Literature review and theoretical model
A summary of the characteristics of institutional pressures (e.g. coercive, mimetic and normative sources) in the adoption of environmental strategies, is presented in Table 4: Business context and Environmental Strategies. Table 4. Business context and Environmental Strategies Isomorphic pressures Coercive sources
Drivers
* There is pressure to conform to rules.
Environmental regulation in conjunction with social license, cultural expectations and mass media.
Material substitution restricted by law
Successful (international) competitors, supply networks and parent companies.
* Competitors´ and parent companies´ best practices
* The firm is exposed to social penalties. * Regulation is the main driver.
Mimetic sources
Environmental Strategies
Characteristics
* There is pressure to imitate other practices for achieving success. * The firm is exposed to lagging behind competitors.
End of pipe solutions
References D’Andrade, (1984). Hoffman, (1997) Earnhardt, (2017)
Ecosystem restoration in exchange for firm´s impacts Zhu & Geng, (2013). DiMaggio, (1983). Vejvar, (2017)
* Uncertainty and novelty are the main drivers. Normative sources
* There is pressure for the standardization of activities. * The firm expects a performance reward. * Values and norms from the business context constitute the main drivers.
* Eco-Design Green markets, Organizational fields and professional * ISO 14001 associations. * CSR programs
Cyert & March, (1963). D’Andrade, (1984). Sarkis, (2011) Zhu & Liu, (2010) Delmas, (2007)
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