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Diplomacy in Theory and Practice

Diplomacy in Theory and Practice Diplomacy contains, in theory, a multitude of meanings and is highly diverse in practice. It ranges from the conduct of foreign policy and negotiation, to diplomatic services and tacit communication. The contributors take a systematic approach to analyzing diplomacy in theory and illuminating the great variety in practice. The first part of the book utilizes several diverse analytical perspectives to raise a number of critical problems, such as change and continuity of diplomacy, various understandings and norms of peace, aid-diplomacy for better working conditions, and the impact of psychology, images and homosociality. The second part contains intriguing empirical analyses of diplomatic practices around the globe, ranging from Bougainville, Jerusalem, Eastern Europe, Doha, China, Denmark, Russia, and the European Union to the Baltic Sea Region.

AG G E S TA M & J E R N E CK

The contributors are highly distinguished scholars as well as renowned practitioners. The book is a collection of essays in honor of Professor Christer Jรถnsson, Lund University. Karin Aggestam is Associate Professor and Director of Peace and Conflict Research at the Department of Political Science, Lund University. Magnus Jerneck is Professor at the Department of Political Science, Lund University.

(EDS)

Best.nr 47-08911-6

Tryck.nr 47-08911-6-00

K A R I N AG G E S TA M & M AG N U S J E R N E C K (EDS)

Redaktör: Peter Söderholm och Emily Jamison Gromark Omslag: Fredrik Elvander Grafisk formgivning: Fredrik Elvander Översättning: Kapitel 6 och kapitel 25: Emily Jamison Gromark

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Contents About the authors 9 Foreword 19 Karin Aggestam & Magnus Jerneck Selection of Christer Jönsson’s publications 24 Part I: in theory 1.

Diplomacy 26 I. William Zartman

Do we need a new diplomacy in the age of globalization? 39 Gunnar Sjöstedt

Confucius’ ideal of peace in the contemporary world 58 Zhimin Chen

Diplomacy and peacemaking in transition 74 Karin Aggestam

Negotiation and escalation of images 87 Guy Olivier Faure

Peace, concerts, and great power diplomacy in modern Europe 104 Magnus Jerneck

Can international conferences be modeled? 125 Arild Underdal

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CONTENTS

Bridges over troubled water 141 Lars-Göran Stenelo

Norm entrepreneurship: a valuable addition to traditional diplomacy? 175 Annika Björkdahl

10. Diplomacy, trade, aid, and global working conditions 195 Göte Hansson 11. Political psychology, foreign policy and conflict analysis 208 Catarina Kinnvall 12

Reflections on IR theory from within the black box 226 Per Altenberg

13. Negotiations in networks. The importance of personal relations and homosociality 241 Annica Kronsell

Part II: in practice 14. The strengths and limits of academic diplomacy: the case of Bougainville 258 Peter Wallensteen 15. No exit from calvary: Israel’s stewardship of the church of the Holy Sepulchre 282 Raymond Cohen 16. Diplomatic use of history in Swedish-East European relations 299 Kristian Gerner

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CONTENTS

17. The WTO Doha Round and current challenges in multilateral trade negotiations 314 Anders Ahnlid 18. Essence of Mongol-Christian diplomacy in the 13th century 337 Martin Hall 19. Israel and the occupied territories. Theoretical models of regulation and political realities 353 Mats Bergquist 20. Summit diplomacy in the European Union 375 Jonas Tallberg 21. Globalization strategies: the diplomacy of the Danish cartoon crisis 2005–06 391 Nikolaj Petersen 22. Putin as Peter: Russia’s return to great power status 413 Bo Petersson 23. An introduction to international work 427 Staffan Tillander 24. Coercive partnership negotiations? EU-ACP diplomacy in negotiations on economic partnership agreements 438 Ole Elgström 25. History and future in the Baltic Sea region 454 Olof Ruin References 463 Tabula gratulatoria 504

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About the authors Karin Aggestam is Associate Professor in Political Science and Director of Peace and Conflict research, Lund University. Her research covers areas such as ethics of war and peace, diplomacy, negotiation, and conflict resolution with a regional specialisation of the Middle East and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. She is presently coordinating a research project on just and durable peace in the Western Balkans and the Middle East, funded by the EU:s 7th Framework Programme. Anders Ahnlid is Director General for trade in the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Sweden’s representative in the EU trade committee, the ”133 Committee”. Previously, he held the position as Minister and Head of the Department of Trade and Economic Affairs at the Embassy of Sweden to the USA. In 2000– 2003, he was Head of the Department for International Trade Policy at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Stockholm. He has also been deputy permanent representative of Sweden to the OECD in Paris and first secretary at the permanent Swedish representation to the international organizations in Geneva. Ahnlid formed part of Sweden’s negotiating team in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. He started his professional career as trade policy analyst at Sweden’s National Board of Trade. He conducted studies at Lund University and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the author of numerous articles on trade policy and trade negotiations.

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

Per Altenberg is currently a political adviser for foreign policy at the policy co-ordination unit at the prime minister’s office in Sweden. Before he joined the current administration, where he represents the Liberal Party of Sweden, he worked at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the National Board of Trade (Kommerskollegium) and the Swedish security service (säkerhetspolisen). He has a Master of Science in Foreign Service (MSFS) from Georgetown University and a Master of Arts in Economics from Lund University. He was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for his graduate studies at Georgetown University. Per Altenberg has previously published books on trade policy and globalisation (Globalisering under attack, with Peter Kleen, 2001 & 2004) as well as articles on similar topics (e.g. “Globalisering och terrorism” in Terrorismens tid, 2003). Mats Bergquist, Ph.D. in political science at Lund University. He was admitted to the Swedish foreign service in 1964 and served in London, New York and Washington and at the MFA 1964– 1987, when he was appointed Ambassador to Israel. In l992, he was reassigned to Helsinki and held the same position 1997–2004 in London. Mats Bergquist is Chancellor of Växjö University and chairman of the Board of the Swedish Institute för International Affairs. Apart from his dissertation on Sweden's relations with the EEC in 1961–l962, he has published five books, the latest ”Experimentet Blair” (2007) (“The Blair experiment”) and numerous essays on international politics. Annika Björkdahl is an Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science, Lund University. She has published on issues relating to the role of international organizations in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peace-building in the Western Balkans, the construction and diffusion of international norms and small state foreign policy. She is currently engaged in an EU FP7 project on just and durable peace. 10

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

Zhimin Chen is Professor at the Department of International Politics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. His research interests include diplomacy studies, EU studies and Chinese foreign policy. His major recent publications in Chinese include: Contemporary Diplomacy (2008), Foreign Policy Integration in European Union: An Mission Impossible? (2003, with Gustaaf Geerarts); Subnational Governments and Foreign Affairs (2001). His main English publications include China’s Reforms and International Political Economy (2007, co-edited with David Zweig), “Nationalism, Internationalism and Chinese Foreign Policy”, Journal of Contemporary China (2005). Professor Chen was a visiting fellow at Harvard University (1996–1997), visiting scholar at Lund University, Queen’s University, University of Durham, and Keio University. He received Chevalier dans L’Ordre des Palmes Academiques from the French Government in 2006. Raymond Cohen is Chaim Weizmann Professor of International Relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Corcoran Visiting Professor at the Center for Christian-Jewish Learning of Boston College. His latest book is Saving the Holy Sepulchre: How Rival Christians Came Together To Rescue Their Holiest Shrine. He is now writing a book on the normalization of relations between Israel and the Holy See. Ole Elgström is professor of political science at Lund University. He has published articles on negotiation in the EU and on the EU’s roles in international negotiations in a number of international journals and is the co-editor (with Christer Jönsson) of European Union Negotiations (2005) and (with Michael Smith) of The European Union’s Roles in International Politics (2006). Guy Olivier Faure is Professor of Sociology at the Sorbonne University, Paris V. He is member of the editorial board of International 11

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

Negotiation, Negotiation Journal; Group Decision and Negotiation as well as a member of the PIN Steering Committee (Program on International Negotiations). His major research interests are in business and diplomatic negotiations, especially with China, focusing on strategies and cultural issues. He is also concerned with developing interdisciplinary approaches in such domains as terrorism, and engages in consulting and training activities with enterprises, multinational companies, international organizations and governments. Faure is referenced in the Diplomat’s Dictionary published by the United States Peace Press (1997) and is quoted as one of the “2000 outstanding Scholars of the 21st Century” by the International Biographical Center. He has authored, co-authored and edited a dozen of books and over 80 articles. Among his most recent publications are How People Negotiate, Escalation and Negotiation (with William Zartman), and La négociation: regards sur sa diversité. Together with Jeffrey Z. Rubin, he published Culture and Negotiation. His works have been published in twelve different languages. Kristian Gerner is Professor of History, Lund University. His research has focused on 20th century Central and East European history and historical culture. He graduated at Lund University in 1984 with a PhD thesis in history on Soviet-Central European relations in the post-war era. Recent publications include “The Holocaust and Jewish-Polish-German Historical Culture,” in Festskrift till Anders Fogelklou. (2008); “Open Wounds? Trianon, the Holocaust and the Hungarian Trauma”, in Collective Traumas. Memories of War and Conflict in 20th-Century Europe (2007); “The Holocaust in Hungarian and Romanian Historical culture,” in The Holocaust on Post-War Battlefields (2006); “Building civil society and democracy East of the Elbe: problems and prospects,” in Building Democracy and Civil Society East of the Elbe. Essays in honour of Edmund Mokrzycki (2006).

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

Martin Hall is Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science, Lund University. His main research interests revolve around the historical sociology of international relations, civilizational analysis, and International Political Thought. He is the coauthor, with Christer Jönsson, of Essence of Diplomacy and the coeditor, with Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, of Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of ’Civilizations’ in International Relations. Hall’s current research interests concern the conceptual history of “the West” and “Europe” and non-European historical international societies and their institutions. Göte Hansson is Professor of International Economics at Lund University. He is a former Deputy Dean and Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Lund University. From 2006, his professorship includes the task of being the Academic Director at the Trade Policy Training Centre in Africa (trapca) in Arusha, Tanzania. His field of research is International Trade and Development, with a special focus on international trade issues and the economic development in sub-Saharan Africa. His publications include Social Clauses and International Trade – An economic analysis of labour standards in trade policy (1983), Harmonization and International Trade (1990), Trade, Growth and Development – The Role of Politics and Institutions (1993), and The Ethiopian Economy 1974–94: Ethiopia Tikdem and after (1995). Magnus Jerneck is Professor of Political Science and former director of the Centre for European Studies at Lund University. His major fields of interest are international relations, European affairs, regionalism and democratic theory. Jerneck has been a visiting scholar at Stanford and has worked as an expert in various Government Commissions on Swedish-EU relations.

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

Catarina Kinnvall is Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science, Lund University. She is the author of a number of books and articles. Some of her publications include: On Behalf of Others: The Political Psychology of Care in a Global World (eds. Together with S. Scuzzarello and K. Monroe, 2009); Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security (2006); ”Globalization and religious nationalism: self, identity and the search for ontological security”, (Political Psychology, 2004) and Globalization and Democratization in Asia: The Construction of Identity (eds. with K. Jönsson, 2002). She has also recently finalized a book together with Paul Nesbitt-Larking entitled: The Political Psychology of Globalization: Muslims in the West. Annica Kronsell is Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science at Lund University, Sweden. She has published on EU and the Europeanization of environmental politics and on gender, governance and international relations. Recent publications in this area in English include: ”Gendered practices in institutions of hegemonic masculinity,” International Feminist Journal of Politics; ”Gender, power and European integration theory,” Journal of European Public Policy. Kronsell’s current research projects focus on governance in relation to climate politics and sustainable development. Nikolaj Petersen, Professor emeritus, Aarhus University. He has served as board member of the Danish Institute for International Studies (DUPI) 1983–2003, as co-chairman, Danish Security and Disarmament Commission 1986–95 and as member of the Defence Commission 1997–98. Between 1982 and 1994, he was the co-editor of Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Årbog. His main fields of research are foreign policy analysis, Danish foreign and defence policy; arctic security, the Cold War, the Post-Cold War and European integration. His main work include some 200 books, book chapters, and articles, such as ”Afskrækkelse og forsvar, Antiraketforsvarets problem14

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

atik” (1969); ”Europæisk og globalt engagement 1973–2006” ”Dansk Udenrigspolitiks Historie” (2006); ”Kampen om Den Kolde Krig i dansk politik og forskning”, Historisk Tidsskrift 2009. Bo Petersson is Professor of Political Science at Lund University where he is also deputy head of its Centre for European Studies. His special areas of interest include identity construction, stereotyping, nationalism and xenophobia, and developments in these fields in Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. His major publications in English include Stories about Strangers: Swedish Media Constructions of Socio-Cultural Risk (2006); National Self-Images and Regional Identities in Russia (2001); Identity Dynamics and the Construction of Boundaries (together with Eric Clark, eds., 2003); Majority Cultures and the Everyday Politics of Difference, (together with Katharine Tyler, eds., 2008). Olof Ruin held the Lars Hierta professorship of Government at Stockholm University 1976–93 and has been a visiting professor at various American universities. Furthermore, in Sweden he has chaired a number of royal commissions as well as various institutions in the field of higher education and internationally he has been a member of the boards of ECPR and IPSA. His political science research encompasses mainly chief executives and interest organizations. In English, for example, Tage Erlander Serving the Welfare State 1946–1969 (1990). Furthermore he is the author of three volumes of memoirs with a focus on Finland, Sweden and the USA respectively. Gunnar Sjöstedt is Director of Studies, Swedish Institute of International Affairs and member of the PIN Steering Committee (Program on International Negotiations); of Swedish Academy of Military Sciences and of International Advisory Board of Negotiation Journal. His selected publications include Containing the 15

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

Atom. Nuclear Negotiations for Security and Safetey (together with R. Avenhaus, & V. Kremenyuk, eds., 2002); Rift or Bridge? Professional Culture in International Negotiation (ed. 2003); Systems Approaches and their Application. Examples from Sweden (with Mats-Olov Olsson, 2004); Global Challenges. Furthering the Multilateral Process for Sustainable Development (together with Churie A. Kallhauge, & E. Corell, 2005); Negotiated risks. International talks on hazardous issues (together with Avenhaus, R. , 2009) Lars-Gรถran Stenelo is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Lund University. He is the author of Mediation in International Negotiations (1972), Foreign Policy Predictions (1980), The International Critic (1984) and The Bargaining Democracy (ed. with M. Jerneck, 1996). During the last decades he has tried to integrate a democratic conceptual framework with theories of international politics. One ambition has been to bridge the gap between what he calls a bargaining culture and a persuasive culture. Jonas Tallberg is Professor of Political Science at Stockholm University. His research focuses on multilateral negotiations, international institutions, and legalization in world politics, with a regional specialization in European Union politics. He is the author of Leadership and Negotiation in the European Union (2006) and European Governance and Supranational Institutions: Making States Comply (2003), as well as articles in journals, such as International Organization, International Studies Quarterly, European Journal of International Relations, Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Public Policy and West European Politics. He has been a visiting fellow at Harvard University, McGill University, the Center for Advanced Study in Oslo, the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, and the European Commission.

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

Staffan Tillander is presently Ambassador on climate change at the Ministry of the Environment, Stockholm. Prior to that, during 2005–2008, he was the Swedish Ambassador to Ethiopia and the African Union, based in Addis Ababa. He was also accredited to the Sudan and Djibouti. He has been a diplomat with the Ministry for Foreign Affairs since 1988, with postings in Brasilia, Addis Ababa and Brussels. Staffan Tillander got his Ph.D. in Political Science from the Pennsylvania State University in 1988 and has been enrolled at the Pennsylvania State University, at Christian Albrechts Universität zur Kiel and at the University of Lund, where he studied Political Science and Social and Economic Geography during 1977–1981. Arild Underdal is Professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo. He began his academic career as a student of international negotiations, but most of his research over the past two decades has focused on international cooperation, with particular reference to environmental governance. Major publications include Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidence (with E. L. Miles and others, 2002); Regime Consequences: Methodological Consequences and Research Strategies (co-edited with O. R. Young, 2004); and Science and Politics in International Environmental Regimes (with S. Andresen, T. Skodvin, and J. Wettestad, 2000). Underdal has served one term as Vice Rector (1993–95) and one term as Rector (2002–2005) of the University of Oslo. Peter Wallensteen holds the Dag Hammarskjöld Chair in Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, (since 1985) and is the Richard G. Starmann Sr. Research Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA since 2006. He directs the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, and the Special Program on the Implementation of Targeted Sanctions. The second, updated

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A B O U T T H E AU T H O R S

edition of his book Understanding Conflict Resolution. War, Peace and the Global System was published in 2007. He is co-editor of Third Parties and Conflict Prevention (2007) and International Sanctions: Between Words and Wars in the Global System (2005). He has been involved in several mediation experiences, and his contribution in this volume is the first on the Bougainville events. I. William Zartman is the Jacob Blaustein Distinguished Professor Emeritus of International Organization and Conflict Resolution at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of The Johns Hopkins University in Washington, and member of the Steering Committee of the Processes of International Negotiation (PIN). He was previously All-University Head of the Politics Department at New York University. He has been a Distinguished Fellow of the United States Institute of Peace, Olin Professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, and Elie Hal茅vy Professor at the Institute for Political Studies (Sciences P么) in Paris, and received a lifetime achievement award from the International Association for Conflict Management. He is author of a number of books on negotiation, including The Practical Negotiator, Ripe for Resolution and Cowardly Lions: Missed Opportunities to Prevent Deadly Conflict and State Collapse, and the editor of other works on the subject, including Power and Negotiation and Elusive Peace. He is also President of the Tangier American Legation Museum Society, and was founding President of the American Institute for Maghrib Studies and past President of the Middle East Studies Association.

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Foreword Karin Aggestam & Magnus Jerneck

The theme of this book, Diplomacy in theory and practice, was not only chosen from the inspiring research that Christer Jönsson has done throughout his academic career, but also because he in so many ways symbolizes the ”ideal” type of a diplomat. We have all benefited from Christer’s linguistic skills, which seem to have been triggered by his early studies in Latin and as an exchange high school student to the United States, but also from his genuine interest in engaging with the world at large. It may therefore come as no surprise that Christer chose to spend his military service as a Russian language interpreter, which also introduced him to the diplomatic arena. As the true cosmopolitan, Christer has travelled and studied different parts of the world. In the 1980s, he spent time as a visiting professor at Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea, where he learnt and experienced the importance of intercultural communication. In the last five years, he has “exported” his insights in communication and negotiation by teaching an advanced course on international negotiation at Fudan University in Shanghai. At Stanford University, in the great company of late professor Alexander George, Christer found his second academic home where he returned on several occasions. Still, Christer has always returned to his alma mater at Lund University. Together with Lars-Göran Stenelo, he built a national and international reputation for producing excellent work in the field of 19

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K A R I N A G G E S TA M & M A G N U S J E R N E C K

international politics in general and international negotiation and mediation in particular. As a scholar, Christer began early to travel beyond disciplinary borders. In his doctoral thesis, The Soviet Union and the Test Ban: A Study in Soviet Negotiating Behavior, psychological and cognitive perspectives were utilized and likewise his later research has been conducted in a variety of interdisciplinary combinations together with such fields as history, human geography, semiotics and economics. In this endeavor, Christer’s research symbolizes the best of eclecticism. Another distinguished characteristic of his research emanates from his constant curiosity about the empirical world at large. His empirical focus is vast and ranges from Soviet and American foreign policy, international cooperation on aids, diplomatic practices (ancient as well as contemporary), international aviation to the politics of networking in the European Union. The international academic community has greatly benefited from Christer’s pioneering interdisciplinary research, but also from his academic generosity through active engagement in journals and associations. As the editor of Cooperation and Conflict and later as the president of NISA (Nordic International Studies Association) he reached out to academic publics beyond the Scandinavian boarders. He also participated as a member of several editorial boards of highly distinguished journals, such as International Studies Quarterly, International Organization and Global Governance. He has directed several research projects and managed in the last year to attract funding together with Stockholm University for a large project “Democracy Beyond the Nation State? Transnational Actors and Global Governance.” This is not only democracy beyond the nation state, but also an engagement in research beyond retirement. Finally, his generosity has been expressed in supervising, encouraging and inspiring over twenty Ph.D. students, not only for transgressing academic borders, but also for co-authoring several journal articles and books. Returning to diplomatic abilities, Christer has great social skills, 20

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FOREWORD

but also personal integrity. It is therefore no coincidence that he was selected as a member of the commission appointed by the Swedish government to investigate the Swedish diplomacy in connection with the Raoul Wallenberg case. He was also part of the research group to investigate the Swedish military intelligence. Another example is Christer’s refined taste of excellent cuisine and talent as an entertainer. Over the years, we have greatly enjoyed his illuminating storytelling, but also his passion for jazz and playing the piano. Several of us recall the formal reception at the Swedish Embassy in Warsaw where we suddenly heard some jazz tunes. There was Christer jazzing along on the grand piano. Representation is one fundamental pillar of diplomacy and in this respect Christer has served as the perfect diplomat. During many years he served on several Swedish research councils among others the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. As head of the department, he decentralized many of the activities and strengthened the internationalized profile of Lund. Christer was recently appointed president of ACUNS (Academic Council on the United Nations System), which is an organization consisting of both academics and practitioners. This in essence symbolically captures very much Christer as an academic diplomat, which is the spirit and theme of this book, namely diplomacy in theory and practice. ****** The book1 is structured in two parts and consists of twenty-five contributions. In the first part, diplomacy is addressed in theory, 1

Acknowledgements Financial support for publishing this book was graciously granted by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. This book benefited greatly from the kind assistance of several persons. As editors, we enjoyed excellent cooperation with Peter Söderholm at Liber Publishers. Emily Jamison Gromark translated two chapters and copy-edited the manuscript. Also David Ratford copy-edited some chapters in the final stages. Linda Grandsjö and Hanna Voog assisted with the challenging task of making the references complete and Kristina Nilsson and Helen Fogelin kindly assisted with organizing the Tabula Gratulatoria.

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K A R I N A G G E S TA M & M A G N U S J E R N E C K

utilizing a broad range of perspectives. I. William Zartman provides an overview of diplomacy with an emphasis on negotiation, cooperation, coercion and public diplomacy whereas Gunnar Sjöstedt elaborates on the question if diplomacy is new enough to cope with the challenges of globalization, focusing on the OECD cooperation. Insights in to the Confucian thinking on peace, war and harmony is provided by Zhimin Chen. Karin Aggestam addresses the transformative dimensions of diplomatic practices and discusses some of the challenges posed by contemporary conflicts to peacemaking. A contribution by Guy Olivier Faure highlights the escalation in a negotiation process and how demonization and conspiracy theories affect the images of and dynamics between the parties. Magnus Jerneck analyzes great power diplomacy in Europe and addresses the question whether European security management is a negotiated hierarchy or a postmodern concert? How one might construct a model of multilateral negotiations, which highlights the political feasibility and alternative options, is demonstrated by Arild Underdahl. Lars-Göran Stenelo elaborates on various dimensions of diplomacy, such as leadership, persuasion, transparency, rationality, emotions and prediction. Annika Björkdahl focuses on the role of norm entrepreneurship in traditional diplomacy by highlighting norm construction, agenda shaping and coalition building whereas Göte Hansson as an economist links the diplomatic struggle for international labor standards to trade policy threats and aid policy. Catarina Kinnvall provides an overview of the interdisciplinary field of political psychology and to what extent it is relevant for other subdisciplines, such as foreign policy analysis, conflict resolution and group conflicts. Drawing on his own policy experience in trade, foreign and defense, Per Altenberg links this to International Relations theory and foreign policy theories. Finally, Annica Kronsell utilizes Christer Jönsson’s work on network governance to analyze homosociality and the reproduction of gender power. In the second part, diplomacy is addressed in practice through 22

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502s rygg 25 mm

Diplomacy in Theory and Practice

AG G E S TA M & J E R N E CK

(EDS)

Best.nr 47-08911-6

Tryck.nr 47-08911-6-00

K A R I N AG G E S TA M & M AG N U S J E R N E C K (EDS)