Programme: Projective Cities (Taught MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design)
Student Name: Naina Gupta
Submission title: The Hague: A post-civic city
Course Title: Dissertation Proposal
Course Tutor: Dr. Sam Jacoby Dr. Adrian Lahoud
Submission Date: 25.07.2014
Declaration:
“I certify that this piece of work is entirely my/our own and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”
Signature of Student:
Date: 25.07.2014
The International Criminal Court is not a law court
“The problem is that even the best national states in the world cannot control these global problems. We need something bigger but the big countries do not like something bigger, so no one is designing something bigger... and I think that is the challenge”1 - Luis Moreno Ocampo talking about the ICC
The ICC needs to be architecturally designed as a political space rather than an efficient building type.
Post-civic institutions are institutions that mirror civic institutions but are different from them in the way that they are structured and organised. Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) like the United Nations, International Criminal Court, Europol are examples of post-civic institutions. They are being formed in increasing numbers to grasp the complexities of a highly interconnected global system. These organisations are powerful political agents and they play an important role in influencing international policy. As they share an ambiguous relationship with national governments, their architecture and urban design is structured around concerns of security.
The research is situated in The Hague in the Netherlands, where 160 non-governmental and 10 intergovernmental organisations are located that specialise in security and justice. The city is making a conscious effort to create an urban environment that attracts international organisations by providing an international zone. The Hague is also the administrative centre of the country and an important city in the southern region of the Randstad, which makes it a space of many political constituencies. Currently in The Hague there is no clear understanding of the political relationships between an international organisation and the government. This ambiguity is exacerbated as the administrative district, civic centre and the international zone are all planned as discreet urban spaces and joined by neutral public plazas that provide entertainment and leisure. The city has simply become a zone of entertainment. The research criticises the creation of the international zone as a process of ‘depoliticising’ the city. The research will explore how changes in the political practice and the relationships between civic and post-civic institutions change the architecture and urban staging of the political space of the city.
What is a post-civic institution?
What are the structural and organisational relationships between civic and post-civic institutions?
How do these relationships create a multi-scalar public sphere in the city?
The International Criminal Court - Study
Urban Staging: The site is located on military land, detached from the city, close to the penetentiary with limited public transport. The building is shielded on the North by a landscape of un-navigable dunes. This vocabulary is picked up on the site, and used as a form of artificial-natural fencing. The main road in front of the building is very narrow and this deters traffic as it is expected to be a bottle neck. The Hubertus tunnel allows traffic to bypass the site altogether connecting the area with Schiphol. The area around the ICC is completely planned with other institutions that require high security leaving little vacant land around it.
Circulation: The building is structured as concentric rings. Every user has a distinct circulation path and the building is a diagram of the different user movement patterns and the relationships between the different departments of the organisation.
Diagram: The urban and architectural diagrams of the ICC are created through its preoccupation with security.
Urban Staging of the ICC
Urban Diagram
Narrow road to deter traffic woods
dunes landscapes mimicing dunes
The post-civic fortress
The Europol building (2012) in The Hague. The type that expemplifies secure post-civic institutions.
‘The Workshop of Peace’
The United Nations General Assembly - interior photograph by Ezra Stoller
Extraterritoriality
In May 2014, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution that was passed by the United Nations Security Council. The resolution which was supported by 65 non member countries and all the other members of the Security Council, called for the crisis in Syria to be referred to the International Criminal Court for investigation. Samantha Powers, the U.S. Ambassador, attacked Moscow and Beijing for their actions. Though the United States has not ratified the Rome Statute and is not a member state of the ICC, in this particular situation it agreed on the resolution after it guaranteed that Israel would not be prosecuted by the court for its actions in Syria. The draft resolution was created based on the evidence provided by an independent commission created by the UN Human Rights Council.5
This highlights how political practice is changing in structure and organisation. The ICC is a permanent international criminal court and its jurisdiction extends to 120 member countries that have ratified the Rome Statute and any country referred to it by the Security Council of the United Nations.6 This more or less implies that it has global jurisdiction.
The cases that are tried by the court may not have a direct connection with The Hague or even The Netherlands. The people of the city are not directly involved with this law court.
Post-civic institutions create a space that gathers a very particular composition of political agents like international NGOs, diplomatic missions, multinational corporations, journalists and academics. The city, the nation, the region and international institutions, each have their own own public sphere, some agents within which may be common across the different scales of constituency. This relationship between the public spheres of the different constituencies is important to my research.
5. Ian Black, ‘Russia and China veto UN move to refer Syria to international criminal court’, TheGuardian , 22 May 2015
6. Website of the International Criminal Court, < http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/about%20the%20court/Pages/about%20the%20court. aspx>, [accessed on 24.07.2014]
7.website of OMA, International Criminal Court, < http://oma.eu/projects/2008/international-criminal-court/> [accessed 12.07.2014]
8. Aaron Betsky, ‘Staging the future’ in TheUNBuilding , (UK, Thames and Hudson, 2005) p17
Image on the left: < https://artsy.net/artwork/ezra-stoller-united-nations-general-assembly-international-team-of-architects-led-by-wallace-kharrison-new-york-ny> [accessed on 22.07.2014]
Tracing the transformation of the section of the theatre. The change in section changes the relationship that the theatre and the performance has with the city.
Total Theatre Strelka Institute
Marina Abramovic Institute
Casa da Musica
Wyly Theatre
Teatro Oficino
Diagrams of Negotiation
‘The building is neither an office building nor an international parliament. It should be a workshop for justice.’7 This quote by OMA describing their competition entry for the International Criminal Court, invokes Wallace Harrison’s reading of the architecture of the UN HQ in New York.8 ‘Workshop’ is defined in the Oxford dictionary as a noun that means ‘a meeting at which a group of people engage in intensive discussion and activity on a particular subject or project.’ As a verb, ‘workshops’, ‘workshopping’ and ‘workshopped’ is defined as (to) ‘present a performance of (a dramatic work), using intensive group discussion and improvisation in order to explore aspects of the production prior to formal staging.’ The term workshop suggests an experimental space, a space for discussion, dialogue and negotiation - a space of action, a political theatre.
Post-civic institutions are referred to as workshops because one of their primary roles is to create a transnational or international framework for a series of issues that are relevant to more than one nation. The space of the post-civic institution is the space where these issues are discussed, debated and framed by the different stakeholders. The closest comparison can be found in national institutions like the parliament and the supreme court. Post-civic institutions mirror the function of civic institutions but have the role of international institutions. 9. Website gallery Stroom, <http://www.stroom.nl/activiteiten/manifestatie.php?m_id=7944751>,
The United Nations Headquarters in New York. An icon of post-civic institutes.
“It is neither an office building, nor an international parliament, but a workshop of Peace” Wallace Harrison, director of the project for the United Nations Headquarters in New York
The different constituencies in The Hague
Intergovernmental Organisations
The State
The Municipality
This is the fourth urban project for the area since the 1940s. Each project has a name that reflects the larger ambition of the project. From 1946 - 1977 the project was called the Spuikwartier and the area was projected as a formal administrative centre that would collect all the ministries as close as possible to the Binnenhof. The main proposals in this period were by W.M. Dudok and Pier Luigi Nervi, neither of which were realised. From 1977 - 2002 the area was called the Den Haag Forum. The Forum was a master-plan completed by Carel Weeber and has a pedestrianised centre with equal emphasis on culture and administration. The site is anchored on either edge by buildings by Weeber, the Zwarte (black) Madonna on the east, a perimeter social housing block clad in black tiles and a hotel to the west, which frames the Spuiplein with its broad public staircase. These two projects were seen as hugely successful in the reorganisation of the centre and led to a period where every urban block in the site became an architectural extravaganza to structure the centre from the inside out.1.3 The third project for the site was called Wijnhaven Kwartier, and its aim is the densification of the properties along the southern edge and the creation of a symbolic centre. This proposal was made by Richard Meier in 2002 and is currently still being realised. The first project to be sacrificed was the Zwarte Madonna, which was replaced by two towers for ministries by Hans Kollhoff and a mixed-use housing tower by Christian Rapp.
The new centre is the fourth and current project for this site. It is a project that suggests that The Hague is a centre of knowledge in the South Randstad and a centre for European politics connected with Brussels. The new centre is a traditional civic site, populated by ministry buildings, the city hall, a university, theatres and libraries. In spite of these civic institutions, the centre lacks any civic quality and is framed by isolated, hermetic architectural icons. It is used as a main pedestrian thoroughfare to and from the station. The ambition of the city for the new centre is limited to creating an international symbol of a centre and the skyline is the main architectural focus.
The new centre is an ideal site to reframe a vision for a political space in the city because of its associations with a civic centre, an administrative district, and because of its physical connectivity with Brussels. The inherent tensions between the municipal, regional, national, European and international scales provide an extreme condition to test ideas of a multi-scalar public sphere.
Research Questions
Disciplinary Question
The structure and organisation of political practice is changing. It is shifting from a national representative system to one that is international and extraterritorial. Intergovernmental organisations are powerful political agents and increasing in numbers. IGOs mirror civic institutions but are different from them, and this research is using the term post-civic institution to identify the similarities and differences between them.
What is a post-civic institution?
What are the structural and organisational relationships between post-civic and civic institutions?
How can this relationship create a multi-scalar public sphere in the city?
Urban Question
The relationship between a national institution and a post-civic institution is tense and complex because the latter challenges the sovereignty of the former. Yet they are allies. The creation of the international zone far away from the rest of the city is a manifestation of this complex relation. Security is the reason given for the separation of the zone from the national and civic spaces of the city. However:
How do post-civic institutions restructure the civic and administrative centre?
How can the city centre be designed to be both secure and public?
What is the urban function of a post-civic institution?
Architectural Question
Post-civic institutions are transnational or international. They are founded by treaties. The space of the post-civic instituition is a space of discussion and debate to guide members on a particular issue. These spaces can be considered ‘workshops’. The spaces directly relate to the policitcal theatre as a type, which creates spaces of discussion and debate, but also court-rooms. Thus:
How is the ICC different from a national law court? How can the theatre as a type be instrumentalised in post-civic institutions? What are the transformations in a theatre that change it from a space of spectatorship to a space of action?
13. Designboom, XML contributes to Monditalia at the 14th Venice architectural biennale, < http://www.designboom.com/architecture/xmlmonditalia-venice-architecture-biennale-06-19-2014/>, [accessed on 07.07.2014]
The new centre is an ideal site to test the creation of a political space shared by many constituencies. It is a site that has had extensive proposals by the city for more than 50 years, but has remained unresolved in the definition of its programme, urban staging or identity.
The definition of the site as a political space in the city can create a strong identity and vision for the site, the city and the region The aim of the design is threfore to imagine the new centre as an extreme political space of many constituencies ranging from the municipal, regional, national, European to the International, and to identify the tensions and affiliations between each of the political spaces.
Challenges
Security and accessibility: Civic centre is a public space in the city while transnational political institutions demand isolation and security. How does the design resolve or expose this contradiction?
Extraterritoriality and localisation: Each of the political constituencies compose a unique public sphere. What are the interfaces/thresholds between the different public spheres?
Diagrams of negotiation: How is the theatre as a type used in the creation of the different civic and post-civic institutions?
Representation: How is a space of many political constituencies represented?
Administration
Existing Programme on the site
City Atrium and Library
Distribution of Organisations
The organisations are laid out independently from each other. There is a clear orientation of the civic centre towards the city church and the administrative centre towards the station. This is what can be observed in the existing staging of the area. The church grounds is used as an extension of the theatre space across the Spuiplein. In this proposal, the ICC is sited between the civic and adminsitrative centre.
The second organisational logic is that the political functions are clustered together, as are the living and entertainment functions The university is proposed between the living and political functions.
1. Theatre company
2. Affordable housing development
3. University campus
4. Municipality
5. International Criminal Court
6. Ministry
Reorganisation of Educational Spaces
Every organisation that is planned for the site has at least one space that can be thought of as an educational space. These spaces are detached from the interiors of the organisations and used to create a common programme between them.
a. Black box/ conference centre
b. Sports arena
c. lecture theatre
d. City hall atrium - multifunctional
e. law library
f. National archives
Disconnected Lobbies
Civic organisations have a series of thresholds. The street leads to a ground level that is considered the public lobby. Depending on its organisation, the lobby distributes or channels people within the building. In the city hall the lobby is the civic atrium, in
the hotel it is a stepped podium facing the square, in the theatres it is a space that distributes the people to the different performance spaces and in ministry buildings it is the reception that guides and limits people.
Super Lobby
By absorbing all individual lobbies, a superlobby is created that functions like a raised podium and structures the education programmes along it, forming a new street connecting the church and the station.
This pulls programmes like the theatre, court rooms and libraries to the outer periphery of the building, creating connections across organisations.
Security and Autonomity
From the road every organisation has their own entry and is able to determine its own security requirements. They appear as individual blocks in the city. It is towards the podium that they acquire some sort of cohesion, The educational programmes are
connected to the individual organisations and depending on the organisation have secure access or are open to all. The sports field is accessed from the road, the black box, and lecture halls, archives from the podium and the city hall atrium from the podium and the road. The ICC facilities have a security access from the podium and cannot be directly accessed from the road.
The Outside
From the city, each of the organisations appear as a single city block with its own visual culture and access. Each block directly connects to different parts of the city. Each of the organisations stage the urban in their own way.
Data Collection and Analysis
1. Case studies: The programme is structured around the idea of architectural precedents as a form of knowledge.
2. Library research: The theoretical and historical framework for the critical terms of this research project will be developed through relevant literature, more details of which can be found in the next section.
3. Site research: Observations from the site. Visits to institutions like the ICC and some of the other important case studies if possible as a primary source of material.
4. Field research: Interviews of architects who have worked on projects in the area or built any of the important case studies. Meeting with Maarten Schmitt, the previous chief architect of the city if possible.
Experiments
The different design iterations will act as experiments within the research to test out spatial ideas formed on a theoretical basis. The design and criticism of the design will be recorded to understand the failures and the successes of each of the design proposals. This will form the process chart that will link the different proposals.
Post-civic is a term that I am using to differentiate international institutions from civic institutions because they functionally mirror them and are often confused with them but in theory are organised and structured very differently. The criteria that I am using to define the post-civic are security, extraterritoriality, diagrams of negotiation and representation. The post-civic city that I am studying is in the international zone in The Hague, Netherlands, but this is not a unique examples. The site for the European Union in Brussels-Strasbourg-Luxembourg is another site of post-civic institutions as are organisations like the Rockefeller Foundation, Melinda and Bill Gates Foundations, The Open Society Foundation, Strelka institute of Media, Architecture and Design, to name a few.
Post-civic institutions have been increasing in number since the 1970s. They are powerful political agents and they will continue to increase in numbers as the complexity of an interconnected world becomes increasingly impossible to manage by national institutions. Their spatial impact is experienced in cities across the world. As political agents they are transforming the way that politics is practiced and organised. The research will explore the way they relate to the other scales of power like the city, the region and the nation - in order to project what a new space of politics could be.
The specific site chosen for the projection is the new centre in The Hague. The new centre is a site which has all the different scales of political power. As an urban project it has had numerous iterations but still remains rather unresolved.
The methodical framework for the research is provided by the programme and it involves a written thesis and a series of design explorations to test the theoretical ideas developed. The theoretical framework for the dissertation is provided by the discourse on the post-political, and historically the research covers the decades after World War 2, beginning with the formation of the United Nations.
Operations unit understood the symbolic role of architecture and the Architecture Advisory Board was created to elaborate the building programme of the embassies. It was then that celebrity architects became associated with the building of embassies. Marcel Breuer in The Hague, Eero Saarinen in London and Oslo and stone in New Delhi. The success of these grand gestures are rather obvious because from the 1960s American embassies are target sites for protests and terrorist activities against the ideologies and policies of the country. Two of the four embassy buildings of this period are currently shifting their premises to meet the new stipulated rules created for the safety of American state buildings. Congress initiated acts and legislations regarding safety in 1998 after the suicide bombings in the East African embassies that killed many diplomatic and foreign personnel. A set of standards were being designed In the 1970s but they were not seriously implemented till the late 90s. With the standards large multinational architectural practices who are willing to meet the guidelines are preferred to celebrity architects. These standards changed the practice of extraterritorial building design across the world many of which are currently seen in The Hague.
Title: Cities under Siege: The new military urbanism
Author: Stephen Graham
Summary: This book is a catalogue of the different policies that are created around the ideas of security in the Western world and how these policies change the way cities are planned. One important example in the book is the creation of the spaces for immigrant communities in the suburbs of Paris. The way that they are structured so that they can be controlled and can be immediately detached from the important economic networks if needed.
Title: The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Author: Jane Jacobs
Summary: The book is a series of observations that connect security and city planning. The main argument of the book is that relationships cannot be communities cannot be
Extraterritoriality
Title: Security, territory, Population, lectures at the Collège de France
Author: Michel Foucault
Summary: This book is a transcription of a series of lectures that Michel Foucault gave at the Collège de France. The main topic of the book is ‘governmentality’ or the practice of government. The lectures traces the similarities between the practice of governments, pastoralism and the church but how it differs from them. The differences between governments and the church can be defined through the difference between discipline and security. Discipline is a limited system, that is centripetal and is linear. Security on the other hand is an open system, that is highly interconnected. Security is associated with the Westphalia treaties that led to the institutionalisation of international relations.
Title: Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy
Author: Jacques Rancière
Summary: Post-democracy is a term defined by Jacques Rancière but the discourse can be traced in the work of Claude Lefort, Chantal Mouffe and Colin Crouch.14 The term is an attempt to identify and mark the structural changes in democracy with the rise in the neoliberal economy and the collapse of totalitarian regimes. Democracy is a governmental process that is meant to be continually (re)defined through political actions.15 In his work ‘Disagreements’, Rancière defines politics as a transformative act that confronts relationships of power with the ‘logic of equality’. The understanding of democracy as a process rather than a fixed procedure or practice shows that it is adaptable, flexible and its representation is and will always be incomplete. This means that identities of people, the organisation of power and the institutions of democracy are constantly shifting as new forms of inequality and inadequate representation of the people is revealed. The process of democracy depends on political action to be effective. Totalitarian regimes collapsed mainly because of bankruptcy and this legitimised democracy as the correct, ‘just’ and an efficient government practice. This
14 Yannis Stavrakasis, ‘Postdemocracy’, in Atlas of Transformation, ed. by Zbyněk Baladrán, Vít Havránek (Switzerland: JRP-Ringier, 2010), web edition <http://monumenttotransformation.org/atlas-of-transformation/html/p/postdemocracy/postdemocracy-yannis-stavrakakis.html> [accessed 07.07.2014]
15. Yannis Stavrakasis, ‘Postdemocracy’, in Atlas of Transformation, ed. by Zbyněk Baladrán, Vít Havránek (Switzerland: JRP-Ringier, 2010), web edition <http://monumenttotransformation.org/atlas-of-transformation/html/p/postdemocracy/postdemocracy-yannis-stavrakakis.html> [accessed 07.07.2014]
institutionalised the process of democracy into a practice that removes all flexibility, contention and disagreement by removing the political act and the people who are a source of unpredictability and inconsistency. The removal of the political action, the people and their appearance in the public sphere is balanced by the formation of a greater number of representatives either elected or (self) appointed who speak on behalf of the people who are grouped into different ‘communities’ and identities. These identities were defined by ethnicities, sexuality and religious beliefs and are fixed leaving no room for redefinition of these communities or identities. Any gaps or omissions in reprsentation are simply discounted. This depoliticised version of democracy is what is defined as post-democracy. Post-democracy is an administrative practice between the relationships of power while democracy is a political process between relationship of power and people.
“Post-democracy is the government practice and a conceptual legitimisation of democracy after the demos, a democracy that has eliminated the appearance, the miscount and dispute of the people and thereby is reducible to the sole interplay of state mechanisms and combination of social energies and interests”.16
Title: The structural transformations of the public sphere
Author: Jurgen Habermas
Summary: Habermas narrates the transformations in what he defines as the public sphere beginning with the bourgeois in mid 16th century till the formation of the United Nations after world war 2. The book was written in 1964 and translated to English in 1980. Habermas is credited with the definition of the term public sphere. The book criticised because Habermas bases his definition of the public sphere on the society of the salons and the coffee shops in the 16th century but that society was structurally flawed because members of that society were essentially male and owned property and hence a very small elite sample of society. The public sphere according to Habermas is a space of negotiation between the individual and authorities. This space was formed in the 16th century before which the monarchy and his representatives
would make all decisions on behalf of the individual. Habermas is interested in charting the role of media and communication in the transformation of the public sphere and the way that this structured the social life of people. Habermas identifies that the current public sphere is composed of political agents like IGOs, NGOs, civil societies, unions and business interest groups rather than people.
Title: Designing the Post-Political City and the Insurgent Polis
Author: Erik Swyngedouw
Summary: The author attempts to link the critical discourse of post-political or post-democracy with the urban design practice. For the author the two terms, postpolitical and post-democratic refer to the same thing and the main references for him are Jacques Rancière, Slavoj Zizek and Giorgio Agamben. The author suggests that the current vocabulary of urban design practice structured around a false idea of solidarity, community and commonality which is rooted in the discourse of postdemocracy to remove dissent. The essay is projective and attempts to raise design questions of a way of designing a city as a political space, a space that he equates with dissent and disagreement rather than consensus.
Review
In this section I attempt to understand how politics is being restructured and the role of international organisations within this restructuring. Rancière calls the current form of democracy, post-democracy to highlight the similarities and differences in the way that the two are structured. Though there is reference in his work to the increasing forms of representation, he does not directly talk about international organisations within his work. My position is that international oranisations are a product of post-democracy and in a way attempt to redress the imbalance created by the loss of the individual in the post-democratic practice, this idea comes from the work of Habermas but as his book was written in the 1960s it was too early to take a critical position on the role of international organisations in the political practice. This section of the research needs to be developed a lot more with a clear idea of
how transformations within political practice are changing the way that power and the public sphere is organised in cities. The two books that will help to create a direct link between government practice and architecture are Carola Hein’s ‘The Capital of Europe’ and ‘Architecture against the post-political’ edited by Nadir Lahiji.
Title: ‘Absent Architectures of the 20th century’ - Teatro Total
Author: Javier Navarro de Zuvillaga
Summary: The book is the part of the exhibition titled ‘Absent architectures of the 20th century’. This catalogue focuses on the Total Theatre that was designed by Walter Gropius for the project ‘Political Theatre’ by Piscator in 1927. The political theatre aimed to transform the relationship between the audience and the performer/ performance and the architecture of the theatre was an important device to create this change. Piscator was an important figure in theatre production, as Gropius was in the Bauhaus and this collaboration began a series of experiments in the architecture of the theatre.
Review
In the Monditalia at the 14th Venice Biennale, XML displayed their ongoing research which “analyses the typology of the semi circular Greek theatre as a device for government institutions.”17 The Greek theatre is a precedent for government institutions like the law court and the parliament and it is attributed with qualities that appear to be the foundation of an ideal democratic practice. The semicircular form suggests focus and inclusion. However, it also creates an understanding of citizenship as a form of spectatorship rather than a form of action. The theatre as a type is prevalent in numerous ‘institutions of democracy’. In the same Biennale, the Austrian Pavilion catalogued 198 national Parliaments from across the world and most of them can be categorised within five types of theatre settings, the circular and the semicircular theatre (arena), the Horseshoe theatre (thrust), and the front facing theatre (lecture) and the adversarial or British theatre.18 The form of the theatre in government institutions suggests relationships of power. In the law court as in the Parliament the position of different parties in relationship to each other and to the judge, or the speaker of the house indicates the procedures and processes of the institution. This is read in the work by Mulcahy. The Total theatre is an example that questions the idea of the theatre as an architecture of spectatorship and is an important precedent in the research.
16. Designboom, XML contributes to Monditalia at the 14th Venice architectural biennale, < http://www.designboom.com/architecture/xmlmonditalia-venice-architecture-biennale-06-19-2014/>, [accessed on 07.07.2014]
17. Christian Kuhn, Plenum:placesofpowerbook
Primary Sources
Allmendinger, Philip; Jonathan Metzger and Stijn Ossterlynck (ed), Planningagainst thePolitical:DemocraticDeficitsinEuropeanTerritorialGovernance(Routledge, 2014)
Crouch, Colin. Postdemocracy . (Cambridge, 2004)
Daum, Andreas W, Berlin-Washington,1800-2000:Capitalcities,cultural representationandnationalidentities(Routledge 2012)
Evans, Robin. ‘Towards Anarchitecture’ in TranslationsfromDrawingtoBuildingand OtherEssays , (London: AA Documents, 1997)
Feher, Michel ed; NonGovernmentalPolitics , (Zone books, 2008)
Foucault, Michel, Security,Territory,Population , Lectures at the College de France
1977 - 1978, translated by Graham Burchell (Palgrave Macmillan)
Goldberg, RoseLee. PerformanceArt:FromFuturismtothePresent , 3ed, (Thames and Hudson, 2011)
Graham, Stephen, CitiesUnderSiege:TheNewMilitaryUrbanism(New York: Verso, 2011)
Habermas,Jurgen. StructuralTransformationsofthePublicSphere , (MIT press, 1989)
Hein, Carola. TheCapitalofEurope:ArchitectureandUrbanPlanningforthe EuropeanUnion , (USA, Praeger Publishers, 2004)
Lahiji, Nadir ed. ArchitectureagainstthePost-Political:EssaysinReclaimingthe CriticalProject , (New York: Routledge, 2014)
Lefort, Claude. Thepoliticalformsofmodernsociety:Bureaucracy,democracyand Totalitarianism , (MIT, Cambridge Press 1986)
Loeffler, Jane, ArchitectureofDiplomacy:BuildingAmerica’sEmbassies , 2nd edn (Princeton Architectural Press, 2011)
Mouffe, Chantal, DemocraticParadox , (Verso, 2000)
Mouffe, Chantal, OnthePolitical , (London, Routledge 2005)
Mulcahy, Linda. LegalArchitecture”Justice,DueProcessandthePlaceofLaw (Routledge, 2011)
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Rapp+Rapp, DeKroon:AEuropeanSkyscraper(Rotterdam, NAi Publishers, 2013)
Sennett, Richard. ‘The spaces of Democracy’, Raoul Wallenberg Lecture, (Michigan University Press, 1998)
Simon Jonathan, Nicholas Temple and Renée Tobe ed. ArchitectureandJustice . (England, Ashgate publishing limited, 2013)
Swyngedouw, Erik. DesigningthePost-PoliticalCityandtheInsurgentPolis , (London: Bedford Press, 2011)
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Zizek, Salvoj, TheTicklishSubject:Theabsentcentreofpoliticalontology , (Verso, New ed edition, 2009)
Interviews:
Tbc
White Papers:
A report by The American Institute of Architects, 21st century Embassy task Force, Design for Diplomacy, 2009
Hocking, Brian, Jan Melissen, Shaun Riordan and Paul Sharp, Futures for diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy in the 21st Century, (Netherlands: Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2012)
Manojlovic, Marija, and Celia Helen Thorheim, Crossroads of Diplomacy: New Challenges, New Solutions, Clingendael Diplomacy Papers No 13 (Netherlands: Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2007)
Van Der Pluijm, Rogier, City Diplomacy: The Expanding Role of Cities in International Politics, Clingendael Diplomacy Papers No 10 (Netherlands: Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2007)
Documentaries and Movies:
The International Criminal Court, documentary by Marcus Vetter and Michele Gentile
The Recokning: The Battle for the International Criminal Court by POV
September 2014
October 2014
November 2014
December 2014
January 2015
February 2015
March 2015
April 2015
May 2015
June 2015
