Travel magazine Ruka, winter 2020

Travel magazine for Ruka and Kuusamo

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www.matkailulehtiruka.com

2020

The magic of winter in Ruka and Kuusamo

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The winter forest is full of life

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Siberian Jay. Photo: Olli Lamminsalo

The magic of winter enchants at Oulanka

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he midwinter darkness gives nature some time to rest before the new summer. Pure white snow encrusts the trees, and after the dark sets in the stars and Arctic lights play in the sky.

Even if we are living in the darkest season of the year, the darkness does not prevent moving outdoors. The brief daylight limits the hiking, though, so in midwinter it pays to choose the routes with care.

There is good time to admire the wintry landscape on the couple of kilometers long Kiutaköngäs nature trail before the darkness descends upon the river valley. The rapids do not freeze over even at really cold temperatures, and with luck you can spot a black-and-white bird diving smoothly into the

water: the water ouzel has come to spend the winter in Oulanka and is diving for food from the riverbed. The funny glide tracks on the snowy riverbank reveal how enthusiastically the playful otters have glided down the slope.

A couple of hundreds of meters from Kiutaköngäs there is a resting place where Arctic jays are entertaining the hikers eating their packed lunch. When the fire is lit, the first jays appear quietly in nearby trees. The most courageous ones snap a tidbit from the hand and then fly to enjoy their prize in the shelter of the forest.

You can spot other small birds at the Visitor Centre birdfeeder in the yard, and even some squirrels have tried to snatch their share.

The Visitor Centre presents the best shots of the Kuusamo Nature Photo Competition until the end of the year.

In December, the Oulanka Visitor Centre is open from Tuesday to Saturday from 10 am to 4 pm. On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day the Centre is closed, but on Boxing Day the doors open again normally at 10 am.

The Centre café does not serve lunch in midwinter, but there is coffee and small snacks.

Winter hiking requires a lot of energy, so the rucksacks ought to be packed with a hefty lunch.

Welcome!

More info on events and winter hiking: Oulanka Visitor Centre oulanka@metsa.fi, tel. +358 206 39 6850

n the winter, the forest appears deceptively empty and quiet. The migratory birds have flown south, the animals are dozing in their nests and some of them are sleeping soundly. The shrubs are flattened under the snow and the branches of the leaf trees are bare.

But there are other things happening in the wintery forest than just a bear turning on its side: – When there is disturbance, the bear may even rise from its winter nest to see what is going on, says Mari Heikkilä, the intendant at Ranua Wildlife Park.

– In nature, for example a sporting dog may drive a bear from its nest. The bear will not be in a very good mood when that happens. It will be sleepy, of course, but it will wake up quickly if it is threatened. It is a bit like a matron of a house: if something irritates it, it may get angry.

The Ranua bears, the tenyear-old Malla and her fouryear-old daughter Jemma, went to sleep earlier than ever last autumn, already in October. They will start waking up in April.

During the winter the animal attendants go once a week to listen whether the bears are still breathing.

– When the bears sleep, they breathe so slowly that it often takes a while to make sure they do.

The other Finnish large predator, the wolverine, does not sleep in the winter. Quite the contrary: – The wolverine is in its element in the winter. It has big paws that it uses to run on the

snow. Having short limbs, it cannot run in soft snow, but in terms of getting food it doesn’t matter, because the wolverine’s jaws are so strong it can crunch frozen carcasses.

The lynx is a different kind of eater: – The lynx may try to gnaw on a wintery carcass, but it is not adapted to use frozen food like the wolverine: it needs fresh meat.

Tiny and nimble mice and moles are quite different dwellers of the wintery forest. They stay awake through the winter in the tunnels they have dug underground. The snow is a good insulator, and on ground level the temperature may be around zero even in very cold weather.

The small dwellers confront the same dangers in the winter as they do in the summer.

– The weasel fits easily in a vole’s tunnel, and so does the ermine. Once they get in the tunnel, they may eat their hosts.

At Ranua Wildlife Park you can see voles and cute harvest mice also in the winter, because they live in mosses brought indoors.

The natural winter queen of all the birds in Finland is the magnificent white snowy owl.

– The snowy owl is extremely well adapted to the Arctic climate, as its plumage reaches to the tips of its toes, unlike for

Tourism keeps Kuusamo going – the goal a long ski season again

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uusamo is one of Finland’s busiest tourism regions, which is no wonder, as is promises things to do and great landscapes to admire through the year. During the tourist season’s peak times it is easy to witness the popularity of this Mecca with your own eyes, and the figures and numbers tell the same story.

Annual Kuusamo records for nights stayed at hotels amount to 600 000, and about one fifth of the hotel guests are international travelers.

The development of air traffic is a good indication of the increased appeal of the region.

From the plus 70 000 travelers of 2014, the numbers at Kuusamo airport rose to 113 000 in 2018.

than 6000 holiday homes operate in Kuusamo, and the property taxes alone make up more than two million euros.

And new accommodations are being built all the time, too.

The tourism cluster’s investments in 2017-18 came to 56 million euros.

2018 was especially important in terms of air traffic, as the growth from the previous year was no less than 29 per cent, while the average growth in all Finnish airports was only 10 per cent. Originally it was expected that the magic limit of 100 000 air travelers would be reached by 2020, but the flood of tourists took the region by surprise.

All those tourists were taken good care of. More than 150 tourist businesses of various sizes service the holiday goers in Kuusamo. For the town, tourism is a major employer, as one fifth of the town’s private sector jobs are in the field of tourism, a total of 725 all-year positions.

Tourism creates annually more than 20 million euros in wage incomes.

Tourism is also an important regional economic factor in Kuusamo in terms of incoming euros. The tourism cluster, i.e. accommodation and restaurant

services, shops, program services and gas station and car repair services, annually bring as much as 126 million euros into the regional economy. More

Ruka’s slope statistics show that 2018 was a strong growth year for them as well. The reported skiing days on the slopes in December 2018 was 77 000, almost a fifth more than in December 2017.

The slopes are full of skiers again in 2019-20, and the season will also be a very long one, launching earlier than ever before. The season’s goal is to last 220 days!

3 example the goshawk or other birds of prey. Even its beak is hardly visible under the plumage, and the plumage also warms up the air the snowy owl breathes.

The white color protects the snowy owl from bigger birds of prey in the winter, and at the same time it has camouflage as regards the animals it hunts itself.

Squirrels, foxes, brown hares, and of course reindeer are also running around in

the wintery forest. Many small birds stay in Finland through the winter, the chickadee being the most familiar of them, and the forest also houses fowls that spend their nights inside the snow.

It is worth it to take along binoculars when you go skiing. Those interested in animals might also check from an animal book what kinds of footprints the different winter animals leave behind them, because the prints are easy to spot in the fresh snow.

A photo of a snowy owl shows its thick plumage which makes it an Arctic survivor.

Welcome to restaurant Ruka Peak Restaurant Peak is an intimate restaurant at the top of the Ruka hill, surrounded by magnificent nature. We serve a daily changing three- or five-course Chef’s Menu made from the purest local ingredients. Besides the menus you can choose from a wild game raclette or the a’la carte, on which you’ll find popular classics such as the Peak Wiener Schnitzel. The restaurant Peak kitchen is run by chef Anssi Riihimäki and Finnish Bocuse d’Or president Matti Jämsen.

Make your reservation in advance and enjoy a free pick up ride from the Ruka Village all the way up to the top. The shuttle leaves its stop every day at 18.00 and 20.00.

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Mika Valonen of Sport House Ruka says that the renting of cross-country skis has increased thanks to the skin ski innovation.

Sport House Ruka has the equipment for a variety of activities in the snow.

Onto the snows of Spring via Equipment Rental

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port House Ruka provides the winter holiday goer with equipment for many snow activities.

The Sport House, located in the immediate vicinity of Viitostie and Rukatunturintie along the Riukanriutta, offers cross-coun-

try and slalom skis, snowboards, snowshoes, sliding snowshoes, fatbikes, snowmobiles, and a variety of other equipment like

Lapland sleighs.

The Sport House is a busy place throughout the winter.

– The early winter has been hectic, and the same will continue as the days grow longer, says Mika Valonen.

Snowmobiles are the most visible part of the rental activity, but cross-county skiing equipment is the biggest individual growing trend.

Sport House Ruka specializes in Rossignol equipment. The company works in close cooperation with the importer, and a large variety of the brand’s products are available.

– We have changed our entire ski selection to skin skis. Customers really like them.

The equipment development has promoted the skiing hobby.

– The skill threshold for skiing is lower when it is easy to wax the skis. Whether the weather is cold or warmer, going skiing no longer depends on whether you have the patience to fight with the ski waxes.

Modern skiers come in all ages. The skis find their way under young adults as well as pensioners.

– These days, working middle-aged people like to keep fit, and that desire drives our rental operation.

The appreciation of physical exercise also impacts the fatbike domain. While people ride the sturdy-tired fatbikes all year round, winter biking is at its best when the most severe cold has passed and the sun is shining.

Ruka has invested heavily in fatbiking, and, in addition to local roads, maintains three fatbike routes on a regular basis.

– One starts from the base of Pyhävaara not far from here. The fittest bikers can make it all the way to the top. There’s another route in Antinperä in the direction of Rukajärvi. Bikers can also use the Oulanka wilderness trail.

Valonen predicts a bright future for fatbikes. They have introduced an entirely new way of moving around in the winter, and even in the summer they bring something new to crosscountry biking.

– Next summer we’ll have 40 bicycles to rent, and more than 30 of those are fatbikes.

Sport House Ruka also offers year-round electric bikes.

Another recent innovation that’s worth trying out are the sliding snowshoes.

– Sliding snowshoes are easier than forest skis, as they do not require as much room to make turns. On the other hand, compared to ordinary snowshoes, the experienced snowshoer can move faster and slide down hillsides.

People are excited about the new sport. Sport House Ruka’s cooperative partner Outdoor Passion Finland organizes guided sliding snowshoe trips that bring new customers to the rental operation in the snowmobile department Sport House Ruka offers snowmobiles with all the necessary equipment included. Customers can choose the vehicles according to their tastes and experience.

– We’ve got four-stroke engine touring snowmobiles for two riders and sportier twostroke machines for more experienced drivers.

Sport House Ruka also organizes guided snowmobile safaris.

– We organize trips of a couple of hours to longer safaris on the Eastern border, towards Salla or wherever the customer wants to ride!

5 The ice sculpture park is located at Kitkantie 17, Kuusamo.

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Kuusamo has the biggest ice sculpture park in Scandinavia

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owntown Kuusamo offers a very special winter destination this season: the biggest ice sculpture park in Scandinavia. The magnificent sculptures in the park, illuminated with colored lights, can be admired until the end of March, weather permitting. The park stays open 24 hours a day, and entrance is free.

size and number of the sculptures and their price and asked if KauppaKuusamo would agree to come along and make the park an economic project. They agreed to do it.

In March, Kuusamo parish also joined the project after Lebeitsuk suggested to parson Taina Manninen that the ice sculpture park could contain an ice chapel.

Manninen liked the suggestion.

The ice sculpture park originated in the first days of December 2018 when Markus Lebeitsuk, who is involved in quite a number of tourism activities, was finishing the windows of Vanha Pirtti that were such an attraction the previous winter. – I was already planning ahead for what we might be able to offer to Kuusamo residents and tourists in the next winter. It dawned on me that Kuusamo in the winter is a town of snow and ice and that the very ice might be a wonderful element to work with.

Ice needed for the sculptures had to be acquired during the spring as the ice of the early winter-to- come would form too late to provide adequate building material.

– Last year in Kuusamo as much as 20 centimeters of white ice crust topped the hard ice, so we could not depend on local sources. Anssi often got his ice in Kerimäki, so we transported that ice from Puruvesi to Kuusamo.

The ice was preserved during the summer under the sawdust of Pölkky Oy.

Lebeitsuk did not hesitate to contact the Finnish ice sculpting champion Anssi Kuosa, who has been creating magnificent ice sculptures all around the world for 30 years.

– Anssi got excited about the idea. We started investigating the sizes and numbers of statues we would need to be able to call Kuusamo’s ice sculpture park the biggest in Scandinavia. Anssi decided that the average size of the sculptures ought to be more than three meters.

Lebeitsuk found a vacant lot in downtown Kuusamo, Kitkantie 17, for the site of the park. He made a grid plan for the sculptures and calculated the amount of ice he and Antti would need.

– It was no less than 60 cubic meters. Economic calculations came next.

The project proceeded swiftly, and halfway through December Lebeitsuk presented the ice sculpture park plan to KauppaKuusamo.

– I presented the idea, the

In the course of the spring, the park developers also sought models for the sculptures. They organized a drawing competition for schoolchildren with the intention of using their fairytale world drawings as the foundation for the sculptures.

– The kids’ creations were fascinating indeed, but they ran too wild to serve as the foundation for the sculptures. We contacted the Koillisen Taiteilijat artist association and asked them for proposals. Thirteen of the proposals were then selected for the ice sculpture park.

Anssi Kuosa’s Ice Magic company created the sculptures early in the winter. In addition to Kuosa himself, two sculptors from Russia and four from Mongolia worked on the project.

The same team also created ice sculptures for Kuusamo airport and Ruka.

The splendid park opened for all to admire at the end of November.

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“When you ski on slopes suited to your own skill level and pay attention to the slope rules, alpine skiing is great fun.

Learning the curves and managing the speed at the ski school

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aaria Pieviläinen is the manager of Rukan Hiihtokoulu ski school. She urges beginners to start their alpine skiing hobby at the ski school.

People who have skied before but have taken a long break since their last alpine skiing trip would also be wise to go through a refresher course under the tutelage of a professional.

– The ski school does not arrange only basic teaching; our instructors take it all the way to the expert level, so everybody can learn something new and interesting!

The first thing emphasized at the ski school is safety. The maintained slopes are safe for skiers, but only skiing at the skier’s own skill level makes certain that a day spent on the slopes goes smoothly. It is good to learn the slope rules right from the start.

The right speed is one of the most important aspects on the slope: – Accidents are often linked to skiing too fast. If your skill lev-

el is not yet high and you don’t know how to control your speed, you can fall at even a slower speed. Then there’s also the danger of colliding with other skiers.

Speed management also includes being able to stop in any situation.

– Furthermore, you should keep adequate distance from other skiers and not stop in a place with insufficient visibility.

It is also good to rehearse the use of the ski lift with a ski instructor. Ruka, as well as other ski resorts, operate different types of lifts with different ways of getting on and off.

– Correct equipment is also important. The functionality of the equipment and the adjustments of the straps should be checked.

Rukan Hiihtokoulu offers private lessons as well as group instruction for children at four different skill levels. In snowboarding groups the age spread is usually from eight-year-olds to upper grade kids, in skiing groups the kids are often a bit

younger.

– In the busiest season several groups start each week. After the school holidays the courses always start on Mondays. Private lessons you can get any day.

Over the season, a big group of professionals works at the Rukan Hiihtokoulu. Last week was the season’s busiest, as Finland’s first skiing holiday week at schools coincided with the busiest week for British tourists.

– Around the turn of the year we often reach similar levels of instruction, but this week’s Monday was surely the busiest ever on Week 8! We had nearly forty ski instructors at work.

During the day we started ten two-day Finnish-language Werneri groups at different levels plus 22 British groups, some of which started in the morning and others in the afternoon.

So the school was quite busy, with some 400 pupils on the slopes, private pupils included!

Maaria Pieviläinen has worked in ski instructing for 25 years. The first years she worked

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Welcome to the ski school to learn new things and to hone your skills!!�

Ski Patrols supervise safety Slope companies pay a lot of attention to safety.

One significant investment is the Ski Patrol operation.

Ski Patrol people dressed in red and yellow are a familiar sight also on the Ruka slopes. as a freelance ski instructor in Finland and abroad, and the past 15 years she has worked at Rukan Hiihtokoulu all year.

She has noticed with pleasure that these days alpine skiers pay proper attention to safety is-

They supervise safety and do many things to improve it, for example inspecting the safety fences and the slope signs.

In addition, they participate in first aid and rescue tasks when necessary. sues. – For example, more and more adults wear helmets. Every alpine skier ought to have one.

The helmet is not only safe, but it is also warm in any temperature and weather!!

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In honour of its 45th anniversary, Bjarmia Kuusamo opens ceramics boutique in Esplanade, Helsinki

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his anniversary year, Bjarmia Ceramics celebrates its 45 years in business. The boutique now opened in Helsinki marks the culmination of the year’s festivities. Since 2008, this Kuusamo-based family company has been steered on

by Kaisa Valkama-Kettunen, who followed her mother Aini Valkama, the founder of the company, as managing director.

– Traditions must be honoured but, at the same time, you have to keep planning ahead, says Ms Valkama-Kettunen.

The Bjarmia products are unique, hand-made ceramic artefacts and utility articles that are designed and manufactured in Kuusamo, northeast Finland.

Ms Valkama-Kettunen believes that beautiful objects can also be useful and durable. The ladies of Bjarmia Ceramics have always been inspired by the rugged and powerful nature of Kuusamo: their ceramics reflects the region’s woodlands, hills and seasons.

What added momentum to the launch of the Bjarmia Boutique was the growing appreciation and demand of Finnish utility ceramics, as well as the promising export markets found

in Asia. At the moment, Bjarmia ceramics is available in various places in Japan, including the Metsä Village Moominvalley Park in Tokyo. A new line of dishes for the Japanese market is in the making.

– It is great to be able to present our products in the Helsinki metropolitan area and make them available also for international visitors. This location also brings us closer to our international partners, says Ms Valkama-Kettunen.

– Steering a company is rather like making ceramics: you have to keep thinking about new shapes and colours all the time.

This is challenging, and therefore also so very interesting, says the entrepreneur, with a smile on her face.

Bjarmia has been named after the Beormas, a Finno-Ugric people who populated the mythic Bjarmia or Bjarmaland in the north, on the shores of the White Sea. From 800s to 1200s, they made long trading trips along the large rivers of Russia, reaching as far as the southern parts of Finland.

– Today, we are marching along the same route.

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Oulanka National Park

The magic of the river landscape, the joy of the winter time!

Oulanka visitor centre, tel. int. + 358 206 39 6850, oulanka@metsa.fi

nationalparks.fi/oulanka

Icelandic horses are excellent customer service horses that enjoy peaceful walking as well as speedier gait.

A fun ride on a small and furry Icelandic horse

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t Nurminiemi Riding Stables, Icelandic horses take their riders on atmospheric trips into the wintery wilds. Katja Alatalo runs the stables’ horse operation and says that the Icelandic horses are nice creatures: – They are gentle and furry, and they look funny especially now in winter. The Icelandic horses are small, but strong and tough for their size. They are also friendly and curious.

Nurminiemi Riding Stables house eight of Katja’s own horses, and when needed, the pack can be complemented with one more visiting worker.

The riding trips take place in the wilderness surrounding the stables and last from half an hour to two hours. The trips are suited to riders of all skill levels, from beginners to experienced riding fans.

– In customer service the Icelandic horses are the “everything goes” type. When the riders are beginners or have not ridden in ages, we ride peacefully in single file, but with experienced riders the horses are able to summon up a lot more speed.

Katja tries to arrange the groups according to skills so that riding is pleasant for all.

The smallest family members can also ride with someone holding the reins.

Katja comes originally from Central Finland. She moved to

The stable cat Luru enjoys the company of Icelandic horses.

Kuusamo less than three years ago with her then boyfriend and present husband.

– I visited Kuusamo on holidays and loved the nature and the changing seasons. I was prepared to take a breather for a while after moving here, but I found work at the Nurminiemi stables quickly.

Katja worked at the farm for a year until the opportunity arose to start running the horse operation as an entrepreneur.

Katja did not hesitate to grab the chance. She bought the farm’s Icelandic horses and appreciated the fact that everything the business needed was already laid out for her.

– I have an MA in Journalism, but my connection with horses

is long and tight, and I have done a lot of work at stables.

In addition to horses, dogs are also close to Katja’s heart.

Her two dogs come with her to work on quiet days, especially as she cleans the stables in the morning. Katja is also a trained dog massage therapist.

Nurminiemi riding trips can accommodate more than nine participants at once.

– We can divide bigger groups so that when some of them are riding, others can familiarize themselves with the farm, work in the stable or enjoy our catering in the Lappish hut in the yard.

Book a riding trip from Katja, tel. +358 40 482 5904.

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Occupation: Kuusamo fisherman Professional fisherman Juha Korhonen has an office where the walls are far apart, and the thermostat set on the minus side.

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he air temperature of 30 C below zero and the merciless wind across the lake threaten to tear the flesh off the face. The pale sun of the winter morning tries to keep up above the edge of the horizon. The man kicks snow from a patch of ice and begins to saw a hole.

Mist enshrouds the man and the saw. – Just making a hole for the

net, the man explains.

47-year-old professional fisherman Juha Korhonen does his physically demanding work outdoors at the mercy of nature in all imaginable weather conditions.

– There is plenty of hard work, but this is a nice occupation, Korhonen explains later in the day over a cup of coffee.

– I have thought to myself that when the day comes that I hate going to work, I’ll quit.

Fishing is a profession that you cannot do simply as work. The heart must be in it.

So far Korhonen has not considered quitting; quite the contrary. This year marks for him a full twenty years as a fisherman in Kuusamo.

The Korhonen family has lived in Kuusamo for five generations. Juha lives in the village of Käylä on the farm of his childhood.

The man refuses to reminiscence about what he did before his career as a fisherman, but he did make a small tour of the outside world in his early twenties.

– The blood pulled me back to Käylä.

Until the year 2008 Korhonen not only fished but also raised some dozens of livestock and farmed his lands. Back then he needed more than 24 hours in a day.

– I endured it for a while, but finally I got rid of the animals and rented my fields to my neighbor.

During his twenty-year career, many things have changed in the life of the Kuusamo fisherman. Even the fish he catches: – Before, we fished only for vendace and whitefish, very little of anything else. Today, all domestic fish are held in high esteem: roach, ide, pike, perch… but we still don’t fish for ruffe.

It tastes good, but God has wrapped it in such bony pack-

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aging that it’s not worth catching.

Fishing is one of the oldest Koillismaa area livelihoods and one of the reasons why habitation has spread here. The firstcomers were gatherers, hunters and fishermen. Later on, reindeer husbandry entered the picture.

Fishing has continued until the present day to be an important part of local peoples’ everyday lives.

– In every house there has been fishing, at least in order to put food on the table. Often people have also sold their fish.

These days the selling has become professionalized. Korhonen is a member of Kuusamo and Posio fishermen’s joint marketing company, together with ten other commercial fishermen.

All in all, the region has about twenty full-time fishermen and a number of people who fish as their secondary occupation. The annual vendace catches totals up to 500 000 kg.

Stands to reason. The worldfamous Kitkan Viisas vendace was the first Finnish fish to earn the European Union protected food name designation.

– We sell the vendace to be processed by the Kuusamon Kalajaloste, Kitkan Herkku and Riipisen Riistaherkut companies. It is sold around Finland.

The capitol region and Oulu are the prime market areas.

Kitkan Viisas is being eaten not only as processed fish or

at the dinner table but also at gatherings around the country: – A big share of all the fried vendace sold at Finnish festivals and events comes from Koilllismaa!

The silvery roach has swum past the whitefish to become the second most important catch. In the past the roach was considered a “coarsefish”, mainly due to its large number of bones. These days the correct term is “an underutilized fish”.

But at Koillismaan Luontokala the roach are utilized well, as they are excellent fish to eat.

– We catch 100 000 kg of roach every year. We grind the mechanically de-boned fish meat into paste to market to processors and restaurants for fish balls and fish loaf.

Fishing methods have also changed during the last twenty years, but not as much as you might imagine. Technology has provided the fishermen with new gadgetry such as the sonar and odorless four-stroke engine snowmobiles, but otherwise fishing is done in Koillismaa using traditional methods.

– We fish with seines in the fall and winter. In the summer we use fish traps and some nets, mainly to catch whitefish. The fish trap does not sound like a very professional method, but when you have some 80-100 of them in the water, they catch plenty of perch for people to eat.

The order of the most important fish has changed in twenty

years, and the technology has also improved a little, but the major change has happened in the fishing environment. In particular the climate.

– It is a hard fact that we can’t do anything about, Korhonen says.

– The change from the 1990s to today is a dramatic one. The ice cover period is a day shorter every winter. The ice is more fragile and difficult. Winter rains and weather volatility are increasing.

That would have been difficult to believe in the frigid morning when we were sawing the hole for the nets.

Koillismaan Luonnonkala Oy •

• •

• • •

Shareholders: ten independent commercial fishermen from Kuusamo and Posio Main catches: vendace and roach Facility: Koillismaan Kalatalo house manages raw fish that is sold to be processed Products: whole fish and cleaned fish, fillets, pastes, and roe Main clients: Kitkan Herkku, Kuusamon Kalajaloste ja Riipisen Riistaherkut Other sales: around Finland to restaurants, industry, shops, wholesales and marketplace fish stalls.

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