Blue Skies, Blue Seas

Page 117

Blue Skies for Healthy and Prosperous Cities

71

acute strokes, and long-term increases in PM2.5 concentrations are related to ischemic strokes in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Alimohammadi et al. 2016). Similar to the higher risk of morbidity for infants, elevated air pollution led to increased hospitalizations of children due to respiratory diseases in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran (Mansourian et al. 2010).

Subregional Comparisons Subregional comparisons show that the Mashreq economies are the worst affected, with around 188,000 fatalities due to excessively polluted air in 2019. Estimations by the IHME suggest that, in Egypt alone, more than 90,000 such deaths in 2019 were related to AAP—almost 250 per day (figure 3.9). Maghreb countries are also affected severely, with around FIGURE 3.9

Total AAP-Related Deaths in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019 Mashreq Maghreb GCC Egypt, Arab Rep. Iran, Islamic Rep. Morocco Iraq Algeria Saudi Arabia Yemen, Rep. Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia Libya Lebanon United Arab Emirates Jordan West Bank and Gaza Oman Kuwait Bahrain Qatar Djibouti Malta 0

50

100

150

200

Estimated number of deaths (thousands) Source: Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) tool of the Institute for Health Metrics and ­Evaluation (IHME) Global Health Data Exchange (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool). Note: The subregions (three top bars) are as follows: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The Maghreb subregion includes ­Algeria, Libya, Malta, Morocco, and Tunisia. The Mashreq subregion includes Djibouti, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, West Bank and Gaza, and the Republic of Yemen. AAP = ambient air pollution.


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References

20min
pages 394-405

Notes

2min
page 393

B5.9.1 Changes in Erosion at Soliman Beach, Tunisia, after Replacing Breakwaters with Groins

14min
pages 386-392

5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options

2min
page 379

Combating Coastal Erosion

6min
pages 376-378

in Morocco

4min
pages 372-373

Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt

2min
page 374

Eliminate Coastal Erosion

2min
page 368

West Africa

2min
page 367

Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion

6min
pages 369-371

Coastal Erosion

11min
pages 361-366

Mitigate Coastal-Erosion Effects

8min
pages 356-360

Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion

1min
page 355

Countries, 2020

1min
page 347

Djerba Island, Tunisia, 1992–2019

2min
pages 353-354

Unwillingness to Return

3min
pages 351-352

North African Countries

6min
pages 348-350

African Countries

1min
page 346

Systems: Examples from Latin America

18min
pages 307-315

Financially Sustainable

7min
pages 303-306

References

22min
pages 318-330

Impact of COVID-19

4min
pages 336-337

El Heri, Lebanon, 1962–2007

2min
pages 341-342

Overview

3min
pages 331-332

How Eroded Is the Coast?

6min
pages 333-335

Notes

4min
pages 316-317

4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP

19min
pages 292-300

Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand

3min
pages 301-302

Countries, 2018

2min
page 291

North Africa

4min
pages 289-290

4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production

2min
page 283

B4.7.1 PET Waste Exports in Tunisia, 2000–18

7min
pages 285-288

4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates

2min
page 282

4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling

1min
page 284

Middle East and North Africa

10min
pages 277-281

4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems

6min
pages 273-275

Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas

5min
pages 248-250

in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy and Subregion, 2016

1min
page 267

Economy, 2016

3min
pages 269-270

4.10 A Circular Economy for Plastics

7min
pages 261-264

Morocco’s Coasts

7min
pages 257-260

The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas

11min
pages 242-247

World Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 2016

1min
page 236

and 2025

2min
pages 233-234

Overview

3min
pages 227-228

Policy Agenda

2min
page 230

The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas

1min
page 229

Notes

7min
pages 209-211

3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt

4min
pages 206-207

References

31min
pages 212-226

by World Region, 2014

3min
pages 183-184

3.11 California’s Emissions Trading System

2min
page 181

Happy Seeder

4min
pages 199-200

and North Africa, by Economy, 2010

3min
pages 194-195

Middle East and North Africa

10min
pages 201-205

Greater Cairo

2min
page 197

3.12 Saudi Arabia’s Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency

6min
pages 185-187

and North Africa, by Economy, 2018

1min
page 196

East and North Africa

4min
pages 179-180

3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution

6min
pages 170-172

the Middle East and North Africa

5min
pages 167-169

North Africa

2min
page 160

Cities

2min
page 166

Global Region B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in

3min
pages 164-165

Middle East and North Africa

8min
pages 156-159

Africa, by Economy, 2020

3min
pages 161-162

3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences

6min
pages 153-155

Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent

6min
pages 150-152

Summer and Fall 2010

3min
pages 136-137

Experience

3min
pages 148-149

and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018

1min
page 145

East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North

3min
pages 146-147

Arab Emirates

9min
pages 139-143

by Subregion, 2018

1min
page 135

PM10 and PM2.5

1min
page 134

Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies

15min
pages 126-133

Pollution, by Region, 2019

5min
pages 121-123

Overview

3min
pages 103-104

Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019

1min
page 117

How Polluted Are the Cities’ Skies?

4min
pages 105-106

Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018

1min
page 109

North Africa, by Economy, 2019

1min
page 116

The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies

2min
page 111

References

14min
pages 95-102

by Multilateral Organizations

6min
pages 83-85

Capita since 1990

3min
pages 80-81

Overview

1min
page 47

Its Potential Pitfalls

2min
page 89

Notes

7min
pages 92-94

Conclusion

4min
pages 90-91

Overview

3min
pages 53-54

2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies

6min
pages 86-88
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