due to the promoting effects on plant growth, photosynthetic abilities, and fruit weight and quality (Peng et al., 2020).

Silver color polythene mulching was found to be the best choice for better onion growth, physiology, and quality (Sarkar et al., 2019). Plastic film is the primary material applied for soil mulching, but it may also cause heat and drought stresses to crops in the summer season. In a previous study, Zhang et al. (2019) reported that biodegradable paper (BP) was a potential mulching material for summer crop production, because it could not only decrease soil temperature, but also increase soil moisture during the summer season. Therefore, a study, using gray plastic film and different colors (red, dark, blue and yellow) of BPs were used as soil mulching materials to explore their influences on tomato growth, fruit quality and yield of tomato in the summer season (You et al., 2021). The red and blue BPs generally enhanced root growth, and thereby increased total fruit yield, as compared to gray plastic film. An overall improvement in fruit quality (vitamin C, soluble sugar, and sugar-acid ratio) was observed with red and blue BPs compared to plastic film and other colored BPs.

5. Conclusions Photoselective shade nets can improve the plant’s growth and yield and can maintain the fresh produce quality during prolonged storage and shelf life depending on the cultivar and type of the net used.

Additionally, the information obtained here also indicate that the environmental conditions generated in plastic houses, net houses or orchards cultivated under colored shade netting can improve the nutritional value of the fruits and vegetables.

The type of net, netting materials, time of application and the structure system, can affect crop responses. A better understanding of the effect of such factors is necessary for improving crop responses and ensuring quality fruit yield.

Furthermore, the color of the net can elicit different physiological responses in the crop based on the type of crop, the variety, and location of the farm (different climate and light conditions), as well as the vegetative and reproductive behavior of crops (Manja and Aoun, 2019).

Further studies are needed in order to understand the mechanisms involved in the plant behavior and productivity increase.

Such understanding would help researchers and farmers to decide about the type of colored photoselective nets to be used and the period of shading necessary for the desired crop response (García-Sánchez et al., 2015; You et al., 2021).

However, it might be possible that the combination between colored mulching and shade netting will be synergistic and more beneficiary for the fresh produce quality.

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6. Pictures

Growing banana under pearl net in Israel (E. Fallik)

Experimental station in South Africa for vegetables (E. Fallik)

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How do colored shade nets affect postharvest quality of fresh produce?

Experimental station in the desert region in Israel for vegetables (E. Fallik)

Growing sweet pepper in the northwestern Negev desert in Israel under black, yellow, red or pearl shade nets (E. Fallik)

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Growing raspberry in Samaria Mountains in Israel under red shade net (E. Fallik)

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