Human Advancement and Sustainable Natural Capital Use in the Middle East and North Africa
here, however, focuses on the evolution of carbon emissions over time, explaining the rather marginal differences between the two approaches regarding the decoupling process. One pragmatic reason for using the production-based approach is the much broader coverage of countries for this dataset, because the construction of consumption-based carbon budgets requires detailed information on trade between countries, which is often not available for individual countries. Such a broad coverage is preferable for the comparison of regions across the world. 17. PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter, having a diameter of 2.5 micrograms or less. (See also chapter 3, box 3.1 for a further description.) 18. Several studies focus on that relation and have found increases in mortality due to COVID-19 that are associated with higher air pollution in the United States (Wu et al. 2020); in several Asian cities (Gupta et al. 2020); and in Dutch (Cole, Ozgen, and Strobl 2020) and northern Italian municipalities (Coker et al. 2020). 19. For a review of the diseases linked to air pollution, see Chen, Goldberg, and Villeneuve (2008); Manisalidis et al. (2020); and Pope and Dockery (2006).
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