Faith in People (1954)

i

ffl

FAITH IN

PEOPLE

o On

LO On

FAITH IN A

PEOPLE

OF

PICTURE

AIDED

HOUSING

STORY

SELF-HELP AS

A

PART

OF COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT

IN

THE

COMMONWEALTH OF

PREPARED

PLANNING

BY

BOARD

HOME FOR

STATES

FINANCE

OF

OF

COOPERATION

UNITED

RICO

THE

COMMONWEALTH IN

PUERTO

THE

PUERTO

WITH

RICO

THE

HOUSING

AND

AGENCY

THE

UNITED STATES FOREIGN OPERATIONS ADMINISTRATION

PUERTO RICO PLANNING BOARD-SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO 19 54

!

(

D, 'URING

THE PAST FOUR YEARS

over 1000 people from every part of the Free World hove come to Puerto Rico

to study or observe what we have been doing in public administration, housing, industrial and agricultural development, preventive medicine, adult education, personnel management, labor law administration or some other field of eco

nomic or social development. They have come from 20 American republics;

from India, Burma, Nepal and the Philippines; from Iron, Iraq, Israel and Jordan; from Nigeria and the Gold Coast; from ports of Europe—from 70 countries in all.

In this world, men and women are at their best when they share and partici pate with their neighbors. And in this world of today, all peoples ore neighbors,

even though the quality of neighborliness is too often diminished by failures in tolerance and understanding.

What is achieved anywhere in the world is, in a sense, achieved everywhere.

What one man learns is sooner or later at the disposition of all men. One of the great purposes of international conferences is to give assurance that there will not be too much of a time log in the transmission and exchange of knowl edge. We all can, and must learn from one another, and there is no better way to learn than for men and women from all countries to meet periodically and discuss their common problems.

To all who believe in human progress, who believe in the dignity of man, and who have faith in human capacity for betterment, good housing is of supreme importance. From the dim beginnings of mankind to this half-way point in the 20th century, decent and comfortable shelter has been the aspiration of even [51

the lowliest of human beings. A house gives protection from the elements; transformed into a home, it becomes a bulwark of civilization.

In Puerto Rico, we hove, in recent years, given public housing c high priority.

We have made, I believe, commendable progress. Much as we have done, we

hove but bitten into the problem. In Puerto Rico, as elsewhere, the housing problem is the product of centuries, and we know that we can not solve it

within a few years. But, within a long-range problem, we ore making every

effort to show genuine progress from year to year.

What we have learned, we want to share with others. What others have

learned, we hope to shore. The problem and the aspirations ore common to us all. We do something for ourselves when we do something for others, when we do something for you. And you do something for us when you do something

for yourselves. That is the lesson, I think, that man has learned, or is beginning to learn, in this century.

Governor

Mr. C. C. Desoi', former Secretary, Ministry of Production

and Ministry of Works, Housing and Supply of India visits Governor Luis A/lunoz Man'n, of Puerto Rico at La Fortaleza, San Juan.

[61

I

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THE

COMMONWEALTH PUERTO

OF

RICO

rUERTO RICO AS A COMMONWEALTH

signifies something unique in the reoim of bodies politic. It is no longer c colony, and yet it is neither on independent nation nor a state assimilated within a larger union. Although similar to the constituent parts of the Commonwealth of Nations in being free and self-governing in local affairs, Puerto Rico differs from them in preserving legal ties with the former metropolitan power. This enables Puerto Rico to enjoy economic benefits which both state hood and independence would deny; yet it does not impair local self-rule.

The legal basis of this ingenious form of political association is a compact between the Congress of the United States and the people of Puerto Rico. It represents, on the port of the Congress, a voluntary and irrevocable recognition of power in the people of Puerto Rico with respect to the internal government of the island. It also implies that relations between Puerto Rico and

the United States are no longer matters to be determined uni laterally by the Congress, but have become subject to consulta tion between the Congress and Puerto Rico, and to determination on the basis of mutual agreement and consent.

17]

NEW

DELHI

0

40

80

300

Since colonization in the sixteenth century, and almost to the end of the nineteenth, government and community alike did little to better the lot of the average Puerto Rican. Most of the people lived in deplorable circumstances, incomes were so low and uncertain that malnutrition was almost universal, sanitation was

lacking or inadequate, and only 20 out of ICQ people could read or write.

After Puerto Rico came under United States control in 1898, conditions improved somewhat; but throughout the decade

1930-40, due to the world wide depression, the island was again a "stricken land"; the population, predominantly rural, was ex

panding rapidly within a contracting economy. Confronted by rising unemployment and poverty, the Puerto Ricans did not fall

victims to despair, but under the leadership of Luis Muhoz Marin,

rolled up their sleeves for the tasks of social reform, improve ment of the public services and facilities, economic development, and the creation of a constitutional form of self-rule specifically adapted to their needs.

[8:

ROAD

MAP

OF

MAIN

PUERTO

HIGHWAY 0

4

e

12

16

80

RICO

SYSTEM 24

20

32

KILOMETERS

ISABEL

TrSAN JUAN ARECIBO

QUE^AOILLAS

BARCELONETA^Ji^®

'^^''"cATANO

GUADiLLA CARCH.INA1.L01ZA

TRUJILLO

AGUADA

1

XluQUiCl-O

CIALES

RINCON

A SAN SEBASTI

FAJARDO MOROVIS

AGUAS BUENAS quraBO

LAS TMARIAS

CAGUA

COMERIO

MAYAGUEZ

CIDRA _>OL0RENZ AIBONITO

HUMACAO

CULEBRA

SAN GERMAN

PENUELAS JUANA DIAZ GUAYANILLA

PONCE

GUAYAMA

VIEQUES

SALINAS

AGuiflR

GUANICA

URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION In Puerto Rico, Selected Periods MIL. PERSONS

Urban

Rural

1.0

0.5

1899

1920

1950

OArA mOM THE lUHfAU or TH( CENSUS

Puerto Rico is in fact a mountain crest, vol canic in origin, containing 3435 square

miles, half of them untillable. With approx imately 2,285,000 inhabitants, it has 665 persons per square mile, a density exceed

ing that of Japan or the United Kingdom.

Except for its excellent climate and beau

tiful scenery, Puerto Rico con boost of few resources other than manpower and its

overtilled soil of varying fertility. Because of this, the island has become a predomi nantly agrarian society, producing cosh crops and importing almost everything

needed for civilized life, even a large part

LAND UTILIZATION

I

I

MINOR CROPS. PASTURE

AND WOODLAND PINEAPPLE

COFFEE

1^111111 TOBACCO SUGAR CANE

of the foodstuffs consumed.

[9]

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If T""

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K

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IS A'

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Only fourteen years ago Puerto Rico was in the grip of extreme poverty. The very poor distribution of the small amount produced was reflected in a shocking contrast be

tween the prosperity of a few and the destitution of the many.

"At this point, well aware of the great economic needs of our people, and know ing our simple people well, I set out to talk with them. I learned many things from these talks.

"I learned that there is a wisdom among

the people in the towns and in the country

side which education may lead, but cannot improve, in its magnificent human essence.

I taught many of them something, but they

[10]

We are the dwellers on the land, the tillers of the soil, the custodians of the folklore among a people of age old traditions. And we are the majority whose vote decides the elections in a country of universal suffrage. Yet, until recently, we have been the forgotten men of Puerto Rico.

taught me more. I learned that the people ore wise—wiser than we think. I learned

that to them freedom is something deep in

the heart, in the conscience, in everyday life, in personal dignity, in the furrow, the plow, and the tools. I learned that among

the simple people the nationalistic concept does not exist, because in its place there is a deep understanding of freedom. And that

understanding is the unequaled basis and root of every great federalist concept, of great unions between countries and be

tween men which cut across climates, races,

and languages."* *From o speech delivered by Governor Luis Muhoz Marih on July 17, 1951 at Barranquitas^ Puerto fi/co.

[in

In considering what measures were re

Qualified agregados' * draw lots for a parcel of land in wfiich they can build their homes, plant subsistence crops, raise domestic animals, rear a family and, above all, provide for the freedom to exercise their democratic rights.

'The Land Law delines an "agregado" as any family head residing in the rural zone, whose home is established in a

house and lands belonging to another person, and whose only means af livelihaod is his labor tor a wage and who does not possess any land.

quired at that time, people were more aware of unjust distribution than of insuf ficient production. Embodying a far-reach ing land tenure reform program, the Land Law of Puerto Rico was then enacted,

establishing "the fundamental human right of all the human beings who live exclu sively by the tilling of the soil, to be owners of at least a piece of that land which they may use to erect thereon, in the full enjoy ment of the inviolability guaranteed by law for the homestead of the citizen, their own

homes, thereby delivering them from co ercion and leaving them free to sell their

labor through fair and equitable bargain ing."

As time passed, it became clear that we

must also devote a great deal of effort to the creation of production. The constant increase of population,among other things, made it clear that it was not enough to dis

tribute one pound of bread among twenty people. We also hod to produce more

bread to mitigate the hunger of the twenty.

Justice can distribute what there is, but it

cannot distribute what has not been pro duced. Accordingly, we began the battle of production.

12

While still in the midst of the struggle, this we have so for achieved.

In 1940 our gross notional product amounted to $277 million. It is now over $500 million in terms of 1940 dollars. Our net income has risen from $228 million to

$461 million, again in terms of dollars of constant purchasing power. The death rate has dropped from 18 per 1000 population to nine, but the birth rote having dropped only slightly, the per capita net income

NEW FACTORIES. More than 250 have been established

since 1940, most of them during the last three years.

has risen only from $122 to $207.

Although agriculture is still and will

probably continue to be the mainstay of our economy, the number of manufactur ing establishments has been doubled.

Power production has tripled and will continue to rise. Our rood system has been expanded and improved.

Public school enrollment has increased

from 297,000 to 479,000. Illiteracy is under

attack throughout the Commonwealth.

The average life span has risen from 46 to 61 years. Our infant and maternal mor tality rates have been cut in half. Malaria, one of our great enemies in 1940, is no longer a public health problem, although we ore constantly alert to prevent its reemergence.

VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS. Government supported training

We hove been fighting on many fronts at the same time; building roads and factories, fostering health improvement, raising our

schools supply skilled workers for new industry.

standard of living. This makes not only for a happier and more hopeful people but for a stronger people—one able to cope with their problems and to solve them at every level.

POWER DEVELOPMENT. Dos Bocas Dam and Power House at Utuado are part of an intercon

nected island wide system serving both urban and rural areas.

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VHl

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i

I

The new spirit is that of faith in the peo ple, not only faith in their ability to choose wisely in electing a government, but also faith in what the people can accomplish (a) as communities by discussing, planning, and working together and (b) as families when they have secure tenure on a suitable plot of ground plus modest accounts of technical and economic aid.

And so a number of practical programs have been developed, as part of a brood plan to help people help themselves and each other in their own communities.

[14]

*j>

Out in the open, sifting anywhere, people listen to the community education field worker.

•-'

Outdoor showings of community education pictures are always a gay occasion for the entire family.

One of these programs is community education, which aims to impart basic teaching on the nature of man, his history,

ANAQUE

his life, his way of working and of selfgoverning in the world and in Puerto Rico.

Such teaching, addressed to adult citi zens meeting in groups in rural settlements and urban districts, is imparted through

PUEBLO

moving pictures, radio, books, pamphlets, posters, lectures and group discussions. By such means the people ore given the wish,

9

the tendency and the ways of making use of their own attitudes for the solution of many

of their own problems of health, education, housing, and cooperative action towards "People's Almanac" is published every year for free

a more fruitful life.

While physical and economic forces

distribution to all rural families. Contains useful

information on health, self-help, cooperatives, etc.

ore at work to raise the outward expres

sions of a better way of life, other forces ore molding the educational base upon which these improvements are built.

COMBATA LAS EHFERMEDADES

A community education poster. Legend says: "Fight Disease, Boil Your Drinking Water."

HIERVA

BEBER

%

I

The Social Programs Administration pro vides economic and technical assistance to

help these people create new rural and urban communities and to improve existing ones.

Puerto Rico has an acute housing prob lem. In spite of the progress that has been made, over 40 per cent of the population still live under severe or moderate slum conditions.

[16]

••[' If II fltfllTll

About 30,000 families hove already been resettled in 194 rural communities, thereby remaking the scattered pattern of rural settlement existing in Puerto Rico. The program will be completed in the next five years, with the relocation of some 30,000 more families.

The communities or villages so organized run from 100 to 500 families. They are designed following the most progressive prac tices in rural planning. The layout provides for the establishment of such services and facilities as schools, health centers, parks, consumers' cooperatives, churches, stores and others. The sub division contemplates the most economic means for providing streets, water and electric facilities. To this end the physical set ting is of crucial importance. Furthermore, it helps to provide the proper climate for community life, which in turn, facilitates coop erative education and direct group action.

[171

Government alone, following traditional methods would not be able to cope with

the problems of the rural areas even under the most optimistic long term plan. A sense of realism makes one think that if rural life

is effectively to be improved, such improve ment should be accomplished, to a large

extent, by the rural families themselves.

This is both on economic need and a most desirable approach. r*ife ;; . «-> Aj

Consistent with this basic philosophy,the

Social Programs Administration has tried

the time-proved methods of mutual aid and self-help. In spite of the universality of these principles, their application as an institu tional approach to the problems of low

*•

income families has been unusual. After

some successful experience in rural hous

ing, organizing consumers cooperatives, providing drinking water at low cost, and general physical improvements in a num ber of rural communities, we feel we have found an answer to many of the social and

economic problems with which man coped for generations without signs of success.

The planned, the purposeful organization of the community gives special significance to the Community Action Plan sponsored by the Social Programs Administration.

Spearhead of the plan is the rural hous ing program, started on an experimental basis to discover and develop techniques

for effective group action. Families already resettled in rural communities are organ

ized in 12 and 15 family groups. After the

group is selected, a few study and discus sion meetings ore held, in order to obtain a proper understanding of the program and to create the right attitudes toward the

work at hand. Experience has so far dem onstrated that these understandings and attitudes are essential for the continuous ef

fort necessary in a self-help housing project.

[181

y Jl 1

Curing the concrete blocks.

Block making machine.

KITCHEN

4*0" X S'O" BED

ROOM

e'e" X 8' 6"

01NIN6

a

LIVINO

ROC U

8*8" X lO" 0"

BED

8" 8" X

ROOM

8*8"

PORCH

Production of concrete block houses is

simple and requires minimum expenditure in equipment, which is limited to a block making machine $250(U. S.) and a cement mixer $500 (U. S.) lent by the Government.

r 8" X 2' 6"

Typical plan.

Construction time for the whole project runs from 8 to 10 months.

All work is done by three-man teams

with supervision from a foreman hired by the Social Programs Administration. Fre

quently, he is a man who has gained expe rience in building his own house during an earlier project.

When the roofs are completed, group action ends. The families must do the plas

tering, painting, internal partitioning and construction of the porches on their indi vidual houses.

Breaking ground.

[19:

*'•

V-T'

t-U. Footings.

The experience with unskilled farm laborers in a self-help hous ing project like this shows that, if the proper methods and tech niques are used, the wholehearted cooperation and interest of the families can be secured and maintained throughout the time necessary to complete the project. Though efficiency is low at the beginning, it is not difficult to obtain the rapid development of needed skills.

The Government provides all technical assistance, the equip ment, and a loan not to exceed $300 per house, for construction materials. The settlers furnish all the labor required plus any materials salvaged from their old dwelling. These ore usually

enough for the construction of the kitchen, and the doors and windows of the new house.

Pouring concrete column.

Placing forms for roof beams.

Hoisting roof slabs.

m Just looking and learning.

First stage in wall construction.

-i

Readying forms for third and final stage in wall construction.

The reinforced concrete dwelling requires

slightly more complicated construction methods, more skill, and a considerably

higher investment in equipment. The blockcasting machine is done with, but the set of forms needed for this type of building con stitutes a $3000 investment, usable for about 100 units.

The reinforced concrete method reduces

construction time without increasing actual cost, making it more suitable for projects comprising a large number of units. Both the block and the reinforced concrete

r.

X _

_

houses are hurricane and earthquake proof.

Increased number of workers for pouring roof slab.

[21 1

Cleaning up the surroundings.

The completion of the houses is on occasion for community and family celebration, cli maxed by a formal dedication. The fam ilies, through their cooperative labor, plus some help from the Government, now hove

strong, vermin proof, wel l ventilated, weatherproof houses built at a money cost of $300 (U. S.) but worth at least $1500 (U. S.), a significant gain for the individ ual families, the community, and the coun

try's wealth.

Ae^ ■'

Construction of porch.

Finished house.

I

Action does not end with the completion of the three-room house. In a short time,

families ore enlarging their houses or plan

ning to do so, flowers are being planted in the front yards,food grown in the gardens.

In addition, classes in home economics ore organized so that housewives can learn child care, sewing, furniture making, and good housekeeping practices. The results of these lessons are soon visible. The houses

become tangible evidence of improved living conditions, continual reminders of what people can do to improve their own condition through cooperative self-help.

[23]

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A .>1 Deep we//s ore drilled as a temporary source of water supply.

Milk station for the free distribution of milk to children

under school age.

i i,i„

Community action goes beyond self-help housing to provide the neighborhood with such improvements end services as streets and roads, bridges, sewing centers, school lunch rooms, milk stations, community

centers, water supply facilities and health centers.

A consumers cooperative organized and managed by the rural families.

iL --

^4'.

:■■■:■.

After deciding what they need and what they can provide out of their own resources, the people of a community request technical and economic assistance. If the

proposal is soundly conceived and the neighborhood is prepared to make a sub stantial contribution from its own resources,

the requested assistance is provided as a grant-in-aid.

Technical assistance is not limited to

Even local public works, like this bridge, have been built

by their own efforts.

[24

showing people how to build new houses; it provides basic technical information on raising food in the family gardens, on home economics, on community improvement and on the organization of cooperative projects.

Building frame houses in a Minimum Urbanization.

Note reserved right of way for future street.

A relatively recent undertaking of the Social Programs Administration ore the

Minimum Urbanizations—a plan for urban developments, with minimum standards which applies pertinent features of the rural aided self-help program to assist low in come townspeople to obtain secure tenure on a suitable plot of urban or suburban

*wrr

land,to install minimum necessary facilities, and to develop their own homes on such sites.

People themselves bring salvaged ma terials from their old dwellings or from other sources, with which they build their

La a(V ><

.

Wt

houses. The new subdivision follows the

general layout of services and facilities of the town.

Street construction by the people themselves, using

steel curb forms provided by the Government.

Aerial view of Minimum Urbanization at Islote, near Arecibo.

[251 •■h'

L

Moving a house by frailer, from a slum area into a Land and Utilities project.

.^irTrtnTTTnrnVM i f^

Land and Utilities project with very minimum stand ards. Photo shows concrete block house built with

aided self-help methods.

Other Government agencies, the Housing Authorities, employ the aided self-help !?' -A-

■ ■" ;■

i

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method to assist low income families in

moving out of the slum areas and establish ing themselves in new subdivisions. In these Land and Utilities projects, the Government provides initially a higher standard of serv

ices and facilities, including water supply, sewers, streets and electricity. In some cases, water and sewer services are sup plied at a single point to serve four lots, in order to reduce the cost.

The improved site is divided into lots leased or sold to individuals who, with some help from the Housing Authorities, may then move their houses from the slums to the new location. Others build their

houses by themselves, or with aided selfhelp.

The Land and Utilities projects were

created as a practical solution to improve living conditions of a large number of slum dwellers, and was born out of the need of spreading funds available for

housing for the benefit of the greatest num ber of families.

Aerial view of the San Jose project which includes minimum and inter

mediate types of Land and Utilities

as well as other kinds of public hous ing projects.

[26]

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3^

Besides aided self-help projects for very

low income people,the Housing Authori ties also construct permanent low rent

public housing. Though, in quantity, the achievements in this sphere have not been enough to prevent slum growth,

A dramatic case of slum clearance through public housing in the Puerto de Tierro sec tion of San Juan. Present plans contemplate slum clearance at the rate of 6000 dwellings per year.

much has been done to clear some of

the worst spots. More public housing is badly needed to solve this big problem.

In addition to the slum clearance pro gram and to the experimental ap

proaches to providing low cost houses, Puerto Rico is seeking slum elimination

by strengthening its local laws and regulations, preventing illegal building and by improving in site both dwellings and environment. In this effort, a proper coordination exists between the Plan

ning Board, the Health Department and the various Housing Authorities and

Municipalities. But it is recognized that, in Puerto Rico as elsewhere, effective en forcement depends upon on adequate

supply of houses available to the fam ilies displaced.

[27]

The housing development of Puerto Nuevo,around

which other projects have been built subsequently, constitutes in fact a city within a city.

This experimental three-bedroom reinforced con crete house would sell for $3500, including a 250 square meters lot. It comprises living-dining room, three bedrooms, bath, kitchen and porch. Con structor is now in process of obtaining financing facilities.

Housing for middle income families is undertaken by private enterprise, usually

with the help of the Federal Housing Ad ministration's mortgage insurance pro

gram. Outstanding among this type of housing is the Puerto Nuevo Development.

It includes 146 blocks, 37 kilometers of local streets, 1.9 kilometers of main streets, and 2 kilometers of avenues. About two

This asbestone design has been developed ex

perimentally by a local manufacturer of Portland cement. Asbestone is a mixture of cement and

asbestos. House is completely fireproof, includes

living-dining room, two bedrooms, kitchen, bath room and porch, would sell for $3000 with lot.

(281

years were required to complete this huge development comprising 4,426 detached units, with the necessary land subdivision improvements.

Besides Puerto Nuevo,several mass con

struction projects have been privately built since 1946.

CIRCULATION

PLAN

LAND USE PLftN

MASTER PLAN. A preliminary comprehensive phy sical development plan for a typical Puerto Rican town. Aibonito is a highland urban community located in the center of the island. Population of the town itself, is slightly over 5000. Plans like this one, for all towns and cities are under prepara tion by the Planning Board.

FOR COMMUNITY

FACILITIES

GENERAL PLAN 1975

The community development end housing activities ore, of course, only parts of a larger plan and program for economic and social development of the Commonv/eolth of Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Planning Board is the agency primarily responsible for the development and coordination of

an integrated plan for balanced progress, avoiding disorder, duplication of effort and inefficiency amongst the multiplicity of activities. This plan includes land reform, in dustrial and agricultural development,edu cation, health, transportation and recrea tional facilities.

In planning and working together to solve our problems of poverty, ignorance and disease, we, the people of Puerto Rico have had a rich and exciting experience.

We have acquired a better appreciation of the meaning of cooperation and selfhelp, a realization that the place where material and spiritual values must surely come together is the home, the neighbor hood,the community. Building better homes is not only a material achievement, it is also a rich spiritual experience.

[29]

Under its technical cooperation program, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is ac

tively participating in the global fight against poverty and ignorance. The pro gram is not just for the benefit of Puerto

Rico, but one in which we share our expe rience with others in the improvement of democratic processes, in the solution of serious economic problems, and in the rais

Mr. Khaja Abdul Gafoor addressing a group of students in Puerto Rico during the celebration of the United Nations Day.

ing of living standards.

It is a joint project of the governments of the United States and of Puerto Rico.

In selecting the Island as a training center for students from all over the world, it was recognized that Puerto Rico is a good ex ample of a country that is struggling with

A group of foreign students visit one of the Island's electrification projects.

great determination against the limitations of meager resources with a well-coordi

nated and dynamic program.

Since 1950, over one thousand trainees, visitors, and observers, have come to Puerto

Rico to study in such fields as planning, public administration, housing, nutrition, sanitation, agriculture, personnel manage ment, cooperativism, labor relations, etc.

They came from seventy countries —India, Burma, Egypt, Philippines, Formosa, Indo

china, Thailand, Nepal, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Nigeria, the Gold Coast, etc., and

from all twenty Latin American Republics and all Caribbean Islands.

They came here to Puerto Rico to learn about our efforts and to acquire technical

knowledge and know-how that they can take home with them.

From these students we, too, have learned new techniques and new ideas.

We have learned about other peoples and their struggles and their faith in a

better world. We have met them, as they hove met us, with friendliness and hope.

[301

£

The Governor of Puerto Rico meets foreign students and officials visiting the Island. With Mrs. Luis Muhoz Mann he greets a group of them at La Fortaleza.

INDICES OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS

Concept ^

1940

1952

Production (Gross Product)

277.0

1,113.0

301.8

Net Income

227.8

890.6

290.9

Wages and Salaries (millions of dollars)

117.3

537.6

358.3

75.2

282.9

276.2

Net Prof/fs of Business Enferpr/ses (millions of dollars) .

Manufacturing, establisfiments Value of production in Agriculture (millions of dollars)

Transportation and Communications Roads under conservation (kms.)

Number of Automobiles Number of Telephones Exports (millions of dollars) Imports (millions of dollars) Birth rate (per 1000 population) Death rate (per 1000 population) Life expectancy (years) Pub//c Educaf/on —Enrollment

798 83.8 2,394 26,847 16,859

1,937 227.9 4,039 76,750 39,711

Cent

Change

143.0 172.0 68.7 186.0 136.0

92.3 107.0

257.0 448.0

178.4 319.0

38.7 18.4 46

35.1 9.0 61

—9.3 —51.1 33.0

297,000

478,836

61.2

31 ]

-I -[

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■