`heeb{jer ef®eheer' (Sonneratia alba) ³ee KeejHegÀìer®³ee SkeÀe
Òepeeleeruee jep³e Meemeveeves vegkeÀlee®e `jep³e keÀeboUJeve Je=#ee'®ee
opee& efouee. keÀeboUJevee®³ee SKeeÐee he´peeleer®ee mevceeve keÀjCeejs
cenejeä^ ns Yeejleeleerue heefnues®e jep³e þjues Deens. ue@ìerve
Yee<esle `Deuyee' cnCepes heeb{je jbie DeeefCe He´sÀv®e JevemheleerMeem$e%e
efheDejs meesVesjsì (1748-1810) ³eeb®³ee keÀe³ee&®ee ieewjJe cnCetve
³ee he´peeleer®es veeJe Sonneratia alba Demes þsJeC³eele Deeues.
The Maharashtra government has recently given the status of 'State Kandalvan Vriksha' to a species of Kharfuti called 'Pandhari Chipi'. Maharashtra has become the first state in India to honor a species of Kandal forest. In Latin, alba means white, and the species was named in honor of the work of the French botanist Pierre Sonneret (1748-1810).
: cegK³e mebHeeokeÀ ë
Òee efJeÐeeOej JeeueeJeuekeÀj
[e@. mebpe³e peesMee
: meuueeieej mebHeeokeÀ ë
[e@. Deefveue keÀekeÀes[keÀj
[e@. DeªCe peesMee
[e@. nsce®ebê ÒeOeeve
[e@. Meece DemeesueskeÀj
[e@. mebpe³e osMecegKe
: keÀe³e&keÀeje mebHeeokeÀ ë
keÀefJelee JeeueeJeuekeÀj
ë mebHeeove mene³³e ë megjefYe JeeueeJeuekeÀj
: cegKeHe=ÿ ë [e@. censMe efMeboerkeÀj
: ceO³eHe=ÿ ë [e@. ceevemee peesMee
De#ejpegUCeer/mepeeJeì ë ceveer<e JeeIe
`keÀesefJe[' ®³ee he´YeeJeecegUs Sefhe´ueheemetve iesues hee®e ceefnves
`Deeheueb he³ee&JejCe' Deeheu³ee Yesìerme ³esT MekeÀues veener. íeheerue mJeªheele ne DebkeÀ Deeheu³eehe³e¥le heesnes®eCes Deepener DeMeke̳e Deens. cnCetve®e Deeblejpeeuee®³ee ceeO³eceeletve Deecner Deeheu³eehe³e¥le heesnes®eC³ee®ee he´³elve keÀjerle Deenesle.
DeeblejpeeueeJejerue `Jesyevej'®³ee ceeO³eceeletve efueefKele - ef®eef$ele Jee cegueeKeleer®³ee mJeªheele Deece®³ee efJeefJeOe he´keÀuheeb®eer, Ghe¬eÀceeb®eer ceeefnleer Deeheu³eehe³e¥le menpeheCes heesn®et ueeieueer Deens. Meeues³e efMe#eCeele ³ee ceeO³ecee®ee Ghe³eesie efMe#eCe osC³eemeeþer keÀje³euee meg©Jeele Peeu³eeves, keÀoeef®ele, ³ee ceeO³ecee®eer meeJe&ef$ekeÀlee Deelee mJeerkeÀejueer peeF&ue. DeeJe[es-veeJe[es, `Jesye'®³ee ceeO³eceeletve meJe& he´keÀej®eer ceeefnleer efceUJeCes, efMe#eCe IesCes Je mebheke&À meeOeCes ns yeeUkeÀ[t ³ee mebkeÀìeves meceepeeleerue efJeMes<eleë Menjs Je ceneveiejeleerue veJ³ee efhe{eruee efceUt ueeieues Deens.
ceeCemee®eer `uee@keÀ[eTve' ceOeerue eqmLeleer ner ce=l³et®³ee Ye³eeves Ieeyejuesu³ee meJe&meeceev³eeb®eer mJeleë Jej ueeouesueer kewÀo nesleer. l³eecegUs
Jee®elee ve ³esCeeje Jee efJe%eeve ve peeCeeje efvemeie& cee$e SkeÀoce cegÊeÀ neslee. l³eecegUs efvemeiee&leerue DeveskeÀefJeOe he´eCeer, he#eer, Pee[s, heeCeer ³eebveer ceeCemeeves DeeKetve efouesu³ee ce³ee&oe Deesueeb[tve meJe&$e cegÊeÀ meb®eej kesÀuee. ceeCemee®eer neue®eeue, JeenletkeÀ Leebyeu³eecegUs lemes®e meJe& GÐeesieOebos yebo Peeu³eecegUs OJeefvehe´ot<eCe Je Jee³ethe´ot<eCe ³ee yeeyeleerle Del³eble ®eebieueer megOeejCee Peeueer. keÀener he´ceeCeele Tpee& keÀceer Jeehejueer iesueer. heCe peuehe´ot<eCe, hueeeqmìkeÀ®es, keÀ®eN³ee®es he´ot<eCe cee$e Jee{ues nesles. yeoueuesu³ee heefjeqmLeleer®ee meelel³eeves DeY³eeme keÀªve veJ³ee meboYee&le he³ee&JejCe peeiejCee®eer ceesnerce Deelee ®eeueJee³euee ueeieCeej Deens. keWÀê mejkeÀej®³ee he³ee&JejCe efJeYeeieeves he³ee&JejCe hejer#eCe meboYee&le kesÀuesu³ee efve³eceeJeueervesner meJe&$e he³ee&JejCeeJejerue ®e®exuee GOeeCe Deeues Deens. keÀesefJe[ -19®³ee ¢M³e heefjeqmLeleeruee leeW[ osleevee he³ee&JejCeevegketÀue jenC³ee®e cenÊJe menpeheCe ue#eele ³eFue p³ee®ee vemeeiekeÀ he´eflekeÀejMeÊeÀer GÊece Deens DeMeebvee keÀesefJe[®ee keÀceer $eeme Peeuee. Deelee meJe& he´keÀej®eer keÀeUpeer IesTve Jew%eeefvekeÀ he×leerves Deeheu³eeuee ³ee mebkeÀìeJej ceele keÀjeJeer ueeiesue. ueJekeÀjele ueJekeÀj Deecner vesnceerhe´ceeCes
Deeheu³ee Yesìeruee ³esC³ee®ee he´³elve keÀª. efleLehe³e¥le Deeheueer Yesì ³ee DeeYeemeer mJeªheele!
DeeheCee meJee¥vee GÊece Deejesi³eemeeþer nee|okeÀ MegYes®íe!!
pewJeefJeefJeOelee DeeefCe DeeheCe...
he= LJeerJejerue pewJeefJeefJeOelesuee Devev³e meeOeejCe cenlJe Deens. ner pewJeefJeefJeOelee 80 ueeKe he´eCeer, Jevemheleer, keÀerìkeÀ Je met#cepeerJe Je l³eebvee DevegketÀue Demeuesueer heefjmebmLee eEkeÀJee DeefOeJeeme ³ee mJe©heele Dee{Ules.
¿ee pewJeefJeefJeOelesletve®e meJe& mepeerJeeb®³ee iejpee hetCe& nesleele. DeVe ner iejpe Deeheu³eeuee heefjef®ele Demeuesu³ee DeVe meeKeUer Je DeefOekeÀ iegbleeiegbleer®³ee DeVe peeȳeeletve hetCe& nesle Demeles. ns hejmhejebJej DeJeuebyetve DemeC³ee®es peeUs kesÀJeU DeVee®³ee yeeyeleerle veJns lej Flej DeveskeÀ yeeyeeRceO³es Dee{Ules. Goe. Jem$e, efveJeeje, Deew<eOeer, mepeerJe vemeues lejer nJee Je heeCeer osKeerue ³ee hejmhejebJej DeJeuebyetve DemeC³eeleerue peeȳeele iegbHeÀues iesues Deensle. ³ee SkeÀceskeÀebJej DeJeuebyetve DemeC³eele SkeÀ DeefleMe³e veepegkeÀ leesue Deens pees efvemeie&leë meebYeeUuee peelees. ³eeleerue SKeeÐee IeìkeÀe®es pejer meblegueve efyeIe[ues lejer l³ee®es heefjCeece peeȳeeleerue hel³ekeÀ IeìkeÀeJej neleele Goe DeeheCe éeemees®íJeemeeÜejs pees keÀeye&ve [e³eDee@keÌmeeF[ yeensj ìekeÀlees Jevemheleer l³ee®ee Jeehej he´keÀeMe mebMues<eCeemeeþer keÀjleele. ¿ee ef¬eÀ³esle DeVe efvee|celeer keÀªve he´eCeerpeieemeeþer DeeJeM³ekeÀ Demeuesuee Dee@eqkeÌmepeve yeensj ìekeÀuee peelees.
¿ee efvemeie&leë Ie[Cee-³ee IeìveebceO³es ceeveJeer nmle#eshe Jee{uee Deens. lees Jee{Ces efJekeÀemee®³ee ¢äerves meenefpekeÀ Deens. p³ee ieleerves lees Jee{le
Deens ner eE®eles®eer yeeye Deens. iesu³ee hee®e oMekeÀele peiee®eer ueeskeÀmebK³ee oghheìerves Jee{ueer Demetve, peeieeflekeÀ DeLe&J³eJemLee ®eewheìerves Je peeieeflekeÀ
J³eeheej ome heìerves Jee{uee Deens. ceeCemee®³ee heceeCeeyeenj Jee{ueu³ee DeJeepeJee iejpee hegjJeC³eele he=LJeer Dehegjer he[le Deens.
ceeveJee®³ee ³ee meJe& iejpee hegCe& keÀjeJe³ee®³ee
Peeu³eeme 1.6 he=LJeer®eer iejpe Deens ns UNEP ®³ee mebMeesOeveeDebleer efme× Peeues Deens. ¿ee meJee¥®ee heefjCeece cnCepes Jeejsceehe pebieuelees[ Je meceleesue ve jeKelee Peeuesues DeewÐeesefiekeÀjCe. ¿ee®ee heefjCeece JeCeJee, Jev³ehe´eC³eeb®es veä Peeuesues DeefOeJeeme ¿eele nelee l³eeceU Jev³eheeC³ee®³ee, Jevemhelee, keÀerìkeÀ, he#eer, peue®ej ³eeb®³ee he´peeleer ueghle nesle Deensle. ¿ee he´peeleer ueghle nesC³ee®es he´ceeCe iesu³ee 1
keÀesìer Je<ee&le efpelekesÀ nesles l³ee®³ee 10-100 heì Jee{ues Deens. pej ³ee he´peeleer ueghle nesC³eeJej þesme heeJeues G®eueueer iesueer veenerle lej heg{erue 10 Je<ee&le mepeerJe me=äerleerue 25 % he´peeleer ueghle nesC³ee®eer
Meke̳elee UNEP keÀ[tve Jele&efJeueer peele Deens. pewJeefJeefJeOelesleerue Peeuesu³ee Nnemee®es DeveskeÀ otjieeceer heefjCeece he³ee&JejCele%e metleesJee®e keÀjerle nesles. otjieeceer cnCelee cnCelee ³eeleerue SkeÀe mecem³esuee lej mebhetCe& ceeveJepeeleer Deepe®e leeW[ osle Deens. leer cnCepes keÀesefJe[-19 ®ee mebmeie& ! peieeleerue mebmeie& pev³e jesieebhewkeÀer 60 % jesie ns he´eC³eebkeÀ[tve ceeveJeehe³e¥le Deeues Deensle. veJeerve
GÓJeCee-³ee jesieebhewkeÀer 75 jesie he´eC³eebkeÀ[tve ceeveJeehe³e¥le heesnes®euesues Deensle. Goe. S[med , Sce.F&.Deej.Sme., meeme& Fl³eeoer.
2019 ®³ee DeeOeer keÀesefJe[-19 Jev³ehe´eC³eebceO³es Dee{UC³ee®es hegjeJes Deensle. Jev³ehe´eC³eebceO³es ne mebmeie& SkeÀe he´eC³eekeÀ[tve ogmeN³ee kegÀUeleerue (peeleerleerue)
he´eC³eekeÀ[s nesle Demes. Demes ns he´eCeer DeM³ee eqmLeleerle meesMeue ef[mìbeEmeie ®es efve³ece
heeUle Demeu³ee®es osKeerue he´eCeer Meem$e%eebvee %eele Deens. pewJeefJeefJeOelesleerue -neme
lemes®e Jev³ehe´eC³eeb®³ee DeefOeJeemee®ee ceeveJeecegUs Peeuesuee veeMe ³ee keÀejCeebcegUs
ceeveJe Je Jev³ehe´eCeer ³eeb®³eele peJeUerkeÀ Deeueer Deens. ns ³ee jesieeb®es cetU keÀejCe Deens.
% ojJe<eea Mesleer eEkeÀJee Flej efJekeÀeme keÀeceebmeeþer ue#eeJeOeer nskeÌìj Jev³e#es$e ceeveJeekeÀ[tve veä nesle Deens. DeMee efJeJeskeÀnerve ke=ÀleeRcegUs ceesþîee he´ceeCeeJej peceerveer®es JeeUJebìele ©heeblej Peeuesues Deens. ³ee pebieue lees[ercegUs meJe& %eele he´eCeer he´peeleeRhewkeÀer 8 % he´peeleer Deepe ueghle Peeuesu³ee Deensle Je 22 % he´peeleer þesme ke=Àleer ve kesÀu³eeme ueghle nesC³ee®³ee ceeiee&Jej Deensle. he´ceeCeeyeensj Peeuesu³ee DeewÐeesefiekeÀjCeecegUs kesÀJeU Jee³eg veJns lej veÐee Je mecegê osKeerue he´otef<ele Peeuesues Deensle. DeveskeÀ ceemes lemes®e Flej peue®ej osKeerue ueghlehe´e³e ³eeoerle Deeues Deensle. ³ee heefjeqmLeleerletve ceeie& keÀe{C³eemeeþer meb³egÊeÀ jeä^ mebIee®³ee UNEP Üejs DeveskeÀ Ghe¬eÀce peieYej jeyeefJeues peele Deensle. ³eeefJeefJeOe Ghe¬eÀceeb®³ee ceeO³eceeletve meJe& jeä^ebvee heefjmebmLeeb®es hegve©ppeerJevee®es cenÊJe heìJetve osTve Je pewJeefJeefJeOeles®es peleve ³eeJej þesme heeJeues G®eueC³eemeeþer l³eebvee UNEP GÐegÊeÀ keÀjles.
pewJeefJeefJeOeles®ee FlekeÀe Nneme Peeuee Deens keÀer mejemejer meO³ee ceeveJeeceO³es veJeerve jesie oj ®eej ceefnv³eebveer yeIeC³eele ³eslees. ³eeleerue DeveskeÀ jesie Jev³epeeJeeceO³e GÓJeleele DeeheCe ieeþîeele heeUueu³ee iee³ee-iej, kegÀkeÌketÀìheeueve Je Flej he´eCeer ¿eeb®³ee Üejs Demes jesie ceeveJeehe³e¥le heesnes®eleele.
meO³ee Jee{uesu³ee ceeieCeercegUs ke=À$eerce jsleve DeMee he×leer®ee DeJeuebye kesÀu³eecegUs
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Glheeovee keÀefjlee efJeosMeer peeleeR®es he´eCeer heeUues peele Deensle. Glheeove
Jee{JeC³eemeeþer pevegkeÀer³e yeoue keÀjCes, osMeer peeleeR®ee Jeehej ìeUCes ³ee cegUs
he´eC³eebceO³es pevegkeÀer³e efJeefJeOelee ueeshe heeJele Deens. osMeer peeleeRceO³es l³eeb®³ee
vewmee|iekeÀ DeefOeJeemeele Demeu³eekeÀejCeeves jesieeb efJe©×®eer he´eflekeÀej MeÊeÀer me#ece Demeles. pewJeefJeefJeOeles®ee veeMe Peeu³eecegUs efJe<eeCeg keÀe³ece veJeerve he´keÀej®³ee he´eC³ee®³ee (nesmì) MeesOeele Demelees. lees ve meehe[u³eecegUs ³ee efJe<eeCegbceO³es pevegkeÀer³e yeoue nesTve ye[& HeÌueg, mJeeF&ve HeÌuet meejKes jesie he´eC³eebheemetve ceeveJeehe³e¥le ³esTve heesnes®eues Deensle. keÀesefJe[-19 ne jesie efvemeiee&ves ceeveJeeuee efouesuee meleke&Àles®ee FMeeje Deens.
ceeveJeeuee pej megKeer Je efvejesieer Dee³eg<³e peiee³e®es Demesue lej he´Leceleë Deeheueer he=LJeer Je efvemeie& ne efvejesieer heeefnpes. ³eekeÀefjlee Je=#e ueeieJe[ keÀjleebvee osMeer peeleeR®³ee Pee[eb®eer ueeieJe[ keÀjCes, Jev³e he´eC³eeb®es vewmee|iekeÀ DeefOeJeeme peheCes, heeUerJe he´eC³eeb®³ee leyy³esleer®eer keÀeUpeer IesCes Je he´eCeer heeUleebvee osMeer peeleeRJej Yej efouee heeefnpes. meeceev³e veeieefjkeÀ osKeerue ³eele Deeheues ³eesieoeve osT MekeÀlees. Jev³ehe´eC³eeb®eer lemkeÀjer, l³eeb®eer eEMeies, oele, keÀele[er heemetve yeveJeuesu³ee JemletbJej yeefn<keÀej ìekeÀCes ns meeceev³e peveles®³ee neleele vekeÌkeÀer®e Deens. efvemeiee&leerue pewJeefJeefJeOelee pej DeyeeefOele Je megjef#ele Demesue lej DeM³ee keÀesCel³eener jesieeCet®ee HewÀueeJe nesC³eeme efvemeie&leë DeJeIe[ nesles Je keÀesefJe[-19 ves peieYej OegceeketÀU IeeueCes lej DeMeke̳e®e !
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De#e³e Tpee& efoJemee®³ee efveefceÊeeves...
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Yeejleeuee DeefOekeÀeefOekeÀ Tpex®eer iejpe YeefJe<³eele
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Deenesle ns peeCetve IesCes DeeJeM³ekeÀ Deens Keeueerue
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Devegceeve keÀe{ues Deens.
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p e e &e fv e e fc e &l e e r, ì sj e J e
e e sþ î e e m e b³ e b$ e e Ü e j J e e e f< e &k e À
p e e &e fv e e fc e &l e e r, ì sj e J e @ì
heJeve Tpexmeeþer Yeejlee®ee yeje®emee YetYeeie DevegketÀue Demeu³ee®es efometve Deeues Deens peceerveerJejerue JeeN³ee®³ee Jesiee®³ee SkeÀe DeY³eemeeÜejs
Demes keÀUles keÀer ³eeletve DeeheCe Kethe ceesþîee he´ceeCeele efJeÐegleefvee|celeer keÀª MekeÀlees ceerìj Gpee&m$eesle Deeble
DeeefCe heJeve Tpexle SkeÀ ceesþe HeÀjkeÀ Demee keÀer Flej m$eesleebvee peMeer ceesþîee he´ceeCeele peceerve ueeieles leMeer
³eeuee ueeiele veener efMeJee³e heJeve®ekeÌke̳eebmeeþer peceerve®e
Demeueer heeefnpes Demesner veener Mesleele kegÀjCeele eEkeÀJee
Flej keÀesþsner ³ee ueeJelee ³esleele oj cesieeJe@ì
Tpee&efvee|celeermeeþer kesÀJeU nskeÌìj YetYeeie ³eeuee hetjkeÀ
JeeN³eeheemetve YetYeeieeJej efvee|ceuesu³ee Tpes&J³eefleefjÊeÀ
DeeheCe mecegêelener heJeve®ekeÌke̳ee ueeJet MekeÀlees lemeb
heeefnueb lej mecegêele JeeN³ee®ee Jesie efkeÀleerlejer peemle
Demelees heCe ³eeJej HeÀejmee DeY³eeme Peeuesuee veener
heJeve Tpee&efvee|celeer ë peefceveerJejerue heJeve Tpee&
Flej De#e³e Tpee& meeOeves
pewefJekeÀ Tpee& meeKejer lejbie ueeìe DeeefCe he´Jeenebheemetve efceUJeuesueer Tpee lemes®e meeiejer
Deeweq<CekeÀ Tpee& ³eeheemetve De#e³e Tpee& efceUJelee ³esles
Kejer heCe SkeÀ lej l³eeyeeyele DeÐeehe ceesþîee he´ceeCeele mebMeesOeve Peeues veener eEkeÀJee Jej JeCe&ve kesÀuesu³ee meeOeveeb®³ee leguevesle ³eeheemetve efceUJeuesueer Tpee& efMeuuekeÀ cnCelee ³esF&ue keÀener Devegceeveevegmeej pewefJekeÀ Tpee& DeeefCe meeiejer ueeìebheemetve efvecee&Ce nesCeejer Tpee& ner Deveg¬eÀces ojJe<eea 60 DeeefCe hebOeje ìsje Je@ì leeme ³ee he´ceeCeele efceUt MekesÀue
oj Je<eer& Dee@iemì ceefnv³eeleerue ®eewLee jefJeJeej ne `peeieeflekeÀ hejmeyeeie efove' ( World Kitchen Day ) cnCetve meepeje kesÀuee peelees. ³ee Je<eea ne eoJeme 30 Deeiemì jepee Deeuee nelee. efJekeÀmeveMeerue osMeele DeeefCe cegKelJes DeefJekeÀmeerle osMeele kegÀhees<eCee®e he´ceeCe meJee&efOekeÀ Deens Devvee®³ee DeYeeJeeves nesCeejs kegÀhees<eCe Je l³eeletve Dees{JeCeejs ce=l³et ner Ye³eeJen yeeye Deens®e. heCe ³eele cegKelJes ceefnuee, cegueer Je ueneve cegueb ner l³eeme yeUer he[leele. l³eebvee Deeheu³ee nkeÌkeÀe®³ee peeiesle Deeheues mJeleë®es hees<eCe cegu³e Demeuesues HeÀUs Yeep³ee GieJeCes ns efMekeÀJeCeb, l³eemeeþer he´sjerle keÀjC³eemeeþer efJekeÀmeerle osMeele DeveskeÀ mebmLee®³ee Heg{ekeÀejeves mecetn keÀe³e&¬eÀce jeyeJeues peeleele. Deeheues Devve DeeheCe GieJet MekeÀlees ne mebosMe Je efJeéeeme peieYej heesn®eJeC³eemeeþer®e ne efoJeme meepeje kesÀuee peelees. hetJeea pebieueb nesleer. Mesleele, ieeJekegÀmeeyeensj eE®e®e, yeesjb, Deebyee DeMee HeÀUeb®eer Pee[b Demee³e®eer. YetkeÀ ueeieueer keÀer cegueb l³eeJej YetkeÀ YeeieJee³e®es. keÀener DebMeer keÀe nesF&vee ³eesi³e les hees<eCe efceUeu³eecegUs YetkeÀ DeeJejuee pee³e®eer heCe DeeOeevekeÀekeÀjCeeceU peieue, Melee mehele
®eeueueer. íesìîee íesìîee megKeeheg{s Pee[eb®eener yeUer efouee iesuee. heCe DeeheCe SkeÀe DeVee®³ee m$eesleebuee keÀOeer cegkeÀuees ns keÀUues®e veener. lemes®e Mesleele Jee{l³ee jmee³eveecegUs DeVee®eer cegyeuekeÀlee Jee{uee heCe lee ¬eÀ³eMeÊeÀe Demeueu³ee ueeskeÀebhegjleer®e ce³ee&oerle jeefnueer. Kejs lej lesLesner kegÀhees<eCe Deens. l³eecegUs DeVee®³ee DeYeeJeecegUs
Kes[sieeJeele Je DeVee®³ee mJeYeeJeecegUs Menjele kegÀhees<eCe Deens. ns heefnu³eeboe meJee¥veer ceev³e kesÀueb heee npe . l³eece U Deepe Dee JekeÀmee le DeefJekeÀmeveMeerue osMe®e veJns efJekeÀmeerle osMeelener peeieeflekeÀ hejmeyeeieefove meepeje keÀjC³ee®eer iejpe Deens.
hetJeea Deepe®³eemeejKeer ³eebef$ekeÀ Mesleer veJnleer. l³eecegUs Mesleele efhekeÀues peeCeejer Oeev³e, keÀ[Oeev³e ne®e keÀe³e lees yeepeejeleerue osJeeCeIesJeeCeer®ee
J³eJenej neslee. Yeep³ee ³ee p³ee®³ee l³ee®³ee Mesleele, Iej®³eehegjlee efhekeÀJeu³ee pee³e®³ee eEkeÀJee hejmeyeeiesle efhekeÀJeu³ee pee³e®³ee. heCe pemes pemes ³eebef$ekeÀ heodOeleerves Yeep³ee efhekeÀJet ueeieues lemes lemes l³eeme mLeeefvekeÀ Je hejosMeer yeepeejehesþsle efve³ee&le Je Dee³eele nesT ueeieues. KeeCeeN³ee leeW[evee DeVe
ieejyespe ìt iee[&ve... keÀ®eje J³eJemLeeHevee®ee ÒeYeeJeer GHe¬eÀceveeefMekeÀ
hegjeJes cnCetve jmee³eveeb®³ee Je@ievme ceeleerle Deesleu³ee
iesu³ee. heCe ³eele KeeCeeN³ee®³ee Je MeslekeÀN³ee®³ee
enleehe#ee jeäe³e DeLeJ³eJemLe®ee [eueeje meebYeeUC³eemeeþer®e jemee³eefvekeÀ Mesleer DeeCeueer
iesueer ³eele efleUcee$e MebkeÀe veener. Deepe hebpeeyeele `ke@Àvmej ì^sve' ®eeueles Deens lej keÀesunehegjele
ke@Àvmej ì^sve megª nesC³ee®³ee ceeiee&Jej Deens.
jmee³evee®³ee Jee{l³ee JeehejecegUs peue, pebieue, peceerve, peveeJejs Je peve ns he´ogef<ele Peeues®e heCe peceerjmegOoe veemeuee iesuee ³ee®eb Yeeve Deelee Gjueb veener³e.
ns meejb leeȳeeJej DeeCeCeb Meke̳e veener. pees efJeOJebme Jne³e®ee lees Deelee Deeheu³ee keÀle=lJeeves
nesCeej®eb Deens. heCe keÀener he³ee&JejCeer³e Ghee³e, meJe³eer, ueeJetve Iesleu³ee lej l³ee®³ee he´Kejles®eer
efleJe´lee keÀener DebMeer keÀceer keÀjlee ³esF&ue ns cee$e vekeÌkeÀer!
peeieeflekeÀ hejmeyeeie efovee®es Deewef®el³e meeOele
meele Je<ee&bhetJeea ie®®eerJej®eer yeeie, veeefMekeÀ ³ee
Ghe¬eÀcee®eer ieg{er veeefMekeÀ Menjele GYeejueer nesleer. ner ieg{er Deelee DeveskeÀe®³ee ie®®³eeJej efomet ueeieueer
Deens. kesÀJeU jmee³evecegÊeÀ Yeep³ee efhekeÀJeCes
SJe{e®e nslet veener lej heeueehee®eesȳee®³ee, mJe³eHeekeÀIejelee}Deeuîee-meke³ee keÀ®eN³ee®³ee
J³eJemLeeheveeletve Yeep³eeb®eer yeeie HegÀueJeueer peeles.
DeLeele hejoMeele keÀheemìeie keÀue peele
Deeheu³eekeÀ[s l³ee®eer Ghe³egÊeÀe peeCeJetve ÐeeJeer ueeieles heCe ie®®eerJej®eer yeeie,veeefMekeÀ ³ee
Ghe¬eÀceeves keÀ®eje J³eJemLeeheve Je yeeie HegÀueJeCes
³eeb®eer ceesþîee keÀewMeu³eeves hejmhejhegjkeÀ yeebOeCeer
keÀjle `ieejyespe ìt iee[&ve' ner mebkeÀuhevee ªpeJele Deens.
Deieoer kegbÀ[îee YejC³eeheemetve les ìjmeJej Je peceeveeJej JeeHeÀ yeveJeC³eehe³e&ble 80 ìkeÌkesÀ megkeÀe, pewefJekeÀ keÀ®eN³ee®ee Jeehej kesÀuee peelees Je ceeleer efceÞeerle Kelee®ee 20 ìkeÌkesÀ Jeehej kesÀuee peelees. 80 ìkeÌkesÀ megkeÀe pewefJekeÀ keÀ®eN³eele heevePe[ Peeuesuee heeueeshee®eesUe, megkeÀJeuesues efkeÀ®eve Jesmì, KejkeÀìîee heeC³ee®ee Jeehej, kebÀheesmìerie keÀjC³ee®es iejpesvegmeej, peeies®³ee GheueyOelesvegmeej efJeefJeOe
Iej®³ee Iejer yeveJelee ³esCeejs menpe meeshes he´³eesie kesÀues Deens.
Iej®³ee Yeep³ee KeeC³eeleve DeveskeÀ he´keÀej®es HeÀe³eos nesleebvee efomele Deensle. yeepeejehes#ee ®eJeoej Je hees<ekeÀ Yeep³ee lej efceUleele®e. l³eeb®³ee mesJeveeves hees<ekeÀ IeìkeÀ hegjJeues iesu³eecegUs Meefjj Je cevee®es meblegueve Ie[tve
³esles. lemes®e Deenejeleerue yeskeÀjer®es cewoîee®es heoeLe&, ®eneleerue meeKej, pesJeCeeleerue ceerì, ceemeebnej, lesuee®ee Jeehej, otOe ne keÀceer keÀceer nesle peele lees veblej vekeÀesmee Jeeìlees. keÀejCe ner meejer Deepe jmee³eveeJej heesmeueer peeleele. peer Deepe Deejesi³eemeeþer IeelekeÀ þjleensle. Iej®³ee Yeep³ee KeeC³ee®eer ®eJe ueeieueer ner Jejerue IeìkeÀebyeÎue DeeheesDeehe®e veDee@efMe³ee le³eej neslees. Je yeepeejeleerue Yeep³eener vekeÀesMee nesleele. Demee ne he´Jeeme ueekeÀevee DeveYeJeeJee cnCeve ie®®eeJej®ee yeeie,veeefMekeÀ he´³elve keÀjle Deens. ne Ghe¬eÀce cenejeä^eleerue F®ígkeÀebhe³e¥le heesn®eeJee ³eemeeþer meesMeue efce[er³eeJej efveMegukeÀ ceeie&oMe&ve kesÀues peeles. oesvener mebkesÀle mLeUebJej jmee³evecegÊeÀ Yeep³ee efveceealeermeeþer ceeefnleerheì Je uesKe efve³eceerle heCes he´keÀeMeerle kesÀues peeleele. l³ee®ee F®ígkeÀebveer Ghe³eesie keÀjeJee. lemes®e yeeiesuee Yesì osJetve he³ee&JejCe efJe<e³ekeÀ ®eeueuesues he´³elve he´l³e#e he´³eesieeletve, ®e®exletve peeCetve IesJet MekeÀlee.
yu³eg DeeskeÀueerHeÀ
Meem$eer³e veeJe - keÀeueercee ne@me&efHeÀu[er kegÀue - efvecHeÀ@ueer[er GhekegÀue - efvecHeÀ@ueerveer
HegÀueheeKejeb®ee DeY³eeme keÀje³euee meg©Jeele kesÀueer DeeCeer ³esTj®es [eWiej, þeCes hetJe& ³esLeerue Kee[er heefjmej, veeieuee yuee@keÀ ³eeb®e yejesyej DeesJeUskeÀjJee[er ³esLeerue HegÀueheeKejeb®³ee yeeiesle e ve³ee celeheCe peeT ueeieuee . nU nU
HegÀueheeKejebyeÎue®ee DeY³eeme Jee{t ueeieuee. SkesÀ efoJeMeer DeesJeUskeÀjJee[erle yu³eg DeeskeÀueerHeÀ ³ee efveleeble megboj DeMee HegÀueheeKeje®eer ieeþ he[ueer. Peeueb Demeb keÀer, DeesJeUskeÀjJee[erle efHeÀjlee efHeÀjlee SkesÀ efþkeÀeCeer peemle Peeuesu³ee HeÀUeb®eer SkeÀ LeeUer Pee[euee De[keÀJeuesueer nesleer DeeCeer l³eeYeesJeleer íe³eeef®e$ekeÀej ceb[Uer Deblej jeKetve
heCe IeesUke̳eeveb pecee Peeueer nesleer ns heeefnueb. meejs keÀ@cesjs jesKetve nesles heCe keÀesCeer®e íe³eeef®e$e keÀe{le veJnleb. ceb[Uer MeebleheCes SkeÀef®eÊe nesTve yemeuesueer nesleer. ceuee lej HegÀueheeKe© kegÀþb®e ve efomelee HeÀÊeÀ JeeUuesueb heeve efomele nesleb! Fleke̳eele keÀ@cesje HeÌue@Me®ee ®ekeÀ®ekeÀeì meg© Peeuee veer ueies®e®e Leebyeuee osefKeue !! keÀe³e Peeues keÀesCe peeCes heCe les JeeUuesueb heeve G[tve iesueb. G[leebvee SkeÀ megboj efveUe jbie ®ecekeÀJetve les Jes[JeekeÀ[b G[le iee³eye Peeueb. peceuesu³ee ceb[UeRveer megmkeÀejs mees[ues Je DeJeIe[uesu³ee eqmLeleerletve Je De[®eCeerletve leer yeensj Deeueer. keÀenerpeCeebveer efleLeb®e efþ³³ee ceejuee.
leguee efceUeueb keÀe HegÀuue Deesheve eEJeie, DeMeer pees lees efJe®eejCee keÀ© ueeieuee. keÀesCee Yeei³eJeeveeuee efceUeuee neslee lemee Mee@ì! ceie lees KegMeerle leesjd]³eeveb
efcejJet ueeieuee Je yeensj he[uee osKeerue. p³eebvee lees
Mee@ì efceUeuee veJnlee les hebKe DeOe&Jeì GIe[uesues
DeOexcegOex HeÀesìes oeKeJele nUnUle nesles. les
HegÀueheeKe© keÀener hejle Deeueb veener. nUtnUt ceb[UeR®eer heebieeheebie Peeueer heCe keÀener heÇs efleLeb®e
efþ³³ee cee©ve yemeues.
l³ee efoJeMeer veener heCe veblej DeveskeÀoe l³ee®es oMe&ve Peeues. cevemeesÊeÀ íe³eeef®e$es keÀe{ueer. DeesJeUskeÀjJee[erle®e veJns lej Flej DeveskeÀ
efþkeÀeCeer - pebieues Je veoer-veeu³eeb®ee heefjmej ³esLes
yu³eg DeeskeÀefueHeÀ efomeues Je íe³eeef®e$es efceUeueer.
yu³eg DeeskeÀueerHeÀ ns HegÀueheeKe© cnCepes í¨eeJejCee®ee Glke=Àä vecegvee. ³ee®ee hebKe yebo eqmLeleerleuee DeekeÀej cnCepe peCe Pee[e®es JeeUuesues heeve®e. MesheìerkeÀ[s osþe®ee DeekeÀej lej hebKee®es heg{®es ìeskeÀ peCeg heevee®es ìeskeÀ®e. megkeÀuesu³ee heeveehe´ceeCes leheefkeÀjer efheJeUmej jbie.
l³eeJej SkeÀe ìeskeÀeheemetve ogmejerkeÀ[s peeCeejer efMejme¢M³e js<ee, heeveeb®³ee efMejebhe´ceeCes Flej js<eeb®es peeUs, Deieoer heeveeJejerue [eie-Oeyyes meg×e !!
Pee[e®³ee HeÀeboerJej, Kees[eJej yemeleebvee Keeueer
[eskesÀ Jej hee³e DeMee eqmLeleerle yemeCeej. cnCepes
heevee®³ee osþemeejKee hebKee®ee ceeieerue Yeeie Jej
Kees[ekeÀ[s lej leeW[ Keeue®³ee yeepetuee. Deieoer
ntyesntye JeeUuesu³ee heevee®ee vecegvee. hebKee®eer GIe[er
yeepet Deieoer ³ee Gueì. hegef{ue hebKee®³ee Jej®³ee ìeskeÀekeÀ[®ee Yeeie leheefkeÀjer keÀeUe, l³eeKeeueer efHeÀkeÀì efveUmej jbiee®ee SkeÀ ©bo heÆe Je GJe&jerle Yeeie ®ecekeÀoej ieo& efveUe. ceeieerue hebKe efnjJeì efveUmej Je efHeÀkeÀì leheefkeÀjer jbiee®eer. vej-ceeoer efomee³euee meejKes®e Demeleele. Deesu³ee Je keÀesj[îee nbieeceeleerue jbie©heele HeÀjkeÀ Demelees. Deesu³ee nbieeceeleerue jbie peemle ie[o Demeleele. hebKeeb®ee
Deeleuee efveUe jbie peemle ®ecekeÀoej Je ie[o Demelees. keÀesj[îee nbieeceeleerue jbie efHeÀkeÀì Demeleele. Deeleuee jbie efHeÀkeÀì efveUmej efnjJeì Demelees. ceesþîee DeekeÀeje®³ee ³ee HegÀueheeKeje®es
G·eCe JesieJeeve Demeles. mejU js<esle ve G[lee les Keeueer-Jej Je Jes[sJeekeÀ[s Demes les G[les. G[leebvee ®ecekeÀoej efveUe jbKe [esȳeele Yejlees. ne þmeþMeerle jbie l³ee®ee heeþueeie keÀjCeejd]³ee he#ee®³ee [esȳeele Yejlees. Fleke̳eele yu³e DeekeÀueeHeÀ HeÀueheeKe© PeìkeÀve Pee[e®³ee HeÀeboerJej, Kees[eJej hebKe efceìtve iehhe yemeles. Deelee les JeeUuesues heeve yeveles. l³eecegUs heeþueeie keÀjCeejd]³ee he#ee®³ee [esȳeele Yejuesuee efveUe jbie SkeÀeSkeÀer efomesveemee neslees Je HegÀueheeKe© peCet De¢M³e nesles. nuuesKeesjeheemetve ye®eeJeemeeþer DeMee lejd]nsves í¨eeJejCee®ee ns HegÀueheeKe© hegjshetj Jeehej keÀjles.
hebKeeb®ee efJemleej 85 ceerceer les 110 ceerceer DemeCeejs 'yu³eg DeeskeÀueerHeÀ' ns SkeÀ ceesþîee DeekeÀeje®es HegÀueheeKe© Deens. les ceOeghe´eMeveemeeþer
HegÀueebJej ³esle veener. Je=#ejme, peemle Peeuesu³ee HeÀUeb®ee jme, ef®eKeueheeve ³eeJej ³ee®eer iegpejeCe nesles. ns mLeueeblejCe keÀjCeejs HegÀueheeKe© veener. ³eebvee ceeskeÀUJeves, pebieues, pebieueeleerue veoer-veeues DeeJe[leele.
Yeejleele ner HegÀueheeKejs oef#eCe Yeejleele ieeJes, Menjeueiele®ee ìskeÀ[îeeb®ee - pebieueJesäerle Yeeie, peieue veoeveeu³ee®³ee heejmejele Dee{Uleele. YeejleeefMeJee³e Flej osMeele Dee{Ule veenerle.
³ee HegÀueheeKeje®eer ceeoer keÀejJeer peeleer®³ee efJeefJeOe JevemheleeRJej Deeheueer Deb[er Ieeueles. keÀejJeer®eer Peg[ghes Deieoer Menjele menmee ueeJeueer peele veenele heCe MenjeYeeJelee, ieeJeele, pebieueebceOes, ìskeÀ[îee-[eWiejeU Yeeieele leer vewmee|iekeÀjerl³ee Demeleele ³ee HegÀueheeKeje®ee DeefOeJeeme Menjele vemeu³eeves les efìketÀve Deens. heCe Menjeueiele®³ee peieueYeeieeJej ceeveJee megOeejCeeb®³ee veeJeeKeeueer Deefle¬eÀceCe kesÀues peele Deens. pebieueeb®eer lees[ kesÀueer peele Deens. megowJeeves
³ee Deefle¬eÀceCeeb®ee Depetve HeÀej iebYeerj hejerCeece Peeuesuee veener. cnCetve®e keÀer keÀe³e ns megboj HegÀueheeKe© Deeheues DeeqmlelJe efìkeÀJetve Deens, DeÐeehener les MenjebceOetvemeg×e oMe&ve osle Demeles.
2 Dee@keÌìesyej 2019 ®ee efoJeme...
HesÎHegjce®³ee jml³eebJej mìe@ume GYeejuesues... SkeÀe
iejerye ceefnues®eb ue#e l³ee mìe@ueJej ueeJeuesu³ee
yee[keÀ[ ieue `HueemìekeÀ®³ee yeou³eele
leebotU'! yees[& Jee®elee®e leer ceefnuee peJeUHeeme®³ee
jml³eeJej efHeÀªve SkeÀ ieesCe Yejsue FlekeÀe
HueemìerkeÀ®ee keÀ®eje ieesUe keÀjles DeeefCe l³ee
mìe@ueJej peeles. efleLes l³ee HueemìerkeÀ®es Jepeve kesÀues
peeles. leerve efkeÀuees®³ee l³ee keÀ®eN³ee®³ee yeou³eele
leeruee leerve efkeÀuees leebotU efouee peelees. leer iejerye ceefnuee mìe@ueJejerue le©Ceebvee DeeMeerJee&o osTve
Iejer peeles.
DeebOe´ ÒeosMeeleerue HesÎHegjce ieeJeeleerue le©Ceeb®ee
`ceeCe HesÎHegjce' (Deece®es HesÎHegjce) veeJee®ee SkeÀ
HesÀmeyegkeÀ ûegHe. DeveskeÀ meeceeefpekeÀ GHe¬eÀce ³ee
ûegHeÜejs jeyeefJeues peeleele. mebHetCe& peieeuee meO³ee
Ye[meeJele Demeueuee mecem³ee cnCepe
HueemìerkeÀ®ee keÀ®eje. HebleÒeOeeve vejWê ceesoeR ³eebveer
`HueemìerkeÀcegkeÌle Yeejle' ³ee efouesu³ee nekesÀuee osMeeleerue DeveskeÀ le©Ceeb®ee Òeeflemeeo efceUle neslee.
³ee ûegHeves osKeerue DeeHeues ieeJe HueemìerkeÀcegkeÌle keÀje³e®es þjJeues. mJe®íles®es Deûeogle cenelcee ieeOee ³ee®³ee 150J³ee pe³eleeeveeceÊeeve `HueemìerkeÀ®³ee yeou³eele leebotU', `HueemìerkeÀ
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Sumee Deelee pebieueer JeeleeJejCeele ®eebieueer®e ©Uueer nesleer. keÀeueeblejeves leerves leerve efHeueebvee pevce efouee. 1960 ceO³es `yesyeerefmeDeesefmeme' ³ee Deepeeje®eb efveefceÊe nesTve leer cejCe HeeJeueer. DeeF&efJevee efle®eer efHeuueb `MJeeHeo' Peeueer. pebieue mees[tve Deepetyeepet®³ee Heefjmejeleerue mLeeefvekeÀeb®³ee keÀeWye[îee, Flej HeeUerJe peveeJejb HeUJet ueeieues. l³eecegUs mLeeefvekeÀebceO³es Sumee®³ee leerve cegueeb®eer
`efveJ³ee&p³e Òesce'
cetU uesefKekeÀe : De@ve vesceekeÀ& DevegJeeo : Deevebo JewÐe cesnlee HeefyueefMebie neTme
onMele efvecee&Ce Peeueer. pee@³euee ns®e vekeÀes nesleb. efleves ³ee leerve efHeueebvee MeesOetve keÀe{ueb DeeefCe SkeÀe DeYe³eejC³ee®³ee nJeeueer kesÀueb. Sumee®ee ce=l³et DeeefCe efle®³ee efHeueeb®eb eEnm$e nesCeb, ³eeletve pee@³eves eEmenebceOetve DeeHeueb ceve JeUJeueb DeeefCe leer ef®el³eeb®³ee mebJeOe&veele ue#e Ieeuet ueeieueer. Heg{®³ee Dee³eg<³eele leerves efle®ee meieUe Hewmee, JesU ns Jev³e ÒeeC³eeb®³ee mebJeOe&veemeeþer efouee. 3 peevesJeejer 1980 jespeer efle®ee ce=leosn keÀsefve³ee®³ee Meeyee ve@Meveue efjPeJn&ceO³es Dee{Utve Deeuee. meg©Jeeleeruee SKeeÐee eEmeneves kesÀuesu³ee nuu³eele leer ce=le Peeueer DemeeJeer DeMeer MebkeÀe Deeueer. HeCe DeefOekeÀ Heesueerme leHeemeele efle®ee Ketve Peeu³ee®eb efve<Hevve Peeueb. Jev³eÒeeC³eebJej DeeF&®³ee cecelesves Òesce keÀjCeejer, l³eeb®³eeMeer YeeJeefvekeÀ veeleb pees[CeeN³ee SkeÀe efve<HeeHe peerJee®eer DeKesj Peeueer nesleer. lejer peiee®³ee keÀe³ece mcejCeele jeefnueb les pee@³e DeeefCe Sumeeves SkeÀceskeÀebvee efouesueb `efveJ³ee&p³e Òesce'!
“Green Carbon” is the carbon stored in plants and soil of natural ecosystems, whereas “Blue Carbon” is the carbon stored in plants and sediments of coastal ecosystems and ocean. There are three blue carbon ecosystems such as m a n g r o v e s , s e a g r a s s e s a n d saltmarshes Among them, the mangroves are the only blue carbon forest on the Earth, and they are much more efficient in carbon storage.
India has a mangrove forest cover of 4,975 sq. km, occupying 3.3% of world mangroves. Sundarbans has the largest mangrove cover, occupying 42.5%, while Gujarat has the second largest cover with 23.7% of total cover in India. These two areas alone occupy 66% of the mangrove cover, surprisingly in adverse condition of high energy tidal coast, experiencing two extreme situations For instance, Sundarbans is in humid and wet condition with high biodiversity, whereas the mangrove forest of Gujarat is in arid and dry condition with low biodiversity.
Blue Carbon Forest of India
Interestingly the Andaman & Nicobar Islands has the third largest mangrove forest in India, occupying 12.4% of the total cover, located in low energy tidal coast with rich biodiversity
India is the third richest country for mangrove biodiversity in the world, after Indonesia and Australia. Bhitarkanika in Odisha State is considered to be the ‘mangrove genetic paradise’in the world.
Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh put together is the largest mangrove forest in the world, and it is also the only mangroves in the world colonized with the Royal Bengal Tiger. The Sundarbans supports globally threatened wildlife, and it is internationally recognized as the world heritage site of UNESCO.
Indian mangrove forests have the highest record of biodiversity with a total of 5,747 species. No other countries have recorded so many species to be present in the mangrove ecosystem. Mangroves of India are biologically diverse by exceeding 100 species for mangrove and associates, marine algae, fungi, crustaceans, mollusks, insects, birds, and finfish. Other natural treasures along the mangroves in India are: (i) the world’s largest nesting site for the Olive Ridley turtle in Gahirmatha coast of Odisha; (ii) seagrass meadows associated with the seacow (Dugong); (iii) coral reefs associated with most beautiful ornamental fishes; and, (iv) intertidal
mudflats teeming with the migratory and residential birds, of about 2 million, belonging to 523 species.
Indian mangrove cover increased by 54 sq. km between 2017 and 2019 at the annual rate of 0.55% per year as against global mangroves, which disappear at 0.3%. This increase in forest cover is significant in Maharashtra (5.3%), Odisha (3.29%) and Gujarat (3.25%). There is a reduction of mangrove cover in Tamil Nadu by 8.2%, Andaman by 0.11% and West Bengal by 0.09%, whereas there is no change in forest cover in other states/union territories. However, our country has a large track of mangrove forests in India that is 40.6% of total cover This deserves attention for its transformation into a dense mangrove cover.
Mangroves are extraordinary in carbon storage Indian mangroves absorb 93 million tons of atmospheric CO 2 daily valued at 372 million USD in the international market. This is important in the context of India’s target: of creating an additional carbon sink of 3 billion tons of CO equiv through increasing forest cover 2 by 2030. Policy makers need to focus on planning for mangrove carbon credit and its trading. It is required to restore ecosystem services of mangroves with community participation.
Like every other day, I was tracking a wolf pack in and around the Baramati region of Maharashtra. The male and the female of that pack were collared last January. We found the pack in a western hillock at about 1.5km away from us. The male was sniffing all over the place, the she-wolf was resting, and one sub-adult was following his father (from the last few months only three of them were seen together).
Soon the pack suspected our activity, and within a while, all of the three
The Reunion Song
disappeared behind the hillock. But no! There were one pair of erect ears which was trying to mimic with the rocks in the hillocks. The father was distrustfully gazing at us and was looking back over and over Within a few minutes, the erected ears also disappeared. However, the VHF signal was coming strongly from the same direction; maybe they were still looking at us from beyond our detectable zone.
The sun was about to set, and the direction of light was just opposite to our location which added to the challenge of finding this cryptic species within the rocks. We decided to wait in the same position without disturbing them. Within about a quarter of an hour, the sky dusked down. Suddenly a long-distance floating howl excited our nerves. The direction of the howl (source was about 2kms in the east) entirely dumbfounded us.
Three howls in a series and it stopped. I asked my field assistant to confirm the direction of the VHF signal and aimed the microphone towards that western hillock.
No sooner had I finished my words; a chorus song started from western hillock (from the same place where the ears disappeared a couple of minutes ago) to confirm their presence. After one minute, it was complete silence over the hummocks.
The silence didn’t last for more than a minute and a wolf appeared in the south about 700 hundred meters from us. And it stopped, looked all around, and started howling. Once again, three howls in a series; a small pause; and glad chorus reply from the western hillock. As soon as the chorus began, the wolf started running towards the hillock in the west. It came as close as 300 meters from us but utterly ignored our presence. It was a darkly coated sub adult. Within a few seconds, it disappeared in the western hillock. Neither an aggressive or fighting sound came from there, nor a reunion chorus. Maybe this is their custom to welcome their dispersed pack member’s return, silently!
What are Fuel Cells and their role in an Indian
Recently, policy makers of India (NITI Aayog) have decided to generate 175 GW of power from renewables by 2022 [1]. Usage of renewable electricity provides multitude advantages to India, first and foremost being reduction in CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions and thus contributing to global quest to combat climate change and global warming (UN’s Paris agreement [2]). Another advantage is strategic, which allows India as a country to rely lesser and lesser on other countries for our energy needs and the third being economics, where we are witnessing that the cost of renewable electricity has started approaching the cost of conventional electricity (from coal/fossil fuels) [3,4]. However, renewable energy sources such as solar energy and wind energy are not available 24/7. Therefore, one must convert solar or wind energy into electricity whenever available and then ‘store’ it and use it as and when required. This automatically suggests that there has to be a synergy between renewable electricity generation and energy storage technologies.
with batteries, Fuel cells find enormous opportunities in transportation (all leading automotive companies have introduced fuel cell electric vehicles), stationary power-backup (eg:generators) and certain industrial sectors.
Inside a Fuel cell
As depicted in figure 1, a single fuel cell is comprised of two compartments, anode and cathode. H2 enters on the anode side and splits into protons and electrons in presence of catalyst. These electrons are dragged through external circuit (yellow dots in the figure) to the cathode side and the protons migrate through the membrane and reach cathode side (green dots in the figure).
W A K E U P A N D A C T
Battery which we use in our phones, laptops is an excellent example of an energy storage device. However, electricity storage at ‘GW’ scale using state-of-the-art battery technology may become economically non-viable (it is an unsettled debate yet!). One of the promising modes of renewable energy storage which is getting large attention in recent years is in the form of chemical energy of hydrogen (H2). Imagine having a huge water electrolysis near solar or wind farm where electricity is getting converted into H2. This hydrogen can then be transported to the user where chemical energy of H2 is converted back to electricity using ‘Fuel Cells’as and when required.
Thanks to their lower carbon footprint, low noise/vibrations, complementary opportunities
Meanwhile, air is also continuously passed on the cathode; so O2 from air, protons travelled through membrane and electrons dragged through external circuit combine in presence of catalyst to form water The external dragging of electrons is nothing but ‘usable electricity’. This whole assembly is known as ‘Membrane Electrode Assembly’ (MEA). The gas diffusion
layers on anode as well cathode side allow hydrogen and oxygen to spread uniformly over the catalytic area.
Multiple such single cells connected in series constitute a ‘Fuel Cell stack’ which can deliver certain kWs of power (figure 2). The power output and efficiency of a ‘Fuel cell stack’ depends on various material, geometric and operating parameters such as ability of catalyst to promote hydrogen splitting and oxygen reduction to water, ability of membrane to conduct protons, appropriate porous network of gas diffusion layers such that oxygen and hydrogen reach catalyst particles swiftly Optimizing the power output of a fuel cell stack has a direct impact on its capital cost and thus, a great amount of efforts are being invested in this regard through publicprivate-partnership mode in various institutes of our country (ISRO, CSIR-NCL, CSIR-CECRI, CSIR-NPL, IIT-Bombay, Chennai. to name a few).
1) Report of the expert group on 175 GW RE by 2022, National Institution for Transforming India, (NITI Aayog), New Delhi.
2) India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: working towards climate change, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Publishe d%20Documents/India/1/INDI A%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf
3) Solar tariffs once again hit all-time low of Rs 2.44 a unit at SECI auction, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/po wer/solar-tariffs-once-again-hitall-time-low-of-rs-244-aunit-at-seci auction/articleshow/64834531. cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&u tm_campaign=cppst
fuel cell stack
4) Wind power prices crash to ?2.43/unit in Gujarat auction, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ec onomy/wind-power-prices-crash-to243unit-ingujaratauction/article9998941.ece
5) Figures are from:https://www.comsol.com/story/download/4 94481/NCL_MS2017.pdf
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cenejeä^ ns Yeejleeleerue heefnues®e jep³e þjues Deens.
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ueekeÀ[ebhe´ceeCes®e heeb{N³ee ef®eHeer®es ueeketÀ[ner heeC³eele kegÀpele vemeu³eeves yebojeleerue ieesoer Je OekeÌkesÀ yeebOeC³eemeeþer lemes®e penepes yeebOeC³eemeeþer, jsuJes®es mueerheme& le³eej keÀjC³eemeeþer Kethe Ghe³egÊeÀ Demeles. keÀejCe ³ee®es ueeketÀ[ heeC³eele kegÀpele veener, lemes®e l³eeuee keÀer[ ueeiele veener. Fceejleer yeebOeC³eemeeþerner ns ueeketÀ[ DeefleMe³e Ghe³egÊeÀ Deens. leebyetme meeueerheemetve ì@efveve ne heoeLe& efceUlees. ³ee®ee Ghe³eesie keÀele[er keÀceeefJeC³eemeeþer, jbieefJeC³eemeeþer DeeefCe ceeMeeb®eer peeUer cepeyetle yeveefJeC³eemeeþer kesÀuee peelees. ³ee Jevemheleer®eer HegÀues mebO³eekeÀeUer HegÀueCeejer Demeu³eeves JeìJeeIeUs DeeefCe Flej efveMee®ej keÀerìkeÀebÜejs hejeieerkeÀjCe ceesþîee he´ceeCeeJej nesles. HegÀueebceOeerue ceOe ieesUe keÀjC³eemeeþer ceOeceeMee DeekeÀe|<ele nesleele.DeeefHe´ÀkesÀleerue keÀener osMeebceO³es ³ee®³ee heeveeb®ee Ghe³eesie pesJeCeele kesÀuee peelees. hetJe& DeeefHe´ÀkesÀle ner heeves Gbìeb®es GÊece KeeÐe cnCetvener Ghe³egÊeÀ þjleele. HeÀUeleerue iejeheemetve GÊece he´keÀej®es DeBìeryee³eesefìkeÀ efceUles. SketÀCe®e meeiejer heefjmebmLesle cenÊJee®eer YetefcekeÀe yepeeJeCeeN³ee ³ee JevemheleerceOetve jespeieej osKeerue efvecee&Ce nesT MekeÀlees. cenejeä^eleerue meJe&®e meeiejer efkeÀveeN³eebJej ceesþîee mebK³esves Dee{UCeeN³ee DeMee ³ee meJe&iegCemebheVe `heeb{jer ef®eheer'®es mebJeOe&ve DeeefCe mebj#eCe JneJes cnCetve efleuee efouesuee `jep³e keÀeboUJeve Je=#ee'®ee opee&, ne kesÀJeU Yeejleeleerue®e veJns lej peieYejeleerue keÀeboUJeveeb®ee mevceeve cnCeeJee ueeiesue.ceveer<e ®ebêMesKej JeeIe
