PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Upholding Intergrity in Equine Media: Editorial Statement
HORSE HEALTH: Preventing Tendon Injury & Reinjury
HORSE HEALTH: How Insects Cause Stress
HORSE HEALTH: Thinking About Going Barefoot? Here’s How to Transition Your Horse Safely.
HORSE HEALTH: Electrolytes for Horses
HORSE HEALTH: The Moody Mare Natrual Behavior or Something Else?
HORSE HEALTH: Protect Your Horse! What You Need to Know about West Nile Virus
PEOPLE & HORSES: Carl Hardin A View From the Gate
PEOPLE & HORSES: Traveling Tips for the Solo Equestrian
PEOPLE & HORSES: Legendary Lecile Looking Back on a Rodeo Icon
GREENER PASTURES: 4 Simple Ways to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Through Pasture Management
LEADING HORSE TOWN IN AMERICA: Exploring Cheyenne Beyond Frontier Days MARKETPLACE:
Photo by: Genna Fogelberg
By: Carol M. Highsmith | Library of Congress
Upholding Integrity in Equine Media
As the publisher and editor of The Horse Review I want to address a growing concern in our industry, one that deserves honest reflection: the rise of undisclosed “pay-to-play” articles in equestrian magazines.
Recently, I became aware that some equine publications charge individuals and businesses thousands of dollars for feature or spotlight articles without disclosing they were paid for. These stories are not labeled as “Sponsored Content,” “Advertorial,” or “Paid Promotion”; instead, they appear to readers as earned editorial recognition when, in reality, they were purchased. This practice is not just misleading; it’s unethical and violates the very standards that guide credible journalism.
I come from a journalism background. I earned my degree in Journalism from the University of Mississippi, and my career has spanned roles in editorial, writing, marketing, advertising, and publishing throughtout the last 20 years. I was trained to uphold the integrity of the press and maintain a clear boundary between editorial and advertising content. I believe in stories that are earned, not bought.
That’s why I operate The Horse Review under the core principles set forth by the American Society of Magazine
Editors (ASME). These guidelines are not optional; they are the foundation of trust between a publication and its readers. We clearly label any sponsored content, do not allow advertising dollars to dictate editorial decisions, and celebrate individuals, businesses, nonprofits, and associations based on merit, grit, and authentic impact, not on who can afford to write a check.
To our readers: You deserve to know when a story is paid for, you deserve transparency, and you deserve content that celebrates the depth, diversity, and true resilience of our equestrian community, not just those with financial privilege.
To our fellow equine media publishers and editors: I challenge you to hold yourselves to the same standard. Whether or not you come from a journalism background, we all have a responsibility to honor the credibility of this industry. Pay-to-play journalism erodes trust and creates an uneven playing field, much like other barriers in equine sports where generational wealth and elite access can overshadow raw talent and hard work of so many deserving riders, trainers, and professionals.
At The Horse Review, we stand for equity, authenticity, and ethical journalism. We are committed to using our platform to uplift those who are making real contribu-
tions to the horse world, not because they paid for an article, but because they earned it.
Thank you for trusting us; I promise to continue earning that trust with every issue we publish. To equestrians and equine businesses: be cautious of publications that offer to write about you, only to reveal a fee later. Unless it’s for sponsored content, native advertising, or an advertorial, this practice is highly unethical. Below are the ASME Guidelines we follow for our editorial coverage and content.
Editorial Guidelines Based on ASME Principles
Our editorial guidelines follow the principles outlined by the American Society of Magazine Editors (ASME) to ensure transparency, integrity, and the highest standards of journalism. Below is a summary of the key principles we adhere to:
Core Principle
The foundation of our editorial integrity is the principle, “Don’t deceive the reader.” We prioritize transparency and trust in every piece of content.
Primary Responsibility of the Editor
The editor’s foremost duty is to serve the interests of readers. Truthfulness is prioritized above commercial or external pressures. Any errors in content are corrected promptly and prominently. Advertiser influence never compromises editorial content, and we maintain a clear distinction between editorial content and marketing, including native advertising.
Avoiding Conflicts of Interest
Editors are required to refuse any gifts, favors, or financial stakes that could influence their coverage. All relationships or connections that could impair impartiality are disclosed to readers.
Distinguishing Editorial from Advertising
We ensure that advertising is clearly labeled and distinguishable from editorial content across all platforms. Ads mimicking editorial style are labeled distinctly with terms such as “Advertisement” or “Sponsored Content,” in compliance with Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the United States Postal Service (USPS) guidelines.
Prohibitions on Advertising-Driven Editorial Content
Editorial coverage is never exchanged for payment or product placement. Advertisements and editorial content remain entirely separate, and editorial work is not influenced or placed near related advertisements.
Editorial Independence from Advertisers
We do not submit editorial content for advertiser approval, maintaining a strong firewall between editorial decision-making and advertising influence.
E-Commerce Transparency
Any e-commerce partnerships, such as affiliate links, are fully disclosed to readers. Content involving monetization is visually differentiated from neutral editorial content.
Regulatory Awareness
All content conforms to relevant disclosure and endorsement rules as established by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the United States Postal Service (USPS).
Scope & Evolution of Guidelines
Originally issued in 1982, ASME guidelines have been continuously updated to address evolving media formats, including digital, video, mobile, and experiential platforms. While flexible, these guidelines remain principle-driven to adapt to emerging formats which we follow and abide by.
By adhering to these guidelines, we aim to reinforce trust with our readers, ensuring that our commitment to transparency and unbiased reporting remains unwavering.
With Optimism, Lauren Pigford Abbott Publisher | Editor | Journalist
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Preventing Tendon Injuries and Reinjury
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS
UT TSU Shelby County Extension
Tendons and ligaments are vital components of a horse’s musculoskeletal system, providing stability, support, and mobility to the limbs. Tendon injuries in horses, including equine tendon injuries, tendon tears, and other forms of soft tissue damage, are among the most common and challenging conditions affecting equine athletes. Whether it’s a horse leg injury, a suspensory ligament injury, or a bowed tendon, these issues often result in lameness and require extended recovery periods. Implementing proactive care and preventive strategies for tendon injuries in horses is essential to maintain soundness, reduce downtime, and support long-term performance.
Tendons
Let’s start with basic anatomy. Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. For example, the deep digital flexor tendon in horses is similar to the Achilles tendon in humans. Tendons transfer the force generated by muscles to bones, enabling movement and stability. Tendons also stretch, and the extent of their stretch depends on activity. During jumping or galloping, for instance, the superficial digital flexor
tendon (SDFT) can stretch up to 16%, according to Dr. Roger Smith of the Royal Veterinary College in the United Kingdom. This extreme stretch causes the distal limb to nearly touch the ground during takeoff and landing. Overstretching can damage tendon fibers, while repeated strain can generate heat in the tendon, causing microscopic damage that may result in injury or lameness.
Preventing Tendon Injuries
Understanding tendon anatomy can help riders and trainers make informed choices about purchases, training, and recovery. If you’re purchasing a new equine performance partner it is recommended to perform a pre-purchase exam with a veterinarian. The vet can palpate and ultrasound the tendons to reveal any past injuries, as horses with prior tendon issues are more likely to re-injure themselves.
Preventing tendon injuries in horses involves similar strategies to those used by human athletes. Key methods include: 1. Proper warm-up and cool-down: As with human athletes, equine athletes need to stretch and prepare before and after work-
outs. Always start with a proper warm-up and finish with a gradual cool-down.
2. Regular exercise: Consistency builds stronger tendons, making them more resistant to injury.
3. Correct footing: Ensure arena footing is appropriate for the horse’s activity level. Footing should be even, not overly hard or soft, and regularly maintained.
4. Use boots wisely: Well-fitted boots can protect tendons from interference injuries, but they should only be used during intense exercise and removed immediately afterward. Boots can increase tendon temperature, because of this cryotherapy methods like ice packs, cold hosing, or ice boots after workouts to effectively reduce heat and promote recovery.
5. Gradual conditioning: Avoid sudden increases in training intensity. Horses, like human athletes, need time to build strength and endurance.
6. Evidence-based cross-training: Incorporate a variety of activities on different surfaces to reduce repetitive stress on tendons. Research shows tendon injuries are more likely to occur during training than competition. Allow adequate recovery time between sessions, especially when increasing training intensity.
7. Know your horse’s fitness: Assess your
horse’s overall health and fitness level, as tendons work in conjunction with the entire musculoskeletal system.
8. Hoof health: The saying “no hoof, no horse” applies here. The angle of the hoof affects tendon strain. Collaborate with a farrier to ensure your horse’s hooves are balanced and well-maintained, with appropriate shoes for their discipline.
9. Rest and recovery: Horses need breaks from training, just like humans. Research shows that the SDFT undergoes significant structural changes within 48 hours of exercise, and a 72-hour recovery period allows the tendon to return to its pre-workout state.
Conclusion
Tendon injuries can be difficult to treat and rehabilitate, often requiring significant time and resources from horse owners. Implementing preventive measures can reduce the risk of tendon injuries and help your horse perform through riding season. When in doubt, consult your veterinarian and farrier for guidance on injury prevention and management.
How Insects Cause Stress: A Common Seasonal Problem
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS UT TSU Shelby County Extension
Warm weather is an exciting time for equestrians, but it also brings a universal nuisance: insects. Horse fly stress and insect stress in horses are common issues during this season. Flies and horse anxiety often go hand in hand, as these pests bite, irritate, and can even lead to bug-related horse behavior issues. Horse fly bites cause discomfort and may contribute to health concerns like disease transmission and allergies, leading to noticeable horse insect irritation.
While there isn’t extensive scientific data on insect stress in horses, it’s clear that pests can impact their comfort. Signs of flies and horse anxiety are easy to
spot, showing just how much these tiny nuisances influence our equine friends..
Visual Signs of Discomfort and Stress From Insects
• Visual signs of stress in horses from flies and insects are easy to spot, particularly during insect season. Common stress behaviors in horses include:
• Horse stomping and tail swishing to ward off flies and insects
• Head tossing and horse skin twitching (or shiv-
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ering) when insects land
• Grouping together for protection
• Seeking shelter in barns, pasture shelters, or under trees
• Horse pacing in pasture to avoid fly-infested areas
• Moving to windy areas where flies are less likely to gather
Fly and insect season horse care is essential to minimize discomfort for your equine companions. Effective methods include using fly spray for sensitive horses and insect repellent for horses to keep pests at bay. Horse fly sheets, equine fly masks, and natural fly control for horses, such as essential oils for horse fly control, offer additional protection. For a more hands-off approach, automatic fly spray systems ensure consistent coverage, while insecticide-free fly protection options provide relief without harsh chemicals. While these methods may not eliminate stress entirely, they offer significant relief and are far better than no intervention..
The Science of Insect Stress
Insects can be a source of stress for both horses and humans, but what’s the science behind the “stress response” they trigger? Stress response is a physiological process involving activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which triggers the release of the stress hormone cortisol. Cortisol can be measured in horses’ saliva or through fecal cortisol metabolites (FCM). Saliva cortisol represents biologically active hormones and measures HPA activity, while FCM indicates longer-term stress.
warmer months (Christensen, J.W., et al., 2022). The study found that horses with indoor access spent more time inside when insect prevalence was high and showed fewer insect-repelling behaviors. Meanwhile, horses without indoor access had higher saliva cortisol levels. This suggests that indoor access provides an escape from biting insects and improves horse welfare.
The study found that horses with indoor access spent more time inside when insect prevalence was high and showed fewer insect-repelling behaviors. Meanwhile, horses without indoor access had higher saliva cortisol levels. This suggests that indoor access provides an escape from biting insects and improves horse welfare.
Horses face several environmental stresses during the warmer months, with heat stress being a significant factor that can elevate cortisol levels. Providing horses with access to stalls under fans during the day can help reduce their exposure to both insects and high temperatures. However, prolonged time in stalls can lead to stall stress, whereas time spent in pastures may help lower cortisol spikes. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to managing stress in horses, as many factors can influence their stress response. Evaluating each horse individually is crucial to determine the most effective strategies for reducing environmental stress caused by insects, heat, or confinement. Although research on the physiological stress response of horses specifically to insects is limited, it’s clear that insects can cause significant stress and discomfort. While completely avoiding insects isn’t realistic, taking proactive steps can greatly reduce irritation and infestations. Effective strategies include using insect traps, sprays, wearable fly gear, proper manure disposal, garbage management, and minimizing standing water in pastures.
There is limited research on the specific physiological stress responses of horses exposed to insects. However, a 2022 study measured behavioral stress responses, FCM, and saliva cortisol levels in horses with and without indoor access during summer and
By implementing these practices, you can create a more comfortable environment for your horses, enhancing their overall well-being and ensuring they thrive. Taking the time to manage these challenges benefits not just your horses but also your peace of mind as an owner.
Thinking About Going Barefoot? Here’s How to Transition Your Horse Safely
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension
It’s no secret: “No hoof, no horse.” Proper equine hoof care is one of the most critical responsibilities for horse owners. Without healthy hooves, a horse cannot live comfortably or perform well. Most owners rely on horse shoes and farrier services for protection, stabilization, and therapeutic support.
In recent years, however, the trend of barefoot horses has gained traction, with some owners opting for natural hoof care and barefoot trimming instead of keeping their horses shod. Advocates believe it promotes better hoof balance and aligns with a horse’s natural lifestyle. Still, this approach isn’t one-size-fits-all, and the decision to go barefoot depends on many factors, including the horse’s
workload, environment, and individual needs.
Whether your horse is barefoot or shod, working with the best farrier for barefoot horses or traditional horse hoof trimming is essential to maintaining sound, balanced hooves. Owners must carefully weigh the pros and cons to choose the right path for their horse’s hoof health..
Shoes or No Shoes?
Let’s begin by examining how hoof structure responds to concussion. When a hoof strikes firm footing (as opposed to arena sand), the impact activates the frog and sole, helping to disperse energy. In barefoot horses, this energy is absorbed directly by the frog, digital cushion, and underlying bones.
However, in shod horses, most of the weight and impact are transferred to the hoof walls instead.. Some researchers believe only a small load should be applied to the hoof wall to allow the frog, sole, and bars to take on more weight, which helps strengthen the bones. Additionally, going barefoot may allow the hoof capsule to expand naturally, as nails from shoes restrict this natural expansion. When are shoes necessary for a horse? It depends on various factors, including the horse’s hoof health, balance, hoof structure, riding discipline, and the specific job the horse performs. Shoes may be necessary to help a horse perform specific tasks or to address various hoof health issues, such as providing support and reducing pain for conditions like laminitis, hoof cracks, or other structural problems.
Finding a Farrier and Trimming
Horses with solid hoof walls and thick soles are better suited for a barefoot lifestyle. However, just because a horse is barefoot does not mean it requires less maintenance. Regular and thorough hoof maintenance is crucial for optimal health and preventing problems. Whether your horse is barefoot or shod, it’s essential to work with a qualified farrier who has proper certifications and insurance..
As a general rule, horses should see a far-
rier every four to six weeks, or up to eight weeks in some cases. For barefoot horses, more frequent checks might be necessary to prevent the hoof wall from growing too long.
External Factors
Environmental conditions should also be considered when transitioning to barefoot hooves. Sandy or rocky terrain can wear hooves down rapidly, leading to soreness or hoof bruises. In wet climates, moisture-induced cracks can progress into issues like abscesses, white line disease, and thrush.
If your horse has recently transitioned to going barefoot, make sure the arena footing is soft and forgiving. Avoid hard surfaces until their hooves have had time to strengthen.
Making the Transition
Before transitioning your horse to barefoot hooves, make sure they have adequate sole depth and strong hoof wall quality. After removing the shoes, provide comfortable surfaces like dirt or grass for your horse to walk on. Some tenderness is normal in the early stages, and it may take several weeks for the hooves to adapt and strengthen.
In the months following shoe removal, your farrier will gradually reshape the hooves; a process that can take up to a year. During this time, your far-
rier may also use hoof testers to measure sole thickness. If the soles remain thin, keep your horse on soft surfaces but gradually introduce firmer terrain to encourage hoof development. Seasons play a crucial role in hoof health and can impact the success of transitioning a horse to go barefoot. Many farriers recommend beginning the transition during the spring or early summer when the ground is softer and more forgiving, as this reduces the stress on unshod hooves and allows for gradual adjustment. Wet conditions during these seasons can also help maintain moisture in the hooves, preventing cracking or brittleness. However, hot and dry summers may require additional care to maintain proper moisture levels in the hoof wall. Conversely, winter may not always be ideal for pulling shoes due to frozen, hard ground, which can be tough on unconditioned hooves. Farriers generally suggest carefully timing the transition in accordance with your local climate and providing additional management, such as regular hoof conditioning and balanced nutrition, to support hoof growth and strength during seasonal changes. With your farrier’s guidance, provide plenty of turnout on soft footing to promote circulation and healthy hoof growth. If you notice signs of weakness or issues, it may be necessary to reconsider barefoot and return to using shoes.
Fuel for Feet
Nutrition is essential for building strong, healthy hooves during the barefoot transition. A balanced diet supports hoof strength and overall quality. Limit excess sugar in the diet, as it can cause inflammation and negatively impact hoof health. Key dietary considerations include:
• Good quality forage: Soaking hay can help reduce sugar content.
• Hoof supplements: Look for supplements with copper, zinc, selenium, and vitamin B1. Adding micronized linseed can also improve hoof growth and quality.
• Biotin: While good forage typically provides sufficient biotin, consider adding a supplement to promote hoof wall growth.
Conclusion
Deciding whether to shoe your horse, leave them barefoot, or transition them from shoes to going barefoot depends on various factors, including their individual needs, environment, and lifestyle. It’s important to stay informed, proactive, and attentive to your horse’s condition throughout the process to ensure their well-being.
Electrolytes for Horses
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension
With intense heat, most horse owners, trainers, and riders love to indulge in flavored sports drinks while sweating bullets. While human sweat is clear, your equine companion’s sweat may appear white and foamy, resembling salt. This is because our horses are sweating out electrolytes. We often hear about the importance of electrolytes for human athletes and hydration, but they are just as essential for our equine athletes. Similar to how we replace electrolytes with energy drinks or additives, we can help our equine companions replenish vital nutrients and stay hydrated..
What are Electrolytes?
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Electrolytes are mineral ions essential for the body, supporting nerve signaling, blood pH regulation, muscle contractions, and fluid balance. Found in blood, cells, and surrounding fluids, they carry an electric charge in water and help regulate hydration and muscle function.
Key electrolytes and their roles:
• Sodium: The most abundant electrolyte in the blood. It helps regulate hydration, maintain fluid balance, and support nerve and muscle function.
• Potassium: Critical for cell function, it regulates heartbeat, supports muscle contraction and relaxation, and maintains proper nerve signaling.
• Chloride: Works with sodium to balance fluids and supports proper digestion by contributing to stomach acid (hydrochloric acid).
• Magnesium: Essential for muscle relaxation, nerve transmission, energy production, and over 300 biochemical reactions in the body.
• Calcium: Vital for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood clotting, and bone health.
• Bicarbonate: Maintains acid-base balance in the body, crucial for stabilizing blood pH and ensuring proper enzyme function.
Remember, maintaining balanced pH levels is essential, as pH impacts all functional proteins, enzymes, and biochemical processes in the body.
How Horses Lose Electrolytes
Horses lose electrolytes through sweating, drooling, respiration, urination, and defecation. Sweating is the primary mechanism by which horses regulate their
body temperature through evaporative cooling. As sweat evaporates, it draws heat away from the body, helping to maintain a safe temperature during exercise or in hot conditions. However, illness can also disrupt electrolyte balance, causing additional losses even without sweating.
Research has shown that horses can lose approximately 15 liters of sweat per hour during moderate exercise (McCutcheon, L.J. et al., 1999). The amount of sweat and its composition—water and essential minerals such as sodium, potassium, and chloride—vary based on several including:
• Type and duration of exercise. The more intense and longer the workout, the more a horse will sweat.
• Temperature: Obviously the hotter it is, the more your horse will sweat.
• Humidity: The amount of moisture in the air makes it harder for sweat to evaporate which is how horses cool down. This is due to the air already being saturated with water vapor. Due to this a horse will continuously sweat.
• Diet: A forage-based diet may not supply enough minerals because forage does not contain appropriate levels of sodium by itself. Salt, free choice
salt blocks or loose table salt should be added into the diet to ensure horses receive enough sodium.
• Horse’s body weight: Body weight determines the amount of total surface area, which feeds into how much skin area they have to dissipate heat. Horses with more surface area will produce higher volumes of sweat. To calculate surface area of the horse from body weight (kg) the formula is: m2= 1.09 + (0.008 x body weight) (courtesy of Mad Barn Inc.)
• Adaptive response to the environment: Horses can adapt to exercising in hot, humid conditions; however, if your horse is not use to hot weather, make sure to give them time to adapt before going into full exercise mode. This can take a few months. It is also important to note that it is not advised to ride when the temperature plus humidity equals 180 or more. You and your horse will be susceptible to heat stroke.
Why and How to add Electrolytes
Adding an electrolyte supplement depends on several factors such as health status, activity level, and environment. Owners should consider adding an electrolyte supplement if your horse is:
• Sweating heavily
• Working in hot or humid conditions
• High-stress conditions such as long trailer rides
• Experiencing fluid loss due to illness
• Increased workload (length and intensity)
As always, consult with your veterinarian and/or equine nutritionist before you add anything new to your horse’s diet. If your veterinarian approves, experiment with different options to see which delivery mode works best. Always make sure to follow the manufacturer’s label to ensure the correct dosage is given.
Electrolytes come in a variety of forms such as powders and pastes. Powdered electrolytes can be mixed with water or top-dressed on feeds while pastes are given orally with a syringe. When choosing an electrolyte, consider one that is:
• Balanced for horses: avoid electrolytes meant for humans.
• Easily dissolves in water: if the supplement does not dissolve, it might not be consumed adequately.
• Contain dextrose or fructose: this improves the speed at which water and electrolytes are absorbed.
• Monitor sugar-levels. It is important to find an electrolyte that prioritizes sodium and not sugar, especially for metabolic horses who need lower NSC levels to maintain overall wellness. When administered correctly, electrolyte supplementation can help maintain fluid balance and replace those electrolyte ions your horse loses during workouts. Research electrolyte supplementation options to see what will work with your horse’s diet and lifestyle while optimizing your horse’s performance and hydration.
The Moody Mare: Natural Behavior or Something More?
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension
Moody mares have been a popular topic among horse owners, often leading to myths about their behaviors. Most owners contribute moodiness to hormones, mainly those that control the estrous cycle. However, there could be several other factors resulting in the infamous moody mare attitude.
Estrous Cycle 101
Let’s start with what most owners believe is the cause of the attitude: the estrous cycle. Mares are
seasonally polyestrous, meaning they cycle as the days get longer (spring to early fall), with monthly cycles, and shut down as the days get shorter (fall to early spring). The estrous cycle lasts about 21-22 days, with behavioral estrus (being in heat) lasting 1-7 days. During this time, mares ovulate 24-48 hours before the end of estrus. Throughout the seven-day estrus period, mares may exhibit undesirable behaviors such as squealing, vocalizing, winking of the vulva, urinating in small amounts, and becoming distracted by other horses.
Most owners often fail to monitor their mares’ cycles to ensure they are occurring regularly. If undesirable behavior occurs every 21-22 days, mare owners should start tracking it on a calendar. If this behavior continues into the winter, it is not likely linked to the reproductive cycle.
Causes of Moody Behavior
There are numerous physical issues that can cause moody behaviors that can mimics estrus behavior.
Environmental stressors
1. Housing and space: overcrowding or confined spaces can lead to discomfort, stress and overstimulation. Make sure your mare has adequate stall and turnout space plus stimulation to maintain her physical and mental health.
2. Grazing opportunities: grazing is critical for any horse’s physical and mental health. It promotes natural foraging behavior, promotes digestive health, reduces stress and stereotypical behaviors.
3. Climate and weather conditions: extreme temperatures can make any horse “testy” and agitated. Make sure your mare has adequate shelter and weather-appropriate care.
4. Routine and consistency: horses are creatures of habit. Sudden changes in their usual routine can lead to those “testy” moments.
Health Issues
1. Urinary or bladder infection: any infection will lead to discomfort and irritation. Mares that have poor reproductive conformation are more likely to “pool” their urine in the vagina. In mares with a “pseudovagina,” where the anus is positioned further back from the vulva, feces may enter the vaginal area, increasing the risk of infection.
2. Ovarian tumors: tumors secrete hormones that may cause mares to exhibit signs of persistent estrus or no estrus at all. Some mare may show stallion-like behavior such as aggression or mount other horses. Removing the tumor is typically an effective solution to resolve the issue.
Lameness or pain
1. This can understandably cause discomfort. Mares may avoid work, which might be mistaken for stubbornness or unresponsiveness. Some mares could also become sensitive to touch in or around the affected areas.
Ways to Manage Mood Swings
True Estrus Behavior
Equine veterinarians and reproductive specialists have effective methods to manage estrous behavior in mares. One of the most common
approaches is the daily oral administration of Regu-Mate (altrenogest), a progestin. Consult your veterinarian to determine the correct dosage and duration of treatment for your mare.
It’s crucial for anyone handling hormones, especially women, to wear gloves while administering Regu-Mate. Even trace amounts of this hormone can cause serious side effects in humans, so proper precautions are essential.
Another treatment option involves injecting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH). This hormone helps regulate estrus-related behavior by reducing the secretion of steroid hormones and gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Always work closely with your veterinarian to choose the best approach for your mare’s needs.
Management Strategies
Outside of true estrus behavior, employ appropriate management steps to reduce “mood swings” or what is truly stress.
• Environmental enrichment: Providing access to pasture, opportunities for social interaction with other horses, and engaging enrichment activities in the stall or turnout can help foster a balanced and calm temperament.
• Regular turnout and exercise: A straightforward yet essential management step that helps reduce stress and minimize stereotypical behaviors in horses..
• Maintain a consistent routine: Establish a predictable schedule for feeding, exercise, grooming, and rest. If changes to the routine are necessary, introduce them gradually to allow the mare time to adjust comfortably.
• Veterinary Care: Sudden mood swings could indicate a serious underlying health issue. Schedule regular vet check-ups, including visits to a reproductive specialist to ensure the health of the reproductive tract. Dealing with a moody mare can be challenging, but remember, her behavior might not be solely tied to her estrus cycle. Factors like environmental changes, pain or discomfort, and even a lack of socialization could play a role.
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Protect Your Horse: What You Need to Know About West Nile Virus Virus
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension
The “dog days” of summer brings the most unwelcomed visitor for horses and humans: mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are one of the largest nuisances throughout the warmer months, and not just because their bites cause us humans to itch. Mosquitoes are one of the largest vectors of disease transmitters to mammals. One mosquito-borne disease is West Nile Virus (WNV) and it can affect horses and humans by causing severe symptoms.
What is WNV?
WNV is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus from the Flaviviridae family, primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes contract the virus from infected birds and can then transmit it to humans and horses. Unvaccinated, young, or elderly horses are more vulnerable to severe illness.
Birds act as a reservoir for WNV, carrying the virus without becoming sick. When a mosquito feeds on an infected bird, the virus can replicate in its salivary glands.
WNV is not contagious—it cannot be passed between horses or humans, is not airborne, and cannot spread through commonly touched objects.
Symptoms of WNV
Once infected, the severity of West Nile Virus (WNV) in horses varies by case. Not all infected horses show clinical signs, but those that do primarily exhibit neurological symptoms. Early signs of WNV include fever, lameness, and general discomfort. In more severe cases, symptoms progress to neurological impairments, affecting the central nervous system (CNS). These impairments can be symmetrical or asymmetrical and may include:
• Muzzle twitching
• Lethargy or hyperexcitement
• Drooping of the head or lips
• Facial paralysis
• Difficulty swallowing
• Incoordination (ataxia)
• Muscle weakness
• Sensitivity to touch or sound
• Inability to stand
• Muscle or skin twitching and trembling
• Visual impairments, such as aimless wandering or lack of spatial awareness
Recognizing these signs early can be crucial in managing the condition effectively.
Diagnosis and Treatment
To diagnosis WNV, your veterinarian will conduct a blood test for antibodies against WNV. The test will measure concentration of immunoglobulin M (IgM). Getting an accurate WNV diagnosis is important because it is an immediately notifiable disease, meaning it MUST be reported to government agencies to ensure appropriate measures are taken. Confirmed cases are reported to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and state veterinary authorities.
Treatment of WNV mainly focuses on alleviating symptoms by providing the horse with supportive care. Anti-inflammatory medications, like NSAIDs or corticosteroids, are used to alleviate pain while some veterinarians will use flunixin meglumine (Banamine) to reduce muscle tremors. IV fluids may also be administered to prevent dehydration. It may take up to six months of continuous treatment before horses return to normal function and only about 10%-40% of affected horses recover. Even when horses recover, they can still show lingering neurological issues.
With WNV outbreaks, the mortality rate of symptomatic horses is about 38% to 57%. UC Davis cite a case fatality rate closer to 33%. Horses with more severe symptoms usually have a higher mortality rate.
Prevention
Vaccination is one of the best ways to protect horses against West Nile Virus (WNV). In the United States, the WNV vaccine is considered a core vaccine, meaning it should be given to horses on a regular schedule. Many veterinarians recommend administering the vaccine in the spring to ensure full protection before the summer months, when the risk of infection is highest. The vaccination schedule may vary based on individual factors, but your veterinarian can help create and maintain an accurate plan. Key recommendations include:
• Previously vaccinated horses: repeat vaccinations annually. Horses in a more high-risk areas may need to be vaccinated every six months.
• Unknown history or not vaccinated will need a two dose series 4-6 weeks apart followed by yearly boosters.
• Aged adult horses may require more frequent boosters to maintain immunity.
• Pregnant mares: Unknown- vaccinate when NOT pregnant. Otherwise, vaccinate annually and 4-6 weeks before foaling.
• Pregnant mares: Previously vaccinated- administer as usual
• Foals and Young Horses
• Normal-risk horses: three-dose series starting at 4-6 months
• High-risk horses: can be vaccinated under 4 months of age
• 1-5 years old: more frequent to protect against severe disease
Besides vaccination, reducing mosquito exposure is important for preventing WNV. Practice environmental management practices to reduce mosquito populations.
• Eliminate stagnant water
• Install fans and blowers
• Bring horses inside during dusk and dawn
• Apply insecticides
Conclusions
Prevention for WNV is as simple as administering the annual, core vaccination. Once a horse is infected with WNV, it becomes a statewide and possible federal issue. Talk with your veterinarian when the best time is to vaccinate your horse. As always with any vaccination, keep records of when, where and the vaccine dosage amount. Section Sponsored By:
Against All Odds: Grand Prix Horse Triumphs at Brownland Farm After Life-Saving Surgery at Tennessee Equine Hospital
By Miriam Cresswell
Explosive, agile, and driven: that’s how Mojo the horse looked as he soared over jump after jump on his way to being crowned champion of Brownland Farm’s Music Country Grand Prix in Franklin, Tennessee. Yet, there’s another word that few in the crowd would think to use to describe him: survivor.
“This isn’t a comeback story; it’s a testament to what’s possible when equine sports medicine meets extraordinary dedication,” said Michael Tokaruk, Mojo’s rider and co-owner alongside Blaine Kime. Mojo, known as Like Mad in the competition ring, faced a life-threatening battle in September 2024. His usual energetic spirit suddenly vanished; he was visibly uncomfortable. Tokaruk and his partner and co-trainer, Cameron Tokaruk, rushed Mojo to Tennessee Equine Hospital (TEH) West near Memphis. There, non-surgical efforts to treat his impaction colic, a blockage in the digestive tract caused by a buildup of dry, hard material, offered little relief.
Colic remains one of the most serious and unpredictable health issues in horses. It’s a word no horse owner wants to hear and one that can often end in heartbreak if not caught and treated quickly. Mojo’s case was severe, and time was critical.
Recognizing the urgency, the Tokaruks were referred to Tennessee Equine Hospital’s referral center in Thompson’s Station, Tennessee, where 24/7 surgical care is available.
“I remember the last conversation with Michael,” said Mojo’s co-owner Blaine Kime. “We just said, ‘It’s time to do the right thing. If we don’t operate, he’s going to die. So let’s focus on saving him now and face whatever comes next together.’”
Tennessee Equine Hospital’s surgical team sprang into action, with Dr. Allison Stewart performing the life-saving procedure. She uncovered an impaction so severe that the odor upon removal suggested it had been building for months undetected.
“A lot of people still think colic is the end of the
Dr. Monty McInturff and the Tokaruks Photo courtesy of Tennessee Equine Hospital
road,” said Dr. Allison Stewart. “But with the right diagnostics, surgical capabilities and aftercare; like we have here at TEH, horses absolutely can come back and thrive. Mojo is living proof of that.”
Under the leadership of hospital owner Dr. Monty McInturff, veterinarians, technicians, and support staff worked around the clock to give Mojo every chance of survival and recovery.
“Mojo’s got a big personality,” Michael Tokaruk said with a laugh. “He’s not the easiest patient, but the staff at Tennessee Equine treated him with professionalism and compassion from start to finish.”
The Tokaruks were able to stay in the hospital’s onsite apartment during part of Mojo’s stay, which allowed them to be involved in his care and recovery. Kime visited just two weeks post-surgery and was struck by the horse’s spirit.
“He had a big belly band on, but you could already see he was full of life,” Kime said. “Tennessee Equine Hospital didn’t just save him; they set him up to succeed again.”
Following surgery, Mojo returned to the Tokaruks’ Memphis-area farm for hand-walking, treadmill work and eventually aqua therapy in Florida. Under Smith’s close supervision, Mojo’s recovery was carefully paced.
“Cameron deserves so much credit,” Kime added. “She nursed him back, rebuilt his strength and gave him the time and care he needed to thrive again.”
Before long, Mojo was back to himself.
“When Cameron finally let me ride him again, I was so happy to get back on Mojo,” Tokaruk
said. “We started over little jumps, and he was just full of energy — romping around, playing, kicking, bucking, just having a great time.”
Mojo’s full-circle moment came on May 31 at Brownland Farm.
“The Music Country Grand Prix is one I’ve been trying to win my entire career. I’ve come close so many times, and I’ve won plenty of other Grand Prixs, but never that one,” said Tokaruk. “Crossing that last jump clear, it was surreal.”
“It all just came together in those last two jumps. I was excited because we went double clear,” said Kime. “I didn’t even realize we had won. In my mind, we had already accomplished our goals in a big way. Then, my wife turns to me saying, ‘We won! We won!’ I was shocked.”
For Tennessee Equine Hospital, Mojo’s story is more than a win; it’s a reflection of their mission: providing gold-standard care for horses and the people who love them.
“It’s why we do what we do,” said Dr. Monty McInturff, owner of Tennessee Equine Hospital. “Mojo is a reminder that with the right care and the right team, recovery is possible, and it can lead to greatness.”
For Tokaruk, it all comes down to teamwork.
“This kind of moment doesn’t happen without a team. It might be one rider in the ring, but it takes a village,” said Tokaruk. “Everyone played a role, and I’m incredibly grateful to each of them for helping us get here. I can’t wait to see what’s next.”
Carl Hardin
The View from the Gate
By Sharlee Shumpert
Rodeo takes many dedicated hands to keep the show running smoothly. While contestants, announcers, bullfighters, pickup men, and clowns take center stage in the arena, there’s a hardworking team behind the scenes ensuring everything goes off without a hitch. Stock contractors, timers, judges, secretaries, and gatemen play vital roles, including Carl Hardin, a beloved figure who has been opening the gate for barrel racers for about 20 years.
Hardin has gained valuable wisdom through his decades of work with equine athletes and jockeys, proving that kindness in even the smallest interactions can make all the difference.
An Oklahoma native, Hardin currently resides in Wewoka. Rodeo has been part of his life since childhood, thanks to his father and uncle, who were rodeo contractors. He got his start the way many
gatemen, barrel setters, and tractor drivers do— by simply being present and willing to help. Now, Hardin works about 20 events a year as a gateman, and his resume includes some of the biggest barrel racing and rodeo events, such as the BBR World Finals, The Patriot, and The American Rodeo. Through these events, Hardin has met many of the sport’s most famous jockeys, including top WPRA athletes. Over the years, he’s formed friendships with these competitors, often seeing them on the rodeo trail. “I can call ’em anytime, and we can laugh and joke and cry together, whatever we need to do,” Hardin said.
Hardin shares a memorable story involving fourtime world champion barrel racer Hailey Kinsel, who won The American Rodeo after receiving his encouragement. Kinsel’s mother turned to him afterward in excitement and asked, “Can we take you
Carl Hardin (right) and Christy Lewis (left)
“ “Everybody gets encouraging words,” Hardin said. “I tell them, ‘You got this, it’s like every other barrel race.’” “
everywhere with us?” He jokes that Kinsel also said she’d love for him to work the gate at the National Finals Rodeo.
But Hardin’s support isn’t just for the professional athletes. His kind encouragement extends to every contestant, from world champions to children on ponies. This is why he’s so highly regarded in the rodeo industry. Sharing laughs and having fun with the people he helps is his favorite part of the job. “Everybody gets encouraging words,” Hardin said. “I tell them, ‘You got this, it’s like every other barrel race.’”
He often reminds contestants, “At any given time, anyone can win this race,” and, “You can do it just as well as they [the pro girls] can.” Hardin also encourages fans who may be hesitant to approach famous barrel racers, reassuring them that the pros are just as human as anyone else. “I laugh and tell them to go say hello,” he said.
When asked about advice for someone working the gate, Hardin said, “The gate is not gonna stay locked at all times. I have a position pole that I stand behind, out of the horse’s way. The number one thing is to be as safe as possible … Just common sense, that’s the biggest thing. Stay on your toes at all times. Anything could happen.” He also adds, “Be a God-fearing person, because we all need Him.”
Through his calm demeanor and encouraging words, Hardin has helped thousands of barrel racers start their runs with confidence. As the last person they see before entering the arena, his positivity and reassurance often make a significant impact.
No matter who he’s assisting, Hardin strives to be a steady and supportive presence, showing the power of uplifting others even in brief moments. With every swing of the gate, Carl Hardin not only helps athletes start strong but also leaves a lasting impression of kindness and encouragement.
Carl Hardin
Carl Hardin (far left) Dusty Saddles Photography.
Carl Hardin and Sharlee Shumpert.j
Travel Tips for the Solo Equestrian
By Sharlee Shumpert
The open road is something horse owners are often familiar with. Whether hauling to the vet or a horse show, trips with equines can be challenging—even with plenty of help. But what about when there’s no extra set of hands? Solo travel can be difficult on its own, but adding horses into the mix makes things even more hectic. However, there are services and tips that can make solo travel easier for both horse and rider.
Roadside Assistance
Several services provide roadside assistance options for equestrians. These services can be lifesaving in an emergency.
AAA Roadside Assistance is a well-known, widely used company. While it does not offer horse-specific emergency care, it does offer a wide range of vehicular services such as tire changes, towing, battery jumpstarts, lockout services, winching, emergency fuel deliveries, and more. When it comes to towing horse trailers, however, AAA requires members to upgrade their basic coverage plan. AAA Roadside Assistance is available around the clock, all days of the week.
US Rider is a roadside assistance company that provides a wide range of vehicular services plus horse-related services. US Rider says on their website, “In the event of an emergency,
we provide emergency stabling, veterinarian and farrier referrals.” They will tow loaded or empty trailers, and if a customer’s trailer becomes unusable or unsafe for their horses, US Rider will assist in finding a new mode of transportation for them. Like AAA, it is available 24/7.
Equipro Roadside is another company that specializes in helping horse owners. It offers many vehicular services, and like US Rider, it offers trailer towing and help with farrier care, veterinary care, and stabling. In the case of an animal fatality, it helps with livestock carcass removal, and it includes Accidental Death and Dismemberment insurance and Telemed with every plan. It is available 24/7.
Trailguard provides equine roadside service that offers similar benefits to US Rider and Equipro Roadside; however, Trailguard offers coverage not only for owners, but also for hired trainers and haulers. They advertise a concierge service, a 24/7 personal assistant, and emergency boarding on their website. Like its competitors, Trailguard is available all day, all week.
Must-Haves in the Trailer
There are many vital items for horse owners to keep in the trailer no matter what, but they are even more crucial to have when traveling solo. Essential items every equestrian
should always have on hand when traveling:
Spare tires—not only for your truck, but for your trailer, too. Make sure the tires you have fit your truck and trailer properly.
Ramps and jacks are very useful tools. Driveon jacks and ramps can make tire changes much faster, especially for those traveling alone. Many kinds are available for purchase online and in hardware stores.
Locks and zip ties—solo travelers will have to leave their rigs unattended at some point, so buying locks for any trailer doors that do not have locks already is a good idea. Zip ties are handy for securing just about anything, making them valuable to have around.
Extra horse supplies should always be stocked in the trailer when possible. This includes everything from extra food and water jugs (or water tanks in the back of the truck) to medicines such as Banamine (flunixin meglumine), Bute (phenylbutazone), and eye remedies. Always pack some kind of first aid kit, preferably one that has supplies for both people and horses. Keep extra syringes and needles packed, too.
Health Records and Documentation
When traveling across state lines with horses or other animals, it’s important to ensure all necessary documents and supplies are prepared and easily accessible. Most states require a current Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI), also known as a health certificate, issued within a specific time frame prior to travel, usually 30 days. Proof of negative Coggins test results, often required for equines, must also be included. Keep these documents readily available, as they may be checked by officials at state borders or event locations. Staying compliant with regulations helps ensure the well-being of your animals and avoids potential travel disruptions.
Self-Defense Options
Perhaps one of the most important things for any solo traveler to have is some form or plan of self-defense. Taking a self-defense class is an excellent way to prepare for threatening situations, but there are also plenty of other choices that do not require a class to implement. It’s essential to learn how to defend yourself properly, no matter which method you choose.
Stun guns are legal in most states, but there are a few exceptions; additionally, there can be restrictions placed on these devices even in states where owning them is legal. Those looking to buy a stun gun should first check their state’s rules, and they should check the rules of any states they will be traveling to or through as well. Pepper spray is legal throughout the entirety of the United States. However, it is regulated in some areas of the country, so those wanting to use it
should make sure they are in compliance with any rules concerning pepper spray on both the local and state level. They should also check the laws of any states they plan on stopping in or driving through. Firearms, while technically legal everywhere in America, are subject to an expansive range of different rules and regulations depending on the state. In order to travel legally with a gun, it is important to check both local and state guidelines such as permit requirements and open versus concealed carry policies. Once again, these rules need to be checked for all states in which you plan to stay or travel through.
Dogs are another solid choice for self-defense. These loyal companions can scare off potential dangers, sometimes just with their presence alone. However, it is crucial that those traveling with dogs have their animals trained properly. Untrained guard dogs will cause more problems than they will prevent. All states have regulations pertaining to dogs as well, so it is important to be aware of any specific rules that may apply.
Traveling alone with horses can be tough to say the least, but there are tons of ways to make things a little simpler. After all, those who love horses know that nothing about having these animals is truly easy, and yet the call to adventure awaits. May your solo trip bring you closer to the equine friends who keep you company on the trails of life.
Legendary Lecile: Looking Back at a Rodeo Icon
By Sharlee Shumpert
Sitting at a rodeo, you watch an event or two go by, and then out of nowhere, a man in clown makeup appears in the arena and starts heckling the announcer. He is wearing some sort of colorful, loose garb and a hat, and in his hand is a prop—maybe a firecracker, a stick horse, or a fake rifle. It takes him mere seconds to get the whole crowd laughing, and he brings an element of whimsy to the rodeo that was not there before.
Who is this guy? He is none other than a rodeo clown, a classic part of cowboy culture. It is extremely difficult to find a rodeo that lacks one of these entertainers; their occupation is an art form, one that has cemented itself as a permanent piece of rodeo’s character. But, just like with every sport and art, there are pioneers, standouts, and champions who pave the way for others to follow. In the past century, no one has contributed more to the rodeo clown image and legacy than Lecile Harris.
This incomparable cowboy was many things: a bull rider, bullfighter, rodeo clown, football
player, drummer, actor—but he is most remembered for his work as a comedian. He was unmatched in talent and fame, and his influence is still felt in the Western industry today.
Lecile was born in Lake Cormorant, Mississippi, in 1936. He grew up on a farm and learned his earliest comedic craftsmanship from comedians such as W.C. Fields, Red Skelton, Emmett Kelly, and Laurel and Hardy. In high school, he rode bulls, and this was where he was introduced to bullfighting. Lecile first got into bullfighting by chance—when the hired bullfighter did not show at a rodeo Lecile had entered, the plucky cowboy decided to do it himself. While playing football at the University of Tennessee-Martin, he still kept up with his bullfighting. Over the course of his career as a bullfighter, Lecile helped elevate the sport as a whole by inventing new and creative ways to dodge, challenge, and even dance with the bulls he met in the arena. He became known as “The Original Bulldancer” thanks to his ability to establish rhythm with these fierce animals.
Lecile’s rodeo clown career came about in much the same way as his bullfighting; when a clown was unable to make it to a rodeo he was attending, Lecile covered for him, and his childhood fascination with comedy paid off. Between his talents as a bullfighter and his natural aptitude for humor, Lecile had all the ingredients to become a rodeo superstar. At the height of his career, he was working anywhere from 100 to 150 rodeos a year, and he became a mainstay at some of rodeo’s biggest competitions, like the Dixie National Rodeo in Jackson, Mississippi. Lecile’s style, according to the article “The Good Clowns: Lecile Harris, Pro Rodeo’s Master Comedian,” was “a blend of magic, slapstick, and stand-up comedy…” The Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame, into which Lecile was inducted in 2007, says his signature makeup, which resembled the mask of tragedy, was produced with the help of lipstick and shoe polish in 1955 when he replaced a clown at a rodeo in Sardis, Mississippi. One of Lecile’s greatest achievements was being named the PRCA Clown of the Year four times. This ambitious clown also took his talents to the big screen; he acted in the movies The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James, W.W. and the Dixie Dance Kings, and Walking Tall: The Final Chapter. In addition to these appearances, he performed in the television show Hee Haw for five years. Lecile was creative on all fronts; he loved to paint, and he even played as a recording session drummer in the ‘50s and ‘60s in Memphis.
Lecile Harris passed away in 2020 while working his beloved Dixie National Rodeo in Jackson. He is survived by his devoted wife Ethel Harris and their three children, their grandchildren, and their great-grandchildren. When it comes to Lecile’s legacy, no one has worked harder than Ethel to preserve his memory. All three of the Harris children are, not surprisingly, involved in the arts. Their son Matt worked as a rodeo barrelman, their son Chuck is a drummer, and their daughter Christi worked as a dancer for The Beach Boys. Additionally, Lecile’s autobiographical book entitled Lecile: This Ain’t My First Rodeo continues to tell the clown’s story with his own words. Five years after his passing, Lecile is still very much in the minds and hearts of cowboys, cowgirls, and rodeo fans across the world. Over the course of his career, which lasted some sixty years, he forever altered rodeo with his skills, humor, and most importantly, his kindness and integrity as a performer. As the sport moves forward, those looking to follow in Lecile’s footsteps have some very big boots to fill.
Lucile Harris. Photo Courtesy of Ethel Harris
Bijoux and Barrels: How Pascale Sylvain Blends
Horses and Handcrafted Jewelry
By Sharlee Shumpert | Photos Courtesy of Pascale Sylvain
The rodeo way of life enchants countless people across the globe each year, from America to the Philippines and everywhere in between. For Canadian-born cowgirl Pascale Sylvain, rodeo drew her from her home in Quebec all the way to Texas. A relentless chaser of her dreams, Pascale not only works to become a champion barrel racer, but she also strives to grow her jewelry business, The Bijoux FAB. She is a woman determined to prove to the world that you don’t have to have everything perfectly in place to walk the rodeo trail—you just have to be willing to put on your boots, stand up tall, and find the grit to take each step of the journey.
Pascale grew up in an extremely rural part of Quebec, a dizzying ten hours away from the closest big city. Her father taught her to ride, and she began barrel racing at age twelve. Her desire to pursue pro rodeo led her to move to Texas in 2015, and in December of 2024, she officially became an American citizen, something she is incredibly proud of. When she first arrived in Texas, Pascale went to work for a world champion barrel racer. She says the experience taught her a lot, but most importantly, it solidified her decision to pursue rodeo as a career rather than just a hobby. She began to save money to buy a competitive horse, and after pur-
chasing one, she claimed victory at the Stockyards Open Rodeo in Fort Worth. This led her to buy her WPRA permit in 2023, and by her third pro rodeo, Pascale had won her first check as a WPRA barrel racer. Following this accomplishment, Pascale filled her permit, made the PRCA Permit Finals, and raced at the Resistol Rookie Roundup.
The Bijoux FAB is Sylvain’s jewelry business that she founded in 2012. Seeing that there was a lack of Western fashion in Canada, Pascale began to make and sell her own custom jewelry. It did not take her long to grow a customer base on Facebook, and when she moved to Texas, she moved The Bijoux FAB with her. She proudly reports that all her jewelry is handcrafted by her trusted team of fourteen women in North Texas, with Pascale herself designing all the models and selecting all the beads. The business mostly deals with turquoise and sterling silver pearls, and they have begun to offer Native-made jewelry as well to go alongside their own products. Right now, The Bijoux FAB is chiefly a wholesaler. Over the past five years, Pascale says her jewelry has been sold in more than 6,000 American stores; however, she also sells directly to customers. When it comes to the name, Sylvain explains that the word bijoux is French for jewelry, while the FAB is a reference to one of her horses, First Abi Bug.
Pascale’s business is the key to her rodeo career. She uses the money from her jewelry sales to cover
travel costs, vet bills, and riding lesson fees, all of which help make her dreams possible. Outside of the arena, she wants The Bijoux FAB to become a powerhouse company like Wrangler and Ariat, and inside the arena, she aims to qualify for the National Finals Rodeo. At the moment, her “heart horse” Devon is recuperating after surgery, so Pascale has had to take a break from competition while she waits on his return and simultaneously looks for another horse to add to her roster. However, she is as motivated as ever to make a rodeo comeback, and she firmly believes that her time away from competition is only sharpening her resolve to keep going.
For Pascale, both her barrel and jewelry career serve as a way for her to show others that life does not have to be “just so” before you can go after what you want. She recognizes that achieving dreams requires time, dedication, and moments of hard work behind the scenes. However, she stresses that it’s during these quieter, challenging periods that pushing forward matters the most. The cowgirl and business woman says that she wants people to see her journey and realize that if she can chase her dreams, so can they. She claims she is not extraor-
dinary (those who know her story tend to disagree), and that her strength simply lies in the fact that she is never willing to give up. When asked what advice she would give to aspiring cowgirls and business owners, Pascale recommends accepting that there will be doubters. She advises that instead of giving these people attention, you should just focus on working harder than them. Most of all, she says to never, ever quit! Whether it is turquoise or timer lines, Pascale is working day in and day out to make her dreams a reality. Her story is an encouraging reminder that you do not need the perfect circumstances to take life by the reins; all you need is the determination to try!
Those wanting to follow Pascale’s adventures or purchase her products can do so by finding her on the following sites:
Instagram: @thebijouxfab / @pascalesylvain1
TikTok: @thebijouxfab1 / @pascale.sylvain
Facebook: The Bijoux FAB and Pascale Sylvain Retail website: www.thebijouxfab.com
Wholesale website: www.wholesalebijouxfab.com
Small but Mighty: Managing Horses on Small Acreage
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension
Owning a horse is a significant and costly responsibility. Feed, space, and pasture management are among the biggest investments of time and money for owners. In some areas of the country, space and pasture turnout for multiple horses is not an issue. For many horse owners, having ample acreage isn’t always an option, which can make it challenging to provide sufficient fresh grazing forage. Although challenging, effective pasture management that provides adequate forage is achievable..
Pasture Carrying Capacity
The average 1,000-pound horse will need about 1-2 acres to meet its forage needs and/or need about 1.5-2% of its body weight in forage to maintain its weight. That is about 15-20 pounds in pasture grass or hay per day and it can total to about 600 pounds of forage each month per horse.
Regardless of pasture size, all owners should use their pasture efficiently and avoid overgrazing. Limited pasture space can quickly lead to overgrazing, turning lush grass into a barren wasteland. Restoring overgrazed pastures often requires years of effort and significant financial investment. Carrying capacity depends on several factors, including the type of horses grazing, soil fertility and drainage, rainfall, forage species, and the season. If you’re concerned about your soil quality, reach out to your local Extension office to request a soil test kit..
Types of Grasses
For small pastures, grass that can withstand wear and tear is one of the most important qualities since there is less space for horses to spread out. All that heavy traffic in a concentrated area could possibility lead to faster erosion.
The type of grass in your pasture depends on where you live—some areas support warm-season grasses, others cool-season grasses, and some a mix of both.
Warm-season grasses, like Bermudagrass and bahiagrass, thrive during the warmer months, from spring through summer. Bahiagrass is especially suited for regions near the Gulf due to consistently warmer temperatures and its ability to handle heavy grazing. Bermudagrass is more common in Southern states, such as the MidSouth, but is less durable compared to bahiagrass. Cool-season grasses, including Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and tall fescue, flourish in cooler temperatures, growing from late summer to mid-October and again in early spring. Tall fescue is a popular choice for pastures due to its excellent wear tolerance.
Understanding the differences between these grass types can help you select the right option for your pasture based on your location and grazing needs.
Rotational Grazing Management and Drylots
For smaller pastures, rotational grazing is essential for effective pasture management. This involves dividing pastures into sections (typically using electric fencing) and rotating horses through these sections to allow grasses time to rest and regrow. Move horses to the next section once the grass in one area is grazed down to 4”5”. Afterward, mow the grazed area to 3”-4” but never below this height to avoid damaging the grass and slowing its recovery. Allow the grass to regrow to about 8”-10” before reintroducing horses.
Rotational grazing offers numerous benefits, including improved pasture yield, forage quality, yield stability, better manure distribution, increased stocking rates, and higher profitability. Additionally, it helps reduce weeds, erosion, hay usage, production costs, and the need for maintenance fertilization.
To complement rotational grazing, implement a dry or “sacrifice” lot. This is a fenced, grass-free area where horses can stay while the pasture grasses recover. When creating a dry lot, keep these tips in mind:
1. Place the dry lot adjacent to pastures with easy access through gates or alleyways.
2. Install high-traffic pads to improve drainage and prevent muddy conditions.
3. Provide at least 400 square feet of space per horse.
4. Ensure the area includes safe shelters, feeders, and clean water sources. Shelters should have at least three sides to protect horses from harsh weather.
By combining rotational grazing with a well-maintained dry lot, you can ensure healthier pastures, happier horses, and more sustainable land management.
Weed Control
Smaller pastures are more susceptible to invasive weeds, so it’s important to take action early. Control weeds before they seed to prevent them from spreading. For minimal weed issues, mowing or spot herbicide application can usually do the trick. However, if weeds have taken over, consider using herbicides. Always read the label carefully to ensure proper application rates and compatibility with your pasture.
Maintaining small healthy pastures requires diligence and proactive management, but the rewards are well worth the effort. By implementing strategies such as rotational grazing, proper fertilization, and effective weed control, you can create an environment that supports thriving livestock and sustainable land use. With a little planning and regular maintenance, your pastures can continue to flourish for years to come, benefiting both your animals and the surrounding ecosystem.
4 Simple Ways to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Through Pasture Management
By Kyla Szemplinski, MS, UT TSU Shelby County Extension
Climate change has become a pressing issue, especially with the rise in natural disasters across North America. As these events increase, more people are seeking ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Surprisingly, horses play a role in the Earth’s carbon cycle and contribute to its footprint. For horse owners, one of the most effective ways to minimize this impact is through proper pasture management. Healthy pastures not only support the environment but also enhance the efficiency of the carbon cycle. With climate change becoming more prevalent, every effort horse owners make to maintain their pastures can contribute to a healthier planet..
1. Grazing Management
Effective pasture management is essential for maintaining healthy plant life and supporting the environment. This involves implementing best practices like rotational grazing and using composted manure. Rotational grazing helps maximize pasture grass growth while minimizing the spread of invasive or non-native plants. Meanwhile, applying composted manure is not only more environmentally friendly than using fresh manure, but it also eliminates weed seeds that may have survived the animal’s digestion process.
For horse owners, one key objective is protecting the environment, and maintaining healthy pastures is a cru-
cial step in achieving this goal. Well-managed pastures offer several environmental benefits, including:
• Reducing soil runoff
• Controlling invasive weeds
• Improving forage quality
• Lowering greenhouse gas emissions compared to cropland
By prioritizing these practices, horse owners can create sustainable, productive pastures that benefit both their animals and the environment..
2
. Photosynthesis and Healthy Soil
Healthy pastures play a key role in supporting photosynthesis and promoting environmental sustainability. Photosynthesis occurs when plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, convert it into food, and release oxygen (O2) as a byproduct. Beyond this, plants also engage in carbon sequestration, storing CO2 as sugars within their structure. Pastures with at least three to four inches of plant growth act as effective carbon sinks, pulling harmful CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it in the soil.
Equally important is the health of the soil itself. Well-managed pastures contain rich organic matter, fostering a thriving ecosystem of beneficial insects and microbial life. This creates more stable and sustainable soil, which in turn supports vigorous plant growth. Healthy
Illustration By Proxima Studio | Adobe Stock
soil and pastures work together to combat climate change by sequestering atmospheric CO2, improving soil fertility, and producing nutrient-rich grass for horses. Together, they form a climate-friendly system that supports both the environment and the animals relying on it.
3
Overgrazing: Why It Matters
When a pasture is grazed down completely, it can take years, or even become impossible, to restore. Overgrazing leads to serious issues, including increased soil erosion due to the lack of plant cover, harmful runoff that pollutes nearby water sources, the spread of toxic invasive weeds, higher hay costs, and significant monetary and labor expenses to rebuild the damaged pasture.
When horses graze a pasture down to the soil, plants can no longer photosynthesize or absorb carbon from the atmosphere. In this condition, a bare, depleted pasture begins to release stored carbon back into the air. If the carbon released by the soil and plants exceeds the amount captured through photosynthesis, the pasture becomes a carbon source instead of a carbon sink. This contributes to higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, accelerating the greenhouse gas effect and exacerbating climate change.
Protecting pastures from overgrazing is essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems, reducing costs, and mitigating climate impacts..
4 Manure Composting: A Sustainable Solution for Horse Owners
Manure composting is an effective way for horse owners to reduce their carbon footprint while manag-
ing waste responsibly. This process decreases manure volume by 50-60% without sacrificing nutrient value. As microbes break down the materials in manure, the pile shrinks in size but becomes more nutrient-dense, retaining all the beneficial components.
Composting offers additional benefits: it reduces manure odor, kills pathogens, manages flies, and destroys weed seeds that may have survived the horse’s digestion process. When done correctly, a manure compost pile can be ready to spread in just a few months.
To maximize the benefits, avoid spreading compost on fields currently grazed by horses. Apply it during warmer months when plants can absorb the nutrients effectively, and steer clear of spreading on frozen ground or during heavy rain to prevent runoff. Manure composting is not only eco-friendly but also a great way to recycle nutrients and enrich your soil..
Conclusions
As horse owners, we play an important role in protecting our planet’s health. By implementing effective pasture and manure management practices, you can reduce your horse farm’s carbon footprint and make it more environmentally friendly. For personalized guidance, consider reaching out to your local Extension office, where experts can provide valuable insights tailored to your region.
If you’re located in Shelby County, Tenn, the UT-TSU Extension Shelby County office is here to help! Feel free to contact us at 901-752-1207 during regular business hours, Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM - 4:30 PM. Together, we can work towards a more sustainable future.
Gilliland Farms Top Quality Horse Hay
All our hay is STORED IN OUR BARN. We have added 52,000 sq. ft. of barn space to preserve the quality of our hay for our great, loyal customers.
• Pine Shavings: $7 and Hardwood Shavings: $6 Mike Gilliland: (901) 634-3912
Leading Horse Town in America: Cheyenne, Wyoming
Cheyenne Frontier Days: “The Daddy of ‘em All”
Words by Sharlee Shumpert
Photography by Carol M. Highsmith | Library of Congress
No rodeo on Earth is quite like this one— Cheyenne Frontier Days, held July 18–27, did not become known as the biggest outdoor rodeo in the world by being anything less than an incomparable spectacle. Since 1897, it has invited contestants and spectators to partake in a truly astounding ten-day gauntlet of activities that range from wild horse races and a million dollar rodeo to historic pow wows in the Native American Indian Village. Cheyenne Frontier Days stands as a giant when it comes to preserving and celebrating Western culture, so here’s what to know about “the Daddy of ‘em All!”
History
This legendary event, rooted in Wyoming, was first imagined by Frederick W. Angier, and it started as a one-day celebration called “Frontier Day.” Rodeo staples like bronc riding and steer roping have been a part of Cheyenne since the beginning, as have the wild horse races; Native Americans began contributing to Cheyenne in 1898. The rodeo only grew in size with each passing year, eventually becoming a monumental extravaganza. Today, it is hard to describe just how massive Cheyenne has become. What is there to do at CFD? Simply put: everything.
Leading Horse Town in America: Cheyenne, Wyoming
The PRCA Rodeo and PRCA Xtreme Bulls
One of the most famous parts of Cheyenne is the rodeo itself. The rodeo is sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association and consists of nine days of top-notch competition. Bull riders, saddle bronc riders, bareback riders, team ropers, steer ropers, tie-down ropers, breakaway ropers, steer wrestlers, and barrel racers will compete for money and awards totaling out over a million dollars by advancing through a tournament-style bracket. But there is more than just cash on the line at Cheyenne— the glory that comes with winning this rodeo rivals even that of world champions. Additionally, spectators will see more than just cowboys and cowgirls striving for gold; trick riders, mounted shooters, and those entered in the wild horse races also rocket around Cheyenne’s iconic track at dizzying speeds, and no rodeo is complete without a merry cast of bullfighters, barrelmen, clowns, and announcers to conduct the show. Also, for two days during Cheyenne’s ten-day run, the PRCA Xtreme Bulls event will match some of rodeo’s top bulls with the sport’s fiercest cowboys. The rodeo lies at the heart of Cheyenne Frontier Days and is an unmissable part of
the experience.
The Native American Indian Village Also at the heart of Cheyenne is the historic Indian Village. Native Americans have been sharing and celebrating their culture at CFD for over a century, and guests can find food, music, tales, and dancing in the village that reflect Native American heritage. Flute players, dance groups, singers, interactive storytellings, and a midweek pow wow are just some of the things located here, as are shops selling traditional beadwork items. The Indian Village is a crucial and beautiful part of Cheyenne, teaching people from all over the world about America’s native inhabitants and their role in shaping the character of the West.
Old Frontier Town and the CFD Old West Museum
Two other great attractions are Old Frontier Town and the CFD Old West Museum. As the name suggests, Old Frontier Town is pulled right from the scenes of dime novels and Wild West movies. There are vendors and old Western buildings to explore, and live performers disguised as famous figures of the West roam the streets. Nearby is the museum, which has over 149,000 items from Cheyenne’s
history on display! It also has a vast, dazzling array of carriages saved from the Frontier Days parades of days gone by. Between Old Frontier Town and the CFD Old West Museum, there are plenty of glimpses of the past at Cheyenne.
Sidewinder Saloon and CFD Western Art Show and Sale
For those wanting to get artsy, the Sidewinder Saloon is a great cool-down spot offering beverages, cowboy poetry, and live music. The CFD Western Art Show and Sale has all manner of Western artwork, from Navajo weavings to sculptures and paintings. This exhibit is perfect for anyone wanting to take home a one-of-a-kind piece of the Frontier, and it serves as a brilliant way to view the culture of the West as well.
Fort D.A. Russell Days
Fort D.A. Russell Days is an open house hosted during Cheyenne Frontier Days that allows guests to tour F.E. Warren Air Force Base. This military base, which was once called Fort D.A. Russell, has been connected to the rodeo ever since 1897 when its soldiers helped open the inaugural Frontier
Day. Guests can see military reenactments, active military dogs, a training launch facility, 19th century brick homes, missile support vehicles, helicopters, and the base museum. This facility has been around since 1867, making it the oldest active Air Force base in the country.
Behind the Chutes Tours, Carnival Midway, and the Challenge Rodeo
Looking for more fun at CFD? Guests can take a tour through the famous Cheyenne bucking chutes that even allows them to venture into the arena! Cheyenne’s own Carnival Midway is also waiting with rides, vendors, and games for visitors of all ages. The Challenge Rodeo will be happening as well; this unique and wonderful part of Cheyenne is designed specially so disabled children can participate in rodeo events such as hand-rocked roughstock, broomstick barrel racing, and dummy roping.
The Grand Parades, Pancake Breakfast, and Chuckwagon Cookoff
The parades at Cheyenne are a spectacle unto themselves—they feature many different kinds of carriages, floats, vehicles, and of course, horses.
Four separate parades are set to walk the streets during the 2025 Cheyenne Frontier Days, and they are certainly an unforgettable piece of the rodeo. The Pancake Breakfast is free and will be served three times during Cheyenne this year; the pancakes are cooked by the Kiwanis Club and the Cheyenne Boy and Girl Scouts. As for the Chuckwagon Cookoff, guests can interact with chuckwagon crews and watch the youth and invitational cookoffs during the week.
Frontier Nights
One of the biggest parts of Cheyenne is the nightly concerts that attract some of the largest names in the music industry. Country legends such as Chris Ledoux, Garth Brooks, and Reba McEntire have
played at CFD in the past, and even musical sensations from other genres like Taylor Swift and Bon Jovi have rocked out at “the Daddy of ‘em All.” This year, Cheyenne welcomed Ian Menisci, Bailey Zimmerman, Brooks & Dunn, Luke Bryan, Cody Johnson, and Megan Moroney to its stage. Those wanting a night to remember can find just that at one of Cheyenne’s famous concerts.
Cheyenne Frontier Days is a true behemoth of the American West; no event on the planet does more to showcase, celebrate, and preserve the sport of rodeo and the characters of the Frontier. From classic rodeo fun to historic attractions and vibrant music shows, there is something for everyone to enjoy out in the plains of Wyoming, because nobody does it quite like Cheyenne.
Leading Horse Town in America: Cheyenne, Wyoming
Exploring Cheyenne Beyond Frontier Days: A Guide for Equestrian Travelers
Words by Lauren Abbott | Photography by Carol M. Highsmith | Library of Congress
After immersing yourself in the history and excitement of Cheyenne Frontier Days, you may find yourself wanting to see more of what makes Cheyenne one of America’s great horse towns. Beyond the rodeo arena, this city offers a true taste of the West, where cowboy culture meets modern hospitality.
The Spirit of a Horse Town
Cheyenne’s Western roots run deep, and it remains a thriving hub for equestrians. Nearby ranches host clinics, trail rides and events throughout the year, while scenic spots like Curt Gowdy State Park provide miles of trails for horseback riding. The city’s warm, welcoming community makes it a natural stop for riders and horse lovers traveling through the region.
Where to Eat: Top Five Restaurants in Cheyenne
After a day of exploring or riding, enjoy Cheyenne’s best dining options:
1. Railspur – Stylish yet rustic, perfect for a relaxed evening.
2. 2 Doors Down – Known for juicy burgers and a laid-back vibe.
3. Rib & Chop House – A steakhouse favorite, great for hearty appetites.
4. Pour Decisions Bar & Grill – A fun stop for drinks and pub-inspired dishes.
5. Accomplice Beer Company – A lively brewery with craft beers and casual eats.
Where to Stay: Top Five Hotels in Cheyenne
Whether you’re attending events downtown or hauling a horse trailer, these hotels offer convenience and comfort:
1. Comfort Inn & Suites – Highly rated for service and amenities.
2. Home2 Suites by Hilton Cheyenne – Great for extended stays with full kitchens.
3. Best Western Plus Frontier Inn – A traveler-friendly spot with easy highway access.
4. Staybridge Suites Cheyenne – Family-friendly
with spacious rooms.
5. TownePlace Suites Cheyenne Southwest/ Downtown – Close to shopping, dining and attractions.
What to Do: Top Five Entertainment Venues
When the rodeo lights dim, Cheyenne still has plenty of entertainment to offer:
1. Cheyenne Frontier Days Arena – The heart of Cheyenne’s rodeo culture year-round.
2. Cheyenne Civic Center – A venue for concerts, touring shows and performances.
3. The Outlaw Saloon – The go-to spot for live country music and nightlife.
4. Asher Upstairs – A cozy, intimate live music venue downtown.
5. The Louise Event Venue – A stylish space for community events and gatherings.
Extend Your Stay
Cheyenne is more than just a stop for rodeo week. It is a city where horse culture thrives all year. From its welcoming local businesses to its vibrant Western spirit, Cheyenne invites equestrian travelers to stay a little longer and experience life in a true horse town.
Marketplace
BOARDING
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Seeking an experienced intermediate/ advanced english or western working student or farm worker to help out with horses in Eads, TN. This includes cleaning stalls, feeding, hay, turnout, grooming, etc. Must be experienced horse handler. Will consider board on your own horse or supervised rides/ coaching/showing on one of our awesome farm horses if a good fit. Morning shifts available several days during the week.
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