(Ebook) Modeling and Simulation of Reactive Flows by Andreis, Greice S. L.; De Bortoli, Álvaro L.; Pereira, Felipe N ISBN 9780128029749, 9780128029916, 0128029749, 0128029919
180. Mechanical Alloying and Milling, C.Suryanarayana
Additional Volumes in Preparation
Progressing Cavity Pumps, Downhole Pumps, and Mudmotors, Lev Nelik Design of Automatic Machinery, Stephen J.Derby
Mechanical Vibration: Analysis, Uncertainties, and Control, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Haym Benaroya
Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Arun Shukla
Spring Design with an IBM PC, Al Dietrich
Mechanical Design Failure Analysis: With Failure Analysis System Software for the IBM PC, David G.Ullman Copyright
Solid Fuels
Combustion and Gasification
Modeling, Simulation, and Equipment Operation
Marcio L.de Souza-Santos
State University at Campinas São Paolo, Brazil
Transferred to Digital Printing 2005
Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any specific situation.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
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A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN:0-8247-0971-3
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…the history of science—by far the most successful claim to knowledge accessible to humans—teaches that the most we can hope for is successive improvement in our understanding, learning from our mistakes, an asymptotic approach to the Universe, but with the proviso that absolute certainty will always elude us.
Carl Sagan
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark Ballantine Books, 1996
to Laura, Daniel and Nalva
Preface
Contrary to general perception, the importance of coal and biomass as energy resources continues to increase. Special attention has been given to biomass due to its renewable and overall zero carbon dioxide generation aspects. Therefore, it is not surprising that the number of professionals and graduate students entering the field of power generation based on solid fuels is increasing. However, unlike specialized researchers, they are not interested in deep considerations based on exhaustive literature reviews of specialized texts. Obviously, works in that line are very important; however they assume an audience of accomplished mathematical modelers. Therefore, they do not have the preoccupation of presenting the details on how, from fundamental and general equations, it is possible to arrive at a final model for an equipment or process. Those beginning in the field are not interested in the other extreme, i.e., simple and mechanistic description of equipment design procedures or instruction manuals for application of commercial simulation packages. Their main preoccupations are:
• Sufficient familiarity with the fundamental phenomena taking place in the equipment or processes
• Knowledge of basic procedures for modeling and simulation of equipment and systems.
• Elaborate procedures or methods to predict the behavior of the equipment or processes, mainly for cases where there are no commercially available simulators. Even when simulators are available, to be able to properly set the conditions asked as inputs by the simulator, to evaluate the applicability of possible solutions, and to choose among various alternatives.
• The use those instruments to help solve problems and situations in the field.
• Building confidence for decision making regarding process improvements and investments.
On the other hand, experience shows that a good route to acquire real and testable understanding of a subject in processing is to develop models and their respective computer simulators. The feeling of accomplishment achieved when one is capable of developing one’s own simulator, however simple, is fantastic. This would be the crowning achievement of accumulated knowledge in the subject. The simulation program becomes a source of improvements, not to mention leading to a whole set of other advantages, as detailed later.
The book is essential to graduate students, engineers, and other professionals with a strong scientific background entering the area of solid fuel combustion and gasification, but needing a basic introductory course in mathematical modeling and simulation. The text is based on a course given for many years for professionals and graduate students.
In view of the hands-on approach, several correlations and equations are cited from the literature without the preoccupation on mathematical demonstrations of their validity. References are provided and should be consulted by those interested in more details.
Despite the specific focus on combustion and gasification, the basic methods illustrated here can be employed for modeling a wide range of other processes or equipment commonly found in the processing industry. Operations of equipment such as boilers, furnaces, incinerators, gasifiers, and any others associated with combustion or gasification phenomena involves a multitude of simultaneous processes such as heat, mass and momentum transfers, chemical kinetics of several reactions, drying, and pyrolysis, etc. These should be coherently combined to allow reasonable simulation of industrial units or equipment. This book provides the relevant basic principles.
It is important to emphasize the need for simple models. As mentioned before, most field or design engineers cannot afford to spend too much time on very elaborate and complex models. Of course, there are several levels to which models can be built. Nevertheless, one should be careful with models that are too simple or too complex. The low extreme normally provides only superficial information while the other usually takes years to develop and often involves considerable computational difficulties due to convergence problems or inconsistencies. In the present text, the model complexity is extended just to the point necessary to achieve a reasonable representation of the corresponding equipment. For instance, the examples are limited to two dimensions and most of the models are based on a one-dimensional approach. This may sound simplistic; however, the level of detail and usefulness of results from such simulations are significant. Additionally, the book can also be used as an introduction to more complex models.
The main strategy of the book is to teach by examples. Besides the significant fraction of industrial equipment operating with suspensions of pulverized solid
fuels, the specific cases of moving and fluidized bubbling beds have been selected because they:
Cover much of the equipment related to combustion and gasification of solid fuels found in industry. In the particular case of fluidized beds, the fraction of equipment employing that technique has continually increased. In fact several more conventional boilers and furnaces operating with suspensions have been retrofitted to fluidized beds. Allow easy-to-follow examples of how simplifying assumptions regarding the operation of real industrial equipment can be set.
Permit relatively quick introduction of fundamental equations without the need for overly complex treatments.
Provide simple examples applying model and simulation techniques and how these can be put together to write a simulation program. Allow easier comparisons between real operational data and simulation results.
In addition, the book contains basic descriptions of combustion and gasification processes, including suspension or pneumatic transport. Several fundamental aspects are common and can be applicable in studies of any technique, such as: zero-dimensional mass and energy balances, kinetics of gas and solid reactions, heat and mass transport phenomena and correlations, and pressure losses though air or gas distributors.
Although the basic concepts of momentum, heat, and mass transfer phenomena can be found in several texts, the fundamental equations for such processes are included here, minimizing the need to consult other texts. Concepts usually learned in graduate-level engineering courses will be sufficient. The same is valid for thermodynamics, fundamentals of chemical kinetics, and applied mathematics—mainly concerning aspects of differential equations.
To summarize, the book:
• Shows several constructive and operational features of equipment dealing with combustion and gasification of solid fuels, such as coal, biomass, and solid residues, etc.
• Presents basic aspects of solid and gas combustion phenomena
• Introduces the fundamental methodology to formulate a mathematical model of the above equipments
• Demonstrates possible routes from model to workable computer simulation program
• Illustrates interpretations of simulation results that may be applied as tools for improving the performance of existing industrial equipment or for optimized design of new ones
It is organized as follows. Chapter 1 presents some generally applicable notions concerning modeling and simulation. Chapter 2 shows main characteristics of solid fuels, such as coals and biomasses. Chapter 3 introduces basic concepts equipments. Chapter 4 provides formulas and methods to allow first calculations regarding solid fuel processing. Chapter 5 describes the fundamental equations
of solid-gas systems and main characteristics of combustion and gasification of zero-dimensional models with the objective of allowing verification of overall relations between inputs and outputs of any general process, including combustors and gasifiers.
Chapter 6 introduces a very basic and simple first-dimension model of a gas of mass, energy, and momentum transfer equations. Chapter 7 describes the using the case of moving-bed combustor or gasifier. Chapters 8 and 9 introduce methods to compute gas-gas and gas-solid reaction rates. Chapter 10 introduces and constitutive equations and methods that may be used to build a computer modeling of drying and pyrolysis of solid fuels. Chapter 11 presents auxiliary
reactor. Of course, it is not the intention to present any model for flames; that is beyond the scope of this introductory book. However, it is useful to introduce standard considerations regarding mathematical modeling and the application first example of a model for solid fuel combustion and gasification equipment, program to simulate the model introduced in Chapter 10.
Chapter 12 shows how to put together all the information previously given described earlier. Chapter 13 repeats the same approach used for Chapter 7, but now pertaining to bubbling fluidized-bed combustors and gasifiers. Chapters 14 and 15 provide correlations and constitutive equations that together with combustors, boilers, and gasifiers. Chapter 16 has the same objective for the
in order to build a workable simulation program. The chapter also presents comparisons between measured parameters obtained from a real operation of moving-bed gasifier and results from a simulation program based on the model several already given enable the writing a computer program for fluidized bed cases of fluidized bed combustors as Chapter 12 for moving bed combustors and gasifiers.
Almost all the chapters include exercises. They will stimulate the imagination and build confidence in solving problems related to modeling and simulation. The relative degree of difficulty or volume of work expected is indicated by an increasing number of asterisks—problems marked with four asterisks usually require solid training in the solution of differential equations or demand considerable work.
Marcio L.de Souza-Santos
Acknowledgments
It is extremely important to acknowledge the help of various colleagues whom I had the pleasure to work with, in particular to Alan B.Hedley (University of Sheffield, U.K.), Francisco D.Alves de Souza (Institute for Technological Research, São Paulo, Brazil), and former colleagues at the Institute of Gas Technology (Chicago). I appreciate the collaboration of several students and friends, who pointed out errors and made suggestions. I also thank John Corrigan and the staff of Marcel Dekker, Inc. for their help during all the aspects of the publication process. Finally, I am also grateful to the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and colleagues at the Energy Department of Mechanical Engineering for their support.
Marcio L.de Souza-Santos
Nomenclature
ai parameters or constants (dimensionless)
a general parameter or coefficient (dimensions depend on the application) or ratio between the radius of the nucleus and the original particle or Helmoltz energy (J kg-1)
â activity coefficient (dimensionless)
A area (m2) or ash (in chemical reactions)
ae air excess (dimensionless)
b exergy (J kg-1)
B coefficient, constant or parameter (dimensions depend on the application)
c specific heat at constant pressure (J kg-1 K-1)
C constants or parameters to be defined in each situation
COC1(j) coefficient of component j in the representative formula of char (after drying and devolatilization of original fuel) (dimensionless)
COC2(j) coefficient of component j in the representative formula of coke (due to tar coking) (dimensionless)
COF(j) coefficient of component j in the representative formula of original solid fuel (dimensionless)
COF(j) coefficient of component j in the representative formula of original solid fuel (dimensionless)
COT(j) coefficient of component j in the representative formula of tar (dimensionless)
COV(j) coefficient of component j in the representative formula of volatile fraction of the original solid fuel (dimensionless)
d diameter (m)
dP particle diameter (m)
Dj diffusivity of component j in the phase or media indicated afterwards (m2 s-1) activation energy of reaction i (J kmol-1)
É factor or fraction (dimensionless)
Ébexp expansion factor of the bed or ratio between its actual volume and volume at minimum fluidization condition (dimensionless)
É514 total mass fractional conversion of carbon fmoist mass fractional conversion of moisture (or fractional degree of drying)
ÉV mass fractional conversion of volatiles (or degree of devolatilization)
Éfc mass fraction conversion of fixed carbon
Ém mass fraction of particles kind m among all particles present in the process (dimensionless)
Éair air excess (dimensionless)
Éfr fuel ratio factor used in reactivity calculations (dimensionless)
F mass flow (kg s-1)
g acceleration of gravity (m s-2) or specific Gibbs function (J/kg)
G mass flux (kg m-2 s-1) variation of Gibbs function related to reaction i (J kmol-1)
h enthalpy (J kg-1)
H height (m)
HHV high heat value (J kg-1)
i inclination relative to the horizontal position (rad)
I variable to indicate the direction of mass flow concerning a control volume (+1 entering the CV; -1 leaving the CV)
jj mass flux of component j due to diffusion process (kg m-2 s-1)
kj kinetic coefficient of reaction i (s-1) (otherwise, unit depends on the reaction)
kt specific turbulent kinetic energy (m2 s-2)
k0i
preexponential coefficient of reaction i (s-1) (otherwise, unit depends on the reaction)
Ki equilibrium coefficient for reaction i (unit depend on the reaction and notation)
K0i preexponential equilibrium coefficient for reaction i (unit depend on the reaction and notation)
l mixing length (m)
L coefficient used in devolatilization computations (dimensionless)
Lgrate length of grate (m)
LT length of tube (m)
LHV low heat value (J kg-1)
n number of moles
nCP number of chemical species or components
nCV number of control volumes
nG number of chemical species or components in the gas phase
nS number of chemical species or components in the solid phase
nSR number of streams
Nj mass flux of component j referred to a fixed frame of coordinates (kg m-2 s-1)
M mass (kg)
Mj molecular mass of component j (kmol/kg)
NAr Archimedes number (dimensionless)
NBi Biot number (dimensionless)
NNu Nusselt number (dimensionless)
NPe Peclet number (dimensionless)
NPr Prandtl number (dimensionless)
NRe Reynolds number (dimensionless)
NSc Schmidt number (dimensionless)
NSh Sherwood number (dimensionless)
p index for the particle geometry (0=planar, 1=cylindrical, 3= sphere)
pj partial pressure of component j (Pa)
P pressure (Pa)
q energy flux (W m-2)
rate of energy generation (+) or consumption (-) of an equipment or system (W)
r radial coordinate (m)
ri rate of reaction i (for homogeneous reactions: kg m -3 s1; for heterogeneous reactions: kg m-2 s-1)
R equipment radius (m)
R universal gas constant (8314.2 J kmol-1 K-1)
RC rate of energy transfer to (if positive) or from (if negative) the indicated phase due to convection [W m3 (of reactor volume or volume of the indicates phase)]
Rcond rate of energy transfer to (if positive) or from (if negative) the indicated phase due to conduction [W m3 (of reactor volume or volume of the indicated phase)]
Rh rate of energy transfer to (if positive) or from (if negative) the indicated phase due to mass transfer between phases [W m-3 (of reactor volume or volume of the indicated phase)]
Rj rate of component j generation (if positive) or consumption (if negative) by chemical reactions (kg m -3 s -1). If in molar basis (~) the units are (kmol m -3 s -1 ).
Rkind,j rate of component j generation (if positive) or consumption (if negative) by chemical reactions. Units vary according to the “kind” of reaction. If the subscript indicates homogeneous reactions the units are kg m-3 (of gas phase) s-1, if heterogeneous reactions in kg m-2 (of external or of reacting particles) s-1.
RM,G,j total rate of production (or consumption if negative) of gas component j [kg m-3 (of gas phase) s-1]
RM,S,j
total rate of production (or consumption if negative) of solid-phase component j [kg m-3 (of reacting particles) s-1]
RQ rate of energy generation (if positive) or consumption (if negative) due to chemical reactions [W m-3 (of reactor volume or volume of the indicated phase)]
RR rate of energy transfer to (if positive) or from (if negative) the indicated phase due to radiation [W m-3 (of reactor volume or volume of the indicated phase)]
Rheat heating rate imposed on a process (K/s)
s entropy (J kg-1 K-1)
S cross-sectional area (m2). If no index, it indicates the cross-sectional area of the reactor (m2).
t time (s)
T temperature (K)
T*reference temperature (298 K)
Te ration between activation energy and gas constant ( ) (K)
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Title: Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. 4 (of 8)
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA, VOL. 4 (OF 8) ***
The Project Gutenberg eBook, Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. IV (of 8), by Various, Edited by Justin Winsor
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA
French Explorations and Settlements
In North America AND THOSE OF The Portuguese, Dutch, and Swedes
1500-1700
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL
HISTORY OF AMERICA
EDITED
BY JUSTIN WINSOR
LIBRARIAN OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY
VOL. IV
BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
The Riverside Press, Cambridge
Copyright, 1884, BY JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY.
Allrights reserved.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company.
CONTENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
[The Frencharms on the title are those usedby the RoyalPrinting-Office in Paris in the SeventeenthCentury.]
INTRODUCTION.
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA. NathanielS. Shaler i
CHAPTER I.
CORTEREAL, VERRAZANO, GOMEZ, THEVET. George Dexter 1
ILLUSTRATION: Early Fishing Stages, 3.
CRITICAL ESSAY. 12
ILLUSTRATION: The Verrazano map, 26.
AUTOGRAPHS: Francis I., 23; Janus Verrazanus, 25.
MAPS OF THE EASTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 1500-1535. The Editor 33
ILLUSTRATIONS: The Admiral’s map, 34; Portuguese Chart (1503), 35; Map of Lazaro Luis, 37; of Verrazano (1529), 37; of
Ribero (1529), 38; of Maiollo (1527), 39; of Agnese (1536), 40; of Münster (1540), 41; Ulpius Globe (1542), 42; Carta Marina (1548), 43; Lok’s Map (1582), 44; John White’s Map (1585), 45; Map of North America (15321540), 46.
CHAPTER II.
JACQUES CARTIER AND HIS SUCCESSORS. Benjamin F . De Costa
ILLUSTRATION: Jacques Cartier, 48.
AUTOGRAPHS: Jacques Cartier, 48; Henri the Dauphin, 56.
CRITICAL ESSAY
ILLUSTRATIONS: Maps of Allefonsce, 74, 75, 76, 77; of Des Liens (1566), 78.
47
62
CARTOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHEAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. 1535-1600. The Editor 81
ILLUSTRATIONS: The Nancy Globe, 81; Ulpius Globe (1542), 82; Maps of Rotz (1542), 83, 83; Cabot Mappemonde (1544), 84; Münster’s Map (1545), 84; Map of Medina (1545), 85; of Henri II. (1546), 85; of Freire (1546), 86; in British Museum, 87; of Nic. Vallard, 87; of Gastaldi, 88; belonging to Jomard, 89; of Bellero, 89; of Baptista Agnese (1544), 90; of Volpellio, 90; of Gastaldi in Ramusio, 91; of Homem (1558), 92; of Ruscelli (1561), 92; of Zaltieri (1566), 93; of Mercator (1569), 94; of Ortelius (1570), 95; of Porcacchi (1572), 96; of Martines (1578), 97; of Judæis (1593), 97; of John Dee (1580), 98; of De Bry, (1596), 99; of Wytfliet, 100; of Quadus (1600), 101.
CHAPTER III.
CHAMPLAIN. EdmundF . Slafter
ILLUSTRATIONS: Map of Port St. Louis, 109; of Tadoussac, 114; of Quebec (1613), 115; of the St. Lawrence River (1609), 117; View of Quebec, 118; Champlain, 119; Defeat of the Iroquois, 120; Champlain’s Route (1615), 125; Taking of Quebec (1629), 128.
AUTOGRAPHS: Champlain, 119; Montmagny, 130.
CRITICAL ESSAY
CHAPTER IV.
103
130
ACADIA. Charles C. Smith 135
ILLUSTRATIONS: Sieur de Monts, 136; Isle de Sainte Croix, 137; Buildings on the same, 139; Lescarbot’s Map of Port Royal, 140; Champlain’s Map of Port Royal, 141; Map of Gulf of Maine (circum 1610), 143; Buildings at Port Royal, 144; Map of Pentagöet, 146; Sir William Phips, 147; Jesuit Map (1663), 148.
AUTOGRAPHS: Henry IV., 136; Razilly, 142; La Tour, 143; D’Aulnay, 143; Robert Sedgwick, 145; John Leverett, 145; St. Castine, 146.
CRITICAL ESSAY
ILLUSTRATIONS: Lescarbot’s Map of Acadia, 152; La Hontan’s Map of Acadia, 153; Sir William Alexander, 156; Francis Parkman, 157.
AUTOGRAPH: Francis Parkman, 157.
149
NOTES. The Editor 159
ILLUSTRATIONS: Map of Fort Loyal, 159; Map of Pemaquid, 160.
AUTOGRAPHS: De Meneval, 160; De Villebon, 160; Le Moyne d’Iberville, 161.
CHAPTER V.
DISCOVERY ALONG THE GREAT LAKES. EdwardD. Neill
ILLUSTRATIONS: The Soleil, 192; its bottom, 193.
AUTOGRAPHS: Argenson, 168; Mézy, 172; Courcelle, 177; Frontenac, 177; Henry de Tonty, 182.
C
ILLUSTRATION: Map of early French explorations, 200.
JOLIET, MARQUETTE, AND LA SALLE. The Editor
ILLUSTRATIONS: Map of the Ottawa Route (1640-1650), 202; Dollier and Galinée’s Explorations, 203; Lakes and the Mississippi, 206; Joliet’s Map (1673-74), 208; Fac-simile of Joliet’s Letter, 210; Joliet’s Larger Map (1674), 212, 213; Joliet’s Smaller Map, 214; Basin of the Great Lakes, 215; Joliet’s Carte Générale, 218; Marquette’s Genuine Map, 220; Mississippi Valley (1672-73), 221; Fort Frontenac, 222; Map by Franquelin (1682), 227; (1684), 228; (1688),
163
230-231; by Coronelli et Tillemon (1688), 232; by Raffeix (1688), 233; Ontario and Erie, by Raffeix (1688), 234; by Raudin, 235; La Salle’s Camp, 236; Map by Minet (1685), 237; Murder of La Salle, 243; Portrait of La Salle, 244.
AUTOGRAPHS: Joliet, 204; Raffeix, 232; De Beaujeu, 234; Le Cavelier, 234.
FATHER LOUIS HENNEPIN. The Editor
ILLUSTRATIONS: Niagara Falls, 248; Hennepin’s Map (1683), 249; (1697), 251, 252-253; title of New Discovery, 256.
BARON LA HONTAN. The Editor
ILLUSTRATIONS: La Hontan’s Map (1709), 258, 259; (1703), 260; his Rivière Longue, 261.
CHAPTER VI.
THE JESUITS, RECOLLECTS, AND THE INDIANS. John Gilmary Shea
ILLUSTRATIONS: Paul le Jeune, 272; Map of the Iroquois Country, 281.
ILLUSTRATION: J. S. Clarke’s Map of the Mission Sites among the Iroquois, 293.
247
257
263
290
THE JESUIT RELATIONS. The Editor 295
ILLUSTRATIONS: A Canadian (Creuxius), 297; Map of Indian Tribes in the Ohio Valley (1600), 298; Map of Montreal and its Vicinity, 303; Map of the Site of Montreal (Lescarbot), 304; Map of the Huron Country, 305; Brebeuf, 307; Titlepage of the Relation of 1662-63, 310; The Forts on the Sorel River (1662-63), 311; Map of Tracy’s Campaign (1666), 312; Jesuit Map of Lake Superior, 312; Plans of the Forts, 313; Madame de la Peltrie, 314.
AUTOGRAPHS: A. Carayon, 295; Lafitau, 298; Cadwallader Colden, 299; Bresani , 305; Gabriel Druilletes, 306; Ragueneau,
307; Brebeuf, 307; Josephus Poncet, 308; Simon Le Moyne, 308; Margaret Bourgeois, 309; Francois Evesque de Petrée, 309; Menard, 309; Vignal, 310; Tracy, 311; Allouez, 311; Courcelle, 311; Le Mercier, 311; De Salignac, 312; Jacques Marquette, 313; Claude Dablon, 313; L. Jolliet, 315; Bigot, 315; Chaumonot , 316; Jacques Gravier, 316; Marest, 316.
CHAPTER VII.
FRONTENAC AND HIS TIMES. George Stewart, Jr. 317
ILLUSTRATIONS: Early View of Quebec, 320; Canadian on Snow Shoes, 331; Plan of Attack on Quebec (1690), 354.
AUTOGRAPHS: Louis XIV., 323; Frontenac, 326; Duchesneau, 334; Seignelay, 337; Le Fèbre de la Barre, 337; De Meules, 337; De Denonville, 343; Champigny, 346; Engelran, 348.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Quebec Medal, 361; Plan of Attack on Quebec (1690), 362, 363; Canadian Soldier, 365.
AUTOGRAPHS: Monseignat, 364; Frontenac, 364; William Phips, 364; John Walley, 364; Thomas Savage, 364; S. Davis, 364; Fitz-John Winthrop, 364; Philip Schuyler, 365; Ben. Fletcher, 365; De Courtemanche, 365; Colbert, 366.
GENERAL ATLASES AND CHARTS OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES. The Editor 369
ILLUSTRATIONS: Title of Wytfliet’s Atlas, 370; Gerard Mercator, 371; Abraham Ortelius, 372; Mercator’s Mappemonde (1569), 373.
AUTOGRAPHS: Gerardus Mercator, 371; Abraham Ortelius, 372.
MAPS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SHOWING CANADA. The Editor 377
ILLUSTRATIONS: Map of Molineaux (1600), 377; of Botero (1603), 378; Lescarbot’s Newfoundland (1609), 379; Map by Champlain (1612), 380, 381; (1613), 382; by Jacobsz (1621), 383; by Briggs (1625), 383; by Speed (1626), 384; by De Laet, 384; by Jannson, 385; by Visscher, 385; by Champlain (1632), 386, 387; by Dudley (1647), 388; by Creuxius (1660), 389; by Covens and Mortier, 390; by Gottfried (1655), 390; by Sanson (1656), 391; by Blaeu
