Blue Skies, Blue Seas

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Blue Skies, Blue Seas

11. For the latest Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) data for the Middle East and North Africa region, see the PSMSL Data Explorer: https:// www.psmsl.org/data/obtaining/map.html#metadataTab. 12. The RCP scenario refers to a greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions) trajectory estimated by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Temperatures refer to projected increases in average global surface temperature above preindustrial levels, as also estimated by the IPCC.

REFERENCES Abdel-Latif, T., S. T. Ramadan, and A. M. Galal. 2012. “Egyptian Coastal Regions Development through Economic Diversity for its Coastal Cities.” HBRC Journal 8 (3): 252–62. Abou-Dagher, M., M. Nader, and S. El Indary. 2012. “Evolution of the Coast of North Lebanon from 1962–2007: Mapping Changes for the Identification of Hotspots and for Future Management Interventions.” In IV International Symposium “Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques.” Instituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy. Abul-Azm, A. G., I. Abdel-Gelil, and I. Trumbic. 2003. “Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Egypt: The Fuka-Matrouh Project.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 9 (1): 5–12. Albrecht-Heider, C. 2020. “Tunisia: More Sand on the Beach.” KfW Stories, March 9. https://www.kfw.de/stories/environment/climate-change/coastal​ -protection-tunisia/. Aldar.ma. 2019. “The ‘Sand Mafia’ Threatens the Moroccan Coast.” Aldar.ma, June 17. https://aldar.ma/32945.html. Alexandrakis, G., C. Manasakis, and N. A. Kampanis. 2015. “Valuating the Effects of Beach Erosion to Tourism Revenue. A Management Perspective.” Ocean & Coastal Management 111: 1–11. Ali, E. M., and I. A. El-Magd. 2016. “Impact of Human Interventions and Coastal Processes along the Nile Delta Coast, Egypt During the Past Twenty-Five Years.” Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 42 (1): 1–10. Amrouni, O., A. Hzami, and E. Heggy. 2019. “Photogrammetric Assessment of Shoreline Retreat in North Africa: Anthropogenic and Natural Drivers.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 157: 73–92. Antunes do Carmo, J. S. Forthcoming. “Coastal Defenses and Engineering Works.” In Life Below Water, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, edited by W. L. Filho, A. M. Azul, L. Brandii, A. L. Salvia, and T. Wall. Geneva: Springer. Becker, A. H., M. Acciaro, R. Asariotis, E. Cabrera, L. Cretegny, P. Crist, M. Esteban, et al. 2013. “A Note on Climate Change Adaptation for Seaports: A Challenge for Global Ports, a Challenge for Global Society.” Climatic Change 120 (4): 683–95.


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References

20min
pages 394-405

Notes

2min
page 393

B5.9.1 Changes in Erosion at Soliman Beach, Tunisia, after Replacing Breakwaters with Groins

14min
pages 386-392

5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options

2min
page 379

Combating Coastal Erosion

6min
pages 376-378

in Morocco

4min
pages 372-373

Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt

2min
page 374

Eliminate Coastal Erosion

2min
page 368

West Africa

2min
page 367

Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion

6min
pages 369-371

Coastal Erosion

11min
pages 361-366

Mitigate Coastal-Erosion Effects

8min
pages 356-360

Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion

1min
page 355

Countries, 2020

1min
page 347

Djerba Island, Tunisia, 1992–2019

2min
pages 353-354

Unwillingness to Return

3min
pages 351-352

North African Countries

6min
pages 348-350

African Countries

1min
page 346

Systems: Examples from Latin America

18min
pages 307-315

Financially Sustainable

7min
pages 303-306

References

22min
pages 318-330

Impact of COVID-19

4min
pages 336-337

El Heri, Lebanon, 1962–2007

2min
pages 341-342

Overview

3min
pages 331-332

How Eroded Is the Coast?

6min
pages 333-335

Notes

4min
pages 316-317

4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP

19min
pages 292-300

Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand

3min
pages 301-302

Countries, 2018

2min
page 291

North Africa

4min
pages 289-290

4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production

2min
page 283

B4.7.1 PET Waste Exports in Tunisia, 2000–18

7min
pages 285-288

4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates

2min
page 282

4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling

1min
page 284

Middle East and North Africa

10min
pages 277-281

4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems

6min
pages 273-275

Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas

5min
pages 248-250

in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy and Subregion, 2016

1min
page 267

Economy, 2016

3min
pages 269-270

4.10 A Circular Economy for Plastics

7min
pages 261-264

Morocco’s Coasts

7min
pages 257-260

The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas

11min
pages 242-247

World Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 2016

1min
page 236

and 2025

2min
pages 233-234

Overview

3min
pages 227-228

Policy Agenda

2min
page 230

The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas

1min
page 229

Notes

7min
pages 209-211

3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt

4min
pages 206-207

References

31min
pages 212-226

by World Region, 2014

3min
pages 183-184

3.11 California’s Emissions Trading System

2min
page 181

Happy Seeder

4min
pages 199-200

and North Africa, by Economy, 2010

3min
pages 194-195

Middle East and North Africa

10min
pages 201-205

Greater Cairo

2min
page 197

3.12 Saudi Arabia’s Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency

6min
pages 185-187

and North Africa, by Economy, 2018

1min
page 196

East and North Africa

4min
pages 179-180

3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution

6min
pages 170-172

the Middle East and North Africa

5min
pages 167-169

North Africa

2min
page 160

Cities

2min
page 166

Global Region B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in

3min
pages 164-165

Middle East and North Africa

8min
pages 156-159

Africa, by Economy, 2020

3min
pages 161-162

3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences

6min
pages 153-155

Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent

6min
pages 150-152

Summer and Fall 2010

3min
pages 136-137

Experience

3min
pages 148-149

and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018

1min
page 145

East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North

3min
pages 146-147

Arab Emirates

9min
pages 139-143

by Subregion, 2018

1min
page 135

PM10 and PM2.5

1min
page 134

Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies

15min
pages 126-133

Pollution, by Region, 2019

5min
pages 121-123

Overview

3min
pages 103-104

Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019

1min
page 117

How Polluted Are the Cities’ Skies?

4min
pages 105-106

Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018

1min
page 109

North Africa, by Economy, 2019

1min
page 116

The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies

2min
page 111

References

14min
pages 95-102

by Multilateral Organizations

6min
pages 83-85

Capita since 1990

3min
pages 80-81

Overview

1min
page 47

Its Potential Pitfalls

2min
page 89

Notes

7min
pages 92-94

Conclusion

4min
pages 90-91

Overview

3min
pages 53-54

2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies

6min
pages 86-88
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