Naina Gupta - Dissertation

The Hague: A Post-civic City

Architectural Association School of Architecture Programme: Projective Cities (Taught MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design) Student Name: Naina Gupta Submission title: The Hague: A post-civic city Course Title: Dissertation Proposal Course Tutor: Dr. Sam Jacoby Dr. Adrian Lahoud Submission Date: 25.07.2014

Declaration: “I certify that this piece of work is entirely my/our own and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”

Signature of Student:

Date: 25.07.2014

Contents

Introduction

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Dissertation Proposal

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Research Questions

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Design Brief

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Design Proposal

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Methodology and Methods

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Research Significance

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Conclusion

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Literature Review

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Bibliography

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Appendix 1: Dissertation Structure

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Appendix 2: Dissertation Timeline

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Appendix 3: Casestudies

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The International Criminal Court is not a law court

“The problem is that even the best national states in the world cannot control these global problems. We need something bigger but the big countries do not like something bigger, so no one is designing something bigger... and I think that is the challenge”1 - Luis Moreno Ocampo talking about the ICC The ICC needs to be architecturally designed as a political space rather than an efficient building type.

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Introduction

Post-civic institutions are institutions that mirror civic institutions but are different from them in the way that they are structured and organised. Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) like the United Nations, International Criminal Court, Europol are examples of post-civic institutions. They are being formed in increasing numbers to grasp the complexities of a highly interconnected global system. These organisations are powerful political agents and they play an important role in influencing international policy. As they share an ambiguous relationship with national governments, their architecture and urban design is structured around concerns of security.

The research is situated in The Hague in the Netherlands, where 160 non-governmental and 10 intergovernmental organisations are located that specialise in security and justice. The city is making a conscious effort to create an urban environment that attracts international organisations by providing an international zone. The Hague is also the administrative centre of the country and an important city in the southern region of the Randstad, which makes it a space of many political constituencies.

Currently in The Hague there is no clear understanding of the political relationships between an international organisation and the government. This ambiguity is exacerbated as the administrative district, civic centre and the international zone are all planned as discreet urban spaces and joined by neutral public plazas that provide entertainment and leisure. The city has simply become a zone of entertainment.

The research criticises the creation of the international zone as a process of ‘depoliticising’ the city. The research will explore how changes in the political practice and the relationships between civic and post-civic institutions change the architecture and urban staging of the political space of the city.

What is a post-civic institution?

What are the structural and organisational relationships between civic and post-civic institutions?

How do these relationships create a multi-scalar public sphere in the city?

1. Katherine Keating, ‘One on One: Luis Moreno Ocampo on Syria and war crimes’, < http://www.huffingtonpost.com/katherine-keating/luismoreno-syria_b_5191565.html> [accessed 12.07.2014]

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The post-civic institutions in the international zone

Intergovernmental Organisations

National Security

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NATO/C3 agency International Criminal Court

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Iran United States Claim Tribunal

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International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia

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Eurojust

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Convention Centre

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Europol

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T.M.C. Asser Institute

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Organisation for prohibition of Chemical Weapons

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Peace Palace Library

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The Hague Academy of International Law

International Court of Justice Hague conference on private international law

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Clingendael, Netherlands institute of international relations

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Military Penetentiary

Education and Policy Institutes

International Business 17

Aramco overseas corporation

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Shell Headquarters

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Chicago bridge and iron company Embassies Nongovernmental organisations

Dissertation Proposal

Problem definition and context of research Since the 1990s, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) formed in greater numbers to tackle the complexity of an interconnected global system. They transformed the way that politics are structured and organised. Eurojust, Europol, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, The International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court were all formed within the last decade of the twentieth century. All of them are sited in The Hague along with 160 nongovernmental organisations. The city has been actively wooing international organisations as an economic strategy to create jobs and a knowledge economy focused on international law and security.2 In 2009, the city decided to create the international zone, an urban project intended to attract more international organisations.3 The main strategy for this zone is the creation of a secure environment for these organisations and seamless international connectivity through Schiphol.

The creation of a distinct international zone away from the civic centre of the city and the administrative centre of the country is however a lost opportunity for the government, because it stages the project as an urban and economic rather than a political one. The relationship between IGOs and national institutions is tense and complex, because the former challenges national sovereignty. But at the same time they are allies. The international zone should have been a project that negotiates this tense and complex relationship and creates a spatial precedent for a multi-scalar public sphere in the city.

IGOs mirror civic institutions in their function; the International Criminal Court (ICC) functions as a law court, Europol as a police station, but they are not simple scaled up versions of civic institutions. IGOs are structured and organised differently from civic institutions. To highlight the similarities and differences between them they will be called post-civic institutions in this research. The criteria that frames the differences between civic and post-civic institutions are security, extraterritoriality, diagrams of negotiation and representation and these are the main concerns that the research will explore. In this research the ICC will be used as an example of a post-civic institution.

2. Guide to the International Organisations in The Hague 2010/2011 issued by the Hague municipality.

3. Maaret Schmitt’s website (former chief architect of The Hague) <http://www.schmittsfavorites.nl/2009/denhaag_popup.asp?boek_ id=4&id=63> [accessed 6.03.2014]

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The International Criminal Court - Study Urban Staging: The site is located on military land, detached from the city, close to the penetentiary with limited public transport. The building is shielded on the North by a landscape of un-navigable dunes. This vocabulary is picked up on the site, and used as a form of artificial-natural fencing. The main road in front of the building is very narrow and this deters traffic as it is expected to be a bottle neck. The Hubertus tunnel allows traffic to bypass the site altogether connecting the area with Schiphol. The area around the ICC is completely planned with other institutions that require high security leaving little vacant land around it.

Circulation: The building is structured as concentric rings. Every user has a distinct circulation path and the building is a diagram of the different user movement patterns and the relationships between the different departments of the organisation.

Diagram: The urban and architectural diagrams of the ICC are created through its preoccupation with security.

Urban Diagram

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dunes

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Narrow road to deter traffic

landscapes mimicing dunes

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Urban Staging of the ICC

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Defendant

Security Check

Meeting Room

Attorney

Attorney Witness

Security Check

Witness Rooms

ICC Staff Registry Office of the Proscecutor ICC Staff Chambers Presidency

Media Reception

Media Security Check

Citizens

Media Gallery

Court Room

Viewing Gallery

Lounge Lockers Reception Exhibition space

Organisation of the ICC

Architectural Diagram Departmental office blocks

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Diagram of the organisation of the ICC is reflected in its architecture

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The post-civic fortress

The Europol building (2012) in The Hague. The type that expemplifies secure post-civic institutions.

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Security City-states were fortified with walls. These walls secured the city from the outside.

Moats surrounded the wall and city gates were the only access points into the city.

Additional fortification was provided by the landscape around the city that made approach difficult and allowed greater visibility from the watch towers. Security was defined as a form of isolation and protection of the interior from the exterior.

The ICC is designed with a similar architectural vocabulary. The site for the permanent premises of the ICC in The Hague is military land that was surrounded by unnavigable dunes. Traffic in front of the building is reduced by creating a tunnel, a bypass around the ICC. There is limited public transport connectivity to the area around the building.

The architects use all the terminology associated with fortresses in the design of the building. The land around the building is raised by berms that act as a natural fence creating a higher ground to increase visibility from the building. The building is set back from the road and surrounded by a moat with a single public access that imitates a drawbridge and spans across the moat. Buildings are massed like castles.

This architectural expression of security has become a formulaic standard that is seen in American embassies4 and post-civic institutions across the world because they are extraterritorial and in effect a foreign body in each hosting country. Security is often the excuse to justify the detachment of post-civic institutions from the civic and administrative centre of the city. In civic institutions, security is rather limited in its expression because city governments cannot appear fearful of their own people.

4.Jane C. Loeffler, ‘The architecture of Diplomacy’, (Princeton Architectural Press, 2011), p 236

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‘The Workshop of Peace’

The United Nations General Assembly - interior photograph by Ezra Stoller

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Extraterritoriality In May 2014, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution that was passed by the United Nations Security Council. The resolution which was supported by 65 non member countries and all the other members of the Security Council, called for the crisis in Syria to be referred to the International Criminal Court for investigation. Samantha Powers, the U.S. Ambassador, attacked Moscow and Beijing for their actions. Though the United States has not ratified the Rome Statute and is not a member state of the ICC, in this particular situation it agreed on the resolution after it guaranteed that Israel would not be prosecuted by the court for its actions in Syria. The draft resolution was created based on the evidence provided by an independent commission created by the UN Human Rights Council.5 This highlights how political practice is changing in structure and organisation. The ICC is a permanent international criminal court and its jurisdiction extends to 120 member countries that have ratified the Rome Statute and any country referred to it by the Security Council of the United Nations.6 This more or less implies that it has global jurisdiction.

The cases that are tried by the court may not have a direct connection with The Hague or even The Netherlands. The people of the city are not directly involved with this law court.

Post-civic institutions create a space that gathers a very particular composition of political agents like international NGOs, diplomatic missions, multinational corporations, journalists and academics. The city, the nation, the region and international institutions, each have their own own public sphere, some agents within which may be common across the different scales of constituency. This relationship between the public spheres of the different constituencies is important to my research.

5. Ian Black, ‘Russia and China veto UN move to refer Syria to international criminal court’, The Guardian, 22 May 2015 6. Website of the International Criminal Court, < http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/about%20the%20court/Pages/about%20the%20court. aspx>, [accessed on 24.07.2014] 7.website of OMA, International Criminal Court, < http://oma.eu/projects/2008/international-criminal-court/> [accessed 12.07.2014] 8. Aaron Betsky, ‘Staging the future’ in The UN Building, (UK, Thames and Hudson, 2005) p17 Image on the left: < https://artsy.net/artwork/ezra-stoller-united-nations-general-assembly-international-team-of-architects-led-by-wallace-kharrison-new-york-ny> [accessed on 22.07.2014]

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Section x

Section y

Total Theatre

Strelka Institute

Marina Abramovic Institute

Casa da Musica

Wyly Theatre

Teatro Oficino

Tracing the transformation of the section of the theatre. The change in section changes the relationship that the theatre and the performance has with the city.

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Diagrams of Negotiation ‘The building is neither an office building nor an international parliament. It should be a workshop for justice.’7 This quote by OMA describing their competition entry for the International Criminal Court, invokes Wallace Harrison’s reading of the architecture of the UN HQ in New York.8 ‘Workshop’ is defined in the Oxford dictionary as a noun that means ‘a meeting at which a group of people engage in intensive discussion and activity on a particular subject or project.’ As a verb, ‘workshops’, ‘workshopping’ and ‘workshopped’ is defined as (to) ‘present a performance of (a dramatic work), using intensive group discussion and improvisation in order to explore aspects of the production prior to formal staging.’ The term workshop suggests an experimental space, a space for discussion, dialogue and negotiation - a space of action, a political theatre.

Post-civic institutions are referred to as workshops because one of their primary roles is to create a transnational or international framework for a series of issues that are relevant to more than one nation. The space of the post-civic institution is the space where these issues are discussed, debated and framed by the different stakeholders.

The closest comparison can be found in national institutions like the parliament and the supreme court. Post-civic institutions mirror the function of civic institutions but have the role of international institutions.

9. Website gallery Stroom, <http://www.stroom.nl/activiteiten/manifestatie.php?m_id=7944751>, [accessed on 24.07.2014]

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The United Nations Headquarters in New York. An icon of post-civic institutes.

“It is neither an office building, nor an international parliament, but a workshop of Peace” Wallace Harrison, director of the project for the United Nations Headquarters in New York

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Representation ‘See you in The Hague’ is a slogan that Palestinians yell at the Israeli guards along the border.9 Post-civic institutions have an international representation, suggesting that they are not bound by a single culture or geographical limits, in stark contrast to a civic or national institution. They also create a particular urban space around them, a specific ‘eco-system’ of international organisations, diplomatic missions and research institutions.

The international zone is one of the two urban projects in The Hague that are currently designed to create a knowledge economy for security and justice. The other project is the new centre. The new centre is meant to be the civic centre of the city and the administrative centre of the country. The new centre is a project through which the city is attempting to establish stronger relations within the region and with Brussels.

Through the infrastructural project of Prins Clausplein,10 the centre of The Hague will be well connected with existing knowledge centres in the region of Delft, Zoetermeer and Leiden. Strengthning the southern part of the Randstad by creating links between The Hague-Rotterdam-Dodrecht, will create a more competitive metropolitan region.11 The new centre however is a project that is under construction since the 1940s. It is a contentious site that has not be resolved as a civic or administrative centre. Some of the concerns that have been addressed in the multiple proposals submitted for the new centre are its size, accessibility and symbolism.12 The new centre is made up of two areas, the Turfmarkt and the Spuikwartier. Den Haag Central railway station borders the site to the east and the Binnenhof (Parliament) lies to its north.

10 Floris Alkemade, OMA in the Hague exhibition catalogue p 15 11. DeltaMetropool in OMA El Croquis 12. Bernard Colenbrander, ‘The evolution of the Species’ in De Kroon: A European Skyscraper, p 5

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The different constituencies in The Hague Intergovernmental Organisations The State The Municipality

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This is the fourth urban project for the area since the 1940s. Each project has a name that reflects the larger ambition of the project. From 1946 - 1977 the project was called the Spuikwartier and the area was projected as a formal administrative centre that would collect all the ministries as close as possible to the Binnenhof. The main proposals in this period were by W.M. Dudok and Pier Luigi Nervi, neither of which were realised. From 1977 - 2002 the area was called the Den Haag Forum. The Forum was a master-plan completed by Carel Weeber and has a pedestrianised centre with equal emphasis on culture and administration. The site is anchored on either edge by buildings by Weeber, the Zwarte (black) Madonna on the east, a perimeter social housing block clad in black tiles and a hotel to the west, which frames the Spuiplein with its broad public staircase. These two projects were seen as hugely successful in the reorganisation of the centre and led to a period where every urban block in the site became an architectural extravaganza to structure the centre from the inside out.1.3 The third project for the site was called Wijnhaven Kwartier, and its aim is the densification of the properties along the southern edge and the creation of a symbolic centre. This proposal was made by Richard Meier in 2002 and is currently still being realised. The first project to be sacrificed was the Zwarte Madonna, which was replaced by two towers for ministries by Hans Kollhoff and a mixed-use housing tower by Christian Rapp.

The new centre is the fourth and current project for this site. It is a project that suggests that The Hague is a centre of knowledge in the South Randstad and a centre for European politics connected with Brussels. The new centre is a traditional civic site, populated by ministry buildings, the city hall, a university, theatres and libraries.

In spite of these civic institutions, the centre lacks any civic quality and is framed by isolated, hermetic architectural icons. It is used as a main pedestrian thoroughfare to and from the station. The ambition of the city for the new centre is limited to creating an international symbol of a centre and the skyline is the main architectural focus.

The new centre is an ideal site to reframe a vision for a political space in the city because of its associations with a civic centre, an administrative district, and because of its physical connectivity with Brussels. The inherent tensions between the municipal, regional, national, European and international scales provide an extreme condition to test ideas of a multi-scalar public sphere.

13. Bernard Colenbrander, ‘The evolution of the Species’ in De Kroon: A European Skyscraper, p 8

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Delta Metropool and Prins Clausplein - Reference OMA has done two studies about the connectivity of The Hague regionally, both in 2001. The first is called the Prins Clausplein and the second the Delta Metropool.

Both projects are based on ideas of a stronger area in the South perimeter of the Randstad. While the Prins Clausplein proposes infrastructure that would connect the centres of The Hague, Delft, Zoetermeer and Leiden creating an infrastrutural network of the knowledge region, the Delta Metropool is way more ambitious and views The Hague as part of a larger Southern undifferentiated metropolitan strip from The Hague to Rotterdam. The two studies are important because they stress the importance of The Hague and the Netherlands within the region beyond municipality borders.

“Clausplein is of strategic importance because it is here that The Hague’s city centre is connected to the rest of the Randstad. This area could develop itself into one of the most importance sites of the randstad, a process which would, eventually, turn the historical centre towards the edge of the city.” OMA website for the project, Prins Clausplein, Netherlands, The Hague, 2001

Prins Clausplein - infrastructure connecting the different knowledge centres. The Hague being the largest and most prominent city centres this urban conglomeration.

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The creation of a continuous metropolitan region across the Southern Randstad with Den Haag - Rotterdam as the two main centres of the region. The metropolitan region will be complete with administration, port, industry and the knowledge economy. All images from OMA El Croquis.

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Research Questions

Disciplinary Question The structure and organisation of political practice is changing. It is shifting from a national representative system to one that is international and extraterritorial.

Intergovernmental organisations are powerful political agents and increasing in numbers. IGOs mirror civic institutions but are different from them, and this research is using the term post-civic institution to identify the similarities and differences between them.

What is a post-civic institution?

What are the structural and organisational relationships between post-civic and civic institutions?

How can this relationship create a multi-scalar public sphere in the city?

Urban Question The relationship between a national institution and a post-civic institution is tense and complex because the latter challenges the sovereignty of the former. Yet they are allies. The creation of the international zone far away from the rest of the city is a manifestation of this complex relation. Security is the reason given for the separation of the zone from the national and civic spaces of the city. However: How do post-civic institutions restructure the civic and administrative centre?

How can the city centre be designed to be both secure and public?

What is the urban function of a post-civic institution?

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Architectural Question Post-civic institutions are transnational or international. They are founded by treaties.

The space of the post-civic instituition is a space of discussion and debate to guide members on a particular issue. These spaces can be considered ‘workshops’. The spaces directly relate to the policitcal theatre as a type, which creates spaces of discussion and debate, but also court-rooms. Thus: How is the ICC different from a national law court?

How can the theatre as a type be instrumentalised in post-civic institutions?

What are the transformations in a theatre that change it from a space of spectatorship to a space of action?

13. Designboom, XML contributes to Monditalia at the 14th Venice architectural biennale, < http://www.designboom.com/architecture/xmlmonditalia-venice-architecture-biennale-06-19-2014/>, [accessed on 07.07.2014]

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The site and its surroundings 1. Ministry of Finance 2. Royal Academy of Art 3. Royal Theatre 4. Representation of European Comission and European Parliament 5. Dutch Parliament and ministries 6. Ministry of Defense 7. De Resident (mixed use) 8. City Hall 10. Hotel

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11. Church 12. Filmhouse 13. Spuiforum 14. Spuikwartier (mixed use) 15. De Kroon 16. Ministry of Interior & Kingdom Relations 17. Ministry of Security & Justice 18. Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment 19. Ministry of Education, Culture & Sciences 20. Den Haag Centraal

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Design Brief

The new centre is an ideal site to test the creation of a political space shared by many constituencies. It is a site that has had extensive proposals by the city for more than 50 years, but has remained unresolved in the definition of its programme, urban staging or identity.

The definition of the site as a political space in the city can create a strong identity and vision for the site, the city and the region The aim of the design is threfore to imagine the new centre as an extreme political space of many constituencies ranging from the municipal, regional, national, European to the International, and to identify the tensions and affiliations between each of the political spaces.

Challenges Security and accessibility: Civic centre is a public space in the city while transnational political institutions demand isolation and security. How does the design resolve or expose this contradiction?

Extraterritoriality and localisation: Each of the political constituencies compose a unique public sphere. What are the interfaces/thresholds between the different public spheres?

Diagrams of negotiation: How is the theatre as a type used in the creation of the different civic and post-civic institutions?

Representation: How is a space of many political constituencies represented?

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History of the Site

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Spuikwartier 1964

The above picture is taken in 1964. This is during the first phase of its development from 1945 - 1977 when the project was called Spuikwartier. the ambition for the area was an administrative district for the country.

Ministry building proposal Pier Luigi Nervi 1962

The project developer Reinder Zwolsman created a plan for the area and sought a proposal by Pier Luigi Nervi for the ministry headquarters.

Ministry buildings 1962 - 2002 Lucas and Niemeyer architects

Master-plan proposal W.M. Dudok 1945

The first masterplan was proposed by W.M. Dudok in 1945. The area was seen as a formal administrative centre of the country. The plan was not implemented because post-war this sort of design was seen as too expensive a way to be spending public money.

In 1962, the ministry of spatial planning decided to develop the area as a public-private partnership, where the public would provide the infrastructure and the buildings would be designed and built by private development

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Though this project amounted to nothing, one of the private buildings designed by the architectural practice of Lucas and Niemeyer was realised. This became the home for the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Internal affairs till 2010. Today the building is up for renovation with a mixed programme including a university campus.

De Nieuw Hout proposal 1974

De Nieuw Hout, is one the last proposals that was made during this period. It is reminiscent of the sentiment that is used in the design of the centre in Rotterdam.

Though it was not realised it shifted the focus of the planners from an formal administrative district to a civic centre and set up the stage for the plan by Carel Weeber.

Buildings of De Resident by Michael Graves and Ceasar Pelli

Master-plan Carel Weeber 1977

Though the site appeared to be complete in 2002, city officials felt that it was missing the image of a world class city centre’. Basically It lacked an imposing skyline. The quest for the image of the city centre led to the third phase of its development as the Wijnhaven Kwartier based on a plan by Richard Meier.

The Southern strip of the site from the Black Madonna till the Netherlands Dance Theatre were meant to be demolished and redesigned as towers.

The masterplan by Carel Weeber began a second phase this was called the Den Haag Forum from 1977 - 2002.

The plan was a pedestrianised centre that was framed by two buildings by the architect. The Black Madonna and a hotel at either end of the site

Wijnhaven Kwartier vision by Richard Meier 2002

Black Madonna by architect Carel Weeber (model from NAi image archives)

The success of the architecture of the two buildings within the masterplan shifted the focus of the project from urban design to architecture. Richard Meier (City hall), OMA (Netherlands, Dance Theatre), Michael Graves, Ceasar Pelli (De Resident) amongst many others all have buildings within this strip.

Ministry of Justice by Hans Kollhoff 2010

Today the project is called the new centre and its ambition is regional and European connectivity.

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Administration and Municipality 290,000 sqm

Social Housing

Existing Programme on the site

Offices 43,000 sqm

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Campus 13,000 sqm

Apartments

Commerce 7500 sqm

Theatre 45,000 sqm

City Atrium and Library

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Design Proposal Urban Strategy The existing urban pattern is used to divide the site so that connections between the north and south of the city are maintained. The church on the west and the Den Haag Centraal on the east become anchor points that generate the podium that runs west to east

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Distribution of Organisations The organisations are laid out independently from each other. There is a clear orientation of the civic centre towards the city church and the administrative centre towards the station. This is what can be observed in the existing staging of the area.

The church grounds is used as an extension of the theatre space across the Spuiplein.

In this proposal, the ICC is sited between the civic and adminsitrative centre.

ICC

The second organisational logic is that the political functions are clustered together, as are the living and entertainment functions The university is proposed between the living and political functions.

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1. Theatre company 2. Affordable housing development 3. University campus 4. Municipality 5. International Criminal Court 6. Ministry

Reorganisation of Educational Spaces Every organisation that is planned for the site has at least one space that can be thought of as an educational space. These spaces are detached from the interiors of the organisations and used to create a common programme between them.

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a. Black box/ conference centre b. Sports arena c. lecture theatre d. City hall atrium - multifunctional e. law library f. National archives

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Disconnected Lobbies Civic organisations have a series of thresholds. The street leads to a ground level that is considered the public lobby. Depending on its organisation, the lobby distributes or channels people within the building. In the city hall the lobby is the civic atrium, in

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the hotel it is a stepped podium facing the square, in the theatres it is a space that distributes the people to the different performance spaces and in ministry buildings it is the reception that guides and limits people.

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Super Lobby By absorbing all individual lobbies, a superlobby is created that functions like a raised podium and structures the education programmes along it, forming a new street connecting the church and the station.

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This pulls programmes like the theatre, court rooms and libraries to the outer periphery of the building, creating connections across organisations.

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Security and Autonomity From the road every organisation has their own entry and is able to determine its own security requirements. They appear as individual blocks in the city. It is towards the podium that they acquire some sort of cohesion, The educational programmes are

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connected to the individual organisations and depending on the organisation have secure access or are open to all. The sports field is accessed from the road, the black box, and lecture halls, archives from the podium and the city hall atrium from the podium and the road. The ICC facilities have a security access from the podium and cannot be directly accessed from the road.

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The Outside From the city, each of the organisations appear as a single city block with its own visual culture and access. Each block directly connects to different parts of the city.

Each of the organisations stage the urban in their own way.

Plan - Podium Level 100 0

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The Inside Internally, the superlobby-podium is a street, and the space between organisations is blurred. The university uses the law library of the ICC. The city atrium and the archives become an extension of each other, and the entire podium is a series of different performance spaces for the city.

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a. Black box/ conference centre b. Sports arena c. lecture theatre d. City hall atrium - multifunctional e. law library f. National archives

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Criticism The preliminary design proposal attempts to react to all the challenges given in the brief. The urban strategy maintains connectivity with the existing fabric and allows the organisations to be read and act as individuals. The inversion suggested by private access from the roads and the formation of the central public podium is a way to stage the organisations as individual entities in the city and forge a connection between them. These ideas will be taken forward in the next proposal by considering: (1) How the current design fails to explore the tensions between different organisations.

(2) The lack of addressing the consitutency of each organisation in this proposal.

(3) Th issue of security. Thresholds and edges could become tools through which ideas of security are developed further.

(4) The typological transformation, which appeared in the formation of a consolidated lobby that moved the theatre programmes to the edges of the blocks, but in retrospect appears weak because in essence the lobby is simply a creation of a larger atrium.

There insufficient exploration of the different typologies of atriums and the education programme.

The next proposal will be anchored more strongly in an architectural typology. The theatre as an architectural type will be explored in its use in a civic and post-civic context.

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Methodology and Methods

Data Collection and Analysis 1. Case studies: The programme is structured around the idea of architectural precedents as a form of knowledge.

2. Library research: The theoretical and historical framework for the critical terms of this research project will be developed through relevant literature, more details of which can be found in the next section.

3. Site research: Observations from the site. Visits to institutions like the ICC and some of the other important case studies if possible as a primary source of material.

4. Field research: Interviews of architects who have worked on projects in the area or built any of the important case studies. Meeting with Maarten Schmitt, the previous chief architect of the city if possible.

Experiments The different design iterations will act as experiments within the research to test out spatial ideas formed on a theoretical basis. The design and criticism of the design will be recorded to understand the failures and the successes of each of the design proposals. This will form the process chart that will link the different proposals.

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Research Significance

The creation of the international zone in The Hague has been a topic of research for Stroom, a private research institute in The Hague. Their research is how the creation of the international zone in The Hague affects the way that the city functions locally.

Archis, the publishers of Volume magazine, hosted a conference at the Stroom gallery which focused on ‘The Architecture of Peace’ and was framed by a research on peace building operations in conflict areas across the world and how the international community, like the one in The Hague is involved within this process. The interest of this research lies in using The Hague and the institutions within the international zone as an example to understand how politics is transforming structurally and how this affects the idea of the city as a political space. I think that this research lies within the framework that is established by Stroom and Archis.

Archives of the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia

image source: <http://www.stroom.nl/gfx/uploads/47309_Archief_ICTY.jpg> [accessed on 25.07.2014]

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Conclusion

Post-civic is a term that I am using to differentiate international institutions from civic institutions because they functionally mirror them and are often confused with them but in theory are organised and structured very differently. The criteria that I am using to define the post-civic are security, extraterritoriality, diagrams of negotiation and representation. The post-civic city that I am studying is in the international zone in The Hague, Netherlands, but this is not a unique examples. The site for the European Union in Brussels-Strasbourg-Luxembourg is another site of post-civic institutions as are organisations like the Rockefeller Foundation, Melinda and Bill Gates Foundations, The Open Society Foundation, Strelka institute of Media, Architecture and Design, to name a few.

Post-civic institutions have been increasing in number since the 1970s. They are powerful political agents and they will continue to increase in numbers as the complexity of an interconnected world becomes increasingly impossible to manage by national institutions. Their spatial impact is experienced in cities across the world. As political agents they are transforming the way that politics is practiced and organised.

The research will explore the way they relate to the other scales of power like the city, the region and the nation - in order to project what a new space of politics could be.

The specific site chosen for the projection is the new centre in The Hague. The new centre is a site which has all the different scales of political power. As an urban project it has had numerous iterations but still remains rather unresolved.

The methodical framework for the research is provided by the programme and it involves a written thesis and a series of design explorations to test the theoretical ideas developed. The theoretical framework for the dissertation is provided by the discourse on the post-political, and historically the research covers the decades after World War 2, beginning with the formation of the United Nations.

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Literature Review

The literature review is organised to match the different topics that I use to define the post-civic, which are security, extraterritoriality, diagrams of negotiation and representation.

Security Title: Architecture of Diplomacy: Building America’s Embassies Author: Jane C. Loeffler Summary: The book discusses changes in the architecture of American embassies beginning in early 20th century and its transformations. American embassies have gone through four important phases. I categorise the four phases of America embassies as the house 1900-1947, The cultural space 1947 -1954, The symbol 19541960 and The fortress - 1960-current. Early American embassies performed only consular functions. It was in 1926 that the embassy housed both diplomatic and consular function along with the residence of the ambassador. Due to the largeness of the residential and ceremonial function of the ambassador, houses were the preferred architectural type for the embassy. One of the earliest embassies of the United States was housed in a palatial bungalow that was owned by the family of Alfred Nobel.

The preferred style for the bungalows were classical, and often they were unused palaces and gifted by the host country. After world war 2, America chartered a very important role for itself - to strengthen its allies, and to restrain the spread of soviet ideology. This is the ambition that is reflected in the architecture of the embassies that was built between 1947-1954. The majority of the embassies were built in Europe and the countries surrounding the former Soviet Union. Information and cultural exchange was introduced during this period and the embassy was viewed as a cultural space in the city. Private architecture firms were preferred as they could be paid through war credits which funded a large part of the construction of the embassies.

Two architectural practices stand out in their creation of the architectural language for embassies. Modernism was the preferred style because it disassociated with the architectural preference of both Hitler and Stalin. In the 1950s, the Foreign Buildings

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Operations unit understood the symbolic role of architecture and the Architecture Advisory Board was created to elaborate the building programme of the embassies. It was then that celebrity architects became associated with the building of embassies.

Marcel Breuer in The Hague, Eero Saarinen in London and Oslo and stone in New Delhi. The success of these grand gestures are rather obvious because from the 1960s American embassies are target sites for protests and terrorist activities against the ideologies and policies of the country. Two of the four embassy buildings of this period are currently shifting their premises to meet the new stipulated rules created for the safety of American state buildings. Congress initiated acts and legislations regarding safety in 1998 after the suicide bombings in the East African embassies that killed many diplomatic and foreign personnel. A set of standards were being designed In the 1970s but they were not seriously implemented till the late 90s. With the standards large multinational architectural practices who are willing to meet the guidelines are preferred to celebrity architects. These standards changed the practice of extraterritorial building design across the world many of which are currently seen in The Hague.

Title: Cities under Siege: The new military urbanism Author: Stephen Graham Summary: This book is a catalogue of the different policies that are created around the ideas of security in the Western world and how these policies change the way cities are planned. One important example in the book is the creation of the spaces for immigrant communities in the suburbs of Paris. The way that they are structured so that they can be controlled and can be immediately detached from the important economic networks if needed.

Title: The Death and Life of Great American Cities Author: Jane Jacobs Summary: The book is a series of observations that connect security and city planning.

The main argument of the book is that relationships cannot be communities cannot be

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designed and this will not create a safe city. According to the examples that are given in the book relationships are spontaneously formed in an environment where mutual benefit and selfishness naturally collide. A diverse, mixed use, busy city environment provides this environment.

Review Security has always been an important discussion in urban design but what becomes apparent in reading these three books is how the term security has changed from the 1960s till today. In Jacobs’ book security implied the safety of people in the city.

Today security implies the protection of an institution from people. This is especially true because people and institutions are moving across borders more freely. Security as a term has a negative connotation in architecture; fences and barricades are understood to be exclusive, divisive. This is the same logic that equates transparency with honesty. From Grahams book what becomes apparent is that instead of visible elements, security from people is being coded into the urban fabric at many scales which are invisible and difficult to undo. The negative attitude of the discipline towards the term security is why architecture has not found an interesting way to deal with it within cities forcing institutions to move away, which is more problematic because it removes the political spaces away from the city. The book by Loeffler is important to the research because it is one of the few architectural books that focuses on extraterritorial buildings and it provides a guide to the way that the buildings can be read and understood.

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Extraterritoriality Title: Security, territory, Population, lectures at the Collège de France Author: Michel Foucault Summary: This book is a transcription of a series of lectures that Michel Foucault gave at the Collège de France. The main topic of the book is ‘governmentality’ or the practice of government. The lectures traces the similarities between the practice of governments, pastoralism and the church but how it differs from them. The differences between governments and the church can be defined through the difference between discipline and security. Discipline is a limited system, that is centripetal and is linear.

Security on the other hand is an open system, that is highly interconnected. Security is associated with the Westphalia treaties that led to the institutionalisation of international relations.

Title: Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy Author: Jacques Rancière Summary: Post-democracy is a term defined by Jacques Rancière but the discourse can be traced in the work of Claude Lefort, Chantal Mouffe and Colin Crouch.14 The term is an attempt to identify and mark the structural changes in democracy with the rise in the neoliberal economy and the collapse of totalitarian regimes. Democracy is a governmental process that is meant to be continually (re)defined through political actions.15 In his work ‘Disagreements’, Rancière defines politics as a transformative act that confronts relationships of power with the ‘logic of equality’. The understanding of democracy as a process rather than a fixed procedure or practice shows that it is adaptable, flexible and its representation is and will always be incomplete. This means that identities of people, the organisation of power and the institutions of democracy are constantly shifting as new forms of inequality and inadequate representation of the people is revealed. The process of democracy depends on political action to be effective. Totalitarian regimes collapsed mainly because of bankruptcy and this legitimised democracy as the correct, ‘just’ and an efficient government practice. This

14 Yannis Stavrakasis, ‘Postdemocracy’, in Atlas of Transformation, ed. by Zbyněk Baladrán, Vít Havránek (Switzerland: JRP-Ringier, 2010), web edition <http://monumenttotransformation.org/atlas-of-transformation/html/p/postdemocracy/postdemocracy-yannis-stavrakakis.html> [accessed 07.07.2014] 15. Yannis Stavrakasis, ‘Postdemocracy’, in Atlas of Transformation, ed. by Zbyněk Baladrán, Vít Havránek (Switzerland: JRP-Ringier, 2010), web edition <http://monumenttotransformation.org/atlas-of-transformation/html/p/postdemocracy/postdemocracy-yannis-stavrakakis.html> [accessed 07.07.2014]

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institutionalised the process of democracy into a practice that removes all flexibility, contention and disagreement by removing the political act and the people who are a source of unpredictability and inconsistency. The removal of the political action, the people and their appearance in the public sphere is balanced by the formation of a greater number of representatives either elected or (self) appointed who speak on behalf of the people who are grouped into different ‘communities’ and identities.

These identities were defined by ethnicities, sexuality and religious beliefs and are fixed leaving no room for redefinition of these communities or identities. Any gaps or omissions in reprsentation are simply discounted. This depoliticised version of democracy is what is defined as post-democracy. Post-democracy is an administrative practice between the relationships of power while democracy is a political process between relationship of power and people.

“Post-democracy is the government practice and a conceptual legitimisation of democracy after the demos, a democracy that has eliminated the appearance, the miscount and dispute of the people and thereby is reducible to the sole interplay of state mechanisms and combination of social energies and interests”.16 Title: The structural transformations of the public sphere Author: Jurgen Habermas Summary: Habermas narrates the transformations in what he defines as the public sphere beginning with the bourgeois in mid 16th century till the formation of the United Nations after world war 2. The book was written in 1964 and translated to English in 1980. Habermas is credited with the definition of the term public sphere.

The book criticised because Habermas bases his definition of the public sphere on the society of the salons and the coffee shops in the 16th century but that society was structurally flawed because members of that society were essentially male and owned property and hence a very small elite sample of society. The public sphere according to Habermas is a space of negotiation between the individual and authorities. This space was formed in the 16th century before which the monarchy and his representatives

16. Jacques Rancière, Disagreements: Politics and Philosophy (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1998)

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would make all decisions on behalf of the individual. Habermas is interested in charting the role of media and communication in the transformation of the public sphere and the way that this structured the social life of people. Habermas identifies that the current public sphere is composed of political agents like IGOs, NGOs, civil societies, unions and business interest groups rather than people.

Title: Designing the Post-Political City and the Insurgent Polis Author: Erik Swyngedouw Summary: The author attempts to link the critical discourse of post-political or post-democracy with the urban design practice. For the author the two terms, postpolitical and post-democratic refer to the same thing and the main references for him are Jacques Rancière, Slavoj Zizek and Giorgio Agamben. The author suggests that the current vocabulary of urban design practice structured around a false idea of solidarity, community and commonality which is rooted in the discourse of postdemocracy to remove dissent. The essay is projective and attempts to raise design questions of a way of designing a city as a political space, a space that he equates with dissent and disagreement rather than consensus.

Review In this section I attempt to understand how politics is being restructured and the role of international organisations within this restructuring. Rancière calls the current form of democracy, post-democracy to highlight the similarities and differences in the way that the two are structured. Though there is reference in his work to the increasing forms of representation, he does not directly talk about international organisations within his work. My position is that international oranisations are a product of post-democracy and in a way attempt to redress the imbalance created by the loss of the individual in the post-democratic practice, this idea comes from the work of Habermas but as his book was written in the 1960s it was too early to take a critical position on the role of international organisations in the political practice.

This section of the research needs to be developed a lot more with a clear idea of

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how transformations within political practice are changing the way that power and the public sphere is organised in cities. The two books that will help to create a direct link between government practice and architecture are Carola Hein’s ‘The Capital of Europe’ and ‘Architecture against the post-political’ edited by Nadir Lahiji.

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Diagrams of negotiation Title: Legal Architecture: Justice, Due Process and the Place of Law Author: Linda Mulcahy Summary: The book traces the development of the courthouse as a building type.

The main argument of the book is the relationship between jurisprudence and the architecture of the courthouse. She attempts to prove that there is no such thing as a typical courthouse is a relatively recent building type and because of the parallel nature of the different kinds of law courts and geographically specific ideas of jurisprudence.

She focuses on the English courthouse for this reason though she does reference other systems of jurisprudence to compare. A building solely for the purpose of law was first created in the late 18th and early 19th century. Before this courts was held in town-halls and market places. One of the first ‘modern’ courthouses was built by Alfred Waterhouse, the Manchester Assize court. The most important innovation in this courthouse was the circulation diagram. The courts were surrounded by a corridor on all sides. This created a circulation pattern where every participant in the courtroom could enter and leave without meeting any one else. This was important to protect evidence and people from contamination or harm. This is what is calls ‘segregation and segmentation’ of the courthouse.

Title: Performance Art: From Futurism to the Present Author: RoseLee Goldberg Summary: The author is a artist, historian and critic of performance art. This book is a quick introduction to the history of performance art. The history of performance art is based on a desire to explore relationships between the audience and the performer/ performance. Performance art is rooted in the critique of spectatorship and its institutions.

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Title: ‘Absent Architectures of the 20th century’ - Teatro Total Author: Javier Navarro de Zuvillaga Summary: The book is the part of the exhibition titled ‘Absent architectures of the 20th century’. This catalogue focuses on the Total Theatre that was designed by Walter Gropius for the project ‘Political Theatre’ by Piscator in 1927. The political theatre aimed to transform the relationship between the audience and the performer/ performance and the architecture of the theatre was an important device to create this change. Piscator was an important figure in theatre production, as Gropius was in the Bauhaus and this collaboration began a series of experiments in the architecture of the theatre.

Review In the Monditalia at the 14th Venice Biennale, XML displayed their ongoing research which “analyses the typology of the semi circular Greek theatre as a device for government institutions.”17 The Greek theatre is a precedent for government institutions like the law court and the parliament and it is attributed with qualities that appear to be the foundation of an ideal democratic practice. The semicircular form suggests focus and inclusion. However, it also creates an understanding of citizenship as a form of spectatorship rather than a form of action. The theatre as a type is prevalent in numerous ‘institutions of democracy’. In the same Biennale, the Austrian Pavilion catalogued 198 national Parliaments from across the world and most of them can be categorised within five types of theatre settings, the circular and the semicircular theatre (arena), the Horseshoe theatre (thrust), and the front facing theatre (lecture) and the adversarial or British theatre.18 The form of the theatre in government institutions suggests relationships of power. In the law court as in the Parliament the position of different parties in relationship to each other and to the judge, or the speaker of the house indicates the procedures and processes of the institution. This is read in the work by Mulcahy. The Total theatre is an example that questions the idea of the theatre as an architecture of spectatorship and is an important precedent in the research.

16. Designboom, XML contributes to Monditalia at the 14th Venice architectural biennale, < http://www.designboom.com/architecture/xmlmonditalia-venice-architecture-biennale-06-19-2014/>, [accessed on 07.07.2014] 17. Christian Kuhn, Plenum: places of power book

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Bibliography

Primary Sources Allmendinger, Philip; Jonathan Metzger and Stijn Ossterlynck (ed), Planning against the Political: Democratic Deficits in European Territorial Governance (Routledge, 2014) Crouch, Colin. Postdemocracy. (Cambridge, 2004) Daum, Andreas W, Berlin - Washington, 1800-2000: Capital cities, cultural representation and national identities (Routledge 2012) Evans, Robin. ‘Towards Anarchitecture’ in Translations from Drawing to Building and Other Essays, (London: AA Documents, 1997) Feher, Michel ed; Non Governmental Politics, (Zone books, 2008) Foucault, Michel, Security, Territory, Population, Lectures at the College de France 1977 - 1978, translated by Graham Burchell (Palgrave Macmillan) Goldberg, RoseLee. Performance Art: From Futurism to the Present, 3ed, (Thames and Hudson, 2011) Graham, Stephen, Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism (New York: Verso, 2011) Habermas,Jurgen. Structural Transformations of the Public Sphere, (MIT press, 1989) Hein, Carola. The Capital of Europe: Architecture and Urban Planning for the European Union, (USA, Praeger Publishers, 2004) Lahiji, Nadir ed. Architecture against the Post-Political: Essays in Reclaiming the Critical Project, (New York: Routledge, 2014) Lefort, Claude. The political forms of modern society: Bureaucracy, democracy and Totalitarianism, (MIT, Cambridge Press 1986) Loeffler, Jane, Architecture of Diplomacy: Building America’s Embassies, 2nd edn (Princeton Architectural Press, 2011) Mouffe, Chantal, Democratic Paradox, (Verso, 2000) Mouffe, Chantal, On the Political, (London, Routledge 2005)

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Mulcahy, Linda. Legal Architecture” Justice, Due Process and the Place of Law (Routledge, 2011) Navarro de Zuvillaga ,Javier; ‘notebooks from the architectural exhibition “Absent Architectures of the 20th century” Teatro Total’ Rancière, Jacques, Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy, (University of Minnesota Press, 2004) Rancière, Jacques, Dissensus: On politics and aesthetics, (Continuum, Tra ed, 2003) Rancière, Jacques, The emancipated spectator, (Verso, reprint ed, 2011) Rapp+Rapp, De Kroon: A European Skyscraper (Rotterdam, NAi Publishers, 2013) Sennett, Richard. ‘The spaces of Democracy’, Raoul Wallenberg Lecture, (Michigan University Press, 1998) Simon Jonathan, Nicholas Temple and Renée Tobe ed. Architecture and Justice.

(England, Ashgate publishing limited, 2013) Swyngedouw, Erik. Designing the Post-Political City and the Insurgent Polis, (London: Bedford Press, 2011) Virno, Paolo. A Grammar of the Multitude, (Semiotexte Foreign Agent Series, 2004) Zizek, Salvoj, The Ticklish Subject: The absent centre of political ontology, (Verso, New ed edition, 2009) Interviews: Tbc

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Secondary Sources Alkemade, Floris. OMA in the Hague exhibition catalogue, (The Hague: Stroom gallery) De Boer, Tim, ‘Maximum Security City’, A10, 18, Nov/Dec 2007 Hanimakki, Jussi N. The United Nations: A very short introduction, (OUP US, 2008) Hoefnagels, Kim. ‘Crowned Palace of the Arts, The Hague’, A10, 48, Nov/Dec 2012 Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage books edition, 1992) Kuhn,Christian. Plenum: places of power (Birkhauser Verlag AG, 2014) Moore, Rowan, ‘City of Justice’, Architectural Review, July 2009 Murphy, Ben (photography), The U.N. Building, (UK, Thames and Hudson, 2005) OMA and Bruce Mau, S,M,L,XL, (New York, Monacelli Press, 1995) Powell, Kenneth, Richard Rogers complete works (3volume set), (UK: Phaidon Press, 2007) Van Rossen, Vincent, Civil Art: Urban Space as Architectural Task - Rob Krier in The Hague, (Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 1996) Architectural Project features in journals: Feature: Architecture in the Netherlands 2000-2011, ‘Souterrain: Tram Tunnel - OMA - The Hague’ Architecture and Urbanism (A+U), Jan 2012 Feature: Architecture in Spain and Portugal 2000-2013, ‘David Chipperfield Architects and b720 Arquitectos - City of Justice, Barcelona and L’Hospitalet’ Architecture and Urbanism (A+U), Jan 2014 Feature: Bernard Tschumi, Spuimarkt, GA Document 91, (GA International, 2006) Feature: Law Courts Districts in Barcelona, Detail no. 4, 2011 Workshops: Indesem 87, International Design Seminar (Delftse Universitaire Pers, 1988)

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White Papers: A report by The American Institute of Architects, 21st century Embassy task Force, Design for Diplomacy, 2009 Hocking, Brian, Jan Melissen, Shaun Riordan and Paul Sharp, Futures for diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy in the 21st Century, (Netherlands: Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2012) Manojlovic, Marija, and Celia Helen Thorheim, Crossroads of Diplomacy: New Challenges, New Solutions, Clingendael Diplomacy Papers No 13 (Netherlands: Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2007) Van Der Pluijm, Rogier, City Diplomacy: The Expanding Role of Cities in International Politics, Clingendael Diplomacy Papers No 10 (Netherlands: Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2007) Documentaries and Movies: The International Criminal Court, documentary by Marcus Vetter and Michele Gentile The Recokning: The Battle for the International Criminal Court by POV

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Appendix 1 - Thesis Structure

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Extraterritoriality What is extraterritoriality? What are spaces of extraterritoriality? What are the key transformations in the ideas of extraterritoriality since 1950 how do they affect cities and their design? What is the urban form of extraterritoriality?

Chapter 3: Security What are the key transformations in the way cities are planned for security since 1950? What are the main architectural and urban elements of security in post-civic institutions? How do they differ from civic institutions? How can these elements be transformed?

Chapter 4: Diagrams of negotiation What are the urban diagrams of post-civic institutions? What are the architectural diagrams for post-civic institutions? What is the criteria or purpose of transforming these diagrams?

Chapter 5: Representation What are the main elements of representation of any institution? How can they be used or transformed for the representation of a post-civic institution?

Chapter 6: Design Proposals Chapter 7: Conclusion Chapter 8: Literature Review Bibliography

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Appendix 2 - Thesis Timeline

September 2014 October 2014 November 2014 December 2014

casestudies Reading, literature reviews and clear theoretical framework.

Interviews and field research

Design proposal 1

January 2015 February 2015

Design proposal 2

March 2015 April 2015 May 2015 June 2015

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Writing up dissertation

Appendix 3 - Case Studies

Post-civic Institutions: Transnational Law Courts European Court of Human Rights

Court of Justice for the European Communities

The court is built in Strasbourg and was commissioned in 1989. The court itself predates the European Union. It was formed in 1950. The choice of siting it in Strasbourg is relatively recent and it was on the initiative of the city that it was chosen in 1987. The architect of the project is Richard Rogers Partnership. The court is a European institute and Strasbourg is considered one of the capitals of Europe with Brussels. The creation of the institution, the architecture of the building and its siting in the city of Strasbourg will be the focus of the study.

The court was first built in 1972 and was renovated thrice since then to increase its size as the European Union increased its own size. The recent extension is designed by Dominique Perrault and was completed in 2008. The court is located in Luxembourg which is often referred to as the judicial capital of Europe.

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Post-civic Institutions: Transnational Parliaments Seat of European Parliament

United Nations Headquarter

The seat of the European Parliament is in Strasbourg.

The architecture was designed by Architecture-Studio who won the competition in 1991. The building was completed in 1999. The European Union is planning to stop using this building and holding its sessions permanently in Brussels.

The United Nations Headquarters in New York was completed in 1952. The building is a well known icon in the city. It was designed by a board of architects and Wallace Harrison, the architect for the Rockefeller Centre and the American embassy in Rio, was names the director of planning for this project.

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National Government Buildings - Parliament and Supreme Court The Reichstag

Public Plaza

Singapore Supreme Court

Appeals court

High court

Press rooms

High court

Administration

Public Plaza

Public + press gallery

The theatre

public press MPs Administration

The current renovation of the Reichstag building in Berlin was completed in 1999 by Norman Foster. It is a national parliament. I want to use it as a case study to understand the difference between civic and post-civic architecture

non judiciary judiciary lobbies administration corridors

The Singapore Supreme court building was built by Norman Foster. It is sited in a a tight urban plot in the middle of the administrative district. The building was completed in 2005

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