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here, however, focuses on the evolution of carbon emissions over time, explaining the rather marginal differences between the two approaches regarding the decoupling process. One pragmatic reason for using the production-based approach is the much broader coverage of countries for this dataset, because the construction of consumption-based carbon budgets requires detailed information on trade between countries, which is often not available for individual countries. Such a broad coverage is preferable for the comparison of regions across the world. 17. PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter, having a diameter of 2.5 micrograms or less. (See also chapter 3, box 3.1 for a further description.) 18. Several studies focus on that relation and have found increases in mortality due to COVID-19 that are associated with higher air pollution in the United

States (Wu et al. 2020); in several Asian cities (Gupta et al. 2020); and in

Dutch (Cole, Ozgen, and Strobl 2020) and northern Italian municipalities (Coker et al. 2020). 19. For a review of the diseases linked to air pollution, see Chen, Goldberg, and

Villeneuve (2008); Manisalidis et al. (2020); and Pope and Dockery (2006).

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