THE CRUST - ISSUE #4

The Ceo

Chief Editor Overview

Season’s greetings and Happy New Year 2023!

We think this year’s festivity is particularly special because this is the first new year celebration in three years where we are not haunted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The world had moved toward herd immunity, and we slowly adapted to living with the presence of this disease. People bravely flooded the streets with joy and excitement. They can finally visit and meet with families and friends, attend parties, and go on a vacation. In short, things are slowly coming back to the time when before we had the pandemic.

No doubt that 2023 will come with its own unique challenges. As we heard the global economy is predicted to go into a recession. Not to mention any new conflict that might happen in the world that might affect global trade. The ongoing trade tensions between the United States and China, for example,

have had an impact on global supply chains and may continue to do so in the coming years. Fortunately, the demand for food should still be strong because ultimately all humans need to eat. However, this might not be true for all food commodities, especially their expensive counterparts. It will be interesting to see how consumer behavior will change this coming year.

One expectation is that the global economy will continue to recover from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many countries have implemented measures to stimulate economic growth. China recently ended its zero covid policy and opens up its border and trade. Though normalization will still take time, it is a good step toward it. Let’s hope that this will not be just a temporary rebound. With any luck, these efforts can increase consumption and prevent the upcoming recession.

Aside from what is happening on the global stage, we shouldn’t forget to look back to what is happening on the farm. Diseases have long been the main challenge in aquaculture. It seems like even before we took care of one disease, another more virulent one sprouted anew. Not to mention the effect of climate change on weather patterns that further makes our animals more susceptible to diseases. But still, one trait that all good aquaculturists need to have is optimism.

So fellow citizens of the world and aquaculture enthusiasts, stay tuned this year again with THE CRUST as we embark on this journey to promote and improve aquaculture together. Let’s make 2023 our year to rise and shine brighter! Once again, Happy New Year, and have a funtastic 2023!

lTHE CRUST - RIZKY

Rizky Darmawan Chief Editor

Photo source : THE CRUST

Indonesia is facing challenges in shrimp production due to rampant diseases and the ever-increasing operating cost. According to Denny Leonardo, Managing Partner of PT Tequisa Indonesia, nursery and the multiphase system can be a solution to increase shrimp production by more cycles of shrimp production per year due to better feeds and management in the nursery phase and reduce the cost of antibiotic and disinfectant usage in this model due to high control and reduced disease risk. This model of shrimp aquaculture, Denny said, is the future of shrimp farming in Indonesia.

Denny explained, of course, because the system is different, the feeding management in the nursery is also vastly different from that in the grow-out pond. Denny describes the nursery phase is as a phase in between the post-larvae stage to juvenile stage in a nursery pond before releasing it to the grow-out pond. “Several benefits of a nursery phase include increased survival rate, improved feeding efficiency, and increased growth performance, hence a better grow-out production due to the “head start” of better control in the shrimp’s early development stages,” he explained.

Meanwhile Salman Fuadi, Account Manager of INVE Aquaculture explained, with the rise of nursery practices in Asia, especially in

Pros and Cons of

Thailand and Vietnam, special feed is needed for nurseries as well as a bridge between hatchery feed and grow out. “Therefore, sometimes nursery feeds are also called transition feeds,” said Salman.

Some of the advantages of using nursery feed, mentioned by Salman, include; optimal nutrition, because it uses high quality ingredients, similar to hatchery feed. This feed has also been adapted for nurseries with high densities (eg 2000-5000 pl/m3, even >10,000 Pl/ m3). Nursery feeds also tend to have high stability and doesn’t rapidly deteriorate the water and have engineered buoyancy that allows them to remain in the water column.

Maintaining culture water quality

Sharing his experience, Andy F. Solomon, a fisherman from Probolinggo, East Java, recounted his experience using nursery feed since early 2022. According to Andy, what really stood out was the water quality. The nursery system, said Andy, requires farmers to condition shrimp and water at high density. With a nursery stocking density of over 3000 PL/m2 in a 180 m2 indoor pond, there is evident negative correlation in the water quality when regular feed is used in compared to nursery feed. “Initially we stocked it in a state of morning pH of 8.1 and were given regular feed. The next

morning the pH had fallen to 7.8. and continues to fall as long as the regular feed is continued. In fact, the lower the pH number in the morning suggests that the bottom of the pool is ridden with sludge,” explained Andy. After he performed nursery feed trials, the morning pH of the pond did not change at all while using the nursery feed. “But even trying 50% nursery feed inclusion, my morning pH drops again as before,” Andy regretted.

Andy then followed the feed management program from his nursery feed manufacturer using 3.8 kg for 600,000 PL with increments according to the feeding program. “For the first 5 days, only 5 feedings daily, then 6 feedings daily. Because the particle size are small, the feed is only distributed normally around the lip of the pond embankment,” he explained. However, he also gave tips. In his opinion, it is best to use nursery feed throughout the whole nursery phase of the culture. In this case 28 days of cultivation for Andy so that growth can be achieved without damaging the water quality. “This is allows the process of transferring to the grow-out to have better odds of success because the shrimp are not under stress from deteriorated water conditions,” he suggested.

Regarding feed management, according to Salman, it is better to give nursery feed with a higher daily feeding frequency, so that

of Nursery Feed

it is more effective and efficient. He admits that nursery feed is usually also mixed with regular feed especially to reduce costs, but still achieve optimal nursery performance. “For example, use 30% inclusion for the first 10 days, then use commercial feed and 3 days before transferring to grow-out pond feed 30% inclusion again in order to improve transfer performance” he advised.

As a farmer, Andy also advises not to use nursery feed in grow-out ponds, especially from an economic point of view. According to him, the use of nursery feed would be more effective in nursery ponds, taking into account the small dimensions of the nursery ponds and very high densities. The same thing was conveyed by Denny, “nursery feed can be used in grow-out ponds however the higher density in nursery ponds has better feeding efficiency since. This is because the PLs are tiny and spread throughout the pond, with a higher density, the feed will be consumed faster by chance.” He added, nursery ponds are usually stocked in higher densities and with higher protein feed levels.

“Because of this high den-

sity, nursery ponds are operated somewhere in between grow-out and hatchery facilities. Due to the high protein content, it is important to closely maintain and avoid water quality deterioration. Having more sensitive response-time requirements than grow-out. It is important to learn how to operate nursery ponds correctly and adopt some of the practices from hatchery facilities,” said Denny.

Unpopular in Indonesia

Although it has several advantages, one of which is nursery feed is better digested by the animal in comparison to conventional feed, nursery feed remains unpopular at present. According to Denny, this is because nursery systems in Indonesia have existed for some time, but due to inadequate technique, along with false perceptions and misunderstandings, the system fell out of favour as farmers did not wish to incur additional risk. Another factor added by Salman is because currently the availability of nursery feed in Indonesia is still very limited and most of it is still imported. “Most of these feed producers also rarely provide the full program, so the interest of farmers to use nurseries is still low,” said Salman.

Denny also expressed his hope, “I expect more companies in Indonesia will

adopt the use of nursery feeds in the future. Capitulation will occur in the Indonesian aquaculture industry where conventional shrimp farms without nursery systems will struggle to compete with those that adopt the system along with novel technologies.” As an example, he added, Hassanuddin Atjo, a senior shrimp expert in the industry, has experimented for more than five years on the nursery protocol with great success. Many other researchers and practitioners are following this trend looking for a commercially feasible and scalable nursery protocol in Indonesia.

Regarding the relatively high price of nursery feed, Salman suggested optimizing the nursery program to reduce the cost per juvenile produced, so that the price of nursery feed does not have much effect on the cost of the nursery. Meanwhile, according to Denny, the prices may reduce relatively as more farmers adopt nursery feeds, and less reliance on imported feeds. However, because the raw material is premium by nature, it will still be significantly more expensive than to grow-out feeds. “The main focus for these nursery feeds is for quality, not quantity,” he concluded.

Photo source: THE CRUST, personal doc. (Denny, Andy, Salman), Inve doc.

Denny Leonardo

Andy F. Solomon

Salman Fuadi

Construction Series 1

School Fish Growout Ponds

Aquaculture is different in many ways from agriculture. In aquaculture, we are dealing with biota that lives in a significantly different ecosystem than us. This presents more challenge than rearing terrestrial animals which live and breathes the same air as humans. So instead of the animal directly, aquaculturists usually focus on how to take care of the water quality so the animals inside can flourish.

Removing excess from the pond is one of the most important parts of aquaculture. The nutrient build-up due to various inputs such as feed can be dangerous to the stock if not taken care of. In conventional ponds, waste removal is achieved by sloping the pond floor toward the center where the central drain is located; while designing the paddlewheel placement to create a vortex that will bring all of the sludge to the center. One detail that is sometimes overlooked is that not all waste sinks to the bottom. Some types of waste float on the surface or near it such as dead plankton, hence it is best to equip the pond with a way to remove this floating debris. A way farmers do this is by installing a pipe near the side of the pond with a hole near the maximum water level of the pond that connects to the outlet channel. This way the waste can just be removed by the pond operator by pushing it through the opening.

In a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), the effluent is not discharged but treated to be circulated back into the farm. The waste is removed from the pond the same way as normal farms, but in this system pieces of equipment for waste removal are installed to improve water quality. Generally, RAS needs to have the equipment to filter big particulates, bioreactors to convert harmful molecules, degassing equipment to remove nitrogen, and finally sterilization.

Most of the animals that we cultivate need oxygen to survive. In an aquaculture setting, oxygen is represented by the amount of diluted oxygen (DO) in the water. Hypoxic situations in the pond will not just hinder the growth of the animals but can also result in death. Our animal stock thrives in conditions where the oxygen supply is high. However, there is a certain limit to the level of oxygen as oxygen can be poisonous in hyperoxic conditions.

The general guide for an intensive farm is to have at least 1 HP of aeration for each 200m2 pond area. In super-intensive farms, this can go even higher. The usual method to aerate ponds is by using paddlewheels. However, this form of aeration is not that efficient to increase the DO level in the water. Nowadays, many alternatives for aeration can sufficiently supply oxygen while using less energy, such as water blowers or nanobubbles equipment. These aeration equipments must be placed spread around the pond to maximize oxygen distribution.

Not just the rearing part, a pond needs to be designed so it can be harvested swiftly when the time comes. Taking too long to harvest might result in a reduction in stock quality or increased mortality in times of a disease outbreak. There are essentially two ways to choose to harvest a pond; harvesting it with or without draining the water.

If the farmer decided to harvest it while at the same time draining the pond, they will need an adequate channel to release the water to the outlet while at the same time catching the stock on its way out. This is done by incorporating a water gate to the side of the pond, or by installing a drainage pipe big enough to let the stock passes while rapidly reducing the water level.

Harvesting the stock without discharging the water is more complicated. The farmer will need to use some methods to catch the stock and bring it out of the pond. This is usually done by dredging a net from one end to push and aggregate the stock to the other end to be caught. Recently, some equipments have been developed to do this such as using a pump to remove the stock from the pond while pumping back the water. These non-draining methods are usually used in RAS

Pond top down view Water Gate

Harvesting

Photo source: Delta Marine Indosia

EHP, A silent killer

growth) parameters, but also results in high size variation at harvest time.

A microsporidian parasite EHP (Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei) has recently become a concern for Indonesian shrimp farmers. This parasite that causes Hepatopancreatic mi-

crosporidiosis (HPM) does not literally kill shrimp immediately, but it can kill the shrimp business economically. How could this happen? EHP, which has less obvious clinical symptoms, can be very detrimental precisely because it occurs with slow growth symptoms over a time of culture. This makes cultivation longer and FCR higher.

A shrimp farmer from North Sumatra, who is also the coordinator of the Shrimp Club Indonesia (SCI) chapter Medan, Erwin Budiman, confirms that the losses caused by EHP could reach 150-200 percent. This makes sense when the growth of shrimp slows down due to EHP, and the farmers didn’t realize it, they keep giving feed so that the FCR gets higher.

Not only in Indonesia, EHP actually happened earlier in other countries such as Thailand, China, India, and Vietnam. Even historically, a scientific journal reports that EHP occurred for the first time against a black tiger (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand in 2004. But it was not much studied until it started to spread in vannamei farms in the 2010s. The disease doesn’t only slow the growth as seen from ABW (average body weight) and ADG (average daily

How EHP spread and transmitted

Recently, EHP has also become a concern for shrimp farmers in China. According to the

of the soil after production.

Zhang reveals that the slow growth of the shrimp is caused by EHP that attacks the intestines and hepatopancreas which causes digestive problems. And sometimes, the symptoms of EHP are associated with WFD (white feces disease), although not always.

A piece of a report from the Journal of Invertebrate Pathology (2020) states that the spread of EHP can occur both horizontally and vertically. The horizontal spreading occurs from one infected shrimp to another in the same cultivation pond or area. The transmission happens through feces and cannibalism. Meanwhile, the vertical distribution occurs from the infected broodstock. And can also come from its fresh or live feed that already contains EHP.

Erwin and Zhang confirm that infected shrimp PL is very likely to be the main cause of the EHP outbreak in the ponds. According to Erwin, EHP commonly occurs in less than DOC (day of culture) 45. “The PL that is already infected by EHP combined with a not ideal environment can reduce shrimp immunity. So, they are more susceptible to disease,” Erwin says.

Why do we need to be concerned about silent killer called EHP?

East Indonesia Area Manager of Haida Indonesia, Mr. Zhang Zheng, EHP has impacted roughly 30 - 40 percent of the shrimp culture in his country, with the main symptom of slowing growth. These outbreaks mainly occurred in earthen-pond with minimal cleaning/dredging

killer disease?

In addition, researchers led by Thawatchai Chaijarasphong say that the existence of EHP is also triggered by the high density of shrimp which has been widely applied across Asian countries since the early 2000s. While Zhang adds that EHP is also triggered by blooming algae and pH fluctuation .

Prevention is always a wise action

As common as how to treat the disease in the shrimp farm, minimizing EHP is also better by preventive action. The first step can be done by ensuring the shrimp PL of the shrimp is free from EHP after PCR or microscopic testing. And then implementing strict biosecurity, best practices, and optimizing water quality are necessary.

Because EHP can be transmitted vertically, the prevention ideally should not only be carried out in grow-out ponds but should start from the broodstock maturation and spawning processes. One of the gates which EHP can enter is the fresh or live feed of broodstock such as polychaetes and bivalves. Researchers suggest that before it is used, the fresh feed must be treated with thermal shock by freezing it at -20 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. Or by heating it at high temperatures.

“However, a far better treatment would be to hold them at 70 °C for 15 min (pasteurization) since this would kill not only EHP but also the other major bacterial and viral pathogens of shrimp if present. It is probable that pas-

teurization would reduce the yield of nauplii from the broodstock, but we believe that this cost is justified to remove the otherwise high risk of pathogen contamination from such feeds.” the researchers state in the journal.

Meanwhile, in the transition between the hatchery and grow-out pond, the shrimp PL should be confirmed free of EHP by PCR screening. But it’s worth noting that an EHPfree statement from the hatchery doesn’t mean the farmers no need again to check shrimp periodically after stocking into the ponds. And the sampling would be better by using molecular methods to ensure whether EHP existed or not.

If that periodic sampling shows in early EHP detection or if HPM is suspected, the manager of the pond can minimize the horizontal spread by several actions. Namely by reducing shrimp density, increasing water exchange, removing feces, then removing and burying the dead shrimp before it is eaten by another shrimp.

Besides applying common best practices, Erwin Budiman has his own way of EHP prevention. Based on his experience, he encourages fellow farmers to apply nursery or multiphase systems to minimize EHP. This method has been quite good because the seed stocked into grow-out ponds are already larger, around DOC25 or PL35, which are also relatively stronger.

THE CRUST has discussed the benefits of

the nursery in minimizing EHP, particularly if using small and round tanks. This system can reduce EHP outbreaks as it can control effluent easily through shrimp toilets or central drains.

Meanwhile, from a nutritional perspective, Mr. Zhang from Haida said that there is no research so far on the use of certain ingredients or feed additives to inhibit EHP. However, good quality feed with high protein and digestibility can help the shrimp’s resistance to EHP infection.

Last but not least on how to prevent EHP, farmers can also use quicklime (CaO) during preparation. Researchers write that CaO can stimulate spore germination and inactivation to reduce infection pressure. Let alone if the pond was hit by EHP previously. Zhang says that this method is also used by farmers in China. “They will make sure the pond is free from EHP before stocking the shrimp,” Zhang says.

Reference:

Chaijarasphong T. et. al. The shrimp microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP): Biology, pathology, diagnostics and control: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology (2020).

lTHE CRUST-AB, UTE, RIZKY

Photo source: Personal doc. Mr. Zhang, Special doc.

Mr. Zhang

Markets have been quiet over the holidays. One major change has been the opening of China to the world where Chinese can once again travel without the need for approval from the government. Many have speculated that the timing for this has been rather deliberate by the Chinese government, coinciding it 2 weeks before Chinese New Year to get the peak number of cases over before then.

However, there is also a secondary effect on the market. Typically, the highest consumption of shrimp in China is during the Lunar New Year. This year’s Lunar New Year also happens to be rather early which means that stocks of shrimp arriving from Ecuador should have sailed in late October or early November at the latest. There will be no more last-minute panic buying. What has been sold should have been sold.

Hence, we are seeing prices of Ecuadorian shrimp barely move. Last week Ecuador was quoting at:

20/30 6.30USD/kg

30/40 5.59USD/kg

40/50 5.30USD/kg

50/60 4.90USD/kg

This is a bare 10 cents increase in size 30/40. Many could say however that this is just

Market Wet

an attempt by the Ecuadorians to ride on positive market sentiment & inflate their prices. Most packers would accept bids 10-20 cents below what is on offer. We are heading into one of the main Ecuadorian harvest seasons and farmers should have plenty of shrimp to sell.

Weak demand is not being helped by the US. By all accounts consumption over the holiday season was underwhelming. Importers are still reporting massive inventories. If these are not sold, most importers are restricting themselves to buying only what is needed. This will likely continue until after lent. Hopefully, there will be decent Lenten sales to boost production.

The one bright spot is that Europe seems to be recovering from its lethargy of the past 6 months. The euro has rebounded and with the expected influx of Chinese tourists this summer some importers are starting to become more bullish with their imports. The sentiment however is very mixed. There are still many who are fearing that this is a temporary rebound.

Overall, the situation looks slightly better than it was 3 months ago. The opening of China is largely a positive sign. We can expect plenty of capital injection into ailing markets which should benefit us all.

Christopher Tan CEO - MIDA

Photo source : MIDA

Being in a tropical climate with 2 seasons, dry and wet seasons, makes shrimp farming in Indonesia have its own unique challenge. A young farmer from West Java, Bobby Indra Gunawan, said that compared to the dry season, the cultivation process in the wet season is way more challenging because the dynamic weather patterns affect the water quality significantly. Generally, Bobby said, the water quality in the wet season tends to decrease, therefore increasing the stress level of the shrimp and susceptibility to disease.

Indonesia’s climate is currently shifting to having a longer wet season than the dry season. According to Drh. Narendra Santika Hartana, Shrimp & Fish Health Supervisor of PT. Suri Tani Pemuka, due to a longer wet season, we are now experiencing higher rainfall. As a result, plankton population instability and dominance often occur in the pond. Whereas plankton is one of the important factors in shrimp farming. “Fluctuations in the plankton population and domination can affect the shrimp to be immunocompromised, which means that the shrimp population in the pond will be more vulnerable to disease,” Narendra explained.

Wayan Agus Edhy, Technical Advisor of PT Delos Teknologi Maritim Jaya, confirmed this information. According to him, shrimp cultivation in the dry season is less challenging because the temperature is warmer, and also the sunlight’s inten-

Challenges of Shrimp

sity is sufficient in stabilizing the algae in the pond. “In the dry season, farmers only need to focus on feed management and maintaining the basic organic ingredients,” he explained. Meanwhile, during the wet season, the intensity of sunlight is low so the growth level of the green algae tends to be slower, especially when the

that shrimp diseases will have an outbreak in that particular area. However, according to Narendra, it must be known that the change of seasons can aggravate diseases that once existed in the area. He explained further that if there is a high rainfall level, then places with a history of WSSV disease will become more prone to reinfection; it’s

ponds are in the plankton growing period as part of the preparation process. Additionally, “With the water temperature below 30oC, shrimps are more susceptible to WSSV disease. To mitigate this White Spot disease, one thing that farmers can do is to implement strict biosecurity protocols,” said Wayan.

Affecting Water Quality and Prone to Disease

Speaking about shrimp disease, it should be understood that climate and disease do not go hand in hand. Therefore, when the climate changes, it does not mean

because WSSV disease is more common in the wet season. Narendra also said that climate change also directly affects the quality of aquaculture water. The Internal data of PT Suri Tani Pemuka in East Java shows that there has been an increase in several indicators of water contamination, such as TAN (Total Ammonia as Nitrogen), Nitrate, and TVC (Total Vibrio Count) in seawater in the period of 2020 to 2021.

To further understand the effects of climate change, besides affecting the water quality which leads to shrimp’s health, Wayan added that climate change can also affect the FCR because they are all interre-

Wayan Agus Edhy

Narendra Santika Hartana

Farming in Different Seasons

lated. Therefore, he suggested adapting the water quality management and feed management to particular seasonal conditions. “And what very important is the management of organic matter in ponds, because all shrimp diseases stem from these organic matter problems. Why? Because if the accumulation of organic matter at the

Farmers’ Efforts

Various efforts continue to be done by farmers to maximize cultivation in each different season. As done by Bobby for example, starting from measuring the carrying capacity of organic material input, balancing organic material input with the water circulation capacity, using dominant

in each season.

Bobby also records the daily cultivation data of each cycle in order to have supporting data for the carrying capacity limit. That way hopefully they can adapt their feeding regimes (organic input) so it can be timely and accurate in quantity. “In Cultivation, one must be observant and vigilant in monitoring any changes in water quality parameters from the water source, in the ponds, and the environment. We must be careful in determining what applications are needed to support water quality improvements,” Bobby explained.

pond bottom increases, it will also trigger an increase in vibrio population, decomposing activity increases, and toxic metabolites such as ammonia, nitrite, and hydrogen sulfide. All of these can then affect the stress level of shrimp,” explained Wayan. According to Snieszko, Wayan added, these multiple stress factors can affect diseases that usually occur in the dry season to appear such as IMNV and CMNV. Strict implementation of biosecurity protocols is also critical to prevent cross-contamination between ponds and between farms he explained.

aerobes/facultative aerobes bacterias, increasing the possibility of removing gas residues through water changing process, and using good quality fry. Speaking specifically about fry, Bobby admitted that he is very selective and only uses the best fry (considering factors such as active movement, average size, low mortality, and defective traits), and he also needs a statement letter from testing labs explaining that the fry is free of pathogens and viruses. Bobby also emphasized the importance of controlled feed management and the administration of inputs in accordance with the needs of the water quality parameters

Our sources also provided some additional insights into these changing seasons. Wayan explains that the condition in Indonesia, which is a tropical country, allows farmers to carry out shrimp farming throughout the year in all regions without exception. He adds that only several areas on the southern coast of Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, and NTT are affected by the cold temperatures resulting from winter in the southern hemisphere from July until September. These cold temperatures, however, can still be mitigated by implementing adequate feed management and water management. From the economic side, Narendra observed the trend of shrimp prices had fallen. He proposes that maybe in the future shrimp farming can be run with a shorter cultivation period and smaller size so that in one year it can achieve the maximum possible harvest.

lTHE CRUST-UTE, DENNY

Photo source: personal doc. (Bobby, Wayan, Narendra), Bobby Indra Gunawan doc.

Bobby Indra Gunawan

Time Break How Do You Celebrate the New Year?

New Year’s celebrations around the world vary greatly depending on the culture and traditions of the country. Here are some unique examples of how some countries celebrate the start of the new year:

In the United States, New Year’s Eve is often celebrated with parties and fireworks. Many people gather with friends and family to countdown to midnight and toast the new year with champagne. It is also common for people to make resolutions for the new year, such as resolving to exercise more or quit smoking.

In China, the New Year is celebrated according to the lunar calendar, and the celebration is known as the Spring Festival. It is the most important holiday in China, and many people take time off from work to spend the holiday with family. The celebration lasts for several days and includes a number of traditional activities, such as cleaning the house to

sweep away any bad luck from the previous year and decorating with red lanterns and paper cuttings. This is also a joyous time for kids and single people as they are eligible to receive red packets filled with money known as “hong bao” from their parents and/or married siblings. Dragon and lion dances, fireworks, and exchanging gifts are also common.

In Brazil, New Year’s Eve is called “Reveillon” and is celebrated with beach parties, fireworks, and feasts. Many Brazilians also participate in the “qixi” tradition, in which they make a wish while throwing flowers into the ocean. It is also common for people to wear white, which is believed to bring good luck in the new year.

In Germany, New Year’s Eve is known as “Silvester” and is traditionally celebrated with a large feast and fireworks. Many people also attend church services on New Year’s Eve, and it is common to exchange gifts with friends and family. In the days leading up to

New Year’s Eve, many Germans also participate in the tradition of “Bleigießen,” in which they melt lead and pour it into cold water to see what shapes it takes. The shapes are believed to be a symbol of what the future holds.

In Russia, New Year’s Eve is known as “Novy God” and is celebrated with parties, gifts, and fireworks. It is a more important holiday than Christmas in Russia, and many people decorate their homes with trees and lights to celebrate. It is also common for people to visit their friends and family on New Year’s Eve to exchange gifts and well wishes.

In these and many other countries, New Year’s celebrations are a time for people to come together with loved ones and celebrate the start of a new year. Despite the many differences in traditions, the common theme of hope and renewal is present in New Year’s celebrations around the world.

In addition to the more well-

known New Year’s celebrations, there are also many unique traditions that are practiced in various countries around the world. For example, in Denmark, people believe that smashing plates at the homes of friends and family brings good luck. In Ecuador, people celebrate the new year by burning effigies of people or events from the previous year. In Japan, the new year is celebrated with the ringing of temple bells and the eating of special dishes, such as “osechi-ryori,” a traditional food that is said to bring good luck in the new year.

No matter where in the world you go, you are sure to find unique and interesting traditions associated with the celebration of the new year. These traditions serve as a way for people to come together and mark the end of one year and the start of the next, filled with hope and the potential for new beginnings.

So, how do you celebrate your new year?

THE CRUST - RIZKY

Rizky Darmawan Denny Leonardo

Shrimp is love Shrimp is life

The more I know, the more I realize how little I understand. So stay humble and keep on learning.

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I probably be up in the sky, deep in the sea, exploring the unknown, or building a shrimp farm

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My secret to joy in life is in finding balance. Balance in family, sweating, and making decisions.

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Cynthia Darmawan Gemilang Lim

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