Virginia History & Culture - Fall/Winter 2024

Fall/Winter 2024

The Williamsburg Bray School Rediscovered

LEGO® Bricks: Made In Virginia

Lord Dunmore’s War: 250th Anniversary

In This Issue

LEGO® Bricks:

Made In Virginia page 4

The Williamsburg Bray School Rediscovered page 10

Lord Dunmore’s War: 250th Anniversary page 20

Collections Spotlight: The Lt. Elijah Coiner Civil War Collection page

8

Cover: John Murray, Fourth Earl of Dunmore, 1929 (VMHC Collection).

Virginia History & Culture No. 21

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NEWSLETTER TEAM

Editor

Graham Dozier

Designer/Production

Cierra Brown

Contributors

Jamie Bosket, Danni Flakes, Julie Kemper, Sam Florer, Joann Macenka, Tracy Schneider, Andrew Talkov

EXECUTIVE TEAM

President & CEO

Jamie O. Bosket

Chief Financial Officer

David R. Kunnen

VP for Advancement

Anna E. Powers

VP for Collections & Exhibitions

Adam E. Scher

VP for Guest Engagement

Michael B. Plumb

VP for Human Resources

Paula C. Davis

VP for Marketing & Communications

Tracy D. Schneider

THE VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF HISTORY & CULTURE

Annual Honor Roll of Donors page 29

VIRGINIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Chair

Richard Cullen*

Vice Chair

Carlos M. Brown*

Honorary Vice Chairs

Austin Brockenbrough III

Harry F. Byrd III*

Nancy H. Gottwald

Conrad M. Hall*

Thomas G. Slater, Jr.*

Regional Vice Chairs

William H. Fralin, Jr.

Susan S. Goode*

Gen. John P. Jumper

Lisa R. Moore

Gerald F. Smith*

*Executive Committee

Makola M. Abdullah

B. Marc Allen

Neil Amin

Victor K. Branch*

Charles L. Cabell

Victor O. Cardwell

Herbert A. Claiborne III

William C. Davis

Melanie Trent De Schutter

Joanie D. Eiland

Peter F. Farrell

Victoria D. Harker

Russell B. Harper

Paul C. Harris

C. N. Jenkins, Jr.

Edward A. Mullen

John R. Nelson, Jr.*

Kevin B. Osborne

J. Sargeant Reynolds, Jr.

Xavier R. Richardson

Elizabeth A. Seegar

Robert D. Taylor

J. Tracy Walker IV

Founded in 1831 as the Virginia Historical Society, the VMHC, a private, non-profit organization, is the oldest museum and cultural organization in Virginia, and one of the oldest and most distinguished history organizations in the United States. The museum cares for a renowned collection of more than nine million items representing the far-reaching story of Virginia.

FROM THE PRESIDENT

American Democracy and our system of democratic self-government are on full display as we engage in our essential tradition of electing a President of the United States this fall, and as we increasingly take note of the opportunity and promise of America’s approaching 250th anniversary. These milestone moments provide us with a powerful call to action to reflect on our past and invest in our future—a much-needed opportunity to further the study of history and civics. Our nation needs and deserves an engaged citizenry—one informed by a full understanding of our shared past, and one that encourages an awareness of, and commitment to, the rights and responsibilities we share as citizens.

To meet this moment and serve the Commonwealth, the VMHC, through the purposeful work of its John Marshall Center for Constitutional History & Civics, has proudly launched Civics Connects, a free, comprehensive, and classroomready resource thoughtfully designed for Virginia students.

Even before pandemic-related learning loss, civics education had been losing ground for some time. America’s resulting “civics crisis” is evidenced in low standardized test scores and countless recent polls that reveal not only a lack of knowledge about democratic principles and systems but, perhaps even more concerning, an apathy about democratic forms of government. Only about one in three Americans can pass the U.S. Citizenship Test. Less than half of U.S. adults can name all three branches of government. And, perhaps worst of all, about half of young Americans do not believe democracy is preferable to other forms of government.

Civics Connects provides Virginia students with a major new toolkit for inquiry-based exploration and discovery. This first-of-its-kind educational resource portfolio will provide a sweeping foundation of civics, will cover all Virginia standards of learning for civics and economics in the middle grades, and will align with broader national standards. Designed with

significant input from Virginia educators, this robust resource includes lesson plans, interactive slides, classroom activities, and videos that feature Virginia middle schoolers as “civics investigators” visiting the Virginia State Capitol, the VMHC, and other important sites around the Commonwealth—and even the National Archives and The White House—on a quest to understand America’s founding documents and world-changing ideas, its principles of democracy, and our collective responsibilities and rights under the Constitution.

Civics Connects will help ensure that all Virginia middle school students begin their high school careers with essential civics knowledge upon which to build, and from which to inspire, a lifetime of engaged citizenship. We believe it will serve as a national model.

Thank you for joining us in this important work, and for your wonderful support of this special place.

Most sincerely,

Jamie O. Bosket, President & CEO

LEGO ® BRICKS: MADE IN VIRGINIA

Governor Glenn Youngkin places the last piece on a Virginia map made of LEGO® bricks at a LEGO manufacturing announcement event in 2022

(Courtesy Office of Governor Youngkin).

Just as Virginians were settling into the post-World War II economy, Danish carpenter and wood toy maker Ole Kirk Kristiansen took a leap into the industrial world. Despite his family’s concerns, Kristiansen bought a plastic injection molding machine. The famous LEGO® plastic brick is the iconic result.

In 2022, the LEGO Group selected Chesterfield County, Virginia for its new, and only, U.S. manufacturing facility to meet increasing demand on the continent. The VMHC is thrilled to celebrate this historic occasion by hosting Traveling Bricks: An Exhibition Made of LEGO® Bricks.

THE LEGO GROUP’S INVESTMENT IN VIRGINIA

The LEGO Group is investing a billion dollars in their new presence in Virginia. It is the first LEGO® factory located in the United States in 25 years. The company launched a packing operation in November 2023 with about 250 employees. A larger 340acre facility, scheduled to open in 2027, will be home to a brick manufacturing and packaging plant as well as offices and a warehouse. When complete, the LEGO manufacturing facility will be state-of-the-art. The factory and packaging areas will include efficient molding machines, automatic guided vehicles, self-running sorting machines, and solar panels as a local power source.

LEGO HISTORY

The LEGO Group is a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark, and founded by the Kirk Kristiansen family in 1932. Ole Kirk Kristiansen was building houses and furniture when the Great Depression hit Denmark in the 1930s. To keep his small factory and employees going, they made smaller, less expensive items, including ladders, ironing boards, and wood toys. Before long, most of the company’s sales were toys.

In 1947, Kristiansen bought a plastic injection molding machine he had heard about at a toy business convention. The first plastic toys the company made were similar to their wood toys—animals, cars, and blocks. In 1949, LEGO® Automatic Binding Bricks were designed, inspired by similar plastic blocks on the market at the time. The name LEGO Mursten was adopted soon after, with “LEGO” derived from the Danish phrase “leg godt,” meaning “play well,” and “Mursten” meaning “bricks.” It was Ole’s son, Godtfred Christiansen, who evolved the company to what it is today. He envisioned a building blocks system that would be played with long after any particular building set was complete. “Town Plan No. 1,” the first LEGO system of play, was

Glenn Youngkin, Governor of Virginia, Carsten Rasmussen, Chief Operations Officer for the LEGO Group, and Skip Kodak, President, Americas Region, for the LEGO Group, look over a model of the proposed Virginia facility made entirely of LEGO® bricks (Courtesy Office of Governor Youngkin).

Godfred Kirk Christiansen filed a patent request with the United State Patent Office in 1958. It was approved in 1961 (U.S. Patent Office).

released in 1955. It included bricks for buildings, cars, and trees designed to sit on a board with printed streets.

The next big leap was an improved brick with locking stud and tube design patented in 1958. The design ensured the bricks stay together during playtime. Lagging sales in the late 20th century required a new idea. In 1999, LEGO Group released 13 Star Wars sets, opening a new era of licensed themes that still lead the market today. The company continues to innovate, market, and improve while using the exact same locking stud and tube design.

LEGO GROUP IN THE U.S.

As the LEGO Group expanded, partnerships for distribution and licensing developed across Europe and in 1960 moved to North America through an agreement with Samsonite. Known best for luggage, Samsonite produced a range of products in the mid-

Brick builder Jame Beute of Northern Virginia created this model of the Kline Kar on display in VMHC’s Commonwealth Hall.

1900s. The company also fabricated LEGO bricks using molds built in Denmark and distributed them though North America. The invention of a larger brick, the

Special Exhibition

TRAVELING BRICKS

An Exhibition Made of LEGO® Bricks*

On Display Until January 5, 2025

The VMHC is hosting, Traveling Bricks: An Exhibition Made of LEGO® Bricks. By air, space, land, and water, precisely scaled models bring the history of transportation to life. With more than 100 models constructed of nearly 1 million LEGO® bricks, it is an exploration from miniature cars to a massive RMS Titanic model almost 24 feet long.

In Traveling Bricks, guests can discover connections between the amazing transportation models and Virginia transportation history. The exhibition is the first continental United States appearance of Traveling Bricks—one of the largest exhibits of its kind— and is a must-see experience for every builder and kid-at-heart.

*LEGO® is a registered trademark of the LEGO Group of companies which does not sponsor, authorize, or endorse the Traveling Bricks exhibition.

COLLECTIONS SPOTLIGHT: THE LT. ELIJAH COINER CIVIL WAR COLLECTION

Two days after Virginia’s secession from the United States on April 17, 1861, Elijah Coiner (1834–1915), mounted his horse and departed from his Augusta County home. Alongside more than 60 friends and neighbors, he pledged to serve for one year in the defense of Virginia and, ultimately, the newly formed Confederate states. This group, which styled themselves the “Valley Rangers,” joined other Shenandoah Valley units to form the First Virginia Cavalry. More than 150 years later, Coiner’s arms and equipment, now part of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture (VMHC) collection, provide a glimpse into his military service and reflect broader changes in cavalry tactics during the Civil War.

Historically, cavalry units were prized for their speed, which allowed them to gather intelligence on enemy movements and execute rapid, decisive charges against infantry, artillery, or other cavalry. Elijah Coiner’s sidearms, including his U.S. Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber and 1851 Navy Colt revolver, were key components of this arsenal, proving crucial in such battles as Brandy Station (June 9, 1863) and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1–3, 1863). These weapons were designed for close combat, a hallmark

Lt. Elijah Coiner and Annie Bettie Read Coiner, about 1870 (Courtesy of Betty Coiner Kitzmann).

Lt. Elijah Coiner’s Model 1860 Spencer Repeating Carbine, 1863 (VMHC Collection).

shorter, more maneuverable rifles suited for use on horseback. Coiner’s acquisition of a Spencer Repeating Carbine, a highly coveted firearm manufactured exclusively in Boston, was a significant upgrade. This weapon could fire 14 to 20 rounds per minute, vastly outperforming the infantry’s rate of three rounds per

minute, reflecting the continued transformation of cavalry into more versatile and heavily armed forces.

During a brief respite in January 1864, while the First Virginia Cavalry was camped near Harrisonburg, Elijah returned home for ten days and married Anna Elizabeth “Bettie” Read (1842–1931) of New Market. As the war continued, Coiner was engaged in various campaigns, including efforts to drive United States forces out of the strategic Shenandoah Valley. Following the decisive federal victory at Cedar Creek (October 19, 1864), the opposing armies probed for opportunities to reengage. On November 24, Coiner was wounded in a skirmish near Mount Jackson when a bullet tore through his boot and into his ankle. The back seam of the boot was cut open so that it could be removed. Upon learning of his injury, Bettie traveled seven miles from New Market to bring him back to her family’s home for recovery. Although his wound healed, Coiner walked with a limp for the rest of his life. Coiner did not return to active

duty. By war’s end, the First Virginia participated in more than 200 engagements, and Elijah was among the 480 members wounded during the conflict.

After the war, Elijah and Bettie settled on the Coiner family farm near Waynesboro, where they raised a family.

Collection Courtesy of Kathryn Coiner Denney

Three generations of the Coiner family helped preserve Elijah’s well-worn arms and equipment—the tangible evidence of his wartime experience. Thanks to the generosity of his great-granddaughter, these items are now part of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture’s extensive collections related to the Civil War era.

Lt. Coiner’s Model 1851 Navy Colt Revolver, 1860 (VMHC Collection).

Leather riding boot worn by Lt. Elijah Coiner at the time of his wounding, 1861-1864 (VMHC Collection).

THE WILLIAMSBURG BRAY SCHOOL REDISCOVERED

Photo from the Earl Gregg Swem Photograph Collection believed to date to circa 1920–1921 of the Bray-Digges House in ite original location on Prince George Street (Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation).

The long search for the Williamsburg Bray School ended on a Monday evening in the early summer of 2020.

It was on that day, June 22, that The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation received proof that an unassuming white building that housed William & Mary’s Department of Military Science was actually the original home of an 18th-century school for enslaved and free Black children.

Opinions had been divided on the fate of the school. While some speculated that the building was demolished long ago, others—including scholars at William & Mary and at The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation— suspected that it had somehow survived centuries of change, including being moved in 1930 from its original site to the site of its discovery.

Indeed, it had been hiding in plain sight.

“It was a remarkable find that was literally in front of us, every day,” said Cliff Fleet, president and CEO of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.

Progress photo of restoration work on the interior of the Bray School, January 18, 2021 (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation).

Now, four years after tests confirmed that the Williamsburg Bray School had been found, the building—the Foundation’s 89th original structure—is set to open as an interpretive site on November 1.

In February 2020, Matthew Webster, Colonial Williamsburg’s executive director of the Grainger Department of Architectural Preservation and Research, crawled under the white building on the edge of the William & Mary campus and inspected parts of the frame and joists that might be used for dendrochronology, a method of studying tree rings to date buildings.

The results from the Oxford Tree Ring Laboratory in Maryland indicated that the wood had come from trees that had been cut down in the winter of 1759 and the spring of 1760.

These were remarkably precise dates, findings made possible because researchers had been able to take samples from the outside edges of logs, which showed the newest growth rings. And the dates matched precisely with documentary evidence that the Williamsburg Bray School had opened on September 29, 1760.

“We now not only knew that this was the Bray School,” Webster said, “but now we seemingly had a building whose first use had been as a school.”

This discovery has opened avenues of opportunity to explore a more complete history of early America, with complex intersections of slavery and social norms.

“This site in conjunction with many other locations across the region will be used as a critical and necessary location ... for dialogue, research, and scholarship regarding the complex yet compelling story of education, race, and religion in the formation and development of America,” Fleet said during an address in February 2023 when the building was moved from the William & Mary campus to its new home in the Foundation’s Historic Area.

know—were between the ages of three and ten years, and they were taught reading, spelling, and etiquette. Girls received additional instruction in sewing and knitting. Their lessons came from carefully curated religious texts. A set of rules drawn up in 1762 directed the teacher, Ann Wager, to instruct her students “in the Principles of the Christian Religion” and to teach them that “Christians are commanded to be faithful & obedient to their Masters.”

The journey of the building that once housed the Williamsburg Bray School—America’s oldest surviving school for Black children—gave birth to a partnership between Colonial Williamsburg and William & Mary.

Thomas Bray (1656–1730), Founder of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (Cambridge University Library).

Colonial Williamsburg’s preservationists and tradespeople conducted research that informed the reconstruction of the building, and William & Mary launched the Bray School Lab where scholars studied the impact of the school on a community on the cusp of revolution. The lab, located on Colonial Williamsburg’s campus, a short distance from the school for which it is named, is conducting genealogy work, and oral history interviews are helping to shape interpretative programs about the school. The names of 86 of the Bray School’s students are known. The lab hopes to identify more.

The Williamsburg Bray School was funded primarily by a charitable organization in England founded in 1724 by the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bray. The mission of the group, called the Associates of Dr. Bray, was to provide Anglican religious instruction to children of African and Indigenous descent in North America. The group also founded schools in Fredericksburg, Virginia, Newport, Rhode Island, New York City, and Philadelphia.

The Williamsburg school operated for fourteen years, from 1760 to 1774. Some 300 children likely went to the school. The students—whose names, in many cases, we do not

The project has involved many employees from across The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, from archaeologists to preservationists to curators to those who practice historic trades.

Webster and his team peeled away the 19th- and 20thcentury additions that encased the house. In its lifetime, the building had served as a dormitory for Methodist women in the 1920s and that is likely when the first major additions to the house occurred. Because this coincided with the beginning of the Great Depression—a time when thrift and recycling were both common and necessary—original elements of the 1760 school were reused rather than discarded.

The discoveries included original sections of chair rail, base board, a door, two window sashes, shingles and plaster lath, among others. From this evidence, the team could determine the original molding profiles, construction techniques, and even the absence of paint—and if paint was present, its color.

The fear that stories would be lost to the building’s heavy alterations, Webster noted, were quickly replaced with the elation that the building could willingly reveal its story—a story that could inform its restoration.

Historians once hypothesized that the building was dilapidated and practically uninhabitable at the time children attended classes there. The slaveholders who supported the school, they surmised, seemed unlikely to care about high-quality construction. In fact, in 1769, Robert Carter Nicholas, the school’s trustee and later the treasurer of the colony of Virginia, wrote to the Associates of Dr. Bray that the building was “untenantable.”

But the building itself said otherwise. Untenable, in this case, meant that the structure was small and accommodating 30 students and a teacher would be difficult.

Just like that, the narrative shifted. “His letter was referencing the space, not the conditions,” Webster said, “It goes from a building that was in really bad condition to a brand-new building that these children were actually the first occupants of. It’s a great lesson in research.”

The research has not only changed the understanding of the Bray School but also enhanced insight into other middling homes from the 18th century. Colonial Williamsburg is known for its restoration and preservation of gentry homes, but the 18th-century city included many simpler homes, few of which still stand.

“This was a much more standard type of house in Williamsburg at the time,” said Jenn Wilkoski, Colonial Williamsburg’s Shirley and Richard Roberts Architectural Historian.

Drone photograph of the Bray School under protective scaffolding, June 26, 2024 (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation).

With more research came more clues. Wilkoski’s investigation led her to Colonial Williamsburg’s Special Collections, where she found a sketch of the building made by an architect who visited Williamsburg in the early 20th century, before Colonial Williamsburg was founded. It included a floor plan, elevation, and other details that have informed the reconstruction.

On February 10, 2023, the structure made the short and slow trip from Prince George Street to Francis Street, where it was placed on a new brick foundation and the reconstruction work began in earnest. The non-historic roof line was removed, for example, returning it to its original gable or A-frame shape.

Archaeology, too, has played a role in understanding the building and how it was used.

More than 200,000 artifacts were recovered during four summers of excavations at the Williamsburg Bray School’s original site where for many years a William & Mary dormitory stood—and which will soon be transformed into a new academic building. These include fragments of more than twenty slate pencils, which might suggest that writing

was taught to the Black students, whom school trustee Nicholas referred to in correspondence as “scholars.”

Clay marbles, buried by more than two centuries of plowing and construction, may have been used for arithmetic exercises or perhaps to simply pass the time with children’s games between lessons.

Pieces of pottery and ceramics are reminders that the house served not just as a school but also as the teacher’s home.

As the project moved into later phases, Colonial Williamsburg historic tradespeople added their contributions as more attention was focused on furnishing the interior.

Master Cabinetmaker Bill Pavlak, for example, built a teacher’s desk and John Peeler, a journeyman cabinetmaker, built two tables. The designs of the three pieces were based on originals in the Foundation’s collection that had received a curator’s seal of approval for authenticity. Joiners contributed benches like the ones on which students sat for their lessons. Peter Hudson, a journeyman joiner, preferred fresh rather than dried wood for

Progress photo of restoration work on the exterior of the Bray School, September 2024 (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation).

the chairs he built, and after a few scouting trips, found what he wanted in Gloucester.

The brickmakers formed thousands of bricks for this project, including some for a second chimney that had to be reconstructed.

One of the most poignant finds was the discovery of a popular text used at the Williamsburg Bray School. Katie McKinney, Colonial Williamsburg’s Margaret Beck Pritchard Associate Curator of Maps and Prints, knew that at least 140 copies of The Child’s First Book were shipped from England to the school—more copies than of any other book.

Locating a copy today, however, proved difficult.

“I had nearly given up hope,” McKinney admitted.

But while doing research in Cambridge, England, she came across a reference to the book’s publisher—John and William Oliver. It was enough of a clue to distinguish the book from similar ones and at last, McKinney found a single copy at Library of the Francke Foundation in Halle, Germany. Librarians there scanned the book and that facsimile—down to the printing flaws in the original—became the basis for the 1,000 copies of The Child’s First Book that Peter Stinely, the supervisor of Colonial Williamsburg’s print shop, would create using an 18th-century press. The book is 32 pages, formed from a single sheet that is folded and then stitched together. When the school opens to the public, visitors will be able to see the book and even hold it in their hands.

2024 marks the 250th anniversary of the closing of the Williamsburg Bray School. Ann Wager died in August 1774, and the school ceased to operate, pending

instructions from the Associates of Dr. Bray. It never reopened. The Associates indicated that its support of the schools for Black students was “at present interrupted by the unhappy Disputes between Great Britain and her Colonies, and there being little Prospect of resuming the same till an amicable Accommodation shall take place.”

The Bray School project’s work is supported by a major grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation’s Monument Project.

By Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

The effort to reconstruct the Bray School building is part of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s mission to preserve and restore Virginia’s 18thcentury capital. Innovative and interactive experiences in its Historic Area highlight the relevance of the American Revolution to contemporary life and the importance of an informed, active citizenry. Learn more at ColonialWilliamsburg.org

Close-up view of Journeyman Supervisor, Peter Stinely, preparing blocks of text for use in reproducing “The Child’s First Book” for the Bray School (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation).

UPCOMING EVENTS

FAMILY PROGRAMS

First Fridays at the VMHC

The museum stays open late for this family-friendly event. Enjoy free admission to the galleries, specials in the Café, access to food trucks, live music, and familycentered activities.

First Fridays made possible with support from Virginia R. Edmunds. First Friday each month 5:00 pm to 8:00 pm

Chocolate Making Demonstrations

Learn how chocolate was made in 18th-century Virginia and sample American Heritage Chocolate! Saturdays in December 11:00 am

Holiday Open House at Virginia House

Kick off the season with a free afternoon of festive fun and see Virginia House decorated for the holidays!

Dec. 15 12:00 pm to 4:00 pm

CONRAD M. HALL SCHOLAR SERIES

Free for members!

When Mayor Doug Wilder Ruled Richmond: Strong-Arm Politics in Virginia’s Capital City

By Linwood Norman

Nov. 14 12:00 pm

A Wonderful Career in Crime: Charles Cowlam’s Masquerades in the Civil War Era and Gilded Age

By Frank W. Garmon, Jr.

Dec. 12 12:00 pm

Upcoming Virginia Journeys

Learn more about upcoming Virginia Journeys locations, landmarks, and dates on page 35.

VISIT THE VAULT

Join staff on a brief tour of the VMHC’s rare book and manuscript vault, an area off-limits to the general public, to see some of the collection’s unique books, documents, and artifacts.

Tours available the 2nd Saturday & 4th Thursday of the month

SPECIAL EVENTS

Pocahontas Film Festival & Eastern Indian Marketplace

Enjoy three days of films by and about Native people. And shop a marketplace featuring Native artisans selling handmade decor, art, jewelry, apparel, and more. Nov. 22–24 See website for times

SPECIAL LECTURE

The Scientist Turned Spy: André Michaux, Thomas Jefferson, and the Conspiracy of 1793

By Patrick Spero

Author Patrick Spero sheds new light on an incipient American political climate that fostered reckless diplomatic ventures under the guise of scientific exploration, revealing the air of uncertainty and opportunity that pervaded the early republic.

Dec. 5 5:30 pm

MEMBER ONLY

Virtual Curator Conversation: Acquisitions Year in Review

Dec. 2 10:00 am

To register and view all of our upcoming events, visit VirginiaHistory.org/Calendar

TRAVELING

PROGRAMS

Build Workshop with LEGO® Bricks

Guided by Ben Edlavitch, a season 4 competitor on Fox’s LEGO Masters competition show, participants will work together to create a sprawling miniature city skyline, showcasing the overlap between LEGO® products, play, and architecture.

Nov. 9 & 16 10:30 am

Movie Screenings During First Fridays

Nov. 1 The LEGO Movie

Dec. 6 The LEGO Batman Movie

Jan. 3 The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part

A LEGO Brickumentary Screening and Talkback with LEGO Master

Dec. 17 6:00 pm

MARSHALL SCHOLAR SERIES LECTURE

Who’s Your Founding Father?: One Man’s Epic Quest to Uncover the First, True Declaration of Independence By David Fleming

Jan 15

Lafayette Bicentennial Farewell Tour Dinner

Jan 25

SPECIAL LECTURE

A Perfect Frenzy: A Royal Governor, His Black Allies, and the Crisis That Spurred the American Revolution By Andrew Lawler

Feb. 6

Presidents Day Naturalization Ceremony

Feb. 17

Presenting Sponsors

Exhibition ends January 5, 2024

& THE VIETNAM WAR

As the 50th anniversary of the fall of Saigon approaches, the Virginia Museum of History & Culture will explore the perspectives and experiences of those who lived through one of the most tumultuous times in American history.

More than 230,000 Virginians fought in Vietnam. Of those service members, 1,490 were killed in the conflict. In the years following the war, the public remained divided over America’s participation and were reluctant to ask questions of veterans, while service members resisted volunteering information and much of the government’s war policy remained classified. Today, Virginia is home to approximately 200,000 Vietnam-era veterans and 60,000 Vietnamese Americans.

In Gallery Display

A display in the Museum will examine the war’s long-term impact on Virginia’s people, politics, and culture through artifact displays, photographs, historical documents, and new oral histories. Display opens November 23.

New Oral Histories

The VMHC will release a powerful collection of new oral history accounts from a wide range of perspectives on the Museum’s website and YouTube channel.

Traveling Display

The VMHC will debut a new traveling exhibition that will make stops in several cities throughout Virginia, including Virginia Beach and Fairfax.

Learn more at VirginiaHistory.org/VAVietnam

This powerful collection of letters and photographs related to John Curtis Rasmussen, Jr. joined the VMHC collection thanks to the generosity of Dr. William Rasmussen (VMHC Collection).

FILM FESTIVAL & EASTERN INDIAN MARKETPLACE

The VMHC is a proud co-host and sponsor of the 2024 Pocahontas Reframed Film Festival. The festival, in its 8th year, raises awareness about Native American language, cultures, and societies through films that share Native American perspectives. It is the only one of its kind on the East Coast, bringing together artists, authors, cineastes, and actors who share a passion for film and features learning opportunities for the entire public.

As part of the Festival, the Tsenacommacah Eastern Indian Marketplace is making its return for the second year, exclusively at the VMHC. Explore a wide range of Indigenous-made goods, including beaded, turquoise, wampum, and silver jewelry, gourds, pottery, apparel, regalia, art, sage, books, and more on Saturday, November 23 and Sunday, November 24 during regular museum hours.

Learn more at VirginiaHistory.org/PFF

LORD DUNMORE’S WAR: 250TH ANNIVERSARY

John Murray, Fourth Earl of Dunmore, 1929 (VMHC Collection).

In December 1774, Virginia’s colonial newspapers spread news of a building crisis with British authorities. Publishers included extracts from the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia that fall, and the actions of local Virginia committees enforcing their recently enacted embargo on British goods. In the same newspapers reporting on these revolutionary actions, the publishers included the following public address from the president and professors of William & Mary:

… moved by an impulse of unfeigned joy, [we] cannot help congratulating [you] on such a series of agreeable events... And may you always feel the enlivening pleasure of reading in the countenances around you, wherever you turn your eyes, such expressions of affection as can be derived only from applauding and grateful hearts!

Similar addresses by the colony’s Governor’s Council and Williamsburg’s mayor and aldermen followed. However, these fawning words were not celebrating a revolutionary leader. Instead, they referred to the recent actions of Virginia’s royal governor, John Murray, the fourth Earl of Dunmore. Just seven months later, Dunmore and his family fled Williamsburg in fear for their lives. The same newspapers now labeled Dunmore a would-be murderer, and the authors of those congratulatory addresses began forming a new rival government.

So, what explains this rapid change of opinion? First, it’s important to examine what made Dunmore so popular in the first place. Fought on Virginia’s western frontier over the summer and fall of 1774, what became known as Lord Dunmore’s War pitted the Virginia militia against a confederation of Indigenous people led by the Shawnee. What began as small-scale raids and personal vendettas grew into a full-scale war with thousands of combatants on either side. At its conclusion, Dunmore had led Virginia to its final victory as a British colony, with important ramifications on the formative years of the brewing revolution.

LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION

As with most colonial conflicts, Dunmore’s War revolved around control of land. Following the end of the French and Indian War, Britain inherited France’s former colonial holdings in Canada, effectively ending European competition east of the Mississippi River. However, British officials soon realized that did not mean the end of conflict. In 1763, the same year as peace between Britain and France, Native American warriors inspired by an Ottawa war chief named Pontiac

An accurate map of North America. Describing and distinguishing the British, Spanish and French dominions on this great continent; according to the definitive treaty concluded at Paris 10th Feby. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase).

struck civilian settlements and British army outposts from Michigan to Virginia, killing hundreds of people and exposing Britain’s fragile hold on the frontier.

While Pontiac’s Rebellion eventually petered out, the success of his attacks reinforced the need for British authorities to tightly control dealings with Indigenous people to maintain the peace. The King’s Royal Proclamation of 1763 aimed to accomplish this by forbidding unauthorized settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains and limiting the authority to purchase Native American lands to official representatives of the Crown. Negotiations soon began between Britain’s Indian Department agents and Indigenous leaders. In the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, representatives of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois, Confederacy ceded all lands south of the Ohio River as far west as the mouth of the Tennessee River. In a series of treaties between 1768 and 1772, Cherokee

leaders ceded their claims to lands south of the Ohio River as far west as the mouth of the Kentucky River. In exchange for these lands, Crown authorities paid the tribes large sums of trade goods and promised to restrict settlers from crossing these boundary lines.

However, European conceptions of land ownership did not fully translate to Indigenous societies. As the dominant Native American political and military entity in the Mid-Atlantic and New England, the Haudenosaunee claimed control over the Ohio River Valley. The Cherokee, who were the dominant power in the Southeast, held similar claims to the region. However, neither the Haudenosaunee nor the Cherokee meaningfully consulted the people who actually lived on these lands during negotiations. These tribes included the Shawnee, Western Delaware, and Mingo, all of whom resented the Iroquois and Cherokee to varying degrees and considered the lands south of the Ohio part

of their own territories. When British officials concluded their various treaties with the Haudenosaunee and Cherokee, they believed they now held full legal rights to the land, but competing claims of sovereignty meant significant numbers of Native Americans considered the British encroachments as illegal and unjust, creating conditions ripe for misunderstanding and conflict.

SUMMER OF DISCONTENT

Following the treaties, colonial officials were flooded by land claims from French and Indian War veterans, land speculation companies, and members of Virginia’s elite, all of whom saw new opportunities to settle on or sell western lands. These speculators included George Washington, who traveled through the area in the fall of 1770, scouting out the best lands and acquiring more than 20,000 acres along the Ohio River and its tributaries. Dunmore admitted to seeking land himself, part of the reason he toured the region in the summer of 1773.

It was under these circumstances that tensions mounted. Throughout the early 1770s, instances of violence between settlers and Indigenous groups increased in frequency and intensity as more colonists moved into the region. Raiding parties on both sides killed men, women, and children, tortured each other, and took captives. Native people attacked settlers they perceived as encroaching on their lands, while colonists sought revenge for perceived threats or the loss of loved ones. This low-level warfare created an unending cycle of violence. Rumors also began to spread of a wider conflict involving Cherokee warriors combining forces with the Ohio tribes. By the spring of 1774, scores of settlers abandoned their homes or “forted up” by moving into the fortified homes of neighbors.

This atmosphere of frontier fear and violence pressured Dunmore to take stronger actions to protect his subjects. By June, Dunmore approved plans to raise a large force of militia around the Forks of the Ohio at Fort Pitt, modern-day Pittsburgh, in preparation for war. He followed up on these

orders by deciding to return to the region himself to investigate reports of attacks and, if necessary, lead the military expedition to stabilize the region.

As war clouds loomed, diplomatic efforts intensified. Crown officials called meetings with representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy, Western Delaware, and Cherokee, requesting they stay out of the conflict and promising to abide by the promises of earlier treaties. These efforts paid off, ensuring Virginia would only be facing the Shawnee and Mingo tribes in the coming conflict.

WAR

By mid-July, Dunmore arrived in Winchester, where he ordered the frontier counties to fully mobilize their militias and launch a punitive expedition against the Shawnee

Indian of the Nation of the Shawanoes, 1826 (John Carter Brown Library).

and Mingo settlements north of the Ohio River. This coordinated assault would consist of two wings; Dunmore would lead the right wing from Fort Pitt down the Ohio River where it would rendezvous with the left wing approaching down the Kanawha River to its confluence with the Ohio. Once the two wings joined forces, this combined army would attack the Shawnee villages along the Scioto River. The goal of the expedition was not to seize any new lands, but to inflict enough damage to the Shawnee and their allies that they would accept the boundaries agreed to in earlier treaty negotiations and cease their raids against settlers south of the Ohio.

To lead the southern wing of the army, Dunmore tapped Colonel Andrew Lewis. Settling in Augusta County after immigrating from Ireland, Lewis became a surveyor on Virginia’s frontier. During the French and Indian War, George Washington appointed him as one of his top lieutenants and Lewis represented Virginia’s interests in the treaty negotiations with Native Americans that followed the end of the war.

By early September, Lewis had gathered more than 1,000 men, primarily from Fincastle, Augusta, and Botetourt counties, and began the laborious march toward the Ohio River, more than 140 miles away. To facilitate the transportation of enough supplies to feed such a force, his men had to hack a path through the wilderness, reducing their progress to just 5 to 6 miles a day for much of their journey. By early October, his army arrived at the mouth of the Kanawha River where it empties into the Ohio. There, at a place called Point Pleasant, Lewis encamped while awaiting news from Dunmore.

Powder Horn, Col. Charles Lewis (1736-1774; brother of Andrew Lewis), Second half 18th C. (VMHC Collection).

At the same time as the colonial armies mobilized, the Shawnee gathered their forces. The Shawnee’s principal war leader was a man named Hokoleskwa, or Cornstalk. Over the preceding year, Cornstalk tried to restrain the younger, more militaristic members of his tribe, but now that the Virginia militia bore down on their homeland, he advocated for a full-scale attack. By early October, he had gathered roughly 800 warriors, primarily from Shawnee and Mingo communities, but including independent bands of Delaware, Ottawa, Miami, and Wyandot, and planned to attack the two wings of Virginians in detail before they could unite.

In the early morning hours of October 10, 1774, Cornstalk’s men approached Lewis’s encampment at Point Pleasant, hoping to surprise the Virginians

Statue of Andrew Lewis, Richmond, Virginia (Michael Bell).

before they had an opportunity to mount an effective defense. When a militia hunting party stumbled across the approaching Shawnee, they were able to return to camp and raise the alarm. Soon, the battle raged in the broken forests along the riverbanks. Although Cornstalk’s forces had the initial advantage of surprise, the Virginians quickly recovered and began to push the Shawnee back. By evening, realizing their attack had failed, Cornstalk and his men withdrew across the Ohio. When the smoke cleared, 75 Virginians lay dead and 140 more were wounded. Among the casualties was Col. Lewis’s younger brother Charles, mortally wounded early in the fight. Although the Shawnee evacuated most of their killed and wounded, observers estimated they lost a similar number of warriors.

Following the Battle of Point Pleasant, Lewis maintained his position on the Ohio and prepared to continue the expedition. Meanwhile, Dunmore’s right wing, with more than 1,000 militia, advanced to establish a fortified camp just a few miles from a large Shawnee town. When Cornstalk’s attack against Lewis failed, he realized his people’s homeland faced destruction and agreed to meet with Dunmore to discuss peace. At the subsequent Treaty of Camp Charlotte, the governor presented relatively lenient terms to the Shawnee. They agreed to release all prisoners captured during recent raids, return stolen goods, and recognize the boundary of the Ohio River as stipulated by earlier treaties. After the treaty negotiations concluded, Dunmore dismissed most of the militia, leaving a small garrison at Fort Pitt to ensure the peace held. Following his victory, Norfolk merchant James Parker commented, “[Dunmore] is as popular as a Scotsman can be amongst weak prejudiced people.”

ONE WAR LEADS TO ANOTHER

Virginia’s backcountry, while geographically isolated, remained tuned in to the colony’s wider political atmosphere. On November 5, 1774, before heading home after their successful campaign, a group of Dunmore’s militia officers gathered at an outpost called Fort Gower, as the Virginia Gazette later published,

“for the Purpose of considering the Grievances of British America.” The men agreed to two resolves. The first declared their allegiance to King George III but maintained their commitment to the “Defense of American Liberty, and for the Support of her just Rights and Privileges … when regularly called forth by the unanimous Voice of our Countrymen.” The second praised Dunmore for his recent leadership during the war. The Fort Gower Resolves demonstrated colonists growing American identity, their openness to use force to defend that identity, and Virginians’ complicated loyalties as the colony slipped closer to revolution.

Lord Dunmore’s War had important ramifications for the early years of the Revolution. While Dunmore led the militia in Virginia’s backcountry, revolutionary leaders met to elect representatives to the First Continental Congress. Dunmore’s absence from Williamsburg meant he was unable to inform his superiors in London of Virginians’ depth of revolutionary feelings until he returned to the capital in December. This put London’s understanding of the political situation in Virginia, its largest and wealthiest American colony, a full six months behind the pace of events. Furthermore, peace between Virginia and the Shawnee held throughout the first two years of the war, allowing Virginia to concentrate its resources on ejecting Dunmore from the colony and establishing an independent government. Many of Dunmore’s former officers soon found themselves leading these efforts, most notably Dunmore’s secondin-command, Andrew Lewis. In July 1776, Lewis, then a Continental Army Brigadier General, commanded the forces that permanently forced Dunmore from Virginia.

After being hailed as a hero by Williamsburg’s elite in the winter of 1774, what made Dunmore so hated that he felt the need to flee for his life seven months later? The events of the following spring would soon tell.

THE OFFICIAL 2024 VIRGINIA HISTORY ORNAMENT

This year’s Official 2024 Virginia History Christmas Ornament features a moonlit, holidaysleigh ride through a blanket of freshly fallen snow to Natural Bridge, one of the Commonwealth’s most iconic landscapes, with its 200-foot tall, limestone archway carved by the flowing waters of Cedar Creek. Taking inspiration from paintings of Natural Bridge housed in the Virginia Museum of History & Culture’s extraordinary collection, the ornament also commemorates the 250th anniversary of Thomas Jefferson acquiring the site in 1774.

NEWS & NOTES

Civics in Action

The VMHC is committed to combating the current crisis with civics education in many forms.

In addition to having recently launched Civics Connects, a major, statewide civics education program for middle grade students, the museum was proud to host two important local civic events this fall. The Richmond Mayoral debate was held on October 15 in partnership with Richmond First and WTVR. A forum for Richmond City Council candidates was held on October 9 in partnership with The League of Women Voters, Richmond Metro Area. The museum believes that fostering open, public debate gives constituents the opportunity to assess each candidate, to understand their ideas and ideologies, and to take part in our democracy by casting their vote.

VMHC President Elected To National Board

President & CEO Jamie Bosket was elected to the governing board of the American Association for State and Local History (AASLH) composed of national leaders in the field of public history. AASLH, the only comprehensive national organization dedicated to state and local history, supports the field of public history through advocacy, professional development, original field-wide research, publications, and other crucial professional resources.

VMHC Receives National Recognition for Education Programs

The VHMC was recently awarded two significant accolades for educational programming.

The National Endowment for the Humanities awarded the VMHC a $170,000 Landmarks grant to support teacher workshops focused on Virginia’s role in the American Revolution for educators from around the country.

The Center for Interactive Learning and Collaboration awarded the VMHC the 2024 Pinnacle Award in recognition of the museum’s outstanding distance learning program for K-12 students for the eleventh year.

ANNUAL REPORT–FISCAL YEAR 2024

REVENUE & SUPPORT

Based on Fiscal Year 2024, unaudited operating results; intended only as estimates for purposes of an annual overview.

304M+ media impressions

1M+ website visits

MEMBER-ONLY EVENTS

Member Mondays at Virginia House

Spring Garden Party at Virginia House

Holiday Reception at Virginia House

Virginia Journeys

Travel Program

Virtual Curator Conversations Curator Tours

State of the Museum

Julia Child: A Recipe for Life Member Preview

Corporate Member Reception

IN-PERSON & VIRTUAL PROGRAMS

JULIA CHILD COOKOFF

EVENING

VIRGINIA

TEACHER

HOMESCHOOL

SENSORY

VIRGINIA

VIRGINIA

VIRGINIA

BECOMING

NATURALIZATION

COLLECTIONS UP CLOSE CREATED EQUAL FILM SERIES

HISTORY NOTES

VIRGINIA HISTORY DAY

BREWING IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY

TRUNK OR TREAT

HISTORY BLOOMS

HISTORY MATTERS SYMPOSIUM

BOSTON TEA PARTY 250TH

PARTNERS (A Sampling)

Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society of Greater Richmond

Asian American Society of Central Virginia Black Judaic Heritage Center

Coalition for Justice Blacksburg

Coming Together Virginia

Cristo Rey

Diversity Richmond

Fredericksburg Area Museum

Girls for A Change

Hear2Hear

Initiatives of Change

Links Incorporated

MCV Foundation

National History Academy

Radio IQ

Radio Poder

Richmond National Battlefield Park

Richmond Public Library

Richmond Region Tourism

Sacred Heart Center

The Community Foundation

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

Virginia Public Media

Virginia Opera

Virginia Tech

Virginia Tribal Education Consortium

HONOR ROLL OF DONORS FISCAL YEAR 2024

$100,000+

Blandford Rees Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. Austin

Brockenbrough III

Mr. and Mrs. Harry F. Byrd, III

Cabell Foundation

Beirne Carter Foundation

Mary Louise Chrisman

Charitable Trust

Mary Louise Chrisman

Family Trust

Community Foundation for a greater Richmond

Melanie Trent De Schutter and Melanie Trent

Family Foundation

Goode Family Foundation and David, Susan, Christina, and Martha Goode

June H. Guthrie Foundation

Conrad Mercer Hall

Brenton S. Halsey^, Lindsay

Graham Halsey^, and Halsey Family

Russell and Susan Harper

Herndon Foundation

McGuireWoods

Lisa and Bill Moore

Katherine and Jack Nelson

William and Ann Oppenhimer

Anne Mullen Orrell

Charitable Trust, Bank of America, N.A., Trustee

Mary Morton Parsons Foundation

Red Gates Foundation

Virginia Sargeant

Reynolds Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. E. Claiborne

Robins, Jr.

Dr. Pamela K. Royall

Mr. and Mrs. Gerald

F. Smith, Jr.

Helen Marie Taylor Charitable Foundation, Inc.

Bob and Lynn Taylor

Mr. and Mrs. J. Tracy Walker IV

Weinstein Properties

We gratefully acknowledge the support of all donors to the Virginia Museum of History & Culture (VMHC). Donors with cumulative giving of $250 or more during our most recent fiscal year 2024 (July 2023 – June 2024) are recognized below. Donor-advised funds of the Community Foundation for a greater Richmond are indicated by (*). Deceased donors are indicated by (^).

$50,000 – $99,999

American Electric Power Foundation

H. Furlong Baldwin and Summerfield Baldwin, Jr. Foundation

Aggie and Richard Cullen and Cullen Family Fund*

Dominion Energy

Virginia R. Edmunds and Virginia Edmunds

Donor-Advised Fund

Farrell Family and Anne Garland Farrell

Peter and Christie Farrell

Florence Bryan Fowlkes and Florence Bryan Fowlkes Fund*

Gen. and Mrs. John P. Jumper

Loupassi Family Mars, Inc.

Virginia Law Foundation

Windsor Foundation

$25,000 – $49,999

E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation

Dr. and Mrs. Charles C. Chadbourn III

Chesapeake Corporation Foundation Fund*

CultureWorks, Inc.

Mr. and Mrs. William H. Fralin, Jr.

Bryan Hagen

M. Buie Harwood

Albert P. Hinckley, Jr.

Pam and Bill O’Connor

Mrs. Chiswell D. L. Perkins and Perkins Fund*

R.E.B. Foundation*

Mary S. Doss, Martha S. Pellington, Virginia H. Spratley, and Virginia H.

Spratley Charitable Fund*

Estate of George G. W. Stoner

Barbara J. Thalhimer and William B. Thalhimer, Jr. Family Fund*

Estate of Donald H.

C. Timberlake

TowneBank Richmond

Virginia Humanities

Wall Foundation

Whiting-Turner Contracting Company

$10,000 - $24,999

Atlantic Union Bank

Bank of America Charitable Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. David Beran

Laura H. Boland

Brockenbrough

Dr. Tamara Charity-Brown and Carlos M. Brown

Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Cabell

Elisabeth Reed Carter

Charitable Lead Trust

Charles Fund, Inc.

George D. Dill Family Foundation

Margaret Massie Disharoon

Charitable Lead Trust

Thomas L. Disharoon

Charitable Lead Trust

Helen E. Dragas Foundation

John W. Edmonds IV

Louise and George Freeman

Michelle Gluck and John McGurl and Michelle Gluck Fund

Gray Holdings, LLC

Hamilton Beach Brands, Inc.

Wilbur Moreland Havens

Charitable Foundation

Katharine and Eugene Hickok

Mr. and Mrs. Linwood A. Lacy, Jr. and Constance C. and Linwood A. Lacy, Jr. Foundation

Mars Foundation

Massey Foundation

Anna Baldwin and Gregory Evers May and May

Charitable Fund

Mr. and Mrs. William H. Mears

Matthew and Genevieve

Mezzanotte Foundation, Bank of America, N.A., Trustee

General and Mrs.

Richard B. Myers

National Endowment for the Humanities

Norfolk Southern Foundation

Moses D. Nunnally, Jr. Charitable Trust

Anne Carter and Walter R. Robins, Jr. Foundation

Paul D. Ross, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Everett C. Sherrill

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Slater, Jr.

Slatten-MacDonald Fund*

Mr. and Mrs. Fred T. Tattersall and Fred T. Tattersall Fund*

Judy and Marshall Taylor

Universal Leaf Foundation

Virginia Tourism Corporation

Linda M. Warren

René Wenleder

G. Michael Wildasin

The Hon. and Mrs. Glenn Youngkin and Suzanne and Glenn Youngkin Fund

$5,000 - $9,999

A. Marshall Acuff, Jr.

John B. Adams, Jr.

Elizabeth and Tom Allen and Clovelly Foundation

Melody Barnes and Marland Buckner and Barnes Buckner Family Fund

Mr. and Mrs. J. Read Branch, Jr., JR and JD Branch Family Fund, and Overton and Katharine Dennis Fund

Lisa-Margaret S. Bryan and L.S. and J.S. Bryan Fund*

Elizabeth D. Camp, P. Douglas Camp IV, and Ruth Camp Campbell Foundation

Warren Fulton Chauncey Chrisman Family Foundation

Louise B. Cochrane

Charitable Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. William C. Davis

Joanie Eiland and Randy Laird Garden Club of Virginia

Carolyn H. Garner and

Thomas F. Garner, Jr. and Dr. and Mrs. William V. Garner

Mrs. Martin L. Giles and Martin L. and Patricia H. Giles Fund*

Mr. and Mrs. Stephen M. Goddard and Stephen M. and Cheryl G. Goddard Family Fund*

Hamilton Family Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. Richard K. Hines

Emily S. and Coleman A. Hunter Charitable Trust

The Hon. C. N. Jenkins, Jr. and Dr. Pamela Royal Jenkins and Pamela Royal Jenkins and C. N. Jenkins, Jr. Fund*

Kip Kephart Foundation

James W. Klaus

MCV Foundation

Dr. Jan Meck

Charlotte M. Minor and Charlotte and G. Gilmer

Minor, III Charitable Fund

Charles Stewart Mott Foundation

Jennifer and Edward Mullen

NewMarket Corporation

Family of Harry Frazier, III and Oakenwould Fund*

Kevin and Theresa Osborne

Donald Pomplun

Reed Smith LLP

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Reedy and TNJR Charitable Fund

Helen and Taylor Reveley

Rock Foundation

William and Elizabeth Seegar

The Hon. John W. Snow and Snow Foundation

Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia

Ruth K. Stotts

Marcia and Harry Thalhimer

Universal Leaf Tobacco Company, Inc.

University of Richmond

Mr. and Mrs. Larry Wetsel

$2,500 – $4,999

B. Marc and Shannon

Allen and Allen Fund

Appalachian Power

Sarah Arenstein Levy and Arenstein Family Fund*

Wendy and John Asbury and John and Wendy Asbury Fund

Bartlett Tree Experts

Helen and David Bernd

Susan S. Bogese

Jamie and Emily Bosket

Margaret and Al Broaddus

Dr. and Mrs. Donald S. Brown

Byrd Family Foundation

Mary Ann DeTrana

Estes Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. Robey W. Estes, Estes Express Lines of Richmond, and Estes Express

Lines Charitable Fund

Carol and Carter Fox and Carol and Carter

Fox Family Fund*

Page S. Frischkorn

Joyce S. and William R. Gibbings

Mr. and Mrs. William H. Goodwin, Jr. and Commonwealth Foundations

Allen C. Goolsby III

Nancy and Bruce Gottwald

Helen I. Graham

Charitable Foundation

Betsy and Jim Greene and Jim and Betsy Greene

Charitable Fund

Victoria D. and Drew

Alan Harker

Kiwi and Landon Hilliard and Hilliard Family DAF

Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP

Mr. and Mrs. Edward Jennings and Franklin P. and Arthur W. Perdue Foundation, Inc.

Mr. and Mrs. Van Dyke Jones II

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Joynes

Alex Kershaw

Mr. and Mrs. Luther Kissam

IV and Kissam Family

Charitable Fund

Kiwanis Club of Richmond

Philip W. Klaus, Jr., Sandra L. Mihaloff, and Nathalie L.

Klaus Charitable Lead Trust

Susan B. Kremer

Dr. and Mrs. John Manzari and Sharon L. and Jack A. Manzari Fund

The Hon. Elizabeth A. McClanahan

Robert N. McKenney

Kathleen Markowitz, John and Diana Markowitz, and Thomas M. Moore

Charitable Endowment*

National Society Daughters of Colonial Wars, Inc.

Noland Memorial Foundation

Karen Palen and J. John Palen

Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Posey and Richard and Ann Posey

Charitable Gift Fund

Mr. and Mrs. E. Bryson Powell

Mr. and Mrs. Theodore W.

Price and T. H. and N. H. Price Foundation

Scott Insurance

Alice H. Siegel and Chericoke Foundation

Evalane Slaughter

Bob and Melinda Sledd

Dr. Ilse Snoeks and Dr. Jan Gheuens

Mr. and Mrs. Richard G. Tilghman and Tilghman Family Fund*

Trolley Hospitality Companies

Robert M. Turnbull

Jim and Bobbie Ukrop and Ukrop’s Endowment Fund*

The Hon. and Mrs. J. Harvie Wilkinson III

Mary and Fritz Will

Jane and Blair Wimbush and Blair and Jane Wimbush Fund

$1,000 – $2,499

Dr. Makola M. Abdullah and Dr. Ahkinyala Cobb-Abdullah

Joni Albrecht

George F. Albright, Jr.

William Allcott

Anne Cary Allen and Mrs. Anne

Cary Allen Charitable Fund

Cindi and Jeff Allen

Scottie and Chuck Alley

Neil and Amishi Amin

Mr. and Mrs. S. Wyndham

Anderson

Jane H. Armfield and Jane

H. and William J. Armfield, IV Nongrantor CLAT

Sherrie and Gary Armstrong

Carl Avers

Mr. and Mrs. Arthur

Backstrom, Jr.

Robin D. Baliles

Tinky Scott and Tod Balsbaugh

Lisa Barker

Mr. and Mrs. Gary A. Barranger

Mr. and Mrs. Frank Batten, Jr.

Richard L. Beadles and Richard and Juanita

Beadles Family Fund*

Mr. and Mrs. Tim Beane

Cabell Birdsong

Mr. and Mrs. Roger L. Boeve

Judy and Bill Boland

Burgess Burn Bradshaw and Melville Foundation

Victor and Michele Branch

Caroline Y. Brandt

Robin Brewster and Victor Smith

Keane Hollomon Britton

Joan P. Brock and Brock Foundation

Kathleen Brower and R. Keith Brower

Natalie Brown and Vaughan

W. Brown Family

Mr. and Mrs. Orran L.

Brown and Mr. and Mrs. Orran L. Brown Fund

The Rev. and Mrs. Wm. Hill Brown, III

Dr. Charles F. Bryan, Jr.

Paige and Henry Butler

Gretchen C. Byrd

Mr. and Mrs. George E. Calvert, Jr.

Joann and Victor O. Cardwell

Mr. and Mrs. James Carreras

Valerie D. and Miles Cary, Jr.

Donna Case

J. P. Causey, Jr.

Cavalier Land, Inc.

Christian and Barton LLP

Catherine R. Claiborne

Mr. and Mrs. Herbert

A. Claiborne III

Kristin and Trevor Cox

Mr. and Mrs. James

E. Crinkley, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. John R. Curtis, Jr.

Cary F. Dabney

Mr. and Mrs. Robert

E. L. deButts

Betty Layne Des Portes

Dominion Payroll

Mary Ellen Donaghy

W. Birch Douglass III

Jo Anne Draucker and Jim Thompson

Ammon G. Dunton, Jr.

Electrosonic, Inc.

Richmond, Va., Branch of the English-Speaking Union

Robert C. Farmer

Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey B. Ferrill

Maureen D. Field

Fran Zemmel and Clifford B. Fleet III

Patty and Stan Florer

Charles K. and May H. Fox

Mr. and Mrs. W.

Heywood Fralin

Jeanne and William Franklin

John H. Frischkorn

Palmer and Douglas Garson

Gentry Locke Attorneys

Mr. and Mrs. L. Meriwether German

Robert and Lynne Glasser

Anthony J. Gonzales

Mr. and Mrs. Jim Green

David P. Grogan

Sandra G. Palkins and William K. Grogan

The Hon. Aimee R. and Bill Guidera

Patricia W. Hackler, Ed.D.

Margaret C. Hager, Hager Family Fund, and John H. and Margaret C. Hager Fund*

Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Hall, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. John Hanrahan

Mr. and Mrs. Paul C. Harris

County of Henrico, Virginia

Deborah Hinton

James A. Hixon

Rosemary Hodges

Marion and Guy Horsley

Helen Horwitz

Jane Hotchkiss

Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Dick Howard

Mr. and Mrs. John Huber

Constance Pechura and James C. Ingram and Constance Pechura and James Ingram Fund

Institute of Museum and Library Services

Irongate Capital Advisors

Tammy and Brian K. Jackson

Dr. and Mrs. Charles M. James

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Jefferson III

JMJ Corporation

Mr. and Mrs. F. Claiborne

Johnston, Jr.

Col. Kristen Raines and Maj. Gen. Stephen L. Jones

Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Kaplan

Vivian Keasler

Keiter

Deborah and John Kemper and Kemper Family Fund*

Elizabeth and John Kenten

Ann and John Kilian

Dana Dunbar King

Susan L. Klaus and Nathalie L.

Klaus Charitable Lead Trust

Dr. and Mrs. James Lamberti and Lamberti Family Fund

Mr. and Mrs. Alan L. Landis

Elizabeth C. Stevenson and Dr. Nelson D. Lankford

Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Large

Anna and Thomas Lawson

Richard A. Lawson

Mary and Ted Linhart

Mr. and Mrs. James F. Lipscomb, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Henry P. Long, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. John A. Luke, Jr.

David and Patricia Lyons

Mr.^ and Mrs. William T. Mace

Mr. and Mrs. George W. Macon III

Mr. and Mrs. George L. Mahoney

Cynthia Advani Marshall

The Hon. and Mrs.

Everett A. Martin, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Donald Martin

Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Massie, Jr.

Adrienne Maxwell

Lynne McClendon

Carol A. McCoy

The Hon. Stephen McCullough

Mr. and Mrs. Charles G. McDaniel

Eileen M. McDermott

John Lee McElroy, Jr.

Elizabeth and Joseph McGowan

Alice R. McGuire and Alice Reed and Hunter

McGuire Fund*

Mary Richie McGuire

McKinnon and Harris, Inc.

Ethel L. Mezger

Bill Michie III

Military Aviation Museum

J. Clifford Miller, III, Miller Family Fund*, and Cliff Miller Family Endowment*

Dr. Linda Karen Miller

The Hon. William C. Mims

Phyllis A. Moore

Dorothy Moore^, Kathleen Markowitz, John and Diana Markowitz, and Dr. William T. and Dorothy D. Moore Family Charitable Endowment*

Lindsey and Curry Motley

Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia Fund*

National Society of the Colonial Dames

Mr. and Mrs. John F. Newsom III

Nikki Nicholau

Emily J. Ott

Larry and Cindy Palmer

Kerri and Neil Palmer

The Rev. Caroline S. Parkinson

Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth M. Perry

Patsy K. Pettus

Anna and Joe L. Powers, Jr.

Debra Prillaman

Carolyn B. Pulliam and Walter M. Pulliam, Jr.

Clyde and Carolyn Ratcliffe

Mr. and Mrs. James C. Redford, Jr.

Katherine G. Remick and Howard V. Gwaltney Trust

J. Sargeant Reynolds, Jr.

Dr. James T. Rhodes

Xavier R. Richardson

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Riopelle

Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Rollston

Rouse-Bottom Foundation, Inc.

Patti Ryan and Pete Wagner and Robert E. McConnell Foundation

Robert S. Schmidt and Melanie Bolling

James Schuyler and Frank Dellinger

Kathryn and W. Harry Schwarzschild Fund

Mr. and Mrs. Marc B. Sharp

Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert L. Shelton and Gilbert and Judy Shelton Charitable Fund

Richard Slatten Endowment For Virginia History*

Rita M. Smith

Sarah M. Smith

Susan Snyder

Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Virginia

Mr. and Mrs. Jack Spain, Jr.

Jane Bassett Spilman

Ellen E. Spong and Augustus C. Epps, Jr.

Jane R. Stafford

Martha W. Steger

Conni and Sid Stern and Stern Foundation

Mary Elizabeth Stewart

Barbara Basl Stokey

Rita Stone

James C. Stribling

Arthur Kellerman and Leila Taaffe and Arthur Kellerman and Leila Taaffe Fund*

Carol Tanner

Kathryn Gillespie Thurman

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Todd

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas H. Tullidge, Jr. and Tullidge Family Fund*

Dr. and Mrs. Roger H. Tutton

Jayne and Bobby Ukrop

Margaret and Massie Valentine

Mary S. Johnson and Marion Moncure Wall

John Warkentin

Waynesburg University

Jacqueline S. Westfall

Mr. and Mrs. B. Brisco White, III and Good Shepherd Fund

Dr. and Mrs. H. George White, Jr.

Dr. David C. Whitehead, Jr.

Anne M. Whittemore

Fielding L. Williams, Jr.

Isabella G. Witt

Joyce and Bill Wooldridge and William C. and Joyce N. Wooldridge Fund

Edward A. Wyatt V

Dr. and Mrs. Douglas E. Ziegenfuss, Sr.

$500 - $999

Allegra Marketing, Print, Mail

Mary S. and Jonathan Arnold

Ralph Ashton

Asian and Latino

Solidarity Alliance

Ann M. Askew

Elizabeth E. Askew

Mr. and Mrs. Frank B. Atkinson

Mr. and Mrs. Charles Ayers, Jr.

Thomas Bakke

Mr. and Mrs. David S. Bankos

Mr. and Mrs. John L. Barnes, Jr.

Barbara Day Bass

John Batzel

Dr. Mary Lynn Bayliss and Dr. John Temple Bayliss

Linda and Billy Beale

Marty and John Beall

Kimberly Vullo and Paul Benson

J. Edward Betts

Dr. William E. Blake, Jr.

Candace A. Blydenburgh and Carl B. Weiss

Mary Buford and Frederick P. Hitz and Bocock/Hitz Fund

Ryan W. Boggs

Cathy and Howard Bos and Bos Family Charitable Fund

Frank B. Bradley

William G. Broaddus

Evelyn M. Bryson

Mrs. Randolph B. Cardozo

Rejena G. Carreras

Lucretia A. Carrico Cliborne

Ann and Kevin Casey

Kim C. Clements

James O. Cobb

Catherine M. Conover

Susan C. Coogan

Mrs. Robert Sibley Cooper, Jr.

Matthew L. Cushman

Col. (Ret.) and Mrs.

Thomas Dalton

Victoria G. Daniel

Mr. and Mrs. W. Stuart Darling

Mr. and Mrs. Bradfute

W. Davenport, Jr.

Steven C. Deal

Rebecca and Philip Deemer

The Hon. H. Benson Dendy III

Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence

Robert V. Doggett, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Hugh G. Edmunds, Jr.

J. Christopher Ellis

Brenda Gayle Epperson

Susan E. Estes

Mary Ross Reed Fisher

Dianne and James Forsythe

Dr. Rogers M. Fred III

Irene Frey

Amy Marschean and Paul Gilding

A. G. Goodykoontz

Mr. and Mrs. Gary M. Gore

Dr. Katherine L. Smallwood and Dr. Robert B. Gottschalk

Mary Frances R. Gravitt

Thomas C. Gresham

H. Mark Groth

Johnny and Shannon Grymes

Sandra and Ted Guarriello

David W. Haines

Terri Halperin and Alexander L. Wolman

Mr. and Mrs. G. Bernard Hamilton

Anne C. Hamlett

Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Hardie

Mr. and Mrs. Larry E. Harrison

Jacqueline and Richard Harwood

Dr. June S. Henderson and Dr. Cliff Henderson

R. Neil Hening

Hereditary Order of Descendants of Colonial Governors

Stephen A. Herman

Caroline Hunton High

Mr. and Mrs. W. Barry Hofheimer and MarksHofheimer Foundation

Jean and David Holman

Kathleen Maccio and Dennis Holman

Jo Ann and Peter Howard

The Hon. and Mrs. William J. Howell

William Huneke

Mrs. Wilbur L. Jenkins, Jr.

Barbara Worrell Jessup^

Elizabeth S. Johnston and Elizabeth Johnston Charitable Fund

Mr. and Mrs. Basil M. Jones, Jr.

Mrs. Alex J. Kay, Jr.

John B. Keefe

Robert P. Kegley

Elizabeth and Dale Kostelny

Ann and Steve Kramer

Bonita Krochmal

Barbara Lawrence

Sally and Fontaine Lawson

Margaret Talley Lee

Mr. and Mrs. S. William Livingston, Jr.

Elizabeth Terry Long and Elizabeth T. Long Charitable Giving Fund

A. John Lucas

Mr. and Mrs. Martin Lukes

Marine Corps Heritage Foundation

Martha A. Martin

Mr. and Mrs. Frank Massey

Mr. and Mrs. Van McAdoo

Joyce and F. Brian McNeil

Kathie and Robert Menuet

Ellen Moseley

Vicki Taylor Murphy

Jane W. Nelson

Walker Noland

Darren J. Nolt

W. Kemp Norman, Jr.

Robert O. Oakes

Ashley Power O’Connor

Order of First Families of Virginia

Dr. and Mrs. Alan M. Padgett

Eric Perkins

Mary S. Petersen

Peyton Society of Virginia

Mr. and Mrs. George G. Phillips, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. James N. Plotkin and Gail and Jim Plotkin Fund

Mrs. Fred G. Pollard

The Hon. and Mrs. Oliver

A. Pollard, Jr. and The Honorable and Mrs. Oliver A. Pollard, Jr. Fund*

Robert Dean Pope

Mr. and Mrs. R. Gregory Porter III

Bruce A. Ragsdale

Baron P. Schwartz and Dr. Lynn Rainville

C. Andrew Ramstetter

Mrs. Virgil P. Randolph III

Marika A. Rawles

Mr. and Mrs. Brewster S. Rawls

Robin D. Ray

Florence M. Reese

Katherine and John Reid

Maria Wornom Rippe

Alice and Ed Rivas

Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Roach

Robbins Landscaping, Inc.

Martha L. Robertson

Patricia L. Rose

Mark N. Roth

Marnie and Daniel Scherder

James M. Schnell

Mr. and Mrs. Greg Sekelsky

Michele and Evan Settle

Cmdr. and Mrs. Stuart

W. Settle, Jr.

Gloria and David Sharrar

Dr. Lee C. Sheppard, Jr.

Annette R. Sherman

J. Kelly Shirley

Darryl Spicer

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson Sprenkle

Elizabeth Locke and John Staelin

Philippa Stairs

Carl Steidtmann and Kathleen Cline

Mr. and Mrs. Philip E. Stephens

Mr. and Mrs. Allan Strange

Mr. and Mrs. Edward B. Suplee

Mr. and Mrs. Lee Sutphin

Harry T. Taliaferro III

Dr. and Mrs. Ashby B. Taylor III

Mr. and Mrs. W. McIlwaine

Thompson

Judith Watson Tidd

Dr. and Mrs. C. Kent Titus

Marshall Tucker

Valentine Museum

Mr. and Mrs. Ned Valentine

and Ned and Laura Valentine Family Fund*

J. Gordon Valentine

Mr. and Mrs. Robert

J. Van Sickle

Virginia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution

Harriett Waldrop

Amanda Walker and Mark Baush

Dr. and Mrs. White

McKenzie Wallenborn

Winfred O. Ward

Dr. and Mrs. H.

Hudnall Ware III

Mr. and Mrs. Peter Way

Dr. Camille Wells

Kathryn Whitlock and Katherine Nicol

Rev. Dr. Barry Whittemore

Mr. and Mrs. Ronald

A. Williams, Sr.

Mr. and Mrs. Steven R. Williams

Sarah and Terrell Williams

Sue and Tim Williams

J. Reid Williamson

Dr. and Mrs. Wilhelm

A. Zuelzer

$250 – $499

Wendy and Doug Albach

Apostolic Christian Church Foundation

Frazier and Brad Armstrong

Mr. and Mrs. Charles

B. Arrington, Jr.

Rosemarie Ashton

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Askew

Sally Bagley

Beatrice and Rick Bailey

J. Ballato

Mr. and Mrs. Eric E. Ballou

Dale F. Baronian

Joanne Barreca

Baskervill

Jeffrey G. Bassett

Diann Bates

Anne Battle and Leonard Slater

Anne M. Beals

John D. Bean

Dr. and Mrs. Wyatt

Sanford Beazley III

Dr. and Mrs. Alfred Beck

Mr. and Mrs. Alexander

B. Berry III

Mr. and Mrs. R. Crist Berry

Denise B. Bethel

Col. R. N. Bierly

Vickie Blanchard

Rhona and Irving Blank

Blue Sky Fund

Jeanne and Deane Blythe

Catherine A. Boe

Susan and Pete Boisseau

Canan K. and James N. Boomer

Ruth Ann and John H. Bowman

Mrs. Paul Boyan

Margaret and Ronald Brand

Dr. Richard Bream

Amy L. Breedlove

David G. Brickley

Arthur Brinkley III

Mr. and Mrs. Peter E.

Broadbent, Jr.

Jeffery C. Bromm

Jacquelyn Brooks

Sarah L. Brown

Cynthia and William Bryant

Kevin J. Burke and Steven Browning

Dr. and Mrs. Barry W. Burkhardt

Ann and Phil Burks

Carolyn and Brian Burns

Heidi and Daniel Butler

Mr. and Mrs. Robert

W. Cabaniss, Jr.

Susan Stevens and Temple Cabell

Camp Mont Shenandoah

Boyd Campbell and Margaret Kuhn

Jane H. Carlson

Mr. and Mrs. J. Scott Carreras

Cartledge Foundation, Inc.

Dr. Carol Cash

Mrs. Kenneth E. Chapek

Frances and David Chelmow

Susan Cherney and Tom Cahill

Michael B. Chesson

Courtney Clements

Susan and Richard Cocke

Mrs. Howson Cole III

Marcia and James Collier

Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Catherine and Ernie Connon

Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Cooke III

Susan and Joe Corso

Jody and James Crosland

Anne Gordon Curran

Maria Curran

Mr. and Mrs. Clifford

A. Cutchins IV and Cutchins Family Fund*

G. Sanford Dallas

Elizabeth Daly

Gary L. Darden

Elizabeth A. Darling

Mr. and Mrs. James C. Darling

Sandra and Bruce Davis

Barbara and H. Talmage Day

Dr. David B. Dearinger and Darrell Ung

Dr. Mary A. DeCredico

Mr. and Mrs. David Dickson

Linda and Brooke Doggett

Bob and Diana Donnelly

Joni and Mark Dray

Dr. and Mrs. Paul Drzewiecki

E. A. Holsten, Inc.

Molly Felton

Jennifer and Christopher Flinchum

Lt. Col. John B. Forsyth, USA, Ret.

Meg and Andrew Foster

Mr. and Mrs. David Frediani

Karen S. Friend

Karena L. and Trenton

L. Funkhouser

Victor J. Galan

Mr. and Mrs. George

P. Gardner, Sr.

Mr. and Mrs. William R. Gardner, Jr.

Robert M. Gaura

Leigh and Jerry Gilbert

David Goldman

Mr. and Mrs. Alexander C. Graham

Hatch D. S. Grandy

Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Gray

William L. Gregg

Karen Gresham

Mr. and Mrs. Peter Dun Grover

Elizabeth Gundlach

Mr. and Mrs. John O. Gwathmey

Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H. Hall

Jane U. Hamilton and Stephen O’Brien

Joanna Hamnett

Deborah and David Harless

Michael S. Harris

Jane and Jim Hartough

Mr. and Mrs. Steve Haut

Pat and Harry Haynsworth

Sandra W. Heinemann

Dr. and Mrs. Walter P. Hempfling

Mr. and Mrs. R. Page Henley, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Hill and Norcross Fund

Greg Hite

Mr. and Mrs. John C. Hoggan

Chris and Beth Houlihan

Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Hubbard

L. Peyton Humphrey

Renee K. Hylton

Lindsay Ideson

Tina Irwin

Dr. Rose M. Isgrigg

Mr. and Mrs. Bruce B. James

Mr. and Mrs. Leland T. James

Bonnie Hofmeyer

Jefferson Legacy Foundation

John Walker Jones

Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Jones

Crawley F. Joyner III

Dr. Dale Kalkofen

Shirley A. Kerns

Matthew Bulleit Kirby

Dr. and Dr. Peter S. Kirkpatrick

George F. Knight

Elliott Krash

Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Kulp

Lisa Lackovitch

Mrs. Dunbar Lawson, Jr.

Mrs. Edward Legum and Edward and Ruth Legum Family Fund

Alan L. Lengel and Dr. Pam R. Lengel

Mr. and Mrs. William H. Lewis

Dr. and Mrs. Steven Linas

Megan R. and Christopher D. Lloyd

Katherine C. Lowden

Kirk and Sarah Ludwig

Dr. Velimir A. C. Luketic

Christopher J. Lumpkin

Alastair S. Macdonald

Mr. and Mrs. Charles G. Mackall, Jr.

Kathleen H. MacKay

Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Madden

George Marion

Dr. and Mrs. Norman J. Marks

Mr. and Mrs. William C. McAllister

Richard L. McCluney, Jr.

Mary K. McDonald

Dr. Anne H. McElroy and John L. McElroy III

Dr.^ and Mrs. Read F. McGehee, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. J. Thomas McGrath

Patricia T. and Steven C. McNeal

Lucy Meade

Brenda and C. Q. Meadows

Dr. Mark H. Merson and Patricia T. Merson

Bonita Metz

Jane Sper and Pat Millen

Dr. and Mrs. Charles A. Miller

Dr. Randall M. Miller

Wallace B. and Elizabeth Millner

Jessica Mitchell

Monica Monday

Melissa and Michael Montoya

The Hon. Norman K. Moon

John W. Moore, Jr.

Susan and Ken Moorman

Sara Moriarty

Kim and Wayne Motsek

Richard Murad

Mr. and Mrs. Charles Myers

Joyce and Ronald M. Nash

Naval Order of the United States

Mr. and Mrs. G.

Andrew Nea, Jr.

Jane D. Newell

Jim Newlin and Silvie Granatelli

The Hon. Pauline Newman

Mr. and Mrs. Edward

B. Norfleet, Sr.

Mr. and Mrs. Read

M. Northen, Jr.

Lou and Herbert Norton

Helen and Chip Nunley

Douglas A. Nunn

Joe Obenshain

John H. and Laura

Burns OBrion

Dr. William L. Old III

Calvin Omohundro

Bonnie and James Overacre

Claude and Lamar Owen

Irvin Owings III

Pamela G. Palmore

June M. Pankey

Joseph Papa and John-

Stuart Fauquet

Elizabeth Jackson Parrish

Gay and Bob Pasley

Mr. and Mrs. Richard

L. Patterson

Sharon and Edson Pederson

Mary Ann and Brian Peppiatt

Ginny and Coleman Perrin

Janet Porter Peyton

Thomas Phelps

Nathaniel D. Philbrick

M. Kirk Pickerel

Edward L. Pickett

Linda Pierce

Anita and Jerald Pilling

Jamie Poindexter

Elizabeth Outka and Trip Pollard

Florence Annette Powell

Cicely and Ken Powell

Debbie and William Powers

Dr. Todd F. Prough and Andres Gonzalez

Vicki and John Ralls

Julia E. Randle

Janet Raychouni

Jack and Cindy Reasor

Helen G. Redford^

Dr. and Mrs. Robert J. Resnick

Deborah L. Rice

George S. Rich and George

S. Rich Foundation

Diane E. and Rick

Richardson, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. William

M. Richardson

David Rieling

Edward H. Rinaca

Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. Rizzo

The Hon. and Mrs.

Charles S. Robb

Liza Rodman and Tim Rutherford

Dr. Harold Rohrs

Barbara and Barry Rose

Harold H. Ross

Helen P. Ross and Richard M. Rice

Mr. and Mrs. Douglas

P. Rucker, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Oscar A. Ruiz

Gerald D. Runkle

Austin Tucker and William L. Sachs

Jean and Douglas Salter

Jeffrey Sarmonis

J. B. Saunders

Laura Leigh Savage and Jake Savage

Karren E. Scott

Mr. and Mrs. R. Strother Scott and Massie Scott Fund*

Marian G. Selby

Mr. and Mrs. William D. Selden

Jane Whitt and W. David Sellers

Julie Semp and Julie Elgart

Semp and Bernie Albert Semp Giving Fund

Mr. and Mrs. J. Timothy Sexton

Janice D. Shaughnessy

Mr. and Mrs. Thaddeus

R. Shelly III

Mr. and Mrs. O. B. Shreaves, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. John G. Shuck

Pat and Michael Shutterly

Suzanne and Alec Silitch

Cheryl and Bruce Skalbeck

Colleen and Moffett Skinner

Dr. Larissa M. Smith and John D. Miller

Nelson K. Smith

The Rev. Dr. W. Becket Soule

Margaret A. Southwick

Dr. and Mrs. R.P. Sowers

Mary Y. Spencer

Nan Spinks

Elizabeth and Timothy Spivey

Dr. William C. Spracher and Dr. Karen A. Spracher

William M. Stribling, Jr.

Rev. and Mrs. Charles Summers

Martha and David Swafford

Alison Swann

Mr. and Mrs. Samuel

L. Tarry, Jr.

Edward Testa and Kathleen Hubany

Sara Lee Thacker

Christine N. and Brandon

N. Thomas

Stephen Carr Thompson, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. John W.

Thornton, Jr.

Nancy H. Thornton and Evan Leslie

Laura and Rick Thornton

Mr. and Mrs. Christopher A. Tignor

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson

M. Torrence

Mr. and Mrs. Ronald L. Traylor

John D. Trezise

Dr. and Mrs. Banks Turner

Stephanie Vale

Linda Vitek

Sec. Travis Voyles and Jessica West

Dr. Peter Wallenstein

Kathi and Todd Walton

Mike and Jan Ward

Mary and Douglas Waters

Mr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Watson

Mr. and Mrs. Stephen

H. Watts II

Mr. and Mrs. Hill B. Wellford, Jr.

S. Diane and David West

Katherine Wetzel

Kim and George Whitfield

Barbara Wilbur

Gene C. Wilkinson

Mrs. E. Otto N. Williams, Jr.

Gary M. Williams

Suzanne Hall and Joseph G. Willis

Sylvia Winterling and Jocelyne Winterling

Frederick Woodruff

Mr. and Mrs. Madison Wootton

Mr. and Mrs. Mark S. Workman

Mrs. Henry A. Yancey, Jr.

Gifts-in-Kind

Guy & Associates, LLC

Alex Kershaw

Pate and William H. Mears

Robins Cellars

Dr. Robert Satcher

Matching Gift Companies

Altria Group

Brockenbrough

Dominion Foundation

Matching Gift Program

ExxonMobil Foundation

Hamilton Beach Brands, Inc.

IAT Insurance Group

Markel Corporation

TowneBank Richmond

U.S. Bank Foundation

DONORS OF COLLECTIONS

The VMHC is also grateful for those who donated collection items in our most recent fiscal year 2024 (July 2023 – June 2024).

Donors to Library Collections

Curtis J. Badger

Kayleigh Barbee

Clay H. Barr and Mrs.

J.D.A. Barr

Viola Baskerville

Catherine A. Boe

Karen Marcum

Pendergrass Brandon

Austin Brockenbrough

Beverly Louise Brown, in memory of Elizabeth Brown Pryor

Hamilton W. Bryson

Susan H. Buffington, in honor of David E. Buffington

Jim L. and Lora I. Claunch

William W. Cole

James Michael Paschall Coleman III

Jane Cox

Brian A. Dementi

Jeri Dudley

Heather Ervin

John and Margaret Ferrell

Andrew Foster

Gibbs Smith Education

John Goode

Robert N. Grant

William M. Hackworth

James Herrera-Brookes History Press

Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler

Jim Huddle

Elizabeth Klaczynski

Nancy Kraus

Lonnie H. Lee

Edward G. Longacre

Louisiana State University Press

Jill McCarthy

Sarah Ellen McCartney

Jeffrey D. Miller

National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution

National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, Campbell Chapter, Nashville, TN

David Pembroke Neff

Jane D. Newell

Sarah B. Nock

Oneida County History Center, Utica, NY

Judd Proctor and Brian Burns

Evelyn “Randy” Ruffin

Estate of Carla Ann Schaaf, courtesy of Alexa Slonin

Paulette Schwarting

Karen Sherry, Ph.D.

Dan Smith

Billee Stallings

Karen Stokes

Laura E. G. Stoner

Paul M. Taylor, Ph.D.

Robert Lane Taylor

Rev. Dr. Arthur D. Thomas

Unitarian Universalist

Community Church, Glen Allen, VA

Leon Via

Kate Weis

David West

Tommy L. West, MD

Edward A. Wyatt V

Donors to Manuscripts Collections

Janet Anderson

Thomas Selden Baxter

Phyllis Sharp Loughborough Browning

Millicent C. Darby

Daphne Davies

William C. Davis

Tarina Esclapez

Nancy Hays Gottwald

Bryan Hagan

James S. Hollins, Jr.

G. V. Hudgins, Sr. Family

Gen. John P. Jumper

Heath H. Lee

Jean Luning-Johnson

Gerald P. McCarthy

Estate of Mary Wallach

Mitchell, courtesy of Emily Blair Stribling

Lisa R. Moore

Elizabeth Nalle

David Pembroke Neff

Oklahoma Historical Society

William M. S. Rasmussen

Sue Rowdon

Robert Rulon-Miller

Estate of Carla Ann Schaaf, courtesy of Alexa Slonin

Thomas G. Sclater

Brian Smith

Arthur Dicken Thomas, Jr.

Martha Lou Whitney

Elise H. Wright

Donors to Museum

Collections

Eddie Baird

Denise B. Bethel, in memory of Benjamin Carter Bethel

Byrd Epes Crowder Breast

Eric W. Carlson

Vernon L. Carter, Jr.

Estate of Mary W. M. Chewning by her daughter, Emily Blair Stribling

William W. Cole

Mary Janie McGehee and Robert P. Creecy

Kathryn Coiner Denney, great-granddaughter of Lt. Elijah Coiner

Samuel W. Edwards III

Folk Art Society of America

Griff Family, in honor of our dad, Harris Morton Griff

Emily Woodson Hanano

Family of Christopher Tompkins Heindl and Robert “Chub” Eldridge Evans

Elizabeth Klaczynski

Family of Dr. Shane Kraus

Dr. Elizabeth Moore

C. Cotesworth Pinckney

Ray Family, in memory of William G. Ray

West Family

Anna Winer

Sheila Wolfe

Woodson Family, in memory of William Hart Woodson, M.D.

Tribute Gifts

In honor of Dr. Charles F. Bryan, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Giles

In honor of Matthew Guillen,

James Herrera-Brookes, Carly Tarne, and Kate Weis

Melissa E. Butler and Mark M. Person

In honor of Dr. Nelson

D. Lankford

Dr. Randall M. Miller

In honor of Dr. Jan Meck

Jamie and Emily Bosket

In honor of L. Paige

Newman

Dana Dunbar King

In honor of Beth Seegar’s board service

Altria Group

In memory of Ted Allen

Anne Cary Allen

In memory of Eleanor Lewis Ebert

Daughters of Colonial Wars of North Carolina

In memory of Billy

Lee Graves

Laurie Shelton

In memory of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Grier

Grier Family Foundation, Inc.

In memory of Onell

R. Haseltine

Catherine A. Boe

In memory of Brenton

S. Halsey

Mr. and Mrs. J. Read Branch, Jr.

Mary Conner

Mr. and Mrs. Elliott

McPherson Harrigan

Jane Whitt and W. David Sellers

Dr. and Mrs. H. Hudnall Ware III

In memory of Effie

“Bobbie” Holder

Daughters of Colonial Wars of North Carolina

In memory of Daniel P. Jordan, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Austin

Brockenbrough III

In memory of Mary Myrick May

Daughters of Colonial Wars of North Carolina

In memory of G.

Gilmer Minor, III

Mr. and Mrs. Harry F. Byrd, III

In memory of Dorothy Moore

The Markowitz Family

In memory of William Pope

Lori and Harley Bassman

In memory of Elizabeth

Brown Pryor

Dr. Beverly Louise Brown

In memory of Charles L. Reed, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Austin

Brockenbrough III

In memory of Anne

“Panny” J.G. Rhodes

Catherine A. Boe

In memory of Donald L. Smith

Jean Connors

Susan Currie

Brooke Dallos

Maurita Peterson Holland

IAT Insurance Group

Nelson K. Smith

In memory of Helen

Marie Taylor

Samuel W. Daniel

Glavé & Holmes Architecture

In memory of O. Douglas Tice, Jr.

Dr. and Mrs. Michael Brown

Mr. and Mrs. Michael Kline

In memory of J. Latané Ware

Mrs. J. Latané Ware

JMC ADVISORY COUNCIL

The John Marshall Center (JMC), founded in 1987, educates learners of all ages about constitutional history and civics and explores the life and legacy of Chief Justice John Marshall. The JMC became a signature study center of the VMHC in 2023.

Ryan W. Boggs

Henry N. Butler

Gretchen C. Byrd

Trevor S. Cox

The Honorable Stephen R. McCullough

Belinda D. Jones

James C. Stribling

WEDDELL SOCIETY

We greatly appreciate the members of the Weddell Society for their foresight and generosity to include the VMHC in their estate plans.

John B. Adams, Jr.

Elizabeth and Tom Allen

The Hon. Gerald L. Baliles^

Juanita H.^ and Richard L. Beadles

Denise B. Bethel

Caroline Y. Brandt

Jane^ and Austin

Brockenbrough III

Dr. Donald S. and Beejay Brown

Carolyn M.^ and Charles F. Bryan, Jr.

Jeanette Rowe Cadwallender and Nicholas John Cadwallender

Dr. Gene R. Carter

Warren Fulton Chauncey

Gary L. Darden

Norwood and Marguerite Davis

Melanie Trent De Schutter

I. B. Dent

W. Birch Douglass III

Jo Anne Wade Draucker

Virginia R. Edmunds

Maureen and Ben Field^

Frances Jobson Francis^

Anne Hobson Freeman

Michelle Gluck and John McGurl

C. Hobson Goddin

Eugene Ellis Golden

Mr. and Mrs.^ Conrad M. Hall

Mr. and Mrs. G.

Bernard Hamilton

M. Buie Harwood

R. Neil Hening

Albert P. Hinckley, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Keith A. Hubbard

Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Jones

Leroy A. Keller, Jr.

Richard Labunski

Dr. Nelson D. Lankford

Mrs. James T. Lyon

Alastair S. Macdonald

Justice Elizabeth A. McClanahan

Jean Booth^ and Robert N. McKenney

Dr. Jan Meck

Dr. Eddie N. Moore, Jr.

William and Ann Oppenhimer

Nicholas A. Pappas

James H. Price III

Taylor and Helen Reveley

Dr. and Mrs.^ James T. Rhodes

Pamela K. Royall

Scottie and Tom Slater

Snead Family Foundation

Hugh R. Stallard

George W. G. Stoner^

Ruth Stotts

Stevenson T. Walker

Mr.^ and Mrs. John West III

G. Michael Wildasin

Mary and Fritz Will

Jane and Blair Wimbush

It is thanks to the generosity of our donors that the VMHC continues to collect, preserve, and interpret the Commonwealth’s history.

To support ongoing efforts, visit VirginiaHistory.org/Give or make your donation in the included return envelope.

VIRGINIA JOURNEYS

UPCOMING JOURNEYS

February 26, 2025

Patrick Henry: Historic St. John’s Church, Historic Hanover Courthouse & Old Stone Jail, and Patrick Henry’s Scotchtown

March 25–26, 2025

Virginia’s Blue Ridge: Floyd and Franklin Counties and Roanoke (overnight trip)

Visit The Blue Ridge Institute & Museum of Ferrum College, The Eleanor D. Wilson Museum at Hollins University, The O. Winston Link Museum, Roanoke History Museum, and have lunch at the famed Floyd Country Store

April 9, 2025

Lee’s Retreat: Sailor’s Creek Battlefield State Park, American Civil War Museum-Appomattox, and Appomattox Court House National Historical Park

May 1–3, 2025

Philadelphia, Pa.: America’s 250th

Visit the William Paca House & Garden (Annapolis, Md.), Independence Hall, Liberty Bell Center, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, National Constitution Center, Museum of the American Revolution, and The Elfreth’s Alley Museum

428 N Arthur Ashe Boulevard

Richmond, Virginia 23220

VirginiaHistory.org

Facebook.com/ VirginiaHistory

Instagram.com/ VirginiaHistory

Opening October 19, 2024

Celebrating the arrival of The LEGO Group in Virginia, Traveling Bricks—one of the largest exhibits of its kind—features more than 100 models of iconic land, air, sea, and space vehicles constructed from nearly 1 million LEGO® bricks.

Learn more at VirginiaHistory.org/TravelingBricks