Deliverable 1.2 - Global analysis of the WtE field
4
3.4.1
Description......................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
3.4.2
Optimization technologies ............................................................................................................................................................... 91
3.4.3
Worldwide coverage ......................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Threats and opportunities within WTE field ................................................................ ................................................................... ................................... 97 4.1 4.1.1
Obstacles ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 97
4.1.2
Financing ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 99
4.1.3
Negative expectations for the future ............................................................................................................................................. 99
4.1.4
Problems in emerging countries .................................................................................................................................................. 100
4.2
Subsidies ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 102
4.2.2
Incineration overcapacity and cross-border waste movement................................................................................................ 102
4.2.3
Technologies .................................................................................................................................................................................. 105
4.2.4
Anaerobic digestion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Opportunities ..................................................................................................................................... 106
4.3.1
Technologies .................................................................................................................................................................................. 106
4.3.2
Incineration..................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
4.3.3
Anaerobic digestion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 107
4.3.4
Landfill gas recovery...................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Recommendations ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ...................................................................... ...................................... 109 5.1
Policy recommendations ................................................................................................................... 109
5.1.1
Promoting effective international technology cooperation ...................................................................................................... 109
5.1.2
Waste Hierarchy ............................................................................................................................................................................. 110
5.1.3
Biowaste management ................................................................................................................................................................. 112
5.1.4
What to do with mixed waste ....................................................................................................................................................... 115
5.1.5
Policy effectiveness ....................................................................................................................................................................... 116
5.2
6
Uncertainties ...................................................................................................................................... 102
4.2.1
4.3
5
Threats .................................................................................................................................................. 97
Business development recommendations ....................................................................................... 117
5.2.1
Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 117
5.2.2
Need to face changing waste ....................................................................................................................................................... 118
5.2.3
Incineration..................................................................................................................................................................................... 119
5.2.4
Uncertainty for alternative thermal technologies ...................................................................................................................... 120
5.2.5
Anaerobic digestion: flexibility and potentials ........................................................................................................................... 120
5.2.6
Waste streams to focus on........................................................................................................................................................... 121
References ................................................................ ................................................................................................ .................................................................................. .................................................. 122
Coolsweep is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme