September 2025 Digital Edition

For the Everyday Equestrian September 2025

Horse Health:

Understanding Equine Cushing’s Disease (PPID):

Key Facts Every Horse Owner Needs to Know

Queens of the Track Cover Story:

How Two Sisters’ $500 Gamble Made Free Like a Girl a True Cinderella of Thoroughbred Racing

Horsemanship:

Back in the Saddle: Smart Strategies for Bringing a Horse Safely Back into Work Photo by Hodges Photography | Amanda Hodges

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SPONSORED CONTENT: Understanding Serraquin ES15® for Pain Relief and Recovery | By Steel Horse Formulations

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HORSE HEALTH: Understanding Equine Cushing’s Disease (PPID)

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HORSE HEALTH: Unlocking Peak Performance: Everything You Need to Know About Equine Injections

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HORSE HEALTH: Horse Joint Injury Recovery

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CONTENTS

PUBLISHER’S NOTE: When to Let Go

HORSE HEALTH: Understanding Inflammation in Horses: Causes and Treatments HORSE HEALTH: Choosing the Right Hay for Your Horse PEOPLE & HORSES: How a Resilient Rodeo Community and a Beloved Horse Defied the Odds GREENER PASTURES: Revive Your Pastures: Tips for Managing Overgrazed Fields and Ensuring Long-Term Growth COMPETITION ZONE: Rodeo’s Secret to Success: How This Thrilling Sport Captivates Fans and Competitors Alike COMPETITION ZONE: HITS Shows: Triumphs, Community, and Possibilities LEGAL LENS: What’s New with the Horse Protection Act: Key Findings from the Inspector General’s Review of USDA Enforcement

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How Two Sisters’ $500 Gamble Made Free Like a Girl a True Cinderella of Thoroughbred Racing

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Empowerment Through Horses:

Photo by: Genna Fogelberg

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How Hope Unbridled Transforms Lives in the Community

5 WAYS TO BRING YOUR HORSE BACK INTO WORK

BY FALL

40 USEF CAUSES CONFUSION AMONG PONY JUMPERS AT PONY FINALS

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PUBLISHER & Editor Lauren Abbott labbott@thehorse review.com 901-279-4634

CONTRIBUTORS: Liz Foster Kyla Szemplinski, MS Sharlee Shumpert

Advertising Sales Tara O’Grady Tara@thehorsereview.com 203-803-5113 Ads@thehorsereview.com

Production and Design Melissa Williams

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We cannot guarantee work will be published, or return of manuscripts or artwork. Reproduction of editorial content, photographs or advertising is strictly prohibited without written permission of the publisher.

Published by Ford Abbott Media, LLC ©The Horse Review | All Rights Reserved

www.thehorsereview.com By: Carol M. Highsmith | Library of Congress

A Word from the Publisher

When to Let Go

By Lauren Abbott Sometimes, the most profound and heartbreaking decisions come from the deepest corners of love. For me, this moment came with my horse, Gage. For two decades, he wasn’t just a horse, he was my heart, my muse, and my steadfast companion. Gage and I shared a bond so unique and rewarding that writing about his passing feels like stitching words into a wound that will never mend. Yet, I think as horse owners one of the most important parts of ownership is knowing when it is time to say goodbye. This is the worst part of being an animal lover, but it is also the most important part.

Gage entered my life in 2005. He was a gift from my sister Ashlee. He was a four-year-old on the cusp of turning five. At the time I didn’t know what my future looked like as an equestrian. Sketch, the horse I grew up with, had left for Florida years before when I was in college. That little dappled gray thoroughbred was my everything, from the time I was three until college. His departure left a void I never thought I could fill. Then came Gage. He was green, unpolished, and absolutely beautiful.

He didn’t just fill the void; he became my passion, and growth in a sport and a hobby that I had loved my entire life. Together, we learned. I guided him over his first jumps, cantered with him across open hay fields, and trained him through milestones that shaped him, and me, into the horse he was and the woman I am today.

Those early years were filled with relentless energy, marked by a mix of triumphs and challenges. Gage was full of personality and opinions. When he was young, he would walk right over me, a habit born of his size and strength against my much shorter frame. There were early days when he spooked and bolted, leaving me holding on for dear life. But out of sheer excitement to have such a big, and what I considered, flashy horse, I kept working through those green, baby years. He turned into an extremely brave, intelligent, Photo by Lauren Abbott 6 | The Horse Review September 2025

and funny gentleman. Over time, people admired him for his demeanor and bomb proof personality. He was handsome

decided he wanted to learn.

The second half of our twenty years together changed our

and steady, well-behaved, yet spirited enough to make every

relationship in profound ways. When Gage was diagnosed

ride special.

with a megaesophagus, a condition where the esophagus

For the first ten years, Gage and I enjoyed hacking out

loses its ability to contract and move food properly, riding

and cross training in multiple English disciplines. Our days

took a backseat. After a severe choking episode complicat-

were full. At first, I boarded him at a family friend’s farm, an

ed by his megaesophagus and aspirating pneumonia, Gage

environment filled with do it yourself grit and appreciation

could no longer be ridden. At this time he was living at my

for all breeds and disciplines. Together, alongside a gaggle

small property. This allowed me to care for him with great

of enthusiastic kids, we raced across fields, rode alongside

attention to detail, staying highly attuned to any changes in

horse-drawn carriages and adjusted to the constant energy

his eating habits, weight, personality, or overall health. Those

of dogs darting under our feet on trail rides. It was the

years were filled with diligent care. His condition continued

perfect place to have a young horse. On weekends, I would

to worsen, like it does, to the point where he could no longer

spend hours at the barn, riding or simply being near him.

eat hay, and every meal required precision to prevent chok-

As time passed, we transitioned to a more structured

ing or aspiration. I eventually began working remotely which

environment at a training barn. Gage thrived, even as he

allowed me to feed him multiple times per day, adjusting my

made his opinions known during lessons. His stubborn

life to meet his needs. Riding didn’t matter anymore; what

streak often left me both humored and irritated because

mattered was Gage’s overall health.

he clearly believed he knew best. We worked through his

But the health challenges grew. His condition, which is

stubbornness, including a rough year when he tried to buck

degenerative, led to recurring respiratory issues that I would

me off every chance he got. But I persevered, keeping calm

catch with just a glance out my window. Despite battling

and consistent. Eventually, he grew bored of the routine and

colic and infections, his spirit remained resilient. His EPM

settled into ring work. Each day was a testament to patience

diagnosis last summer slowly chipped away at his physical

and love, matched by his unending willingness, once he

composition, another cruel turn. Yet, through every chal-

Photo by Sara Beth Raab www.thehorsereview.com | 7

Photo by Kindred Spirit Photography | Melanie Shinault

lenge, he remained my partner. I promised myself that as

and be unable to get up. So that night, I made the hardest

long as his quality of life remained good, I would do every-

decision. I chose to give him peace. He entered my world

thing in my power to keep him healthy.

when he was four, and he left it when he was 24. I was only

The decision to say goodbye was as devastating as it was

22 when I got him. So young, proud, with a lack of humility

inevitable. It came on an ordinary day last month. It was

and expectations and dreams that reached the stars. What a

a day that began like so many others. He came running in

different journey we had. I wouldn’t change a thing.

during breakfast, spooked alongside my other horses by the

To anyone who has faced, or will face the decision to

noise of tree removal nearby. His ears were pricked, his face

euthanize a beloved companion, I want to say this: it is the

and eyes alert. There was no indication that it would be our

greatest act of love we can give to our animals. It is a deci-

last morning together. Later that evening, however, as I led

sion made with their needs, their suffering, and their dignity

him out to his pasture, something was off. He stumbled into

at heart. Our companions trust us to keep them safe, even

me, his hind legs shaky and unstable. It was then I saw he

when that safety means letting them go. With Gage, I knew

was having trouble keeping his balance, and each step was

I had exhausted every option. And while my heart broke at

a struggle. Was it an EPM relapse? How did I not notice this

that moment, I also felt relief knowing he would never have

when he came in to eat earlier? Was this something else?

to endure another moment of pain, stress or fear again.

Was he in pain? The look in his eye was different. And I knew

The lessons Gage taught me will stay with me throughout the rest of my life. He taught me about resilience and deter-

it.

Over the past few months leading up to that evening,

mination to push through some of life’s hardest challenges.

Gage had been struggling with weight loss and muscle atro-

He taught me that love comes from sacrifice, and sometimes

phy. Despite every effort to help him regain his strength and

that sacrifice is letting go. For over eight years, I cared for a

weight, this time was different. His body just wasn’t respond-

horse I couldn’t ride because he deserved that kind of com-

ing like it had before. He had endured a hospital stay for colic

mitment. I couldn’t afford a second riding horse, but I made

earlier in the year and he just didn’t come back from that like

a promise to give him the best care possible, for as long as

I thought he should.

I could. He reminded me of the profound connection we

That moment, seeing him stumble, I knew. I could not risk leaving him in the pasture overnight, knowing he might fall

share with animals who trust us completely, who give us so much and ask for so little in return.

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Photo by Kindred Spirit Photography | Melanie Shinault

Every day, I wake up and look out to the pasture and the pang of absence is sharp. But alongside the pain is an endless gratitude for every moment we shared. The rides in the field, the quiet afternoons grooming him, the lessons he taught me about patience and persistence, the late nights in the barn just listening to him munch on hay (when he could eat it) gave me so many moments of personal reflection as a young woman. I am wiser, more compassionate, and more forgiving because of him. I’m also A LOT more humble. Thank you, Gage!

If you’re caring for a senior horse or a younger horse with health challenges, I encourage you to have a very close relationship with your veterinarian. Regularly evaluate their quality of life and explore practical options to ensure your horse stays healthy and thriving, all within the budget that works for you.

Know that it’s okay to make decisions that prioritize your companion’s welfare over your longing to hold on. These moments are never easy, but they are filled with love; the kind of love that comes from putting them first, even when it breaks your heart.

To my dear Gage, thank you for 20 beautiful years of friendship and adventure. Thank you for teaching me what it means to care, to persevere, and to love unconditionally. You will always be my greatest teacher, my muse, and my heart. You made me the horsewoman I am. Rest easy my Big Red. You are deeply loved, and I know with certainty that I will see you again.

Photo by Sara Beth Raab www.thehorsereview.com | 9

SPONSORED CONTENT

Enhancing Equine Health: Understanding Serraquin ES15® for Pain Relief and Recovery Sponsored by Steel Horse Formulations Equine performance demands strength, agility, and resilience. However, injuries, inflammation, and pain can hinder even the most well-cared-for horses. For years, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) like phenylbutazone (Bute) and flunixin meglumine (Banamine) have been the go-to solution for managing pain and inflammation. While effective, these medications can lead to serious side effects, such as ulcers, colic, and kidney damage. Introducing Serraquin ES15®, an innovative natural supplement offering a safer, gentler way to support your horse’s health.

What is Serraquin ES15®?

Serraquin ES15® is a unique supplement designed for performance horses, combining 15 potent ingredients to promote joint health, reduce inflammation, and accelerate recovery.

Its star component, Serrapeptase, is a natural, proteolytic enzyme that offers powerful anti-inflammatory and pain-relief benefits without the risks associated with NSAIDs. Backed by clinical research, Serraquin ES15® provides a comprehensive, natural solution for equine health.

How Does Serrapeptase Work?

Serrapeptase is a systemic enzyme that targets and breaks down non-living tissues, such as fibrin—an insoluble protein involved in blood clotting and tissue repair. While fibrin is essential for recovery, excessive buildup can lead to scar tissue, restricted blood flow, inflammation, and pain, all of which may negatively affect your horse’s performance and well-being.

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SPONSORED CONTENT Serrapeptase addresses these issues by:

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Breaking down excess fibrin to improve mobility and reduce scar tissue.

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This natural COX-2 inhibitor provides powerful pain relief and supports faster recovery without the gastrointestinal and kidney risks associated with NSAIDs.

Why Choose Serraquin ES15® for Your Horse?

Serraquin ES15® is more than just Serrapeptase. Its comprehensive formula includes 14 additional ingredients that work synergistically to promote joint health, reduce inflammation, and enhance overall well-being. These include: • MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane): A natural sulfur compound that reduces pain, inflammation, and muscle soreness while supporting connective tissue health.

• Comprehensive Digestive Enzyme Blend: Enzymes like bromelain, papain, and amylase promote gut health by aiding the digestion of proteins, fibers, and fats, reducing gas and supporting weight management.

• Amla (Indian Gooseberry): A rich source of vitamin C and antioxidants to help combat oxidative stress.

• Rutin: A bioflavonoid known for strengthening blood vessels and reducing inflammation.

• Bacillus Coagulans: A probiotic that supports healthy digestion and alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort.

Benefits of Serraquin ES15®:

Serraquin ES15® is formulated to tackle a range of equine health concerns, making it an ideal choice for performance horses and those recovering from injuries. Key benefits include: • Joint and Connective Tissue Support: Strengthens joints and ligaments to improve mobility and flexibility.

• Inflammation Management: Reduces swelling, pain, and soreness without harmful side effects.

• Accelerated Healing: Promotes faster recovery from injuries, surgeries, and strenuous exercise.

• Scar Tissue Reduction: Breaks down excess fibrin for smoother, healthier tissue repair.

• Digestive Health: Enhances gut health, reducing gas and colic risk while supporting nutrient absorption.

Serraquin ES15® can be used for conditions such as: • • • • • • •

Navicular syndrome Laminitis Degenerative Suspensory Ligament Desmitis (DSLD) Post-exercise muscle soreness Arthritis and joint stiffness Post-surgical recovery and scar tissue management Moon Blindness (Equine Recurrent Uveitis-ERU)

Why Serraquin ES15® Stands Out

Developed to meet the unique needs of today’s performance horses, Serraquin ES15® offers a natural, effective alternative to traditional anti-inflammatory medications.

Unlike NSAIDs, it doesn’t block COX enzymes to suppress inflammation. Instead, it works with your horse’s body to promote healing, reduce pain, and improve overall health.

Horse owners worldwide trust Serraquin ES15® to keep their equine partners performing at their best, naturally. Its innovative formula reduces the strain of rigorous training and competition, ensuring your horse feels and performs optimally.

A First Line of Defense for Equine Athletes

Whether your horse is recovering from an injury, dealing with chronic conditions, or simply needs support to handle the demands of competition, Serraquin ES15® is a reliable and safe solution. By addressing the root causes of inflammation and pain, this advanced supplement enhances your horse’s quality of life and athletic potential.

Learn more about Serraquin ES15® and how it can benefit your equine partner by visiting http://www.steelhorseformulations.com.

Exclusive Offer: Steel Horse Formulations is offering 10% off exclusively for The Horse Review readers. To take advantage, visit https://www.steelhorseformulations.com/ buy-serraquin and use promo code SHF10 or scan QR code and use the same promo code: SHF10 at checkout.

Give your horse the natural care they deserve with Serraquin ES15®—the ultimate supplement for performance, recovery, and health.

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Horse Health

Understanding Equine Cushing’s Disease (PPID):

Key Facts Every Horse Owner Needs to Know

By Sharlee Shumpert

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ou walk into your pasture on a hot day and notice something: your horse is not sweating despite the heat. Even stranger, their winter haircoat is still hanging around, making them look fluffy. While many health issues could cause these symptoms, they are often telltale signs of Cushing’s disease, a chronic condition with no cure. This may sound intimidating, but Cushing’s is manageable, and horses with this disease can go on to lead happy lives. So what is Cushing’s, and

how can we help our horses whose bodies are set to Christmas in July?

What is it?

Cushing’s is a disease that results when a tumor forms on the horse’s pituitary gland, throwing their hormones out of balance and causing a host of problems. Older horses are more at risk for developing it; the Royal Veterinary College reports that the average Cushing’s patient is diagnosed at nineteen. The

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disease is not influenced by breed or sex.

What are the symptoms?

Some of the main symptoms of Cushing’s disease include the inability to shed, a lack or abundance of sweating, weight loss, frequent illness, constant thirst and peeing, laminitis, lethargy, and an increase of fat on the eyes, neck, or stomach. There are two tests that are used to diagnose Cushing’s. Those who suspect their horses have this disease should contact their veterinarian.

How is it treated?

Cushing’s disease is usually treated with the medicine pergolide. This medicine will help manage the tumor, but other measures can be taken to make the horse more comfortable as well. Some owners body clip their horses to compensate for the lack of shedding. Frequent baths can also help horses struggling to sweat. Additionally, many horses with Cushing’s need specific diets since they can be extremely sensitive to carbohydrates. Extra care may need to be taken with the horse’s hooves and teeth depending on their symptoms. There are supplements that can

help with Cushing’s, too, which are widely available online.

Can horses with Cushing’s compete?

Cushing’s disease definitely impacts a horse’s performance, but they can be treated for the disease and return to competition. “Lots of horses compete successfully while dealing with Cushing’s as long as they’re properly managed,” says Kirk Shumpert, DVM. The severity and frequency of symptoms will obviously impact whether or not a horse is suited for competition, but it is certainly possible. However, horses that compete at an advanced level may have more trouble competing with their symptoms.

While Cushing’s disease is not curable, it also does not spell the end for a horse by any means. With a dedicated caretaker and veterinary assistance, horses with Cushing’s can live good lives. Knowing the signs and the treatments can make all the difference, so keep an eye out for Cushing’s—trouble often wears a long coat!

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Horse Health

Unlocking Peak Performance: Everything You Need to Know About Equine Injections

By Sharlee Shumpert

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or thousands of years, horses have worked alongside humans, taking on roles from pulling equipment to charging into battle.

In the modern United States, horses are now more commonly workers in equine sports, competing as athletes across various disciplines. As equine sports evolve, competition grows more elite, and maintaining top horse joint health has become essential. This is where equine joint injections, also known as equine performance injections, come into play. These advanced treatments are designed to

address pain, decreased range of motion, and poor athletic performance, making them a vital tool in equine sports medicine. Common options like horse hock injections, stifle joint injections, and coffin joint injections are used to treat conditions such as equine arthritis and keep horses at their best. While most popular in the equine sports industry, these injections are also beneficial for working horses, such as carriage horses, who show similar symptoms. So, what should owners know about these treatments, and how are they changing the game?

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What’s being injected?

When someone says that a horse has been injected, what they most likely mean is that the horse’s joints have been injected. The three joints most commonly injected on horses are the coffin joint, the stifle joint, and the hock joint. The coffin joint is found inside the horse’s foot; it is called the “coffin joint” because it is encased by the hoof.

This joint is most analogous to a human phalange.

The stifle joint is located near the top of the horse’s hind leg, and it is most similar to a human knee.

It is one of the most crucial components of an equine’s hindquarters. The hock joint is found about halfway up the horse’s back leg; this is the spot where you’d typically picture a knee to be, but the hock is more comparable to a human ankle joint.

Why are these three joints the most often injected? Because they are among the most important joints involved with motion, meaning that if something is wrong with one of these three joints, it is extremely likely that motion is going to be inhibited. However, it is worth noting that these are not the only joints injected in equine medicine; veterinarians inject other joints, too, such as the SI joint and the temporal mandibular joint.

What’s going in the joint?

There are lots of different medicines that can be injected into a horse’s joints, but typical joint injections consist of steroids, antibiotics, and hyaluronic acid. Injections like these have been in use in America for decades now, although the use of steroids is starting to fall out of favor. Steroids provide great anti-inflammatory relief when injected, but they can also damage the joints they are put into over time, meaning alternatives are being sought by horse owners and veterinarians alike.

One such alternative is Alpha2EQ, a product offered by the company Astaria. Their website says the following: “Our therapies are powered by the advanced, patented AlphaActive filtration process.

The AlphaActive process functionally isolates the alpha-2-macroglobulin molecule, which is a powerful inhibitor of cartilage catabolic factors and slows the progression of osteoarthritis by preventing cartilage breakdown and loss.” The company says that Alpha2EQ assists with many things, including hock, stifle, coffin, and SI joints; soft tissue lesions; navicular bursa; and suspensory ligaments.

Another option is Arthramid, a product specifically designed to be safe on joints. It is a “2.5% injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel” ac-

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cording to its website, and it works by “targeting the synovial membrane and restoring function and movement to joints.” The synovial membrane is a key part of synovial joints; coffin, stifle, and hock joints all fall under this category.

Adequan i.m. is yet another product that treats joint dysfunction, but it is administered differently than products like Arthramid and Alpha2EQ. Rather than being injected into a joint, Adequan i.m. is instead injected into the horse’s muscle (the i.m. stands for intramuscular); it then treats every joint in the horse’s body. Its medical name is polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, and it works by blocking enzymes responsible for cartilage deterioration.

The website reads: “Efficacy studies have shown Adequan IM inhibits the loss of key joint components prodigal glycan, collagen and hyaluronic acid.

In vitro studies have shown Adequan IM inhibits catabolic enzymes which destroy these molecules.”

When to use joint injections?

While joint injections can be incredibly helpful tools for equine performance health, they should be used only after careful consideration. This is because not only can some of them cause joint

degeneration over time, but also because once joint injections are started, they can become a permanent part of a horse’s health routine for the rest of their working or athletic career in order to keep them feeling well. The amount of time that joint injections last varies from horse to horse, but they usually last several months. The longer a horse can be kept off of injections, the better, since once they start them, it is unwise to stop giving them. Any veterinarian can give joint injections, but equine sports medicine vets often specialize in this area.

In conclusion, joint injections can dramatically increase the length of a horse’s career and their overall quality of life. Those looking to get their horses injected should contact a veterinarian, discuss which products to inject, and establish some kind of maintenance plan for the horse’s future. As the horse industry evolves, more and more injection options are likely to become available, and they will hopefully become even more effective as well. Injections are a staple of medical care when it comes to equine performance, and all owners and riders should know their benefits.

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Horse Health

Horse Joint Injury Recovery: Expert Rehab Tips to Speed Healing

By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension

H

orse joint injury recovery is one of the most challenging aspects of equine rehabilitation, requiring patience, a structured rehab program, and expert veterinary care. When a horse sustains a joint injury, whether to the hock, stifle, coffin joint, or other critical areas, the goal of rehabilitation is to restore movement, reduce pain, and return the horse to peak performance. Successful horse injury rehab begins with an accurate diagnosis and a tailored recovery plan that addresses the specific structures involved, from bones and ligaments to tendons and synovial membranes. With the right approach, many horses can heal and return to their previous activity level or adapt to a new, sustainable performance level while maintaining long-term joint health.

Accurate Diagnosis

The first step in rehabilitation is obtaining an accurate diagnosis. Equine sports medicine veterinarians

need to determine which tissues are involved, as well as the severity of the injury. This sets the foundation for the best treatment and rehab plan. It’s critical to identify if the injury involves bone, tendon or ligament, as these structures heal at different rates.

Depending on the severity, several structures may be affected, making recovery time more complex.

Veterinarians will perform a thorough clinical examination, which may include X-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs, and CT scans. Note that local veterinary hospitals may not have access to MRIs or CT machines, so you may need to travel to a veterinary university for these services.

Managing Expectations During Rehab

As an owner, it’s important to understand that the recovery process can be unpredictable, and setbacks may occur. Communication with your veterinarian and rehab team is key to setting realistic expectations and developing a clear rehabilitation calendar. Rushing the

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process or pushing a horse beyond its limits during the early stages of recovery can worsen the injury.

Several factors influence recovery outcomes, including: • Age and health status of the horse: Older horses typically take longer to recover.

• Severity of the injury: Severe tendon or ligament injuries may require several months to a year for full recovery.

• Types of treatments in the program: Horses that undergo surgery or need repeated medical treatments, such as injections or therapies, often experience longer recovery periods.

• Fitness level of the horse: Horses in peak physical condition may recover more quickly and return to work sooner.

Rehabilitation Program Options

Rehabilitation requires a structured plan, patience, and close collaboration with your veterinarian and rehab team. Your veterinarian will recommend specific exercises and therapies tailored to the injury and its stage of recovery. Rehabilitation programs may include the following physiotherapy options: • Controlled exercise • Hydrotherapy • Chiropractic care • Acupuncture • Laser therapy • Therapeutic ultrasound • Shockwave therapy • Massage therapy Consult with your veterinarian to determine which options are best for your horse’s recovery.

Tracking Rehabilitation Progress

Keeping detailed records and monitoring progress is just as important as the rehabilitation plan itself.

Regularly measuring progress ensures that you, your team, and your veterinarian can evaluate if the horse is improving or if adjustments to the rehab program are needed. Key components to track include: • Pain levels: Reduction in pain is a key indicator of recovery. Monitor pain through physical exams, gait analysis, and behavioral observations.

• Medications: Track all administered medications, including the type, dosage, method of delivery (oral, intravenous, or intramuscular), and the individual responsible for administration.

• Range of motion: Assess joint flexibility and specific movements.

• Muscle tone and strength: Controlled exercise can prevent atrophy and restore muscle mass.

• Ultrasound assessments: Tendon and ligament injuries should be periodically evaluated via ultrasound to check tissue healing.

• Exercise type and duration: Record the time spent on each activity, including time at each gait.

Log all progress thoroughly using charts or digital files that are accessible to everyone involved in the

rehab process.

Finishing Rehab and Post-Care In an ideal scenario, rehab concludes when a horse returns to its pre-injury activity level without pain or recurring issues. However, this is not always achievable. For some horses, successful rehabilitation may mean returning to a lower level of performance. A successful rehab program is defined by: • Alleviation of pain and discomfort • Restoration of physical activity at an appropriate level • Sustained long-term health and stability • Evidence of positive well-being Rehabilitation does not end once the program is complete. Long-term care and preventive strategies are essential to reduce the risk of re-injury. Key postcare steps include: • Conditioning • Ongoing physiotherapy • Balancing workload • Environmental modifications • Conclusions Rehabilitating and recovering from an injury is a complex process requiring patience, teamwork, persistence, and clear communication. Progress is rarely linear, and success depends on the coordinated efforts of owners, veterinarians, and the rehab team. The ultimate goal is to return the horse to its previous activity level or establish a new, sustainable performance level while prioritizing its health and well-being.

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Horse Health

Understanding Inflammation in Horses: Causes and Treatments

By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension In the equine world, horses are constantly exposed to pathogens. Whether airborne or transmitted through direct or indirect contact, these microbes are unavoidable. Some are part of a horse’s normal microbiome and provide beneficial functions, while others pose risks to the horse’s health.

Much like humans, horses have an immune system designed to fight off these invaders.

While the system is well-equipped, it can be disrupted. One immune response that has both positive and negative effects is inflammation.

Inflammation is essential in battling pathogens, but excessive or chronic inflammation in horses can compromise overall health.

Equine Inflammation: First Line of Defense

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When an invader enters the body, the immune system immediately sounds the alarm to eliminate the unwanted visitor. The first responders are the white blood cells, or WBCs, which produce cytokines — special messaging proteins that signal the WBCs to destroy the invader and send messages to the brain and body. Next, more leukocytes (another term for WBCs) and inflammatory cells arrive to clean up the mess. This leads to a more customized adaptive immune response, which uses pathogen-specific antigens to finish the job.

The Not-So-Fun Symptoms of Inflammation: Swelling, Redness, Pain, Heat, and Secretions The next line of defense is known as the innate response, which triggers inflammation. The cytokines sent out during the initial response now call for reinforcements to the affected region.

The body begins to flush large amounts of fluid to the area, causing swelling. This swelling is essential because it brings necessary cells, nutrients, and cytokines to aid the repair process.

For external injuries with bleeding, clotting materials flow into the wound to stop the bleeding.

Cytokines continue working to heal and repair tissue damage. Viruses take over the host’s cells by hacking into the cell’s “machinery” to create their own viral protein, eventually killing the cell. As a result, a real wound is created that requires repair. Cytokines help epithelial cells multiply and replace the damaged cells.

While cytokines are repairing and replacing, fluids help rebalance the body’s osmotic pressure by filling in the “gaps.” This is why tissue can become “leaky,” especially in respiratory airways, as fluids help clear out invaders. Beneath all this activity, blood pressure increases to deliver defenses, causing the tissue to redden, swell, and feel warm.

The heat in the affected tissues—or “fever”—creates an environment too hot for invaders to survive.

Double-Edged Sword of Immunity While the body fights an infection, it unfortunately uses valuable energy, leaving the horse feeling sick and weak. With a healthy immune system, the pathogen is typically defeated before the inflammatory response goes into overdrive. However, in horses with compromised immune systems due to age or other factors, inflammation can pose a serious threat.

High fevers can damage healthy tissue, while swelling and secretions create a “roadblock” for normal organ function. Prolonged pain can also interfere with the healing process. Additionally, some viruses have evolved to become more difficult to eliminate, such as equine herpesviruses and influenza. These viruses can trick

the body into thinking no infection is present, allowing them to replicate in secret.

Bringing Out the Big Guns: Medications, Vaccines, and Supplements Immunity is all about balance. We want to prevent our horses from experiencing pain and suffering, so we use medications to alleviate symptoms. However, doing so may reduce the horse’s ability to fight infections and mask important information about the disease.

In general, medications are not bad and, in severe cases, are necessary to keep the horse functional and alive. Work with your veterinarian to strike a balance when using medications to reduce symptoms like uncontrolled inflammation while still allowing your horse to naturally fight off fever, infection, and swelling.

Natural supplements can play an important role in supporting your horse’s health, offering anti-inflammatory benefits without the side effects of traditional medications. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in flaxseed can help reduce inflammation while promoting joint health and overall well-being. MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) and glucosamine with chondroitin are popular options for maintaining healthy joints and reducing discomfort. Turmeric, with its active compound curcumin, supports a healthy inflammatory response. Devil’s claw is another natural choice for managing inflammation and pain. Hyaluronic acid aids in joint lubrication and mobility, while serrapeptase, a natural enzyme, may help break down inflammatory proteins. Always consult your veterinarian before introducing new supplements to ensure safety and effectiveness for your horse’s specific needs.

Vaccines are a key tool in fighting viruses. A vaccine is a deactivated virus administered to the horse, prompting the immune system to respond, attack, and remember that pathogen. Ensure your horses are up to date on all core and risk-based vaccines.

A Necessary Compromise Inflammation is essential for fighting infections, but if left unmanaged, it can harm your horse’s overall health. Staying proactive with your horse’s care—through regular monitoring, vaccinations, and a tailored inflammation management plan developed with your veterinarian—can help prevent serious issues and ensure a healthier, happier life for your equine companion. With expert guidance and a dedicated approach, you can protect your horse’s long-term well-being and provide the support they need to thrive.

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21

Horse Health

Choosing the Right Hay for Your Horse

By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension

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hoosing the right hay is essential for your horse’s nutrition and well-being.

Understanding the differences between first and second cut hay, as well as legume and grass hay, can significantly impact their health.

This guide explores everything from selecting the best hay and evaluating its quality to feeding practices and expert recommendations.

Hay is a significant investment for every horse farm. Providing the highest-quality hay ensures optimal nutritional value for your horses. Selecting the right hay is one of the most critical decisions in your horse’s nutritional plan, with several factors influencing those choices.

Hay Cuttings: The First Cut

First cut hay is the initial harvest of the hay field, typically cut in late spring or early summer.

At this stage, plants are approaching maturity, which results in thicker stems and a lower leaf-tostem ratio. This composition leads to higher fiber content, lower protein, and reduced digestibility.

Although less nutrient-dense, first cut hay is more abundant and offers fiber that supports gut health.

Due to its high fiber and lower digestibility, first cut hay is best for: • Easy keepers • Minis and ponies • Horses with metabolic issues • Horses on stall rest The coarser texture also slows down a horse’s eating rate, reducing the chance of overeating.

However, overly mature first cut hay can become too stemmy and less palatable, making it harder to chew and digest, which lowers voluntary intake.

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Second Cut

Second cut hay is usually harvested six to eight weeks after the first cut, typically in mid to late summer. After the first cut, plants continue to grow, storing energy reserves in the roots. Second cut hay is leafier, finer-stemmed, and more nutrient-dense, with higher protein, better palatability, and improved digestibility.

Due to its elevated nutrition, second cut hay is best suited for: • Horses in moderate to heavy work • Broodmares • Growing foals and young horses • Senior horses with dental or weight management issues • Hard keepers • Breeding stallions The elevated nutrient content helps maintain muscle mass and fuel athletic performance. Its better palatability also increases forage intake, which supports higher caloric needs for performance horses and hard keepers. However, second cut hay should only be fed to horses that need it, as its energy-rich content can lead to complications for metabolically sensitive horses.

Types of Hay There are three main forage types commonly fed to horses: • Legumes: Alfalfa and clover • Grasses: Timothy, orchard grass, Bermuda, Bahia • Mixed: A combination of legumes and grasses The type of hay you feed your horses largely depends on your location. Northern states often produce Timothy hay or orchard grass, which are cool-season forages. In contrast, southern states grow Bermuda or Bahia, warm-season forages. Be aware that hay prices can increase if you need to purchase hay from other regions to meet your horse’s dietary needs.

High-quality grass hays, such as Timothy and orchard grass, provide sufficient energy, protein, and fiber for horses who are: • Easy keepers • Horses needing fewer calories • Horses with metabolic issues Legume hays, like alfalfa and clover, are higher in crude protein, lower in fiber, higher in calcium, and easier to digest. Although more expensive, legume hay is a worthwhile investment for horses requiring a higher forage quality, including: • Broodmares (pregnant or lactating) • Breeding stallions • Young, growing horses • High-performance horses Be cautious when feeding clover hay, as it can cause excessive drooling, commonly known as “clo-

ver slobbers.” This condition is caused by a fungal toxin called slaframine. While not life-threatening, it may lead to dehydration due to fluid loss.

First cut mixed hays tend to have higher fiber and lower protein and energy levels compared to second cut hays. Their nutrient profiles fall between grasses and legumes, making them suitable for a broader range of equine needs.

Hay Analysis

Knowing the hay cutting is important, but it doesn’t guarantee a complete understanding of the hay’s nutritional composition. A full nutrient analysis can be conducted through laboratory testing.

A standard hay analysis measures: • Digestible Energy: The amount of energy horses get from hay.

• Crude Protein: The total protein supplied by the hay.

• Acid Detergent Fiber: The indigestible portion of the hay; higher ADF indicates lower digestibility.

• Neutral Detergent Fiber: The bulkiness of the hay and how much a horse can eat; high NDF limits intake.

• Dry Matter: Nutrient content for ration balancing.

Contact your county Extension office for hay analysis. The county’s agricultural and natural resource agent can assist with hay sampling, and the sample can be sent to your state’s laboratory for testing.

Hay for Thought

Knowing the hay cut and type helps horse owners determine what best fits their horse’s needs. Consider your horse’s activity level, health status, and specific nutritional requirements, especially if they are on a restricted diet.

When in doubt, conduct a hay analysis to understand the full nutrient profile of your hay batch. Providing the right hay ensures your horses receive the nutrition they need to thrive.

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23

Cover Story

How Two Sisters’ $500 Gamble Made Free Like a Girl a True Cinderella of Thoroughbred Racing 24 | The Horse Review September 2025

By Sharlee Shumpert Photos Courtesy of Hodges Photography

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quine sports are a place for dreamers; from track racing to dressage to rodeo, all equestrians, trainers, and breeders hope to find or create a true champion that will be remembered forever and propel their careers to great heights. For sisters Lisa Stover-Osborne and Kim Stover, Louisiana thoroughbred breeders, their chance to make history came through a filly named Free Like a Girl. This bay mare took the racing world by storm, earning an astonishing $2,523,648 over the course of fifty-one races. She is the richest thoroughbred to ever come out of Louisiana, and at six years old, her career is still ongoing. Countless talented people have played a role in her success, but let’s take a look at the two women who started it all—the sisters from a small breeding program who first sent Free Like a Girl down her legendary path.

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25

Hodges Photography | Amanda Hodges Weir

Cover Story Horses have always been part of the Stover sisters’ lives. Originally from Clearwater, Florida, both women now reside in Louisiana. Kim was once a jockey herself, but after an accident left her unable to ride, she set her sights on horse breeding. According to her, Louisiana has the best breeding program, so she chose to start her new dream in the Bayou State. Her farm is in Starks, Louisiana. When it comes to Free Like a Girl, Kim says it all started when Lisa called and asked if she wanted to go into partnership on a mare at a mix sale.

The mare they settled on, after receiving advice from their knowledgeable friend Paul Pruett, was a horse named Flashy Prize, who was already bred to the stallion El Deal. They bought Flashy Prize for just $500—an inexpensive entry into the “sport of kings.”

When Flashy Prize had her foal, Kim and Lisa nicknamed the filly Dezi. They owned her for nineteen months before eventually selling her in the 2020 Equine Sales of Louisiana Yearling Sale. Kim says, “You think all your babies are going to be ‘that one big horse’ for you, but she had that special look. She never wanted to be behind anyone, always happy and wanting to run around the pasture.” Dezi was purchased for $5,500 by Gerald Bruno, Jr. He campaigned her alongside partner Jerry Caroom, and Dezi’s trainer, Chasey Deville Pomier, also served as a co-owner. Several incredible jockeys have ridden Dezi, but Kim says the first was Pedro Cotto, Jr., who always knew she was special.

Over the course of her career, Free Like a Girl has won twenty-one of her fifty-one starts and placed second or third in twenty additional races. She has been named the Louisiana Bred Champion Older Filly or Mare four years in a row and was the Louisiana Thoroughbred Breeders’ Association’s Horse of the Year twice, in 2022 and 2024. She has graced the cover of Louisiana Horse Magazine three times and is the only Louisiana-bred thoroughbred to ever win a million dollars in a single year. Many of Dezi’s achievements have come in stakes races, with some of her second

Hodges Photography

Sisters: Lisa and Kim with LA Gov. Jeff Landry

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Hodges Photography

Hodges Photography | Amanda Hodges Weir

Hodges Photography

and third-place finishes occurring in graded stakes races, where only the best horses in the industry compete.

When asked about her favorite memory of Dezi, Kim recalls the Louisiana Jewel Stakes race at Delta Downs when the filly was two. The race was on Kim’s birthday, and first place paid $60,000; Free Like a Girl won by eighteen and a half lengths, blitzing her competition.

Lisa says her favorite memory comes from last year when Dezi won the Misty Bennett Pink Ribbon Stakes.

The race paid $294,000 to the winner and took place in West Virginia. The Stovers’ mother was from West Virginia and passed away only a few weeks before the race.

Lisa fondly remarks that perhaps this was not such a coincidence. In fact, not-so-coincidental wins are nothing new for Dezi; she once carried jockey Corey Lanerie to victory in the Shantel Lanerie Memorial Stakes, a race named after Corey’s late wife. Dezi triumphed over 10 older Louisiana-bred fillies and mares, winning by 1 1/4 lengths in the $100,000 stakes race at Fair Grounds Race Course & Slots in her home state of Louisiana.

The impact that Free Like a Girl has had on the Louisiana racing community cannot be overstated. Kim says, “She is a true blessing! She is proof that even we small breeders can have a good one. Her fan base is huge… everyone knows her.” When asked what advice she would give to those with dreams like hers and Lisa’s, she says, “Take that chance! It is a long-term investment, but the Louisiana breeding program is great.”

Equine sports may be a place for dreamers, but it is also a place where dreams come true. Underdog challengers and unexpected champions still arise, giving hope and inspiration to those who follow in their footsteps, regardless of the odds stacked against them.

Dezi’s story is one such case, breathing life into the dreams of her owners, jockeys, and especially her two triumphant breeders. As Lisa puts it: “They will forget our names, but they will never forget Free Like a Girl.”

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27

People & Horses

How a Resilient Rodeo Community and a Beloved Horse Defied the Odds

By Sharlee Shumpert

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hen the Johnsons loaded up and headed to the Lazy E Arena in Guthrie, Oklahoma, for the Little Britches Finals, they were looking forward to a week of competition and fun—the culmination of a year’s worth of work. Their daughter Alexandra was set to compete on her gelding Spot, a horse the Johnsons have owned since before their daughter was even born. However, when Spot had an emergency medical situation that threw their whole week into crisis, Alexandra and her family experienced firsthand both the tight-knit bonds of the rodeo community and the hand of God. What started as a tragedy became an unexpected blessing, one that the Johnsons will not soon forget.

Residing in Bethesda, Tennessee, Kassie and Jay Johnson are parents to Alexandra, Julia, and John Thomas. The family owns a variety of animals; according to Jay, they “raise horses, 4-H show cattle, 4-H show pigs, chickens, and try to live life in a way that honors God, family, and hard work.” He says his

Spot lying down. Photo by Jay Johnson

daughter Alexandra has been riding dressage for years, but she only ventured into rodeo starting in 2024. Alexandra cites her barrel racer cousin Ashlie as her inspiration to get into the Western side of things. In 2023, Alexandra lost her pony Little Mo, after which she started riding seventeen-year-old Spot, a cutting-bred Quarter Horse by Spots Hot. Alexandra says of Spot, “He is a very playful, silly horse, and he loves to investigate new things. He especially loves food of all kinds.” Together, Alexandra and Spot competed in barrels, poles, goat tying, and trail during the regular Little Britches season, and they qualified for the 2025 NLBRA Finals in trail.

When it was finally time for the big trip to nationals, the Johnson family ventured out to Guthrie with one of Alexandra’s close friends, Lily, in tow.

Once the team arrived at the Lazy E for the finals, everything was going well until Alexandra took Spot for a ride in the open arena before the week-long competition kicked off. She says that while she was riding him, Spot began to droop his head toward the

28 | The Horse Review September 2025

ground; the young cowgirl did not pay much attention to this until he buckled beneath her. Alexandra immediately began to return to the barn, but Spot attempted to lie down in the alleyway and roll with her still on his back. She hopped off and unsaddled him with the help of her friend Izzy, and then the girls began to search for help. Some nearby people took care of Spot while Alexandra located her dad, and as soon as she got to the trailer, she screamed, “Something is wrong with Spot! Come fast!” Back at the arena, the folks who had taken charge of Spot (Jay identifies them as the stock contractor and his crew, plus Kevin Hollingsworth and Em Cragar) had hosed him off and were walking him around so he would not lie down. Alexandra, Jay, and Lily continued to tend to Spot until the veterinarian arrived. The onsite vet diagnosed Spot as suffering from “displacement,” a term that refers to colicking in horses, and that is when Alexandra says she thought Spot might not make it home. With the help of a host of kind individuals (including Regina Gosset and many others that Jay would like to thank if he could only name them all), the Johnsons got their beloved horse onto a trailer, and they hurried down the road to Oakridge Equine Hospital.

Spot remained in the hospital from June 28 through July 5 under the care of DVM Makaela Hedberg. While he was there, the Johnsons received an overwhelming amount of support from the Little Britches community, especially through the efforts of announcer Mack Ginn and the Franklin Cowboy Church, both of whom drummed up prayers for Spot. And not only did they receive prayers—Alexandra received a temporary mount to compete on. Family friend Alice Cragar loaned Alexandra her horse Cadillac for the finals, a selfless act that ensured Alexandra still got to participate in the event she had worked all year to qualify for. Alexandra says of Alice, “We prepared a little to ride each other’s horses in case of an emergency, so when Spot went down, there was no question I was riding Cadillac.” Jay reflects, “That kind of friendship—that kind of faithfulness—it’s what makes this whole thing special.”

Over at Oakridge, the veterinary team tried to get Spot’s gut to flip with non-surgical treatments, but unfortunately, the horse became in dire need of surgery, which was not feasible for the Johnsons. Euthanasia, then, became the most humane route to take until something remarkable happened. Alexandra says, “...we came to Oakridge with the thought that we were going to put Spot down. This was the decision until we got a call saying that the surgery had been paid for.” This generous family wishes to stay anonymous, but Jay reports that the father told him he awoke in the night and heard God telling him to help Spot and Alexandra, so he called Oakridge

Spot and Alexandra in the Hospital Photo by Jay Johnson

and did just that. Jay says, “That one simple yes—it was like throwing a rock in a pond and seeing the ripples move. That one yes—it moved so many.

That’s between them and the Lord, but I can tell you—they saved Spot’s life. We wept, prayed, and gave thanks. It was a miracle. It is a miracle.”

Spot’s surgery was performed by DVM Jeff Brakenhoff; he survived his operation and is now safely back home with the Johnsons, who are extremely grateful to the entire Oakridge veterinary staff for taking care of him. From fellow competitors and their families to attentive veterinarians and generous benefactors, countless people played a part in Spot’s rescue and recovery. The prayers and support the Johnsons received from the rodeo community have left a lifelong impact on them. Jay says, “You don’t go through something like this without knowing God is real and people still care deeply…

Keep the faith, stay thankful, and never underestimate what God can do with a praying community.”

When asked what advice she would give to those facing similar trials to the one she endured, Alexandra, who now gets to look forward to future rides with Spot, says, “The rodeo community has been the best and will do whatever they can to help you. I would say to remember that God has got you, and the rodeo community has got you, too.”

Spot’s journey is documented on Instagram through the account justalittlehot.spot, where the Johnsons share updates on his recovery and daily life.

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29

Behind the Business

Photo by Sherry Jenkins

Empowerment Through Horses: How Hope Unbridled Transforms Lives in the Community

By Sharlee Shumpert

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ucked away in a section of Mississippi suburbs right on the line between Tupelo and Pontotoc, Dream Catcher Stables introduces people to the joy of horses all year round.

The stables were started in 2008 by Sherry Jenkins and her husband Bobby. They had the hope that one day, the stables would be a place where all could experience equine activities, and with much hard work, the couple accomplished their goal. Seven years after they first began work on the facility, Sherry Jenkins and her partner Terry Timmons officially launched Hope Unbridled Equestrian Program, a program made specifically to provide everyone, regardless of any challenges or handicaps, with physical and emotional therapy through the power of equine companionship. Today, the program is still going strong, giving the surrounding communities a one-of-a-kind service unlike anything else in the area.

Dedicated board members and volunteers under the leadership of Sherry and her daughter Meredith keep

the program alive, and together with their horses, they create an atmosphere truly overflowing with hope.

A life-long horse lover, Sherry did not venture into the horse world until she was an adult. But when Meredith received her diagnoses of central auditory processing disorder, ADHD, dyslexia, and low muscle tone, Sherry started to search for therapies that could help her daughter. A fateful trip to nearby Carver Lane Stables changed everything; Meredith and her brother Nicholas fell in love with horse riding, and Sherry knew that equine therapy was their way forward.

Meredith went on to be a successful hunter jumper, and seeing her daughter’s success inspired Sherry. She decided that, upon seeing Meredith win her first blue ribbon, she wanted “all children to have that proud moment of ‘see, I can do this!’” After teaming up with Terry Timmons, an equine specialist in mental health and learning and certified PATH instructor, Sherry’s dream became a reality. Ten years after founding

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Hope Unbridled, she has forty-two students signed partnership with Rebound Physical Therapy and Pelvic up for the 2025 fall lesson season, and she and her Health, a clinic located in Tupelo. She is also hoping team of volunteers have helped countless people. to offer paid positions to volunteers in the future.

Dream Catcher Stables currently has eight horses: Speaking with Sherry reveals a woman very much Frankie, Razza, Pepper, Biscuit, Phinn, Rose, Butterin love with her work. She remarks, “I love doing it. cup, and Beaux. Each of these horses serves a special It’s hard work, but I love doing it. It takes a village. I purpose, and all have different strengths. Buttercup, have no doubt that this is God’s plan.” As one would for example, is one of the primary mounts for handiexpect of somebody who serves in equine-assisted capped students, while Phinn is a tall horse intended therapy, she has many stories that stir the soul, such to comfortably carry taller riders. The horses undergo as the time the stables had a bad summer and were desensitizing training before they begin their work as a saved by an anonymous $4,000 check. She recounts therapy horse, and they come from a variety of places; her clients’ incredible journeys of progress as well. One many of them are donated, while a few are bought to of her particular favorites involves a young non-verfill specific needs. Sherry says, “there is a unique horse bal child who gained the strength to speak thanks to that loves this job. We have to make sure our horses fit the physical conditioning he received from horseback our riders. We have a variety of horses because of that.” riding. Another focuses on a woman with early-onset Sherry works with Grand Prix dressage instruc- Alzheimer’s whose memory would come back to her tor Jamie Lawrence to train when she rode a horse. Sherry both her horses and the infondly remembers the first time “They are my inspiration. terns who ride them. Right she put this woman on one of now, Sherry has two interns gentle creatures. She asked My horses give me strength. her who help her keep her lesson her, “Do you want to ride a They have kind, big hearts. horses ridden, assist with the horse?” The woman respondclients, and help run the Hope ed, “Oh, more than anything.”

The parents that come are Unbridled social media pagSherry’s clients and horses es: Alexie Weaver and Eliza heroes. I always admire their mean the world to her. She McDowell. Sherry’s daughter says of them, “They are my courage and what they do for inspiration. My horses give me Meredith Jenkins is her “right hand man” who not only helps their kids.” -Sherry Jenkins strength. They have kind, big keep the horses ridden, but hearts. The clients that come also serves as head volunteer here are just incredible. The coordinator. Sherry’s board parents that come are heroes. I members work tirelessly to maintain the stables as well; always admire their courage and what they do for their they are: Bill Butler, Dana Finch, Bobby Jenkins, Jane kids. They’re very, very special. Everybody coming out Farmer, and Amy Crabb. Of course, the program would here smiles. It brings them joy.” It is not hard to see not be able to function without its many volunteers. why. A visit to Dream Catcher Stables strikes at the Typically, volunteers are either side walkers or horse heart not only because of the beautiful scenery and leaders, and while anyone can be trained to be a side facility, but also because of the genuine happiness walker, horse leaders must have previous horse experi- that radiates from humans and horses alike. Dream ence. Sherry says she looks for volunteers who are reli- Catcher Stables is not a competitive barn; those riding able, kind, compassionate, calm, and able to walk for the there are simply doing it for the love of horses and the entire allotted lesson time. Volunteers are able to sign hope of progress. It is truly a rare place to experience, up on the Hope Unbridled website. and one could say they are living their motto—“CelWhen it comes to the lessons themselves, they are ebrating our abilities and possibilities in partnersold in either thirty-minute or hour-long blocks. The ship with horses and community”—to the fullest. thirty-minute lessons cost twenty-five dollars, while With its first benefit barbecue planned for October the hour lessons cost thirty-five dollars. Lessons are 5, the Hope Unbridled Equestrian Program is opening available in all four seasons, with spring and fall being its gates to the wider community—inviting supporters the busier times of the year. All riders start out in to share a meal, meet the horses, and witness firsthand English saddles, and Sherry teaches the basics of both the profound impact of the horses and the program.

English and Western riding. Classes are Monday, TuesFor those who wish to stay connected or learn more day, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Sherry has plans about lessons and ways to support, the program shares to expand the Hope Unbridled program, and she is updates regularly through its website and social media. hoping to add hippotherapy to her roster of services in

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31

Horsemanship

5 Ways to Bring Your Horse Back into Work by Fall

By Lauren Abbott Bringing your horse back into work after time off is an exciting journey, but it requires careful planning to prioritize their health and well-being. Whether their break was due to injury, summer downtime, or limited riding opportunities over a busy summer, a gradual and thoughtful approach is essential for rebuilding fitness.

Maybe you’re preparing to ride more regularly or gearing up for fall riding or a fall event. Whatever your goal, a structured plan is key to setting your horse up for success. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help both you and your horse get back on track.

Step 1: Assess Your Horse’s Current Condition

•

Behavior and attitude: Are they calm, relaxed or overly energetic?

If your horse has been off work due to an injury, consult your veterinarian to ensure they are fully recovered and ready for activity.

Step 2: Start With Groundwork

Groundwork is the foundation of a strong comeback regimen. It is ideal for rebuilding muscle, reinforcing training, and creating a solid connection between you and your horse. Groundwork exercises include: • Leading exercises: Practice leading your horse at a walk and trot, focusing on responsiveness.

• Backing up: Improve coordination and strength by having your horse step backward in hand.

• Desensitization: Introduce objects such as tarps or cones to boost confidence and focus.

• Trot poles: Place poles on the ground for your horse to step or trot over in hand, spaced appropriately for their stride to rebuild muscle and coordination.

• Cavaletti poles: Gradually raise poles to encourage your horse to lift and engage their core while working in hand.

Keep groundwork sessions short: 10 to 15 minutes, and evaluate how your horse responds. Gradually increase the length and difficulty. Groundwork not only gets your horse moving but also sets the tone for safe, respectful interaction.

Step 3: Introduce Long-Lining

Before starting, take an honest look at your horse’s physical and mental state. Consider factors such as: • Weight and fitness level: Has your horse gained or lost weight?

• Hoof and joint health: Are they in good condition for exercise?

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Long-lining, also known as ground driving, allows you to work your horse without the weight of a rider. Benefits include: • Softening to the rein.

• Building stamina and strength at different gaits.

• Encouraging balance and self-carriage.

• •

Building stamina on varying terrain.

Boosting mental health by offering new sights and sounds.

• Preparing them for longer, more demanding rides.

Start with 15 to 20 minutes at a walk and gradually extend the time as your horse becomes fitter.

Basic Long-Lining Exercise to Start With

To begin long-lining, start in an enclosed area such as an arena or round pen for safety. Begin with your horse in a halter or bridle fitted with long lines.

Stand slightly to the side of your horse, holding the lines securely but with enough slack to allow free movement. Start by walking in straight lines and large circles to help your horse get accustomed to the process. Practice basic transitions: walk to halt, halt to walk, using gentle cues through the lines.

Maintain consistent contact without pulling, allowing your horse to respond calmly and gain confidence in the activity. Repeat these simple exercises until your horse moves willingly and understands the basics.

Use long-lining to teach soft transitions between walk, trot and halt as your horse gains strength.

Teaching your horse to back and turn on the hunches also provides numerous benefits for both the horse and the handler. These exercises help improve your horse’s balance, coordination, and flexibility, making them more confident in their movements. Backing encourages engagement of the hindquarters, building strength and promoting better posture. Turning on the hunches enhances your horse’s responsiveness to subtle cues, fostering clear communication and a stronger partnership. These skills are also valuable for preparing your horse for advanced maneuvers under saddle, creating a solid foundation for future training endeavors.

Step 4: The Power of Walking

Trail walking is a natural way to reintroduce your horse to movement while providing mental stimulation. Whether in hand or under saddle, this step helps with:

Step 5: Light Riding

Once your horse shows improvement in groundwork and conditioning, you can increase riding and undersaddle workload. Consider these tips for the first sessions: • Keep the first couple of weeks short: Start with 15 to 20 minutes of walking and light trotting.

• Focus on basics: Practice soft transitions and bending to keep their mind engaged.

• Allow for breaks: Provide ample time for restespecially if it is warm. Seemly transitions keep the horse’s mind on the rider and can improve focus and attention to cues.

• Gauge your horse’s progress and energy level after each ride to decide when to increase intensity.

Moving Forward

Every horse will progress at its own pace, so be patient. Pay attention to physical and emotional cues and do not rush ahead if your horse shows signs of fatigue or discomfort.

To recap, the general plan is: • Assess condition.

• Begin with groundwork (leading, desensitization, trot poles).

• Transition to long-lining and trail walking.

• Gradually increase riding over several weeks.

With consistent effort and a focus on your horse’s needs, you will set the stage for a successful and enjoyable return to work. Happy riding this fall!

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33

Greener Pastures

Revive Your Pastures:

Expert Tips for Managing Overgrazed Fields and Ensuring Long-Term Growth

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By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension

ne of the biggest challenges in horse care is managing pastures effectively. All horse owners want large, lush pastures but in some cases, land availability limits this reality. Due to land restrictions, some horses are turned out on smaller pastures that cannot withstand a large carrying capacity. In the blink of an eye, the lush pasture transforms into a desolate wasteland. Even if things seem hopeless, there are effective ways to repair and restore your pasture to sustainable, thriving levels.

PATIENCE, PATIENCE, PATIENCE We all want our pastures to grow back as fast as possible. However, that is not how this system works. Even with the best management practices, overgrazed pastures do not regrow overnight, within weeks, or even months. It can sometimes take up to a year (minimum) for pastures to return to healthy and thriving land. There are general repair and regrow pasture management plans, but what you find online might not work for your pastures since everyone’s pastures are different and can suffer from different issues besides overgrazing. Collaborate

with your county Extension office, particularly your Agriculture and Natural Resources agent, to develop a customized plan tailored to your pastures.

Create a Sacrifice Area Even before a pasture is overgrazed, all horse owners should have a designated dry lot or sacrifice lot. This area is where horses can still get turnout but there is no grass or the pasture is allowed to be grazed down to nothing. The dry lot or sacrifice area should include adequate shelter that comfortably accommodates all your horses. Provide hay feeding spots where ideally the hay is elevated off the ground and kept under cover. Use high-traffic footing to minimize water runoff and maintain a safe, durable surface.

Once you have this area ready, remove horses from damaged pastures and house them in the sacrifice area until the damaged pasture is repaired. Mow everything down and observe what grows back to determine whether the returning plants are desirable for grazing or invasive weeds.

34 | The Horse Review September 2025

Soil Test Performing a soil test on an overgrazed pasture cannot be stressed enough. A soil test will reveal the soil pH and the nutrients your pastures are lacking. This will feed into what type and the amount of fertilizer(s) you need to purchase. If you are unsure how to do a soil test, contact your county’s Extension office. The Agriculture and Natural Resources Specialist should be able to guide you on the steps on how to collect and send the sample to the laboratory for testing. Make sure the soil samples are NOT wet and represent your entire pasture.

Fertilize Once you get your soil test results, you can begin creating your fertilizer plan. Apply fertilizer to your pastures the day before it rains to let the rainfall dissolve the fertilizer and help nutrients soak into the soil. This process will also allow you to observe what grows—whether it’s horse-friendly vegetation or invasive weeds. If invasive weeds reappear, consider using a pasture-safe herbicide to address the issue effectively.

Reseeding When creating a pasture repair management plan, consider reseeding your pasture with the right grass seeds for your region and horse grazing needs. It’s essential to match forage species to the soil, site conditions, and type of operation—whether for grazing, hay production, or specific animal species and classes. Additionally, you’ll need to decide whether to plant cool-season grasses, warm-season grasses, a mixture, or include legume forages.

Cool-season grasses thrive in temperatures between 60°F and 80°F, with peak growth in spring and fall. Warm-season grasses grow best at 80°F to 95°F, reaching their peak in late spring through the first frost. Legumes, like alfalfa, can improve pasture quality by providing nitrogen to grasses, but it’s important to ensure compatibility with your grass species to minimize competition. Thoughtful planning will help create a productive, sustainable pasture for your needs.

REST, RELAX, AND REPLAN One of the most crucial aspects of pasture management is allowing overgrazed pastures to REST. This means keeping horses off the pasture until the grass has regrown and is healthy again. The recovery time can vary depending on the extent of the damage. For pastures that have been overgrazed for years, it may take up to a year to fully recover.

During this time, it’s a great opportunity to rethink your pasture management strategies. Implementing rotational grazing—where horses are moved between different pastures—and using dry lots or sacrifice areas can help prevent overgrazing and keep your pastures thriving in the long term.

Timeline for Pasture Rehabilitation Early to Mid-September (Remove Horses) Remove horses from the overgrazed pasture and transition them to a dry lot or sacrifice area. This step is crucial to allow the grass to start recovering and prevent further damage.

Mid to Late September (Evaluate and Plan) Assess the condition of the pasture and soil. Determine the need for soil testing, fertilization, and reseeding. If the soil is compacted, consider aerating the pasture to promote better nutrient absorption and root growth.

Late September to Early October (Apply Fertilizer) Based on soil test results, apply fertilizer, prioritizing low-nitrogen options if grass growth remains slow due to dry conditions. Early fall is an ideal time for fertilization, as cooler temperatures and potential rainfall support root development.

October (Reseeding) Once cooler weather and stable moisture levels arrive, overseed the pasture with a grass seed mix suitable for your region. Focus on drought-tolerant and high-yield forage grasses. Lightly rake or drag the field to improve seed-to-soil contact.

Fall (Rest and Recovery) Allow the grass to germinate and establish without disturbance. Rest the pasture through the fall and winter months, monitoring growth periodically. Avoid using the field until the grass develops strong, resilient growth.

Spring (Reassess and Maintain) By early spring, the new grass should be well-established. Conduct a final assessment to ensure adequate coverage and growth before preparing the pasture for grazing. If needed, apply another round of fertilizer to encourage continued growth.

Late Spring to Early Summer (Reintroduce Horses) Gradually reintroduce horses to the pasture once the grass reaches a height of 6–8 inches. Start with light grazing and monitor pasture conditions to prevent overgrazing and maintain the rehabilitation progress.

By starting in September and following this timeline, the pasture can recover and thrive, providing a healthy grazing environment for horses. Keep in mind that weather conditions and pasture health may vary, so adjust as necessary.

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Competition Zone

36 | The Horse Review September 2025

Rodeo’s Secret to Success: How This Thrilling Sport Captivates Fans and Competitors Alike

By Sharlee Shumpert

W

ooden bleachers bending under the weight of a crowd, bright lights shining down on a temporary panel arena that sways thanks to the host of excited children gathered around it—this is the scene at almost every local rodeo in America. Interestingly, these events are not name-brand behemoths like Rodeo Houston and Cheyenne Frontier Days; they are often sanctioned by local professional associations instead of the PRCA and WPRA. Why does this matter?

Because even these smaller rodeos are drawing hundreds to thousands of spectators. Packed parking lots and swarmed venues are common in the local rodeo circuit, and one has to ask: why?

After all, there are lots of live sporting events happening everywhere across the country all the time, and yet so many struggle to bring in an audience. So, what sets rodeo—and other events like it—apart?

To understand why rodeo is so popular, one must understand that rodeo is two things at once: a sport and a show. In its earliest days, rodeo was nothing more than cowboys from different ranches challenging each other to informal contests of skill. But what began as just friendly competition soon developed into something else—entertainment, and not just for the cowboys and cowgirls themselves, but for locals who wanted to watch them compete. Once this sec-

ond concept took hold, this concept of a show, rodeo began to evolve into something legendary.

According to the Texas State Historical Society’s article, “The Evolution of Rodeo: From Cattle Industry to Professional Sport,” rodeo’s identity often intersected with that of wild-west shows.

These shows were all about performance as opposed to sheer competition, and they undoubtedly influenced the public’s perception of what rodeo was. Perhaps no show was more instrumental in this way than Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. This iconic production found success by showcasing life on the Frontier through plotlines.

Both cowboys and Native American performers came together to reenact scenes and display skills such as shooting, riding, and roping to impress audiences. Since shows like Buffalo Bill’s played out like stories, they were different from classic rodeos whose outcomes were not predetermined. These dramatic productions significantly helped add the element of showmanship to rodeo’s character.

Over the course of the twentieth century, rodeo blended performance and competition into a winning formula. However, rodeo only became recognized as a true sport when rodeo producers standardized many components of their events in 1929 with the formation of the Rodeo Association of America. The competing cowboys then formed their own association, the Cowboys Turtle Asso-

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ciation, ten years later. With the founding of official organizations came the opportunity to legitimize rodeo as a sport. Once the PRCA and WPRA entered the picture further down the line, rodeo was solidly established as more than just entertainment. But rodeo’s emergence as a sport did not mean it refused to be a show; quite the opposite was true.

By playing into its more fanciful side with rodeo clowns, grand entries, opening ceremonies, trick riders, other specialty acts, and even fireworks, rodeo maintained its image as a spectator event. While some spectators certainly would have come just to watch the cowboys demonstrate their abilities, even more people were enticed to attend by the lure of a spectacle. Most of the time, this balance of showmanship and competition was marvelously stable, but it was occasionally thrown off-kilter.

For example, cowgirls competing at professional rodeos used to be required to wear colored jeans and carry flags in the grand entry to add “flair” to the show. These female athletes did not take kindly to having more of a performer’s role forced upon them than their male counterparts, so they fought to have these rules overturned.

Today, rodeo’s unique identity as both a show and a serious contest of skill is what sets it apart from other sports. However, in the modern age, rodeo is

once again being used solely as competition by some of its contestants; these elite athletes have honed their abilities to the point that they want to participate in competitions specifically designed for their event. There are now multitudes of barrel races, team ropings, tie-down ropings, steer wrestlings, breakaway ropings, and roughstock events that operate independently of each other, focusing only on their particular skill.

These events, which are boiled down to the bare contest aspects of rodeo, are not typically considered performances in the way that complete rodeos are. Since they cater primarily to contestants and not to crowds, they have no need for all the frills and tricks that make rodeos appealing to individuals who are not part of the Western way of life. Consequently, these events do not usually have large audiences, and their main income is from contestant entries rather than audience admission fees.

While many of these one-event productions are certainly big successes, some of the smaller ones do struggle to stay afloat from time to time, partially due to a lack of an audience. This is not just true for rodeo; it is true for almost every sport. When sports lean more into the competition that founds them rather than the showmanship that advertises them, they can struggle to fill seats and generate income.

38 | The Horse Review September 2025

This is especially apparent on the local level, where the absence of impressive venues, big names, showy tricks, and TV coverage can make it difficult to attract audience members other than the friends and family of those competing.

Even in professional sports leagues such as the NBA and the NFL, we see again this blend of competition and performance that keeps things interesting; while plotlines such as the ones used in Buffalo Bill’s show are not exactly scripted, they are certainly pushed by the media in order to attract attention.

A standout athlete is likely to draw in viewers, but even more so if there is a “villain” for them to conquer. Professional sports also use other theatrical elements to keep their crowds entertained during the game—halftime shows, loud music, mascots, raffles, and cheerleaders are all used to spice up the competition. When these elements are not present, it becomes harder to keep an audience hooked.

This is where rodeo gets things right. Not only do the largest rodeos endeavor to make themselves into a performance, but so do the local ones. This is why, no matter how small the town, a local rodeo that has all events, clowns, a specialty act, and maybe even a tiny concert or a fair is likely to summon a decent crowd. Those who are not even that interested in the rodeo itself will come for a good time, and that is what sells tickets.

It is no easy thing for rodeo committees to attend to both their contestants’ needs and their audiences’ wants, but both of these groups are crucial for the survival of this sport. Without any crowds, many rodeo associations would not be able to stay operational on contestant entry fees alone, and without any contestants, there would be no rodeo.

While wild-west type shows may be fun, there is also something extremely captivating about live, unscripted competition, and rodeo provides some of the grittiest competition known to man. No amount of showmanship can replace the authenticity that competition provides, and no amount of great competition can replace the magic that showmanship adds to an event. Yes, there is indeed a reason that the local rodeo is filled to the brim with people.

Performance and competition are two halves of one heart that keep this sport beating. Those looking at rodeo as a blueprint will find something extraordinary, something that thrives by being dynamic and refusing to conform to one label.

Just as the Frontier itself was a complex mix of characters and dreams, so too is the sport that carries its spirit. It is this special identity that makes rodeo an unforgettable, untameable success.

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USEF Causes Confusion Among Pony Jumpers at Pony Finals

By Liz Foster

F

or trainer and pony mom Kiri Baldi, this year’s Pony Finals was her first. However, a lack of communication from USEF dampened what was set to be an exciting debut at the legacy competition.

Prior to the start of the 2025 USEF Pony Finals, the pony jumper discipline, which Baldi’s daughter

competed in, was divided into four categories: small ponies, medium ponies, large ponies, and a 1.05m jump height category.

However, when the competition began, there were “rumblings” that the different categories would be combined. Rumors circulated that the small and medium ponies would be combined and that the large

40 | The Horse Review September 2025

Pearl Baldi riding Kim Possible at USEF Pony FInals. | Photo by McMillan ponies would be joined with the 1.05m division— which does not feature a specific pony size but only requires that ponies not exceed 14.2 hands.

“It’s a different pony that jumps .85m than [a pony] that jumps a 1.05m, you know, it’s a different ride,” said Baldi.

On Wednesday, USEF announced to exhibitors at the show’s pony jumper meeting that the small and medium divisions were to be combined and that the seven ponies qualified for the 1.05m division would be combined with the .85m section. Competition for the large pony division began on Thursday, and

the smalls and mediums had already competed in their first round earlier in the day. Baldi remarked that “nothing was updated in the show management system” and that competitors were essentially left “in the dark.”

USEF officials responded to concerned trainers of 1.05m pony jumper riders that changes could be made “next year.” However, not every exhibitor has the opportunity to return to a costly competition like Pony Finals.

“You know, ‘next year,’ well, that’s not helpful or pertinent to us for a once-in-a-lifetime event,” said Baldi. She remarked on the cost of the trip to Pony Finals and noted that her daughter is 16 years old and nearing the end of her pony career. For many competitors, a promise of “next year” does not amount to much.

“They just kind of gave us the, ‘Well, this is how it is,’” she continued.

Baldi noted that some competitors who intended to show in the 1.05m division left Pony Finals before the weekend was complete. She expressed her dismay at USEF failing to stay true to the initial information provided prior to the start of Pony Finals.

“When the specs say a certain thing, they should be followed. And historically, if you’ve had the 1.05m division, if you’re not going to hold that, you need to communicate that with people,” she said.

Additionally, despite having roughly 140 entries, the pony jumpers were not provided with a schooling ring of their own. With no other option, riders were forced to use the schooling rings initially designated for pony hunter riders.

“We used the hunter rings to school around. But that was, you know, much to the disdain of hunter ponies and trainers with the jumper kids zipping around,” said Baldi.

Baldi commended the U.S. Pony Club, of which her daughter is a member, and its Chef d’Equipe, Richard Lamb, for their support throughout the competition. “[Lamb] was a voice of positivity, support, and reason, and he always reminded the kids to treat their ponies with the respect due to a partner. That, ultimately, should be the point and goal of Pony Finals,” she said.

Baldi described her turbulent Pony Finals experience as a “bit of a perfect storm” between the “division debacle” and a lack of planning from USEF officials. She noted that she and her daughter would not have attended the competition if they had known that the 1.05m division would be combined with the large ponies.

“Communication is key. Let people know if something’s going to be different than, you know, the past 30 years of competition,” said Baldi of USEF’s responsibility to maintain a clear and open dialogue with exhibitors.

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Competition Zone

Madeline Warren and iFlirt.

Photo © ESI Photography

HITS Shows:

Triumphs, Community, and Possibilities

By Lauren Abbott

42 | The Horse Review September 2025

Caroline Ingalls Photo © High Desert Sport Photo

James Chawke stands for presentation.

Photo © High Desert Sport Photo

T

here’s something about HITS that stays with you long after the last round. Maybe it’s the energy of a grand prix field at full throttle, the laughter between friends at the in-gate, or the quiet pride after a ride well done. Each competition becomes more than a test of skill—it’s a space for growth, connection, and genuine achievement, both in and out of the ring.

Recent weeks across the HITS circuit have brought memorable performances. At Del Mar Horsepark, James Chawke and Daido van’t Ruytershof Z claimed the $90,000 Maria Mendelsohn/ Douglas Elliman CSI2 Grand Prix, while Caroline Ingalls and Concerto topped the $20,000 USHJA International Hunter Derby. Arturo Parada Vallejo and Castor secured the $31,020 FarmVet CSI2 Winning Round, Simon Schröder and Charlie Red Wine CS took the Speed Cup, and Melody Liu rode Napoleon van den Dael to victory in the $80,000 Go Rentals Grand Prix.

Meanwhile, at HITS Culpeper, Claire Connaghan and Figment captured the $24,500 Purina Animal Nutrition Grand Prix, with Grace Long and Keina winning the Virginia Maryland Tractor Grand Prix.

In the Children’s Pony Hunter Finals at Hudson Valley, Madeleine Warren and iFlirt shone with a winning trip, while at the Vermont Summer Festival, Sarah Stewart and Londarco took top honors in the USHJA National Hunter Derby.

The momentum continues into September with a packed calendar, including HITS Hudson Valley VIII, Del Mar Dressage Fall I, Lamplight Fall Classic, the Great American Insurance Group/USDF Region 8 Dressage Championships at HITS-on-the-Hudson, September Dressage at Lamplight, Culpeper Finals, The League presented by Marshall & Sterling Insurance Finals at HITS-on-the-Hudson, HITS The League + VHSA 6 September in Culpeper, and the Festival of the Horse™ in Hudson Valley.

The Festival of the Horse™ is a true celebration of equestrian sport, bringing together riders and

fans in a multidiscipline, unrated format. From hunter/jumper and dressage to pony club, western pleasure, and even arena eventing, it promises a weekend that showcases the breadth and joy of horse sport.

HITS events continue through mid-December, closing out another year of competition, camaraderie, and unforgettable moments. As North America’s largest Hunter/Jumper and Dressage show management company, HITS remains dedicated to providing opportunities for riders of every level to compete at top-class venues.

At HITS, a blue ribbon represents more than a win—it reflects lessons learned, goals achieved, and friendships forged. For many, the circuit has become more than a schedule of shows; it’s a home.

From first-time competitors to seasoned professionals, HITS continues to welcome all who bring their passion, ambition, and love of the sport to the ring.

The Horse Review is a media partner of HITS Shows. To learn more about HITS visit www.hitsshows.com

Madeline Warren and iFlirt.

Photo © ESI Photography

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Legal Lens

What’s New with the Horse Protection Act:

Key Findings from the Inspector General’s Review of USDA Enforcement

By Kimbrell HInes, Esq.

The Horse Protection Act (“HPA”) is a federal law passed in 1970 to combat the inhumane practice of “soring” that generally refers to intentionally causing pain to a horse’s feet and/or legs to exaggerate its gait for competitive advantage. While historically associated with gaited breeds like Tennessee Walking Horses and Racking Horses, the HPA applies broadly to all horses, regardless of breed or discipline.

The USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which enforces the Act, has reaffirmed this point repeatedly.

The HPA prohibits any sored horse from being shown, exhibited, transported, sold, or auctioned. Under the HPA, “soring” is broadly defined as any practice causing a horse pain, inflammation, lameness, or distress when moving. This expansive defini-

tion, combined with steep penalties and increased public scrutiny, means equestrians across all disciplines should pay close attention to how the HPA is enforced.

While the law has existed for over 50 years, recent enforcement controversies and legal challenges have pushed it back into the spotlight. In particular, new attention has been drawn by the June 2025 findings of the USDA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG), which reviewed APHIS’s enforcement practices following allegations of unfair treatment at the 2024 Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration.

Key Findings from the Inspector General’s Review The OIG’s report identified several major issues in APHIS’s enforcement of the HPA:

1. Lack of Conflict-of-Interest Safeguards 2. APHIS had no formal policy to prevent conflicts of interest among inspectors, undermining industry trust. In March 2025, APHIS responded by adopting a new “Standards of Professional Behavior,” which now includes ethics requirements and conflict-of-interest rules.

3. Due Process Deficiencies 4. Participants disqualified from events had no access to onsite appeals or pre-disqualification hearings, raising constitutional concerns. A federal court ruled that post-disqualification remedies are insufficient. APHIS is now considering alternative dispute resolution options, with updates expected by September 30, 2025.

5. Inconsistent Inspection Procedures 6. The report found variability in inspection practices and inspector training. APHIS has pledged to retrain inspectors and implement consistent quality control measures before the 2025 show season ends.

7. Delayed Communication with Show Organizers.

APHIS guidance often arrived mid-season, making compliance difficult. Moving forward, APHIS has committed to issuing updates before February 1 each year to ensure clarity ahead of the competition season.

Why This Matters Beyond Gaited Breeds Many equestrians outside the walking horse world mistakenly believe the HPA does not affect them. But with growing criticism of horses’ movements in other classes, like those in the hunter ring, the risk is real for any discipline where movement is judged. Even non-movement classes could be at risk since the HPA is aimed at curtailing inhumane conduct

44 | The Horse Review September 2025

to improve horse performance. The vague statutory language means even routine riding could be construed as “soring” if it results in inflammation or distress. Because the statute does not clearly define how “soring” is detected or who may be liable, owners, trainers, and event organizers may face legal, professional, and reputational consequences. Liability can extend to trainers, exhibitors, and even show managers. Disqualified horses and riders may be barred from entire events and future competitions.

Legal and Industry Consequences Legal challenges in 2024 exposed serious flaws in the 2024 APHIS rulemaking, including lack of scientific evidence, vague prohibitions, and limited procedural protections.

Courts agreed these defects violated due process, a fundamental principle requiring fair procedures when the government acts against individual rights or property.

These enforcement problems highlight the consequences of failed self-regulation in the horse industry. The Tennessee Walking Horse industry’s inability to address soring internally led to federal intervention.

Today, that intervention risks overreaching into disciplines where abuse

is rare but regulatory consequences could still be severe.

The Path Forward: Informed Self-Regulation and Advocacy The horse industry must advocate for consistent, evidence-based rules that prioritize actual horse welfare, without overburdening responsible competitors. That includes insisting on: (a) Clear, objective standards for detecting and defining soring (b) Scientifically supported inspection techniques (c) Fair, transparent appeal processes for alleged violations Horse owners, trainers, and event managers should stay informed on proposed HPA rule changes, participate in public comment opportunities, and engage with breed associations to shape regulatory policy. A more educated and unified equine community is essential to ensure that HPA enforcement protects horses without stifling fair competition.

The HPA may have been designed for one segment of the industry, but its implications now span across all disciplines. As scrutiny intensifies, all horse professionals must understand their rights, responsibilities, and risks under the Act, and work together to

protect both their horses and the future of their sport. *Kimbrell J. Hines is an active equestrian and an equine attorney with Turkel Cuva Barrios, P.A. Kimbrell has extensive knowledge of the nuances of the legal and business challenges that horse owners and enthusiasts experience in the equine industry. Kimbrell represents clients in matters including injuries to horses and riders, sale and purchase contracts, leases, boarding agreements, USEF & FEI and other breed and show compliance and responses, and claims concerning professionals providing equine-related services.

Kimbrell obtained her law degree and bachelor’s degree from the University of Florida, where she competed for the University of Florida Equestrian Team. She also has a Master of Science in Human Resource Management from the University of Tennessee. Kimbrell may be reached at khines@tcb-law.com or 813-8349191.

This article is provided as a guide for educational purposes only. It is not intended to serve as legal advice and should not be used as a substitute for consultation with an attorney.

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Marketplace

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48 | The Horse Review September 2025