The Voice Weekly Journal in Myanmar/Burmese by The VoiceMyanmar

VOICE

The Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

Weekly

http://www.thevoicemyanmar.com

Vol.8 / No.16

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VOICE

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

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FINANCE

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ELECTION

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VOICE

The

Vol.8 / No.16

Weekly

Monday, April 2 - 8, 2012

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7 Day

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THE VOICE WEEKLY 3 3

Vol.8 / No.16 - April 2 - 8 , 2012

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

NEWS

VOICE

The

POWER

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POLITICS

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INSTITUTIONAL

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VOICE

The

LOCAL

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

INSTITUTIONAL EDITORIAL

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VOICE Weekly

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ELECTION

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LOCAL

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

VOICE

The

INSTITUTIONAL

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a&T

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HEALTH

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VOICE

The

LOCAL

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

NydKifqdkifrI jyif;xefrnfU {NyD 1 The Voice Weekly owif;tzGJY v 1 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJtwGuf ta&;ygaom Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yrnfjzpfNyD; ,if;a&G;aumufyJGwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDBuD;rsm; tNydKiftqkdif0ifa&mufta&G;cs,fcHrnf jzpf&m NydKifqdkifrIjyif;xefonfh a&G;aumufyJGjzpfvmzG,f&Sdonf/ reufjzef ({Nyv D 1 &uf) usi;f y pm;aponfh tcsuw f pf&yfjzpf aeonf/ a&G;aumufyu JG si;f y&ef&adS om jynfoYl rnf h Mum;jzwf a &G ; aumuf y G J w G i f 2010 a&G;aumufyGJwGif EdkifiH vT w f a wmf r J q E´ e ,f r sm;jzpf o nf h Edik if aH &;ygwD ajcmufygwDtygt0if wumapmifhMunfhavhvmolrsm;udk zm;uefYNrdKUe,f? Aef;armfNrdKUe,fESifh Edik if aH &;ygwDaygif; 17 ygwDrS ud, k pf m; 0ifa&mufavhvmcGirhf jyKcJah omfvnf; rdk;aumif;NrdKUe,f rJqEé,fwdkYrSm vS,af vmif; 150 OD;ESihf wpfo;D yk*v ¾ ,ck M um;jzwf a &G ; aumuf y G J w G i f r l vHkNcHKa&;tajctaet& vGwfvyfí ckepfO;D wdYk 0ifa&muf,OS Nf ydKifrnfjzpf&m tmqD,H twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf½;kH rS apmifh w&m;rQwaom a&G;aumufyGJusif;y rJqEé,f 45 ae&m jzpfaomfvnf; Munfhavhvma&;tzGJU0ifig;OD; tyg &ef tajctaer&Sdojzifh Mum;jzwf NydKifqdkifrIjyif;xefrnfh a&G;aumufyGJ t0if rD ' D , moH k ; OD ; ? tmqD , H a&G;aumufyGJwGif ,if;rJqEé,frsm; jzpfvmrnfjzpfonf/ tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;rS ygvDreftzGJU0if \ a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yrnf ,if;tjyif 2010 a&G;aumufyJG ESpOf ;D ESihf rD', D morm;oH;k OD;pDwYkdtjyif r[kwfaMumif; jynfaxmifpak &G;aumuf u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifjcif;rjyKcJhonfh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rS avhvm yGJaumfr&Sifu 2012 ckESpf rwfv 23 ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfMum oufwrf;&Sd apmifMh unfo h l 90 ausmu f kd apmifMh unfh &ufaeYu xkwfjyefcJhonf/ tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfckjzpf avhvm&ef zdwMf um;xm;onf jzpf&m ucsifjynfe,f jynfolYvTwf aom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf 2010 a&G;aumufyEJG iS hf rwlonfh Mum; awmfrJqEé,foHk;ae&mwGif wpfoD; (NLD) ygwDuvnf; 0ifa&muf,SOf jzwfa&G;aumufy\ JG toGit f jyifrsm; yk*¾vudk,fpm;vS,favmif;ESpfOD;ESifh ygwDu, dk pf m;jyKud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; NydKifrnfjzpf&m 2010 a&G;aumufyEJG iS hf udk pwifjrifawGUvm&NyDjzpfonf/ rwlaom jyif;xefonfh NydKifqikd rf rI sm; 2010 a&G;aumufyw JG iG f tjiif; 11 OD;cefY &Sdonf/ udk rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&;umvrsm;wGif yGm;rIjzpfapcJhonfh BudKwifqE´rJrsm; yif jrifawGUae&onf/ udkvnf; a&G;aumufyGJOya'ESifhtnD &Sr;f jynfe,f &Srf;jynfe,fwGif Mum;jzwf tpd;k &opfvufxufwiG f jyefvnf jzpfap&rnfqdkaom a&G;aumufyGJ zGUJ pnf;cJo h nfh jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Sif\ uwdpum;rSmvnf; a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf vpfvyfrJqE´ T af wmfrq J E´ aumfr&Sit f wGuf yGOJ ;D xGuyf jJG zpfouJh rwfv 31 &ufaeYESifh {NyDv 1 &uf e,frsm;tjzpf jynfoYlvw odkY a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifOuú|BuD; aeYwdkYwGif tajzxGufvmrnfjzpf&m e,fwpfae&mESihf trsK;d om;vTwaf wmf uvnf; oefY&iS ;f Ny;D w&m;rQwvGwv f yf Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ\ Zmwf&Sdefudk rJqEé,fwpfae&mom&SdNyD; jynfolY vTwaf wmfwpfae&mrSm uavmNrdKUe,f onfh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfap&rnfqdk ydkrdkjrifhwufaprnfjzpfonf/ wGifjzpfum trsKd;om;vTwfawmf aom uwdpum;uvnf; EdkifiHa&; wpfae&mrSm &Srf;jynfe,frJqEé,f avh v mol r sm;ES i f h jynf o l r sm;u ucsijf ynfe,f ucsifjynfe,fwGif Mum;jzwf trS w f (3) (vm;½d I ; ? wef Y , ef ; ? Mum;jzwf a&G;aumufyt JG ay: pdw0f if

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1/ OD;rif;OD;

(NLD)

2/ OD;ausmfausmfOD; (USDP) 2/ OD;atmifodef; (USDP) 2/ Dr. a':a0a0om (USDP) 2/ Dr. pdefxl; (USDP)

3/ OD;wif0if; (w.p.n) 3/ OD;0if;vdIif (w.p.n) 3/ OD;0if;xGef; (NDF) 3/ OD;oef;vdIif (w.p.n)

2/ a':oef;oef;EGJU

3/ OD;MunfvGif (w.p.n)

1/ OD;pdef0if;[ef (c) OD;pdef0if; (NLD) 5/ OD;odef;a&T (acwfopfjynfolYygwD) 1/ a':jrifhjrifhpef; (NLD) 1/ OD;0if;jrifh (NLD) 1/ OD;ref;a*smfeD (NLD) 1/ OD;ausmfjrifh (NLD)

1/ OD;odrf;aqG 1/

(NLD)

Dr. vSjrwfaoG; (NLD)

(USDP)

Dr. rsKd;oefYwif (USDP)

4/ OD;oufO;D (Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf nDñw G af &;ygwD) 4/ a':eef;MuLoef;0if; (NDF)

3/ OD;armifarmifoif(w.p.n)

4/ a':cifpkpkatmif

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3/ OD;oef;atmif (w.p.n) 3/ OD;wif0if; (NDF) 3/ OD;atmifrsKd;vdIif (NDF) 3/ OD;0if;vIdif (w.p.n)

4/ a':&D&DpH (acwfopfjynfolYygwD)

2/ OD;at;BudKif

3/ OD;rif;odef;vS (w.p.n)

4/ OD;ausmfvif; (c) OD;oef;OD; (acwfopfjynfolYygwD)

2/ OD;wifpdk;

(USDP)

(NDF)

3/ a':0if;Munf (w.p.n)

1/ a':cifpef;vdIif (NLD) 1/ OD;cifarmifodef; (NLD) 1/ a':cifarT;vGif (NLD)

2/ OD;aX;Edkif (USDP) 2/ OD;pdk;Edkif (USDP) 2/ Dr. qef;0if; (USDP)

3/ OD;[def;xufatmif (jynfolY'Drdkua&pDygwD)

1/ Dr. jrifhEdkif (NLD) 1/ OD;wifjr (USDP)

2/ OD;wifarmif0if; (USDP) 2/ OD;cspf[ef (w.p.n)

3/ OD;bdkjrifhatmif (w.p.n) 3/ OD;rmusif; (SNDP)

1/ a':wifwif&D (NLD) 1/ OD;atmifpdk; (NLD)

2/ OD;cspfoef; (USDP) 2/ OD;pdrf;armif (USDP)

4/ OD;vSoef; (jynfolY'Drdkua&pDygwD)

LOCAL

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

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rauG;wdik ;f a'oBu;D rauG ; wd k i f ; a'oBuD ; wG i f

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&efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D &ef u k e f w d k i f ; a'oBuD ; wG i f jynfoYlvw T af wmfajcmufae&mtwGuf Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfjzpf &m vpfvyfrJqE´e,frsm;jzpfonfh r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,fwGif a'gufwm ar0if;jrifh (NLD) ? OD;&Jx#G f (USDP)? a':cifjzLjzLNidr;f (NDF)? OD;&Jrif;odr;f (&o)(NNDP trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD ygwDopf)? OD;cifvdIif (wpfoD;yk*v ¾ ) wdYk 0ifNydKirf nfjzpfNyD; r*FvmawmifñeG Yf rJqE´e,fwiG f a':jzLjzLoif; (NLD) ? a':vJv h ahJ t; (USDP) ? OD;oka0 ('Dru kd &ufwpfjrefrm)? OD;aumif;jrifx h #G f (jrefrm trsKd;om;uGef*&ufygwD)ESihf OD;zkef;jrifh (NNDP) wdkY 0ifa&muf ,SONf yKd irf nfjzpfum '*Hq k yd u f rf; NrdKUe,f wG i f a'guf w mrsKd ; atmif(NLD)? OD;atmif0if; (USDP)? OD;0if;jrifh (w.p.n)? OD ; BuD ; jrif h (NDF) ? OD;wifatmif jrefrmtrsK;d om;uGe*f &uf ygwD)ESifh OD;0if;a&T (NNDP) wdkY

"mwfyHk - rdk;ausmfvGif ,SONf ydKifrnfjzpfNyD; ,if;NrdKUe,frsm;rSm &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;wGif NydKifqdkifrI jyif;xefrnfNh rKd Ue,frsm;jzpfvmEdik o f nf/ r*FvmawmifñGefY rJqEé,f wGif 0ifa&muf,OS Nf ydKifrnfh 'Dru kd &uf wpfygwD (jrefrm) Ouú| OD;oka0u ]]uReaf wmfwYykd gwDu r*FvmawmifñeG fY rJqEé,fwpfckwnf; yg0if,SOfNydKif rSmyg/ BudK;pm;tm; xkwf&r,f}} [k oHk;oyfajymMum;onf/ &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; vlxk pd w f 0 if p m;rI t rsm;qH k ; Nrd K Ue,f r S m a':atmifqef;pkMunf 0ifa&muf ,SONf ydKifrnfh aumhrLS ;NrdKUe,frq J Eé,f jzpfonf/ ,if; aumh r S L ;rJqEé,fwiG f a':atmifqef;pkMunf(NLD)? a'gufwm pd;k rif; (USDP)? OD;wif&D (nDñw G af &; ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;ygwD)wdkY ,SOfNydKifMu rnfjzpfonf/ ]]jynfolawGtusKd;udk trsm; BuD;vkyfay;xm;w,fqdkawmh tjynfh t0awmh rod&ayr,fh wufvmwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGt& rJqE´ e,ftm;vH;k tm;&zdYk aumif;w,f}} [k jynfaxmifpkBuHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&; ygwD t axG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ; OD;aX;OD;u oHk;oyfonf/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf (NLD) A[dt k vkyt f rIaqmifaumfrwD0if OD;[Homjrifu h ]]'guawmh jrifomyg w,f/ jynfolvlxku 0ifNydKifr,fh trwf a vmif ; tay:axmuf c H w J h tajctaeawGudkMunfh&if odEdkifyg w,f}}[k wdw k w kd w k w f w k af jzMum;onf/ oH k ; cG N rd K Ue,f r J q E´ e ,f w G i f

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rEåav;wdik ;f a'oBu;D rEÅ a v;wd k i f ; a'oBuD ; wG i f jynfolYvTwfawmf 10 ae&mtwGuf Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yoGm; rnfjzpfNyD; EGm;xdk;BuD;rJqE´e,fwGif OD ; aygcif (NLD) ? OD ; pd k ; Ed k i f 0 if ; (USDP) ? OD;atmifoef; (w.p.n) u vnf;aumif;? wHwm;OD; rJqE´ e,f w G i f a':cif o EÅ m (NLD) ? OD;atmifrGef (USDP) ? OD;qef;xGef; (nDñGwf&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;ygwD) wdkY uvnf;aumif;? ausmufyef;awmif; wGif a'gufwmaZmfjrifah tmif (NLD)? OD;atmif0if;Munf (USDP)? jyifO;D vGif

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Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

POLITICS

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Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

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12 The

VOICE

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EMPLOYMENT

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

VOICE

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LOCAL

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

VOICE

The

REAL ESTATE

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VOICE

The

LOCAL

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

INSTITUTIONAL

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AGRICULTURE

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VOICE

The

Monday, April 2 - 8, 2012

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18 The

VOICE

Monday, April 2 - 8, 2012

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VOICE

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20 The

VOICE

Monday, April 2 - 8, 2012

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BUYING GUIDE 21

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

VOICE

The

VOICE

The

Vol.8 / No.16

New Books

April 2 - 8 , 2012

New Books

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PROMOTION

tifwmeuf

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SELF- HELP

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The Rules of Life Learn to ask questions

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VOICE

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BUYING GUIDE

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

BOOK

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PRODUCT

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SHOP

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HELLO Maki & Sushi Maki & Sushi udkodNyD; BudKufNyD;om;

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Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

POLITICS

VOICE

The

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POLITICS

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POLITICS

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

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vdyfpmESifh zkef;

VOICE

The

4/ v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&; 5/ ¤if;v,f,majrydkifqkdifrIudk tpdk;&utmrcHa&; udk,fydkifaiG Oya'twkdif; odef; 100 rausmf&efoHk;pGJoGm;rnf 200 cefY rdw¬DvmNrdKUe,f BudK;yrf;rItjynfht0&Sdonfhtjyif ,HkMunfcsuftjynfh&Sd ojzifh tEkdif&&ef arQmfrSef;xm;onf/ ausmfausmfyHkESdyfwkduf? blwmawmifbuf? rdw¬DvmNrdKU/ 064-24622? 09-2059904

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26 The

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Vol.8 / No.16 - April 2 - 8 , 2012

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pepfaumif;aomEkdifiHwdkhonfvnf; acgif;aqmifaumif;wdkhESifUBuKHvQifjrifUwufjyD; acgif;aqmifnHUwdkhESifUawGYvQif usqif;onf/ odkhaomf pepfraumif;aomEkdifiHwdkhESifU uGmjcm;csufrSm pepfaumif;aomEkdifiHwdkhonf acgif;aqmifnHUwdkhESifU BuKHaomfvnf; ½kyfysufqif;ysuf rusqif;bJ usqif;oavmufvnf; jyefwufEkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;yif/ pepfaumif;vQif ukvm;xdkifwGifvmxkdifol nHUvQifvnf; pepfuxdef;ay;Ekdifonf? ulyHhEkdifonf/ xdyfqkH;u acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufwnf;ay:wGif ykHrxm;? pepftwGif;&Sd tjcm;aomyk*d¾Kvfrsm;okdhyg wm0efudk jzefha0xm;&Sdonf/ qkH;jzwfcsufudk 0dkif;0ef;csrSwfMuonf/ wpfukd,fawmfBuJjcif; One-man show r[kkwf? tay;t,lrQjcif; Teamwork jzpfonf/

aomausmufwkH;ESifhwlonf? tcsdefra&G;acsmufxJodkY jyKwfus oGm;Ekkdifonf/

wpfOD;aumif; jrefrmwdkY\ p½dkuf[kwf? r[kwf taotcsm okawoe jyKMunfrh S odEidk rf nfjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmhordik ;f onf acgif;aqmif wdkY\ wpfOD;csif;pGrf;aqmifrIay:wGifom rlwnfcJhaMumif; awGU& onf/ taemf&xm? tavmif;bk&m;? bk&ifhaemifuJhokdYaomrif; rsm;vufxufwGif EdkifiHonf ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif wefckd;xGm;? tjcm;Edik if rH sm;udk acsmufcsm;apcJah omfvnf; xdrk if;wdYk r&So d nfEiS hf cyfjrefjref jyefvnfusqif;cJhonf/ bkk&ifhaemifvufxufwGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sordkif;wpfavQmuf tus,fqkH;aomEkdifiHjzpfcJh (,ck tdE, ´d e,fjzpfonfh rPdy&l ,leefawmifyidk ;f ? ,aeYvmtkEd iS hf xdkif;ajrmufydkif;wkdYyg0if)aomfvnf; qkH;yg;NyD; okH;ESpftMum olYom; ig;ql'g,um eE´bk&ifvufxufwGifyif tpdwfpdwf t>rTmjrTm jyefvnfjydKuGJcJhonf/ jrefrmwdkY\uHMur®mudk acgif;aqmifwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ p½du k f taumif;tqd;k u armif;ESif (personality-driven) cJo h nf/ pepfu armif;ESio f nft h qif(h institution-driven) okYd a&mufatmif rwufEdkifcJhojzifh &&Sdxm;aomae&mudkrxdef;EdkifbJ tMudrfMudrf jyefavQmuscJhonf/ rnfrQMuD;jrwfaom acgif;aqmifyifjzpfap tjrJwrf; xdak e&mwGif &Srd nfr[kw/f touft&G,af Mumifah omfvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;? r&PoabmaMumifhaomf vnf;aumif;? Edik if aH &;pepft&aomfvnf;aumif; acgif;aqmifae&mrS z,fay;&jrJjzpfaomaMumifh ]acgif;aqmifwpfOD;wnf;tay:} rSDcdk vGef;vQif jyóemay:rnf/ ordkif;wpfavQmuf xif&Sm;cJhaom acgif;aqmifMuD;wdkYtaMumif; avhvmvQif yxrOD;qkkH; &&Sdrnfh oifcef;pmrSm xdkyk*d¾KvfMuD;wdkY r&SdawmhjyDjzpfaMumif;yif/

rSwfausmuf rdro d nf acgif;aqmifae&mwGif tpOftjrJwnf&rdS nfr[kwf aomaMumifh rdrdr&SdvQifvnf; jzpfatmif tzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kkwf EdkifiHudkvnfywfaprnfh pepfaumif;udk wnfaqmufonfrSm acgif;aqmifaumif;yifjzpfonf/ rdrdr&Sdaomfvnf; tzGJUtpnf; [efrysuf qufvufvnfywfae raeonf acgif;aqmifwdkY\ rSwfausmufjzpfonf/ pepfaumif;aomEkid if w H Ykdonfvnf; acgif;aqmifaumif;wdYk ESifhBuKHvQif jrifhwufjyD; acgif;aqmifnHhwdkYESifhawGUvQif usqif; onf/ odYk aomf pepfraumif;aomEkid if w H YkdEiS hf uGmjcm;csurf mS pepf aumif;aomEkdifiHwdkYonf acgif;aqmifnHhwdkYESifh BuKHaomfvnf; ½kyyf sufqif;ysuf rusqif;bJ usqif;oavmufvnf; jyefwuf EkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;yif/ pepfaumif;vQif ukvm;xdkifwGif vmxkdifol nHv h Qifvnf; pepfu xde;f ay;Ekid o f nf? ulyEhH idk o f nf/ xdyq f ;Hk u acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufwnf;ay:wGif ykHrxm;? pepftwGif;&Sd tjcm;aomyk*K¾d vfrsm;okYd yg wm0efukd jzefYa0xm;&So d nf/ qk;H jzwf csufudk 0dkif;0ef;csrSwfMuonf/ wpfukd,fawmfMuJjcif; One-man show r[kkwf? tay;t,lrQjcif; Teamwork jzpfonf/ pepfwnfaqmufjcif;wGif ta&;MuD;onft h csufrmS wpfO;D wpfa,mufwnf;u qkH;jzwfjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ wm0ef,lxm;ol tvdkuf rdrdwm0eftvdkuf qkH;jzwfjcif;rsKd; (Decentralization) udktm;ay;&ef jzpfonf/ xdkokdY qkkH;jzwfcsuftqifhqifhcsEdkifvQif qk;H jzwfcsuf t&nftaoG;wufvmrnf/ acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf wnf;u tm;vkkH;udk qHk;jzwfaeojzifh qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckcsif;\ t&nftaoG;usoGm;jcif;rsKd;rjzpfatmif umuG,fEdkifonf/ Ek d i f i H w umabmvk H ; toif ; rsm;wG i f tm;xm;&aom abmvk;H orm; rsm;&Spd jrJ/ aiGrvdak ompD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&SiMf uD;rsm; abmvk;H avmuudk 0ifa&mufvmcsed w f iG f rdrt d oif;rS emrnfausmf *d;k oGi;f aumif;abmvk;H orm;rsm;onf tjcm;abmvk;H toif;rsm; odkY a&TUajymif;a&mufoGm;Ekdifajc ydkrsm;vmonf/ tm;xm;&aom abmvkH;orm;wpfa,muf xGufoGm;onfhtcg usqif;oGm; roGm;onf abmvk;H toif;wpfoif;aumif; raumif; rSwaf usmuf yifjzpfonf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ pepfrSm cdkifrmaumif;rGefojzifh OD;aqmifolor®wwdkY\ t&nftcsif;? acgif;aqmifrI[efyef uGjJ ym;onfw h ikd f ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm xdyw f ef;Ekidk if t H qifrh rS qif;jcif; jzpfonf/ or®wonf aemufq;Hk qk;H jzwf&ol(final decisionmaker) jzpfaomfvnf; olYudk 0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;onfh tMuHay;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;rSm EkdifiHtwGif;&Sd tawmfqkH;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;jzpfojzifh taumif;qkH; tMuHÓPfrsm;teufrS a&G;cs,fEkdifonf/ or®wonf EkkdifiHjcm; a&;&mrsm;ESihf tvky½f yI af ecsed w f iG f vloef; 300 &Sd urÇmt h MuD;qk;H pD;yGm;a&;udyk rHk eS v f nfywfEidk o f nfph epfu xde;f ausmif;oGm;onf/ or®wa&*ifqv k d Qif tyef;ajzc&D; rMumcPxGuu f m ol\vufaxmuf rsm;jzifh ta&;MuD;udprö sm;udk vTt J yfxm;aomfvnf; olYvufxuf? or®woufwrf; ESpfMudrfqufwGif EkkdifiHykHysufroGm;onfhtjyif jydKifbuf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk aemufaumufcsEkdifcJhjcif;rSm pepfaumif;rGefjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ xdkYtwl pD;yGm;a&;usqif;rI rsm; tMudrfMudrf BuKHcJh&aomfvnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf rdrdudk,fudk tMudrfMudrfjyefvnfzefwD;EkkdifcJhjcif; (America reinvents itself) rSmpepf\ cdkifrmtm;aumif;rIaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ w½kwjf ynfoYl or®wEkid if EH iS hf tar&duefEidk if w H Ykd\ Ekid if aH &; pepfrSm ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;qefYusifaomfvnf; wdefYa&Smifzdef wufvmNy h Qif w½kwEf kdifiHonfvnf; mNyD;D onfah emufyikd ;f udMk unfv xdyfqkH;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;wnf;tay: ykHrxm;bJ? pkaygif; acgif;aqmifrI (Collective Leadership) jzpfonf/ wpfygwD pepfjzpfaomfvnf; tcsKdUwpfygwDtmPm&Sifpepfrsm;uJhodk Y &moufyefacgif;aqmif (life-long leader) tjzpf r[kkwfbJ wpfAv dk q f if;? wpfAv kd w f uftoGijf zifh csDwufonf/ w½kw k jf ynf \ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;zcifMuD; wdefYa&SmifzdeESfESifhtzGJUtNyD;wGif wufvmmonf onfu h seZf rD if;ESit hf zGUJ ? useZf rD if;tNyD; vuf&[ dS u l siaf wmif ESifhtzGJUwdkYudk t½du k t f &mrqufcrH u D wnf;u &mxl;trsK;d rsK;d udk xrf;aqmifapum avhusiyhf sK;d axmifay;onf/ ,ck [lusiaf wmif ES i f h t zG J Uudk qufcHrn nff h o l r sm;tm;a&G ; xm;NyD ; NyD / jyKjyif ajym ajymifif;vJa&;pwifonfhaemuf acgif;aqmifrsKd;quf okH;quf ajymif;cJhNyD; av;qufa&mufawmhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; w½kwf Ekifdiif Honf t&Sdefaumif;aumif;jzifh qufvufwdk;wufaejcif; u w½kwfEkdifiH\ acgif;aqmifrIpepfoufaoyifjzpfonf/ aeYpOfBuKHawGUae&aomudpörsm;udk taumif;qkH;ajz&Sif; EkdifvQif acgif;aqmifaumif;[kqdkygu rdrdr&Sdawmhonfhtcsdef wGifyif EkdifiH odkYr[kwf tzGJUtpnf;atmifjrifpGm qufvuf vnfywfEkdifvQif ]r[macgif;aqmif} jzpfonf/ aZ,sol

30 The

VOICE

Monday, April 2 - 8, 2012

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uRefawmfuawmh The Voice Weekly &JU yifwkdify&dowfjzpfygw,f/ *sme,fawGrSmygae wwfwJh tdrf? NcH? ajrtusKd;aqmifawG vmajymqkdwJhpum;awGrSm tdrfaps;? ajraps;qkdwm tusr&Sd bl;? uszkdYr&Sdbl;? twufyJ&Sdr,fqkdwJh pum;awG wGifwGifajymaewwfMuwmawGukd pmzwfolawG tvGefqkH; 50 &mckdifEIef;yJ ,kHMunfMuzkdY? usefwJh 50 &mckdifEIef;u ukd,fhpOf;pm;csihfcsdefÓPfeJY okH;oyfqifjcifMuzkdY tdrf? NcH? ajr0,fzkdYpOf;pm;wJhvlawGukd The Voice Weekly uwpfqifh tBuH ay;ajymMum;vkyd gw,f/ tdr?f NcH? ajrta&mif;t0,fqw dk muvnf; ta&mif;t0,foabmw&m;t& a&mif;vkdtm;eJY 0,fvkdtm;ay:rlwnfNyD; twuftus&SdaewmyJ/ tckqkd 0,fvkdtm;enf;awmh 'vbufu ajraps;awGNidrfNyD; tusbufa&mufaeygw,f/ oefvsifbufuajrawGvnf; 'DvkdyJ ajraps;NidrfNyD; tusbufa&mufaeygw,f/ xkdenf;wl '*kHqdyfurf;eJY awmif'*kH? ajrmuf'*kHawG bufrSmvnf; ajraps;awG wpf0ufaps;txdcsa&mif;Muw,f Mum;&ygw,f/ NrKdUxJbufrSm aps; rusbl; qkdayr,fhvnf; tdrf? NcH? ajrqkdwm a&Tvkdcsufcsif;a&mif;vkdY&wm r[kwfwJhtwGuf aiGvw kd v hJ u l awmh aygufaps;xufavQmha&mif;&wmygyJ/ tJ'aD wmh &Spd rk phJ k (aps;upm;wmr[kww f )Jh aiGeJY0,fxm;r,fqkdwJh 0,folawGtaeeJY tdrf? NcH? ajr0,fwJhae&mrSm tNrJwrf;twufyJ&Sdw,f? tusr&Sdbl;qkdwJh tdrf? NcH? ajrtusKd;aqmif (yGJpm;)awG&JUpum;ukd (¤if;wkdYu ta&mif;t0,fjzpfrS yGJc&MurSmjzpfwJhtwGuf) 50 &mckdifEIef;tjyif ykdr,kHMuzkdY? tdrf? NcH? ajraps;uGuf&JU wuf&dyf? us&dyf? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? tpdk;&&JUrl0g'tajymif;tvJ ponfawGtay:rSmrlwnfNyD; *½kpkduf aqmif&GufMuygvkdY tav;teuftBuHjyKvkdygw,f/ av;pm;pGmjzihf ukdxl;

VOICE

The

PERSPECTIVE

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

jrefrmUEkdifiHa&;avUvmqef;ppfcsuf (9) 1948-1988 CASE STUDY OF MYANMAR POLITICS 1948-1988 ausm0f if; tcef;(4) ygvDref'Drdkua&pDumv (1948-62) PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY PERIOD (1948-62)

EkdifiHwumaemufcHum; ppfat;wdkufyGJ(rlvtpESifU tBudKumv) (1945-47) ppfrufzufNydKif w&m;0ifwkdufcdkufMuonfh ]ppfyl} (Hot rsKd;r[kwfbJ ppfvnf;rjzpf Nidrf;csrf;a&;vnf;r&aom wif;wif;rmrmtaetxm;udk ]ppfat;} (Cold War) [kqkdvkd&if; jzpfygonf/ ppfat;wkdufyGJ\rlvtprSm 1947 ckESpf[k w&m; 0ifowfrSwfMuaomfvnf; trSefpifppf ppfat;oaE¨om;pwif jzpfwnfvmonfrmS 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; NyD;vkNyD;cifumvavmuf uwnf;ujzpfonf/ tqkyd goaE¨om; tqifq h ifBh uD;xGm;vmNyD; aemufq;kH ppfat;wdu k yf JG tyDtjyifarG;zGm;vmcJah om ppfat;tBudK umvwGif ta&;BuD;onfhta&;tcif;ig;&yf&Sdonf[k qdkEkdifyg onf/ 1/ ydkvefta&;tcif; ppftwGif;u usif;ycJhaom 1943 ckESpf wD[D&efuGefz&ifh wGif jzpfygonf/ tar&duefor®w ½kpAJvfu ydkvefjyóem udkpwif wifjyvmonf/ aemufwpfESpf (1944)wGif usif;yrnfh tar&duefor®wa&G;aumufyt JG wGuf ydv k efE, G zf mG ;rJqE´&iS rf sm; udpk nf;½H;k Ekid &f ef olYtaeESihf ppfNyD;acwfyv kd ef\Ekikd if aH &;uHMur®m udk wdwdyytajz&Sdxm;vkdonf/ odkYtwGuf ppfBuD;NyD;onfESifh ydkvefwGif a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yEkdif&ef pwmvifudk urf;vSrf; Munfhonf/ qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif pwmvifu wdwdusus oabmwlnDcsufray;onfhwkdif wif;wif;rmrmvnf; rjiif;cJh yg/ xdkpOfu pwmvifpdwf0ifpm;onfrSm ydkvefrS*smrefwyfrsm; udk armif;xkwfa&;omjzpfonf/ odkYwkdifatmif ppfBuD;NyD;cgeD; 1945 wGifusif;yaom a,mfvwmuGefz&ifhwGifrl pwmvif\ oabmxm;rSm wpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;onf/ ydkvefppfrsufESmwGif qkdAD,uf wyfeDawmfatmifyGJ&aeNyDjzpfí ppfNyD;acwfydkvefwGif qkdAD,ufvdkvm;aom tpdk;&zGJUzdkYom pdwf0ifpm;awmhonf/ þ odkYjzifh ppftwGif;r[mrdwfESpfOD;Mum; yxrqHk;oabmuGJvGJrI ay:xGufvmawmhonf/ 2/ *smreDjyóem qkcd yhJ ga,mfvwmuGezf &ifrh mS yif ppfNyD;acwf*smreDppfavsmf aMu;ESiyhf wfoufaom a,bk,soabmwlncD suw f pfc&k cJo h nf/ *smreDtaeESihf ppfavsmfaMu;aiG a':vm 20 bDv, D aH y;&rnfjzpf NyD; xkdtxJrS wpf0ufudk qdkAD,uf,leD,Hu &rnfjzpfonf/ tao;pdwfcGJa0a&;udkrl ppfBuD;w&m;0ifNyD;rS qufvufaqG;aEG; Murnf[k oabmwlcJhMuonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;vkNyD;cif 1945 Zlvdkif vwGif usif;yaom ykdYp'rfuGefz&ifhwGif qdkAD,ufwkdYu rdrdwkdY a0pk 10 bDvD,Hudk awmif;vmonf/ þaiGudk tar&duefwkdY odr;f ydu k x f m;aom *smreDtaemufjcrf;rSay;&rnf[v k nf; ta&; qko d nf/ tar&duefor®w x½l;rif;u qkAd , D ufwYdkxed ;f csKyfxm; aom *smreDta&SUkjcrf;rSom xkwf,l&rnf[k wkHYjyefonf/ þ onfrSpí *smreDjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;udpöwGifyg qufwkduf oabmuGJvmavawmhonf/ 3/ *syefta&; ppfyGJ\aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSm ypdzdwf ppfrsufESmwGif rnfonfhbufrSrygbJ Mum;aecJhygonf/ ppfNyD; cgeD; wpfywftvdka&mufawmhrS *syefudkppfaMunmNyD; refcsK&D; ,m;ESifh *syefajrmufydkif;rS uRef;av;uRef;udkodrf;,lvdkufonf/ ydkYp'rfuGefz&ifhpm;yGJ0dkif;odkYa&mufaomtcg qdkAD,ufwkdYu *syef wGif rdrdwkdYudk,fydkifodrf;ydkufa&;Zkefwpfck&oifhonf[k ta&;qdk vmonf/ ppfyNJG yD;oavmuf&rdS 0S ifvmaom qkAd , D ufwYdkukd olwYkd awmif;qkdonfhtwkdif; ray;Ekdif[k tar&dubufrSwkHYjyefonf/ þwGiq f Akd , D ufwYdkbufrv S nf; *smreDppfrsuEf mS wGif rdrw d Ydkvuf OD;NyD;jzpfygvsuf tar&dubufrS odrf;ydkufa&;Zkef&aeonfudk axmufjyNyD; uefYuGufcJhonf/ onfvkdESifh ydkíjyif;xefaom tjiif;yGm;rIrsm; jzpfvm&onf/ 4/ tPkjrLAHk;udpö ydkYp'rfuGefz&ifhrSmyifjzpfonf/ x½l;rif;u rdrdwkdYwGif tPkjrLAHk;&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif; pwmvifudk today;vkdufonf/ pwmvifbufrS arQmfvifhxm;ovdk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rwkHYjyefcJhyg/ ¤if;wkYdwiG v f nf; tPkjrLAH;k xkwzf Ykd twGi;f usw d t f BuHtpnf&adS eNyD War)

jzpfonf/ 1946 wGif tar&durS OD;aqmifNyD; tPkjrLvufeuf rsm;udk ukvor*¾tzGJUBuD;rS xdef;csKyf&ef tqkdkjyKcJh&m qdkAD,uf wkdYu tBuD;tus,fuefYuGufcJhonf/ aemifoHk;ESpftMum 1949 wGif qdAk , D uf,el , D rH S yxrqH;k tPkjrLAH;k udk prf;oyfEidk cf o hJ nf/ ppfat;acwf qlyg yg0gESpfOD; vufeuf,SOfNydKifrI\ ueOD; ajcvSrf;[k qdkEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ 5/ ajrxJyifv,fta&SUydkif;ESifh ta&SUtv,fydkif;ta&; 'kw, d urÇmppfrwkid rf u D ajrxJyifv,fta&SUydik ;f ESihf ta&SU tv,fydkif;wkdYrSm NAdwdoQMoZmatmufwGif&SdcJhonf/ ppfBuD;NyD; aomtcg NAdwdoQMoZmusoGm;&mrS tar&duefESifh qdkAD,ufwkdY tNydKif MoZmxlaxmifEkdif&ef BudK;yrf;Muaom e,fajrjzpfvm onf/ yxrqHk;xdyfwkdufawGUMuonfrSm tD&efta&;jzpfonf/ qdAk , D ufwYdk u tD&efajrmufyikd ;f rS rdrw d Ydk wyfrsm;udk ½kyo f rd ;f ray; Edkif[kwif;cHonf/ tar&dubufrS ukvor*¾rSwpfqifh zdtm; ay;awmhrS 1946 rwfvwGif ½kyfodrf;ay;cJhonf/ þtcsdefrSmyif qdkAD,uf,leD,H ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKxm;aom *&duGefjrLepf rsm; jynfwiG ;f ppfwiG t f Ekid &f awmhrvdk jzpfvmonf/ qkcd hJ NyD;aom ta&;tcif;ig;&yfEiS hf qufwu dk q f o kd vdk BuHKcJ&h mrS ppfat;wdu k yf JG tyDtjyifxGufay:vmcJhygawmhonf/

ppfat;wkdufyGJ(ueOD;umv) (1947-50) 1/ *&d? wl&uDta&;ESifh ]x½l;rif;0g'} ppfat;wkdufyGJudk *&dESifhwl&uDta&;rS pzGifhvkdufonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfudkjzwfoef;tNyD; tiftm;csnfheJY vmaom *&dwfNAdwdefrSm ajrxJyifv,fta&SUjcrf;vHkNcHKa&;udk qufvufwm0efr,lEkdifawmhonfh tajctaejzpfvmonf/ þ wGif tar&dutaeESifh jywfjywfom;om;qHk;jzwf&rnfh tae txm;odkYa&mufvmonf/ tpOftvm ]tar&duefoD;jcm;0g'} udkudkifNyD; þa'oBuD;udk onftwkdif;vTwfxm;vdkufrnfavm/ þodkYqkdvQif qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepf0g'u tpm;xkd;0ifa&mufvm ayvdrfhrnf/ odkYr[kwf *&dESifh wl&uDudktultnDay;í wpfcsdef u NAdwdoQMoZmpuf0ef;udk vufvTJquffcHrnfavm/ þodkYqkd vQif tar&duefvlxk\qE´udk xnfhwGufzdkY&Sdaeonf/ or®w x½l;rif;u 'kwd,vrf;aMumif;udk a&G;vkdufonf/ 0Dvqif0g' tvHvTifhí *&dESifh wl&uDudktultnDay;onf/ (0Dvqif0g'qkdonfrSm urÇmwpf0ef; 'Drdkua&pDysHUESHYapa&;udk tqdkjyKonfh or®w0Dvqif\rljzpfygonf/) ]vGwfvyfaom urÇmudk uGefjrLepftEÅ&m,frSumuG,fa&;}[k a<u;aMumfonf/ aemifwGif ]x½l;rif;0g'}[kvlodrsm;xif&Sm;vmrnfh t,ltq jzpfygonf/ tqkyd gx½l;rif;0g'jzifyh if ppfat;wku d yf u JG zkd iG v hf u kd f onf[k tqkd&Sdonf/ 2/ csufESifh *smrefta&; 1947 ZGev f wGif tar&duefEidk if jH cm;a&;0efBuD; a*smrh m&S,f u ppfNyD;acwfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;pDrHudef;wpf&yfudk aMunm cJhonf/ ]rm&S,fpDrHudef;} (Marshall Plan) [kvlodrsm;ygonf/ ppfat;wkdufyGJwGif ¤if;wkdYbufrS MoZmxlaxmifEdkifa&;twGuf tar&duqifETJvkdufaom pD;yGm;a&;xkd;ppf[k qkdAD,uf,leD,Hu ,lqonf/ odkYESifhtrQ rdrd\MoZmcHEkdifiHrsm;udk rm&S,fpDrHudef; vufrcH&ef zdtm;ay;cJhonf/ þwGif csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m; EkdifiHu tar&dutultnDudk vufcHvdk[efjyvm&m qdkAD,uf wkdYbufrS wif;wif;rmrmwkHYjyefvkdufonf/ 1948 azazmf0g&D wGif csuu f q kd vdAk ufwpfEidk if v H ;kH uGejf rLepfrsm;u xde;f csKyfvu dk f awmhonf/ tjyeftvSeftaeESifh tar&dubufrSvnf; ta&SU *smreDudkpD;yGm;a&;ydwfqkdYzkdYvkyfvmonf/ qdkAD,ufbufrS bmvifwHwkdif;BuD;aqmufí wkHYjyefvkdufonf/ þwGif tar&d ubufrS ]ajrmuftwåvefww d pf mcsKyftzGUJ }(aewk;d )zGUJ NyD; vufwYHk jyef&m qdkAD,ufbufrS 0gaqmtzGJUjzifh tiftm;pkwkHYjyefonf/ ppfat;wkdufyGJtxGwftxdyfumvokdY OD;wnfvmaom ajcvSrf; rsm; jzpfygonf/ 3/ NSC-68 1949 rSm ppfat;wku d yf JG pwift&Sed jf r§iv hf u dk af omESpf wpfEpS f [kqdkEkdifygvdrhfrnf/ taMumif;rl þESpfrSmyif tar&dutwGuf &wufrat;zG,f&mudpöESpf&yfay:xGufvmcJhaomaMumifhjzpfyg onf/ yxrudpörSm qkdAD,uf,leD,H\ yxrqHk;tPkjrLAHk; atmifjrifpmG prf;oyfazmufcv JG u dk Ef idk jf cif;jzpfonf/ 'kw, d udprö mS w½kwfuGefjrLepfygwDu w½kwfjynfrBuD;wpfckvHk;udk odrf;NyD; ]w½kwjf ynfoYlor®wEkid if }H xlaxmifvu dk jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ þudpö ESpf&yfaMumifhyif tar&dutaeESifh ppfat;wkdufyGJudk bufaygif; pHkrSt&Sdefjr§ifhzdkY taMumif;zefvm&awmhonf/ þtcsufudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ]trsKd;om;vHkNcHKa&;

aumifpDrSwfwrf;-68} (NSC-68) jzifh om"uwifEkdifp&m&Sdyg onf/ tqkdygrSwfwrf;u vmrnfhav;ig;ESpftwGif; qkdAD,uf MoZmwpfurÇmvHk;ysHUESHYvmvdrfhrnf[k cefYrSef;onf/ odkYtwGuf tar&duefumuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwfudk tBuD;tus,fwkd;jr§ifhzdkY tqdkjyKxm;onf/ odkYwap bwf*sufvkdaiGjyóemESifh &ifqkdif ae&aom or®w x½l;rif;taeESifh NSC-68 tqdkjyKcsufudk csufcsif;vufccH o hJ nfawmhr[kwyf g/ wwfEidk o f avmuf ckccH yhJ g ao;onf/ odkYwkdifatmif udk&D;,m;ppfyGJjzpfay:vmaomtcg wGifum; x½l;rif;udk,fwkdifu pdwfygvufygaxmufcHvmcJhyg awmhonf/ ajym&vQif udk&D;,m;ppfyGJrSm ppfat;wkdufyGJ b&dwfayguf NyD; ppfyltxdjzpfcJh&aom y#dyu©BuD;jzpfygonf/ tar&duefESifh w½kww f Ydkxyd w f u dk &f ifqidk cf &hJ onfh wku d yf BJG uD;vnf;jzpfonf/ þ ppfyGJuyif ppfat;wkdufyGJudk tjyif;xefqHk;txGwftxdyfumv odkY wGef;ydkYvkdufonf[k qkd&ygvdrfhrnf/

udk&D;,m;ppfyGJ udk&D;,m;uRef;qG,frSm 1905 ckESpfuyif *syef\vuf atmufodkYusa&mufcJh&onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; qkdAD,uf wyfeaD wmfu uRef;qG,af jrmufyidk ;f rS0ifvmNyD; tar&duefwyfzUJG rsm;u awmifyikd ;f rS0ifvmcJo h nf/ *syefppf½;HI NyD; 1945 Mo*kwv f wGif tar&duESifh qkdAD,uf,leD,HwkdYn§dEIdif;um udk&D;,m;uRef; qG,fudk 38 rsOf;NydKifjzifh awmifydkif;? ajrmufydkif;cGJjcm;owfrSwf &efoabmwlcJhMuonf/ 1948 Mo*kwfvwGif awmifydkif;a&m ajrmuf y k d i f ; yg tar&d u ES i f h qk d A D , uf w k d Y \ tul t nD j zif h tpdk;&rsm;tNydKifqkdovdk xlaxmifcJhMuonf/ awmifydkif;wGif ]qpfcrf m&D;}OD;aqmifNyD; ud&k ;D ,m;or®wEdik if H (awmifu&dk ;D ,m;)xl axmifcJhovdk ajrmufydkif;wGifvnf; ]uiftDqGef;}OD;aqmifNyD; ]uk&d ;D ,m;jynfoYl'rD u dk &ufwpfor®wEkid if }H (ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;) xl axmifco hJ nf/ 1948 'DZifbmwGif ud&k ;D ,m;uRe;f qG,rf S qkAd , D uf wyfrsm;qkwfcGmcJhMuNyD; 1949 ZGefvwGif tar&duefwyfrsm;yg qkwfcGmoGm;cJhMuonf/ odkYwap 1950 ZGefvwGif ajrmufudk&D;,m;wyfzGJUrsm;u tzEkid if jH yefvnfaygif;pnf;a&; a<u;aMumfojH zifh awmifu&kd ;D ,m; udk0ifwdkufcJhonf/ ppfyGJrpcif Zefe0g&Dvuwnf;u pwmvif \oabmwlnDcsufudk&,lNyD;NyD[k qkdonf/ þwGif tar&duef jynfaxmifpu k ukvor*¾vNkH cHKa&;aumifpt D pnf;ta0;ac:um udk&D;,m;jyóemudkwifjycJhonf/ xdktcsdefu qkdAD,uf,leD,H oydwfarSmufaeonfjzpf&m ADwkdtmPmjzifh uefYuGufrnfholr&Sd bJ ajrmufukd&D;,m;udk usL;ausmfoltjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf/ (xdk pOfu vHNk cHKa&;aumifpw D iG f ADwt kd mPmoH;k cGi&hf cJo h nfrmS w½kwf jynfolYor®wEkdifiHr[kwf/ w½kwf(wkdifay)omjzpfonf/) vHkNcHK a&;aumifpDqHk;jzwfcsufESifhyif tar&duefwyfzGJUrsm; ukvor*¾ tvHvTifhNyD; awmifudk&D;,m;bufrS0ifwdkufcJhawmhonf/ tar&duefppfxJ0ifvmcsdefu uRef;qG,fwpfckvHk;eD;yg;udk ajrmufudk&D;,m;wyfzGJUrsm;u odrf;ydkufNyD;oavmufjzpfaeygNyD/ tar&duefwyfrsm;0ifvmawmhrS 38 rsOf;NydKif ajrmufbufoYkd jyef vnfqkwfcGmoGm;cJhonf/ tar&duefwyfrsm;u 38 rsOf;NydKifudk ausmfNyD; qufvufwkdufckdufcJhMu&m w½kwfjynfe,fpyf &mvl; jrpfodkYa&mufvmonf/ þwGif w½kwfjynfppfxJygvmNyD; ydkrdk jyif;xefaomwkdufyGJrsm;jzpfvmawmhonf/ 1951 ZlvdkifvwGif pmrsufESm 33 od k Y

PERSPECTIVE

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

pmrsufESm 32 jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avhvmqef;ppfrS tquf ppfyGJ&yfpJzdkY pwifaqG;aEG;cJhMuaomfvnf; 1953 Mo*kwfv a&mufrS w&m;0ifppfajyNidrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;EkdifcJh onf/ ppfy\ JG tusK;d quftaeESihf tar&durSm ,cifu qkAd , D uf ESio hf m&ifqidk cf &hJ aomfvnf; ,cktcg w½kwjf ynfEiS yhf g xdyw f u dk f jzpfvm&awmhonf/ tar&du\ppfat;acwfay:vpDrSmvnf; qdkAD,uftEÅ&m,fumuG,fa&;rQomruawmhbJ taxGaxG uGefjrLepfqefYusifa&;txdjzpfvmonf/ þppfyGJudktaMumif;cH íyif tar&du\ppfNyD;acwf ta&SUtm&Say:vpDajymif;vJvmcJh jcif;jzpfygonf/

tar&du\ ta&SYtm&Say:vpDta&GY trSefpifppf tar&du\ ppfNyD;acwfay:vpD t"duzd;k uyfpf rSm tm&Sr[kwf? Oa&myjzpfonf/ rm&S,fpDrHudef;\ OD;pm;ay; ae&mrSmvnf; tm&Sa'or[kwf/ taemufOa&myEkdifiHrsm;om jzpfonf/ tm&SrS *syefESifh ywfoufvQif zufqpf0g'aemuf wpfBudrfacgif;axmifrvmEkdifap&ef bufaygif;pkHydwfqkdYa&;yif jzpfonf/ 'Pfcwfa&;ay:vpD[kqdkEkdifonf/ odkYESifhwkdif udk&D;,m;ppfyGJESifh BuHKvdkuf&aomtcg tqkdyg ay:vpDudk wpfpHkwpf&mjyifqifzkdY taMumif;zefvm&awmhonf/ ppfyGJudk tEkdifwkduf&ef rdrdwGif teD;uyfr[mrdwfvkdonf/ tm&S udkNcdrf;ajcmufvmaom w½kwfuGefjrLepfMoZmudk [efYwm;Ekdif&ef twGufvnf; a'owGif;uGefjrLepfqefYusifa&;trmcHr[mrdwf rsm;vkdonf/ þvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Ekdif&ef ay:vpD zdk;uyfpf a&TUzdkY pOf;pm;vm[ef&Sdygonf/ þta&GU\yxrqHk; ajcvSr;f rSm *syefEiS yfh wfoufaomay:vpDjzpfonf/ ,cif 'Pfcwf a&;rS ,ckbufaygif;pHkulnDa&;jzpfvmonf/ tusKd;qufum; ppfNyD;acwftm&Sa'oodkY pD;0ifvmaom yxrtBudrf a':vm a&pD;aMumif;BuD;yifjzpfygonf/ ajym&vQif *syeftaeESifh ppfNyD; acwf jymyHkb0rS jrefjrefqefqef½kef;xGufEkdifcJhonfrSm qdkcJhyg a':vma&pD;aMumif;BuD;ESihf ruif;[k qdEk idk v f rd rhf nfxifygonf/ wpfqufwnf;qd&k vQif tqdyk gyxrtBudrf a':vma&pD; aMumif;BuD;\tusKd;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifhvnf; txkduftoifh cHpm;cGifh&cJhonf[k qkdEkdifp&mrsm;&Sdygonf/ xkdpOfu jynfwGif; ppftonf;toefwu dk af e&aom jrefrmtpk;d & (z.q.y.vtpd;k &) taeESifh tar&duxHrS vufeuftultnD&cJhonf[kqdkonf/ aemif jynfawmfom pDrHudef;udk t"duyHhydk;ulnDcJhonfrSmvnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpyk ifjzpfonf/ odYk wikd af tmif ud&k ;D ,m;ppfyJG rSm arQmv f ifo h avmufrMumbJ oH;k ESprf &Sw d &Srd QEiS hf NyD;oGm;cJo h nf/ ppfBudKacwfuwnf;u aps;uGuftajccHaumif;rsm;&SdcJhaom *syeftwGuf oHk;ESpfwma':vma&pD;aMumif;rSm vHkavmufonfh taxmuftyHhjzpfcJhaomfvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfaeaom jrefrm EdkifiHtwGufrl þrQtusKd;rrsm;cJhyg/ wdkif;jynfzGHUNzdK;a&;xuf jynfwiG ;f ppfoufq;kd &Snaf &;udo k m axmufucl o hJ vdk jzpfco hJ nf/ udk&D;,m;ppfyGJNyD;qHk;oGm;onfhwdkif tm&Sa'oodkY pD;0ifvm aom a':vma&pD;aMumif;BuD;rSm tNyD;wdkif&yfwefYoGm;cJhonf awmhvnf;r[kwfyg/ tif'dkcsKdif;em;ppfyGJ tjyefYus,fvm&mrSm 'kw, d tBudrf pD;0ifvmcJjh yefonf/ tqdyk g'kw, d tBudrf a':vm a&pD;udk ususeetoHk;csEdkifcJhonfrSmum; tm&Susm;rsm; (pifumyl? a[mifaumif? w½kwfwdkifay? awmifudk&D;,m;) yif jzpfawmhonf/ tm&Susm;rsm;\ uGefzsL;&Syfcf a&cHajrcHESifh umvtwefMumpD;0ifvmaeaom a':vma&pD;wdYk aygif;pHrk jd cif; onfyif ]tm&Stb hH eef;} umv\ ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;&if;cH jzpfEdkifygonf/

ppfat;wdkufyGJ (txGwftxdyfumv) (1950-62) qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; udk&D;,m;ppfyGJrSm ppfat;wdkufyGJudk ueOD;umvrS txGwftxdyfumvodkY wGef;wifvdkufaom rSwfwdkif[kqdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ xdkonf\aemufydkif;wGifrl tar &duefO;D aqmifaom taemuftyk pf Ek iS hf qdAk , D uf,el , D H OD;aqmif aom ta&SUtkyfpkwdkYrSm rsufESmpmaygif;pHk? bufaygif;pHkwGif tjyif;txef,SOfNydKifMuavawmhonf/ þodkY,SOfNydKifMu&if;u ppfat;rS ppfylodkY ajymif;vkvktaetxm;ESifhyif BuHKcJh&onfrsm; &Sdonf/ þtxJrS tEÅ&m,ftBuD;qHk;rSm ]1962 usL;bm;'Hk;ysH tusyftwnf;} jzpfygonf/ 1959 ckESpf ESpfOD;wGif zD',fuufpx½dkOD;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; usL;bm;wGif tmPm&vmonf/ uufpx½dkudk,fwdkif uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfvmNyD; tar&duwHpufNrdwaf tmufrS usL;bm;Edik if rH mS qdAk , D uftyk pf 0k if uGejf rLepfEikd if jH zpfvmcJo h nf/ 1962 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif usL;bm; udk ]tar&duefEikd if rH sm;tzGUJ } (OAS) rS xkwyf pfvu kd o f nf/ xdEk pS f atmufwdkbmvrSmyif usL;bm;wGif wyfqif&ef'Hk;ysHrsm; wifaqmifvmaom qdAk , D ufppfoabFmrsm;udk tar&duefa&wyf rS ydwfqdkY[efYwm;&mrS wwd,urÇmppfjzpf&ef vufwpfvHk;om vdak wmhonfh rxdwo f m rvefYomtajctaeodYk a&mufvmonf/ aemufq;kH ukvor*¾\ Mum;0ifaphpyfraI Mumifh qdAk , D ufoabFm rsm; aemufjyefqw k o f mG ;awmhrS wpfurÇmvH;k ][if;} csEikd af wmhonf/

tqdkyg usL;bm;'Hk;ysHtusyftwnf;onfyif ppfab; wdkufyGJtwGuf txGwftxdyfumv\ tjrifhqHk;pcef;qifh[k qdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ þtusyftwnf;aemufydkif;rSpí qlyg yg0g ESpfckMum; wif;rmrIavQmhaygha&;umvodkY wjznf;jznf; a&GUvm aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ (þtaMumif;udk a&SUtcef;rS qufygrnf/) qdkcJhyg ppfat;wdkufyGJtwGuf txGwftxdyfumvtwGif; jrefrmtygt0if zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkufywfoufaeaom wl½lcsufwpf&yfudkom ,cktcef;wGif azmfjyvdkonf/ zGHUNzdK;qJ Edik if aH wmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ppfbuftmPmodr;f rIrsm; cyfpw d pf w d f ay:xGufcJhaom 1960 0ef;usifu wl½lcsufjzpfygonf/ tqdkyg tmPmod r f ; rI r sm;\aemuf u G , f w G i f qd k A D , uf , l e D , H \ ausmaxmufaemufcHay;rIrsm;&Sdovdk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ ya,m*ESifh ruif;onfrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ xdkpOfu qdkAD,uf\ ay:vpDrSm ]awmfvSefa&;udkwifydkYzdkY} jzpfav&m vuf0Jvdkvm; aom tmPmodrf;rIwdkif;\ aemufuG,fwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H &Scd o hJ nfursm;onf/ txl;ojzifh tmz&duESihf ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f wGif jzpfonf/ tvm;wl tar&du\ay:vpDrmS vnf; taxGaxG uGejf rLepfqefYusiaf &;yifjzpfav&m vuf0v J v kd m;aom tpk;d &rsm; udkjzKwfcsonfh tmPmodrf;rIwdkif;avmufwGif tar&duef ajc&mvuf&mrsm;ygaeonf/ txl;ojzifh tm&SESifh vufwiftar&duwGifjzpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd taMumif;cHNyD; ppfbufrS tmPm&,lco hJ nfh Edik if H rsm;vnf;&Sdoavmuf&Sdygonf/ aESmif;acwfynm&Sifrsm;url qdck yhJ ga&pD;aMumif;BuD;wpfcv k ;kH udk ]Edik if aH &;wGif ppfbufrS yg0if aqmif&Gufvmjcif;} (Militarilization of Politics) [k 0dN*dK[fjyKMu ygonf/

jrefrmUEdkifiHa&;jyu©'def (1948-49) - Zefe0g&Dv 4 - yxrqHk;vGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem; usif;y/ - yxrqHk; (,m,D) ygvDreftpnf;ta0;usif;y/ - azazmf0g&D 4 - tdE´d,uGefjrLepfygwD\ tmabmf ]jynfolYacwf} wGif *dk&S,ftrnfjzifh pmwrf;wpfyk'f ygvm/ - azazmf0g&D - umvuwåm;wGif usif;yaom NAdwdoQ tifyg,muGefjrLepfygwDrsm;\ uGe*f &ufoYkd A.u.y ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;wufa&muf - rwfv 12 - qdk&S,fvpfygwDvlxktpnf;ta0;usif;y/ owif;pmrsm;½dkufcsKd;/ - rwfv 18 - A.u.y BuD;rSL;NyD; awmifolv,form; or*¾uGef*&uf ysOf;rem;wGifusif;y/ - rwfv 27 - uGejf rLepfygwD vlxt k pnf;ta0; usif;y/ - rwfv 28 - uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;zrf;? trsm;pk vTwf? awmcdk? jynfwGif;ppfp/ - arv 25 - ocifEk\ ]vuf0JnDñGwfa&;rl 15 csuf} (Ekrl) xkwfjyefaMunm? jynfolY&JabmfuGJ - Zlvdkif - 19 - jynfolY&Jabmf (jzL) awmcdk/ - Mo*kwf - 14 - u&ifvufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh rGefvufeufudkiftzGJUrsm; awmcdk/ - Mo*kwf 18 - wyfrawmfrS wyf&if; 1? r*Fvm'HkESifh wyf&if; 3 - o&ufwdkYawmcdk/ - 1949 - jynfwGif;ppftajctaeqdk;vm/ EdkifiHwum owif;pmrsm;u ]&efukeftpdk;&} [líyif orkwfvmMu/

jynfwGif;ppfodkh 1/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD ocifpdk; OD;aqmifaom tvHeDygwDrSm uGefjrLepfygwDrS cGx J u G Nf yD;pOfuyif tMurf;zufawmfveS af &;enf;jzifo h m vGwv f yf a&;udk t&,lEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfcJhonf/ okdYwap ocifpdk; tqdkjyKaom vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rSm qdkAD,uf½k&Sm;\ atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;yHkpH ]oydwfpHk olykefxvrf;pOf} jzpf onf/ ajray:wGif vlxktHk<urIrsm; tESHYtjym;jzpfay:apNyD;rS wpfjynfvHk;vufeufudkifykefuefa&;odkY OD;wnfMuzdkYjzpfonf/ odkYwdkifatmif tjcm;aomEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh n§dEdIif;aqmif &Gujf cif;r&Sb d J wpfu, kd af wmfusw d cf o hJ nfomjzpfí BuD;BuD;rm;rm; atmifjrifrI&cJhonfawmh r[kwfygacs/ &cdkifbufwGifrl tvHeD ygwD\ MoZmoufa&mufr&I o dS avmuf&cdS o hJ nf/ ocifp;kd vrf;pOf udk vufcHMuaom OD;pdEÅmESifh bHkaygufomausmfwdkY\ vufeuf udkifvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuwnf;u &SdaecJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;aMunmNyD;onfESifh ocifpdk;u ]jynfwGif;ppfonf trGefjrwfqHk;tvkyf} [k oabmw&m;xkwfum wpfjynfvHk; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyf&ef aqmfMovmcJhonf/ 2/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ocifoef;xGe;f OD;aqmifaom ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDurl 1948 vGwfvyfa&;udk EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfaomfvnf; pD;yGm; a&;t& rvGwfvyf[k a0zefcJhonf/ þoabmudk vGwfvyfa&; aeY r S m yif usif ; ycJ h a om ,m,D y gvD r ef t pnf ; ta0;wG i f uGefjrLepfygwDrS jzL;trwfocifoef;azu w&m;0ifajymMum;cJh onf/ þtcsdeftxd A.u.y\ w&m;0ifvrf;pOfrSm ]EdkifiHa&; vGwv f yfciG u hf u kd ikd Nf yD; pD;yGm;a&;vGwv f yfatmif qufvufv;kH yef;

VOICE

The

&OD;rnf} qdkaom t,ltqjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm Oya' abmiftwGif;rSyif vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufBudK;yrf; oGm;rnfhoabm[k em;vnf&ygonf/ 1948 Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYu usif;ycJhaom yxrqHk;vGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;wGif ygwD\ eHygwfwpfacgif;aqmif ocifoef;xGef;udk,fwdkif wufa&mufcJhonfrSm EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfrIudk todtrSwfjyKonfh oabmyifjzpfonf/ odYk EiS w hf ikd f 1948 azazmf0g&D 4 &uf (rluw JG pfcu k Zefe0g&D 4 &uf [ k q d k o nf / ) aeYxk w f td E ´ d , uG e f j rLepf y gwD \ a<u;aMumfoH ]jynfoYlacwf*sme,f}wGif A.u.yaygvpfAsL½dt k zGUJ 0if *dk&S,f (&Jabmfbwif) \ pmwrf;wpfckygvmonf/ ]Armjynf vuf&SdtajctaeESifh igwdkY\wm0efrsm;} qdkaom pmwrf;jzpf onf/ þpmwrf;wGif *dk&S,fu ]jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;rSm vGwfvyfa&;vdrfBuD;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;udk vufcHvdkufjcif; jzifh z.q.y.vrSm e,fcsUJ orm;ESihf jyefvrf;r&Sd yl;aygif;oGm;avNyD/ odkYtwGuf vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&ap&ef z.q.y.vESifh e,fcsJUorm; tm; w½kwfuGefjrLepfawGu udkrifwefudkvkyfovdk vkyf&vdrfh rnf/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJBuD;twGuf jynfolvlxkudk vHUI aqmfpnf;½H;k xm;&rnf} [k qdo k nf/ aemifwiG f ]*d&k , S v f rf;pOf} [ktrnfwGifonfh jynfwGif;ppfvrf;pOfudk w&m;0ifazmfjyvdkuf jcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkv (azazmf0g&D) xJrSmyif umvuwåm;wGif usif;ycJh aom NAdwo d Qtifyg,muGejf rLepfygwDrsm;\ uGe*f &uftNyD;wGif ocifoef;xGef;udk,fwdkifu tqdkyg*dk&S,fvrf;pOfudk vufcH aMumif; azmfjycsurf sm;&Sv d monf/ þvrf;pOfukd olwYkdEpS af ,muf (ocifoef;xGe;f ESihf *d&k , S )f wdYk u ]trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyJG vrf;pOf} [k ac:Muonf/ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeuf udkifawmfvSef&rnfqdkonfudk a,bk,svufcHMuaomfvnf; A.u.yaygvpfAsL½dw k iG f wnDwñGww f nf;aom qH;k jzwfcsufcsEdik f cJhonfawmhr[kwfyg/ ocifoef;xGef;ESif ocifAodef;wifwdkYu w½kwfyHkpH ]aus;vuftajccHNrdKU0dkif;} enf;ESifh taumiftxnf azmfvo kd nf/ *d&k , S u f ½k&mS ;yHpk H ]oydwpf o kH yl ek x f } enf;jzifh oGm;vdk onf/ (tjcm;aygvpfAsL½dktzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfol ocifodef;azrSm ygwDtjyifbufa&mufaeNyD; ocifA[def;rSmvnf; uG,fvGefcJhNyD; jzpfonf/) A[dak umfrwDxw J iG rf l vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udyk if vufrcHEdkifMuolrsm;&Sdonf[k qdkonf/ qdk&vQif qdkcJhyg *dk&S,f vrf;pOfrSm uGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwDrS w&m;0ifcsrSwfxm; aom vrf;pOfum;r[kwf/ aygvpfAsL½dkxJrSmyif tjiif;yGm;aeqJ taetxm;wGif&Sdonf/ þtajctaerSmyif z.q.y.vtpd;k &twGuf odum© usp&m? wpfzufrS uGefjrLepfrsm;twGuf MoZmwufp&m jyóem wpf&yfay:vmonf/ qdk&S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol ocifwif\ yk*¾dKvfa&;udpöwpfckudk taMumif;cHNyD; rwfv 12 &ufaeYwiG f qd&k , S v f pfygwDvx l t k pnf;ta0;usi;f y&mrS owif; pmwdu k rf sm;udk ½du k cf sKd;onftxd vufveG o f mG ;cJjh cif;jzpfygonf/ (trSepf ifppf vlxt k pnf;ta0;\ rlv&nf&, G cf sufrmS tpd;k &\ ajr,mjyKjyifa&;vkyfief;pOfudk uefYuGufaeaom ajr&Sifrsm;udk qefYusifqE´jyzdkYjzpfonf/) tqdkygudpöqdk;BuD;jzpfNyD; wpfywf cefYtMum rwfv 18 &ufaeYwiG f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDBuD;rSL; aom awmifolv,form;or*¾nDvmcHudk ysOf;rem;NrdKUwGif usif;ycJhonf/ (ysOf;rem;uGef*&uf[k vlodrsm;ygonf/) þnDvmcHwGif v,form;rsm; odef;ESifhcsDwufa&mufvmMu&m {nfhonfawmftjzpfa&muf&adS eaom ,l*pkd vyfA;D ,m;ud, k pf m;vS,f u ]cifAsm;wdYk awmfveS af &; &ifrh n S ahf eNyD} [k ocifoef;xGe;f wdYk ukd ajymonf[kqdkonf/ þumvavmufrSmyif ,m,DygvDreftpnf;ta0;ü uGefjrLepfwdkYESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef trwftcsKdUu wdkufwGef;vm Muonf/ z.q.y.v tpdk;&u Adkvfvusfm? Adkvfzdk;uGef;ESifh qrm; 'l;0g;qif0g;aemifwYkdyg0ifaom aumfrwDzUJG í A.u.yESihf aqG;aEG; aponf/ Adv k u f smf bufrS ocifoef;xGe;f wdYkEiS hf awGUqH&k ef tBudrf Budraf wmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; taMumif;rjyefc[ hJ q k o kd nf/ (xdpk Ofu A.u.yrSmvnf; wnDwñGwfwnf;aomvrf;pOf csrSwfEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;ae&csdefjzpfonf/) þtcsdefrSmyif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; wm0ef,x l m;aom OD;ausmfNidr;f u jynfwiG ;f ppftEÅ&m,fwm;qD; Edkifa&;twGuf uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;zdkY tqdjk yKvmaomfvnf; 0efBuD;csKyfocifEu k cGirhf jyKcJ/h aemufq;kH A.u.yaygvpfAsL½dku vufcHtwnfjyKNyD;jzpfonf[kqdkaom ]*dk&S,fppfwrf;} qdkonfudk jyawmhrS cGifhjyKcJhonf[kqdkonf/ 1948 rwfv 27 &uf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS OD;pD;NyD; r[mAE¨Kvyef;NcHwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aeY txdrf;trSwf vlxktpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf/ þtpnf;ta0;wGif ajymcJh aom ocifoef;xGef;rdefYcGef;wGif ]Am;u&m acsmufBuD;udk qdk&S,fvpft½dk;ESifhzdkYypfrnf}? ]at;at;aecsifwJh ocifEkBuHawm ydkYr,f} ...? ]tpdk;&udk vufeufeJY wGef;vSef&r,f} paom tvGef tuRHtajymtqdrk sm; ygcJo h nf[q k o kd nf/ xdn k rSmyif uGejf rLepf ygwDXmecsKyfudk &JwyfzGJUESifh 0ifpD;awmhonf/ odkYwap ocif oef;xGef;tygt0if acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkudkum; rrdcJhyg/ ocif pmrsufESm 34 od k Y

VOICE

The

PERSPECTIVE

Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

jrefrmUEkdifiHa&;tawG;tac: - tydkif; (7) OD;armifarmifBuD; t*Fvdyfvdka&;í OD;atmifcif jrefrmvdkwifjyonf Burmese Political Values (7) by U Manug Maung Gyi, (Reviewed by U Aung Khin)

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Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

PERSPECTIVE

VOICE

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Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

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VOICE

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Monday, April 2 - 8, 2012

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40 The

VOICE

Monday, April 2 - 8, 2012

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THE VOICE WEEKLY 41

Vol.7 / No.13 - March 7 - 13 , 2011

FOREIGN AFFAIRS Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

VOICE

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Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

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FOREIGN AFFAIRS

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VOICE

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VOICE

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SPORT Soccer Weekly Fixtures

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Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

English Premier League Prediction Match (31) armifom'if

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47 Monday, April 2 - 8 , 2012

VOICE

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FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Vol.8 / No.16

VOICE

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Vol.8 / No.16

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TECHNOLOGY

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