ბუნებისმეტყველება, მე-5 კლასი, მოსწავლის წიგნი by გამომცემლობა „კლიო“

moswavlis wigni

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saministros mier 20 __ wels

bunebismetyveleba V klasi, moswavlis wigni

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN

sarCevi pirobiTi aRniSvnebi da maTi ganmartebebi ................................................. 5 Sesavali 1. 2.

bunebis Semswavleli mecnierebebi ................................................................ 6 kvlevis meTodebi da sakvlevi xelsawyoebi ............................................... 7

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo ........................................................ 9 1. saarsebo garemo .................................................................................................. 10 2. mcenare da sinaTle ............................................................................................ 12 3. mcenare da wyali ................................................................................................. 14 4. mcenare da siTbo ................................................................................................ 16 5. yvavili ................................................................................................................... 18 6. nayofisa da Teslis gavrceleba .................................................................... 20 7. rogor moZraoben cxovelebi? ........................................................................ 22 8. cxovelebis forma da Seferiloba ................................................................ 24 9. cxovelTa safarveli......................................................................................... 26 10. SegrZnebis organoebi ........................................................................................ 28 11. temperatura da cxovelebi ............................................................................. 30 12. cxovelTa ojaxebi .............................................................................................. 32 13. cxovelTa gundebi .............................................................................................. 34 14. Semajamebeli gakveTili ................................................................................... 36 I Tavis mokle daskvnebi ............................................................................................ 38 Tavi 2. ekosistema ....................................................................................................... 39 1. balaxismWameli uxerxemloebi ....................................................................... 40 2. balaxismWameli xerxemliani cxovelebi...................................................... 42 3. xorcismWameli cxovelebi ............................................................................... 44 4. nairmWameli cxovelebi .................................................................................... 46 5. kvebiTi jaWvi ....................................................................................................... 48 6. ekosistema ............................................................................................................ 50 7. zRvis ekosistema ................................................................................................ 52 8. Waobis ekosistema ............................................................................................... 54 9. tyis ekosistema ................................................................................................... 56 10. soflis meuneoba................................................................................................. 58 11. adamiani da nadiroba ......................................................................................... 60 12. tyis Wra ................................................................................................................. 62 13. niadagis, wylisa da haeris dabinZureba ...................................................... 64 14. Semajamebeli gakveTili ................................................................................... 66 II Tavis mokle daskvnebi ........................................................................................... 68 Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba .................................................................................. 69 1. meqanikuri moZraoba .......................................................................................... 70 2. gavlili manZili da dro................................................................................... 72 3. moZraobis saxeebi. traeqtoria...................................................................... 74 4. siCqare ................................................................................................................... 76

5. manZilis, drois da siCqaris gazomva ............................................................ 78 6. Semajamebeli gakveTili ................................................................................... 80 III Tavis mokle daskvnebi .......................................................................................... 82 Tavi 4. eleqtruli movlenebi ............................................................................... 83 1. sxeulebis damuxtva ........................................................................................... 84 2. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis eqsperimentuli Seswavla ................................................................................ 86 3. eleqtroba Cvens garSemo ................................................................................. 88 4. martivi eleqtruli wredebi .......................................................................... 90 5. martivi eleqtruli wredebis awyoba .......................................................... 92 6. eleqtroxelsawyoebis usafrTxod gamoyenebis wesebi .......................... 94 7. Semajamebeli gakveTili ................................................................................... 96 IV Tavis mokle daskvnebi ......................................................................................... 98 Tavi 5. kosmosi .............................................................................................................. 97 1. kosmosis kvleva .................................................................................................. 98 2. varskvlavebi ........................................................................................................ 100 3. mze ........................................................................................................................... 102 4. mzis sistema .......................................................................................................... 104 5. merkuri da venera ............................................................................................... 106 6. dedamiwa da marsi................................................................................................ 108 7. iupiteri da saturni ......................................................................................... 110 8. urani da neptuni ................................................................................................. 112 9. mzis sistemis modeli ........................................................................................ 114 10. kometebi ................................................................................................................ 115 11. asteroidebi da meteoroidebi ....................................................................... 116 12. mTvare .................................................................................................................... 118 13. mTvaris dabneleba.............................................................................................. 120 14. mzis dabneleba .................................................................................................... 122 15. Semajamebeli gakveTili ................................................................................... 124 V Tavis mokle daskvnebi .......................................................................................... 126 Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba.................................................................................. 127 1. risgan Sedgeba dedamiwa? ................................................................................. 128 2. liTosfero .......................................................................................................... 130 3. mTebis warmoqmna ................................................................................................. 132 4. liTosferuli filebis moZraobis modelireba ....................................... 134 5. miwisZvra ............................................................................................................... 136 6. ra aris vulkani? ................................................................................................. 138 7. qanebi da mineralebi .......................................................................................... 140 8. namarxi organizmebi ........................................................................................... 142 9. qcevis wesebi miwisZvris dros ........................................................................ 144 10. Semajamebeli gakveTili ................................................................................... 146 VI Tavis mokle daskvnebi ......................................................................................... 148 saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka ........................................................................................ 149 msoflios fizikuri ruka .............................................................................................. 150

bunebismetyveleba 5

pirobiTi aRniSvnebi da maTi ganmarteba

ilustraciaze mocemul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT winare codnas ukavSireb gakveTilis Temas.

6. nayofisa da Teslis gavrceleba ifiqre e da je l ims rogor vrceldeba mcenare did teritoriaze?

sur. 31. qoqosi

mcenareebs ar SeuZliaT erTi adgilidan meoreze gadaadgileba. miuxedavad amisa, isini did teritoriaze arian gavrcelebuli. axali mcenare amodis dedamcenarisgan ramdenime metris, zogjer kilometrebis da-

saazrovno kiTxvebisa da damatebiTi informaciis gamoyenebiT xels uwyob gakveTilis Temis gagebasa da gaazrebas.

gaazreba

1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele zRvis ekosistemis Sesaxeb. zRvis ekosistema aracocxali faqtorebi

cocxali organizmebi planqtoni

temperatura

wneva

marilianoba

Jangbadis Semcveloba

Tavisufladmcuravi formebi

fskeruli formebi

jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba mcenaris mier foTlebiT wylis aorTqlebaze

klasSi atareb eqsperiments mcire jgufTan erTad.

asruleb davalebas saswavlo Temis srulyofilad aTvisebisaTvis. werilobiTi samuSaoebi Seasrule saSinao davalebis rveulSi.

mocemuli gaqvs: ori gamWvirvale Wiqa an menzura, ori sxvadasxva mcenaris toti gansxvavebuli zomis foTlebiT (sur. 18 a da b), totebze foTlebis raodenoba Tanabari unda iyos, markeri an flomasteri. msvleloba: 1. orive WiqaSi Caasxi Tanabari radenobis wyali da markeriT moniSne wylis done. 2. TiTo toti moaTavse cal-calke WiqebSi. 3. Seadare wylis done a da b WiqebSi Semdeg gakveTilze. aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, ra SemTxvevaSi aorTqlebs mcenare meti raodenobiT wyals.

b sur. 18

saSinao davaleba

daeweva Tu ara lomi zebras, Tu zebra 2 saaTSi 120 km manZils gadis, xolo lomi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2 saaTSi 160 km-s? eqsperimentuli davaleba

mocemuli gaqvs:

siCqaris gamoTvla

wammzomiani saaTi, sazomi lenti. msvleloba:

saxlSi atareb martiv eqsperiments.

1. iatakze moniSne manZili da sazomi lentiT gazome igi. Sen mier mozomil gzaze daiwye nela moZraoba sworxazovnad. saaTis gamoyenebiT gazome moZraobis dro. 2. cda gaimeore ramdenjerme ise, rom TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva siCqariT imoZrao. 3. gamoTvale siCqare TiToeuli SemTxvevisaTvis da Sei

cxr. 4 #

s, m

t, wm

m/wm

1 2 3

Sesavali

1. bunebis Semswavleli mecnierebebi Cvens garSemo arsebuli Bbuneba mravalferovania. Aamitom mas ramdenime mecniereba swavlobs. Bbunebis Semswavlel mecnierebebs bunebismetyvelebas uwodeben, xolo codnas bunebis Sesaxeb â&#x20AC;&#x201C; bunebismcodneobas. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs miekuTvneba: fizika, biologia, qimia, geografia, geologia, astronomia, ekologia. Ffizika swavlobs sxeulebis agebulebas, maT urTierTqmedebasa da moZraobas, sinaTlisa da bgeris gavrcelebas, magnitebis moqmedebas. Aam mecnierebaSi mopovebuli codnis safuZvelze adamianma Seqmna mravali sayofacxovrebo xelsawyo, aseve, telefonebi, kompiuterebi da sxv. biologia swavlobs cocxal bunebas. B ikvlevs mcenareebs, cxovelebs, sokoebs, mikroorganizmebs, maT agebulebas da qcevebs. biologiis miRwevebis gamoyeneba janmrTelobis dacvasa da sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebas uwyobs xels.A Q qimia swavlobs nivTierebebs da erTi nivTierebis meore nivTierebad gardaqmnas. Qqimiis codnas iyeneben axali nivTierebebis SeqmnisaTvis, sakvebi produqtebis warmoebisaTvis, wamlebisa da sxvadasxva saRebavebis dasamzadeblad. Ggeografia da geologia swavlobs bunebis movlenebs dedamiwaze, dedamiwis agebulebas, sxvadasxva qveynebis gansakuTrebulobas. Aam mecnierebebSi miRebuli codna exmareba adamianebs geografiuli da geologiuri rukebis SedgenaSi. Aastronomia mecnierebaa, romelic swavlobs ciur sxeulebs: varskvlavebs, planetebs, kometebs. Aastronomiul observatoriebSi astronomebi akvirdebian ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis Taviseburebebs. Mmecnierebis daskvniT, ciuri sxeulebis moZraoba gavlenas axdens dedamiwaze mimdinare bunebriv movlenebze. Eekologia swavlobs organizmebis urTierTkavSirsa da maT kavSirs garemo pirobebTan. ekologebis mizania Semcirdes bunebaze adamianebis saqmianobis uaryofiTi gavlena. amisaTvis isini uamrav gamokvlevebs atareben. ekologebi cdiloben bunebrivi garemos SenarCunebas dedamiwaze. Bbunebismetyvelebis mecnierebebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian. magaliTad, organizmebis sicocxlis Seswavlisas biologebma unda icodnen rogor sunTqaven da ikvebebian cocxali arsebebi. amaSi maT exmarebaT fizikisa da qimiis codna. imaSi, Tu rogor bunebriv garemoSi unda cxovrbdnen es organizmebi, maT exmareba geografiis codna. rom gaigon, rogor moqmedebs organizmze mze da mTvare, exmareba fizika da astronomia.

bunebismetyveleba 5

2. kvlevis meTodebi da sakvlevi xelsawyoebi Aadamianebi uZvelesi droidan cdilobdnen SeeswavlaT samyaro. amisTvis isini sxvadasxva meTodebs iyenebdnen. B bunebis Seswavlis mravali meTodi arsebobs. maT Soris umartivesia dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. Ddakvirveba aris sxeulebisa da bunebis movlenebis Secnoba bunebriv pirobebSi Cveni grZnobis organoebis saSualebiT. Asxeulebis daxasiaTebisaTvis adamianebs exmareba mxedveloba, smena, ynosva, SegrZneba. Ees bunebis Secnobis martivi xerxebia. Eeqsperimenti aris sxeulebisa da movlenebis Seswavla specialurad Seqmnil pirobebSi. am SemTxvevaSic tardeba dakvirveba. Eeqsperimenti SeiZleba mravaljer iqnas gameorebuli. Bbunebis kvleva ufro zustia maSin, roca dakvirvebis an eqsperimentis procesSi mecnierebi atareben gazomvebs. Ggazomo raime niSnavs, igi Seadaro am sididis erTeulad miRebul etalonur sidides. magaliTad, sigrZis gazomvisas am sxeulis sigrZes adareben sigrZis etalons â&#x20AC;&#x201C; metrs. bunebis dacvis mizniT xSirad mcenareebisa da mwerebis koleqciis Segrovebis nacvlad iyeneben maT Canaxatebs, fotosuraTebs an videorgolebs. aseTi kvlevisas arc erTi cocxali arseba ar ziandeba da Tqven amiT inarCunebT bunebas. dakvirvebebisa da eqsperimentebis Catarebisas aucilebelia vicodeT: D1. dakvirvebis da eqsperimentis mizani; D2. saWiro xelsawyoebi (resursebi); 3. eqsperimentis msvleloba; 4. eqsperimentis Sedegi; 5. eqsperimentis Sedegebis axsna â&#x20AC;&#x201C; daskvnis gamotana.

D akvirvebisa da eqsperimentebisaTvis saWiroa sxvad dasxva gamzomi laboratoriuli xelawyoebi. suraTebze gamosaxulia xelsawyoebi, romlebic martivi cdebis CatarebisTvis gamoiyeneba.

menzura aris xelsawyo, romliTac siTxis moculobas zomaven.

saswori aris xelsawyo, romelic gamoiyeneba masis gasazomad.

lupa aris CarCoSi Casmuli gamadidebeli mina. igi sagans adidebs. lupiT SesaZlebelia daakvirde mcenareebs, xoWoebs, peplebs, Wiebs da sxva organizmebs.

mikroskopiT SesaZlebelia TvaliT uxilavi organizmebis daTvaliereba.

drois gasazomad wammzomian saaTs da wammzoms iyeneben.

saxazaviT da sazomi lentiT sigrZes zomaven.

TermometriT izomeba temperatura.

bunebismetyveleba 5

teleskopiT akvirdebian ciur sxeulebs.

spirtquras iyeneben wylisa da sxeulebis gasacxeleblad.

Sesavali

: avli w s i Se ra exmareba cocxal organizmebs garemosTan SeguebaSi. rogor ukavSirdeba organizmebis garegnuli niSan-Tvisebebi sabinadro garemos. rogor aris sxvadasxva cxovelis sxeulis erTi da imave daniSnulebis nawilebi Seguebuli garemosTan an cxovrebis wesTan. ra mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa qcevas (migracia, jogebad gaerTianeba, ojaxebad cxovreba, STamomavlobaze zrunva, socialuri urTierTobebi mwerebSi, zamTris Zili) garemosTan SeguebaSi. garemosTan rogori SeguebiTi Tvisebebi aqvs tyis sxvadasxva iarusSi mzard mcenareebs.

ebi: a daufl d b e l Z Se gaerkve sicocxlisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebSi. gamoarCio da daajgufo garemos cocxali da aracocxali komponentebi. imsjelo tyis iarusebis Sesaxeb. Seasrulo eqsperimentuli samuSaoebi. aRwero, rogor eguebian mcenareebi arsebul bunebriv pirobebs. imsjelo mcenaris nayofebisa da Teslebis gavrcelebaze. imsjelo, ra daniSnulebiT iyeneben cxovelebi kidurebs. ganasxvavo cxovelTa mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba gamafrTxilebeli Seferilobisgan. imsjelo cxovelTa SegrZnebis organoebze da maT mniSvnelobaze garemosTan SeguebaSi. Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

1. saarsebo garemo ifiqre e da jel s m i ra sWirdeba organizms sicocxlisTvis?

sur. 1

dedamiwa `cocxali~ planetaa, sadac mravali organizmi binadrobs. garemos cocxali komponentebia yvelaferi, rac sunTqavs, ikvebeba, moZraobs da mravldeba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mcenareebi, cxovelebi, sokoebi, erTujrediani organizmebi, baqteriebi da virusebi (sur. 2). cocxali organizmebi gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze. isini gancalkevebulad ar cxovroben. arsad ar binadrobs mxolod erTi cxoveli an mxolod erTi mcenare. mcenares zrdisTvis sWirdeba sinaTle, niadagi, haeri, wyali da siTbo. cxovelebs sWirdeba mcenareebi, romliTac ikvebeba. sunTqvisTvis sWirdeba Jangbadi, romelsac mcenare gamohyofs, aseve sWirdeba siTbo, wyali da sabinadro. mzis sinaTle, wyali, haeri, temperatura, cocxali organizmebi

mikroorganizmebi

sokoebi

mcenareebi

sur. 2

bunebismetyveleba 5

cxovelebi

tenianoba – bunebis aracocxali Semadgeneli nawilia. cocxali organizmebis arseboba damokidebulia sxva organizmebze da garemos aracocxal komponentebze, rasac saarsebo garemo hqvia (sur. 3). organizmebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seeguen TavianT saarsebo garemos. garemoSi yovelTvis xdeba perioduli cvlilebebi: dRes cvlis Rame, zamTars – gazafxuli, wvimian sezons – mSrali sezoni. zogjer garemoSi uecari, mkveTri cvlilebebi xdeba. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom dedamiwaze ramdenjerme moxda klimatis uecari cvlileba. gamyinvarebas mecnierebi uwodeben temperaturis swrafad klebas, daTbobas ki – temperaturis momatebas. gamyinvareba-daTboba, meteoris Camovardna, aseve vulkanebis amofrqveva iwvevs garemos swraf Secvlas. Secvlil garemos bevri organizmi ver egueba. garemos uecari cvlilebiT xsnian mecnierebi dinozavrebis gadaSenebas (sur. 4). bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi adamianebi swrafad cvlian saarsebo garemos. amitom zogi mcenarisa da cxovelis gadaSenebis mizezi swored adamianis saqmianobaa. sabednierod, jer kidev bevrnairi saarsebo garemoa dedamiwaze. sxvadasxva garemoSi gansxvavebuli organizmebi binadroben, rac ganapirobebs Cveni planetis cocxali organizmebis mravalferovnebas. gaazreba

me-5 suraTis mixedviT imsjele garemos aracocxali komponentebis Sesaxeb. Seni azriT, ras niSnavs sicocxlisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi.

haeri

xmeleTi

wyali

sur. 3. saarsebo garemo

sur. 4. dinozavris ConCxi

garemos aracocxali komponentebi sinaTle da temperatura

haeri

saSinao davaleba

1. 1-li cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe garemos cocxali da aracocxali komponentebi: qva, mdinare, Tevzi, balaxi, mze, nisli, bayayi, xe, qariSxali, klde, lomi, qviSa. cocxali

wyali

niadagi

aracocxali

cxr. 1

2. CamoTvale oTaxis fanjridan Sen mier danaxuli cocxali organizmebi da aracocxali garemos komponentebi. pasuxi daasabuTe.

sur. 5.

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

2. mcenare da sinaTle sinaTle

ifiqre e da jel ims risTvis sWirdeba mcenares sinaTle?

naxSirorJangi CO2

Jangbadi O2 naxSirorJangi CO2

Jangbadi O2

sunTqva

fotosinTezi wyali

mineraluri nivTierebebi

sur. 6. fotosinTezi da sunTqva

sur. 7. wyalmcenareebi

sur. 8. pomidori

bunebismetyveleba 5

dedamiwaze sicocxle SeuZlebeli iqneboda mwvane mcenareebis gareSe. mcenare erTaderTi organizmia, romelic mzis sinaTleze TviTon warmoqmnis sakveb nivTierebas. mcenareSi sakvebis warmoqmnis process fotosinTezi ewodeba. fotosinTezisTvis aucilebelia mwva ne nivTiereba qlorofili. qlorofili warmoiqmneba mxolod sinaTleze. is mcenaris foTlebsa da mwvane ReroebSia. fotosinTezisTvis aseve aucilebelia sinaTle, wyali da naxSirorJangi; fotosinTezis dros atmosferoSi gamoiyofa Jangbadi. JangbadiT sunTqavs TviTon mcenare da sxva cocxali organizmebi (sur. 6). mcenareebi gansxvavebul garemoSi izrdeba: tyeSi, mdeloze, udabnoSi, zogi wyalSic ki (sur. 7). sufTaA wyalSi mzis sinaTle 200 metris siRrmeze aRwevs. fotosinTezisTvis zogierT mcenares mzis pirdapiri sxivebi esaWiroeba, amitom is Ria, mziT kargad ganaTebul adgilas izrdeba. maT sinaTlismoyvaruli mcenareebi hqvia. sinaTlismoyvaruli mcenareebs SeuZliaT mzisken Seabrunon Rero, yvavili an foTlebi (sur. 8). naklebad ganaTebul garemoSi Crdilis amtani mcenareebi xarobs. zogierTi mcenare Crdilis moyvarulia. magaliTad, tyis gvimra (sur. 9) da xavsi mxolod CrdilSi izrdeba.

tyeSi sinaTlis moyvaruli xeebi sxva mcenareebze ufro maRalia. isini tyis pirvel iaruss qmnian. SedarebiT dabali xeebi da buCqebi tyeSi xeebis Crdilis qveS izrdeba. Crdilis amtani da Crdilis moyvaruli mcenareebi ki tyis danarCen iarusebs qmnian (sur. 10). ganaTebis xangrZlivobaze damokidebulia mcenaris zrda, yvaviloba da nayofis warmoqmna. gaazreba

me-10 suraTis mixedviT imsjele tyis iarusebis Sesaxeb.

sur. 9. gvimra

I iarusi – yvelaze maRali xeebi: muxa, naZvi, soWi, wabli, wifeli.

II iarusi – saSualo simaRlis xeebi: ifani, Txili, zRmartli, nekerCxali III iarusi – baZgi, ieli, gvimra IV iarusi – balaxovani mcenareebi, xavsi

sur. 10. tyis iarusebi saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba qlorofilis warmoqmnaze mocemuli gaqvs: lobios Teslebi, 2 patara TefSi, bamba, wyali. msvleloba: 1. sveli bamba moaTavse TefSebze. bambaze daalage lobios Teslebi (sur.11). 2. ori dRis Semdeg erTi TefSi datove sinaTleze, meore moaTavse sibneleSi. TefSebze yoveldRe daasxi wyali. ivaraude, ra gansxvaveba iqneba lobios aRmonacenebs Soris. erTi kviris Semdeg Seni varaudi Seadare eqsperimentis Sedegs. aRwere cda da gamoitane daskvna.

sur. 11

gamoiyene sityvebi da sworad Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi winadadebebSi: sityYvebi: sinaTleze, Jangbads, naxSirorJangs, dRec da Ramec. a) fotosinTezis dros mcenare gamoyofs ...... . b) sunTqvis dros mcenare gamoyofs ...... . g) fotosinTezi iwyeba ...... . d) mcenare sunTqavs ...... .

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

3. mcenare da wyali ifiqre e da jel s m i

ra aris oazisi?

sur. 12. oazisi

10 litri

20 m

sur. 13

sur. 15. kaktusi

sur. 14. aqlemis ekali

bunebismetyveleba 5

mcenares, rogorc yvela organizms, sicocxlisTvis sWirdeba wyali. mcenare wyals iRebs im garemodan, sadac is izrdeba. sxvadasxva saarsebo garemoSi wylis gansxvavebuli raodenobaa. foTlovan tyeSi nestia, velze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; simSrale, udabnoSi zogjer wvima erTi weli ar modis. rogor axerxebs mcenare aseT nairferovan garemoSi arsebobas? rogorc yvela cocxali organizmi, mcenare egueba Tavis saarsebo garemos. wyals mcenare fotosinTezisTvis iyenebs, nawils ki foTlebis saSualebiT aorTqlebs. farTofoTlovani xe dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 60 litr wyals aorTqlebs (sur. 13). Tu mcenare mSral garemoSi izrdeba, is nakleb wyals aaorTqlebs, vidre tenian garemoSi. mSrali garemos mcenareebi garegnuli niSnebiT gansxvavdeba teniani garemos mcenareebisgan. mSrali garemos mcenareebs wvrili foTlebi aqvT an foTlebi bususebiT aqvT dafaruli; zogjer ki foToli eklebad aris gadaqceuli. udabnos mcenareebi wyals momWirned iyeneben: naklebad aorTqleben, ReroSi an foTlebSi imarageben. me-14 suraTze gamosaxuli udabnos mcenaris simaRle 50 santimetria, misi fesvebi ki 20 metris siRrmezea CaSvebuli. grZeli fesvebiT mcenare wyals niadagis Rrma fenebidan iRebs. udabnos zogierT mcenares ki Zalian datotvili fesvebi aqvs (sur. 15). datotvili fesvebiT is wvimis

wyals didi farTobidan Seiwovs. Sewovil wyals ReroSi imaragebs. zogjer, udabnoSi miwisqveSa wyali qviSis zedapirze amodis da gubdeba. mokle droSi dagubebuli wylis garSemo bevri mcenare izrdeba. udabnos wyliani teritoria gadaiqceva mwvane `kunZulad~, romelsac oazisi hqvia (sur. 12). dedamiwis xmeleTze aris adgilebi, sadac mSrali da wvimiani sezonebi monacvleobs: zafxuli wvimiani sezonia, zamTari ki mSrali. swored aseT pirobebSi izrdeba baobabi. baobabs msxvili Rero â&#x20AC;&#x201C; zro aqvs. ReroSi is 1200 litramde wyals imaragebs da mSral periodSi nel-nela xarjavs (sur. 16). balaxovani mcenareebi wyals foTlebSi imarageben (sur. 17). foTlebSi momaragebul wyals weliwadis mSral periodSi iyeneben. gaazreba

sur. 16. baobabi

sur. 17. agava

jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba mcenaris mier foTlebiT wylis aorTqlebaze mocemuli gaqvs: ori gamWvirvale Wiqa an menzura, ori sxvadasxva mcenaris toti gansxvavebuli zomis foTlebiT (sur. 18 a da b), totebze foTlebis raodenoba Tanabari unda iyos, markeri an flomasteri. msvleloba: 1. orive WiqaSi Caasxi Tanabari radenobis wyali da markeriT moniSne wylis done. 2. TiTo toti moaTavse cal-calke WiqebSi. 3. Seadare wylis done a da b WiqebSi Semdeg gakveTilze. aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, ra SemTxvevaSi aorTqlebs mcenare meti raodenobiT wyals.

b sur. 18

saSinao davaleba

moiZie internetSi informacia baobabze, boTlis xeze da kaqtusze. Caatare prezentacia am mcenareebis saarsebo garemosTan Seguebis Sesaxeb.

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

4. mcenare da siTbo ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom zrdian mcenareebs saTburSi?

sur. 19. mcenareebi saTburSi

sur. 20. foTolcvena

sur. 21. naZvis wiwvebi

bunebismetyveleba 5

cocxali organizmis arseboba damokidebulia garemos temperaturaze. es exeba organizmebs, romlebsac sxeulis mudmivi temperatura ar gaaCniaT. mcenareebs ar aqvT sxeulis mudmivi temperatura. cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT maT ar SeuZliaT `Tavi aaridon~ sicivesa da sicxes. bunebriv pirobebSi temperatura iSviaTad aris sicocxlisTvis xelsayrel doneze. is mudam icvleba, radgan xdeba temperaturis dRe-Ramuri da sezonuri cvlileba. siTbo sWirdeba mcenareSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs: wylis Sewovas da aorTqlebas, sunTqvas, zrdas, sakvebis warmoqmnas da a.S. Teslebis gaRiveba, foTlebisa da Reroebis zrda, yvaviloba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; damokidebulia garemos temperaturaze. mcenareebs SeuZliaT Seeguon zamTris sicivesa da zafxulis sicxes. udabnos mcenareebi maRal, xSirad 40 gradusze met temperaturasac ki uZleben. zamTris periodSi foTlovan mcenareebs foTlebi scviva (sur. 20). foTolcvena sicivis gamo wylis naklebobasTan Seguebaa. fesvebs yinvaSi uWirT wylis Sewova. siciveSi mcenaris SigniT arsebuli wyali iyineba. SeCerebulia zogierTi sasicocxlo procesi: zrda, sakvebis warmoqmna da wylis aorTqleba. sicives kargad itans wiwvovani mcenareebi (sur. 21). isini wvrili foTlebiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; wiwvebiT gacilebiT nakleb wyals aorTqleben. amitom isini maradmwvaneni arian. sicivismoyvaruli da yinvagamZle mcenareebi kargad eguebian zamTris sicivesa da yinvebs. isini maRal

mTebzec izrdebian mudmivi Tovlisa da yinulis safarTan axlos. yinvagamZle mcenareebi dabalia, miwaze garTxmuli, baliSis formis. zrdis aseTi forma xels uwyobs siTbos SenarCunebas (sur. 22). zogi mcenare yvavilobas iwyebs adreul gazafxulze, roca Rame yinavs, dRe ki siTboa. aseTebia gazafxulis `maxarobeli~ yvavilebi – TeTryvavila (sur. 23), ia, yoCivarda. zamTarSi siTbos moyvaruli mcenareebi saTburSi mohyavT (sur. 19). saTburSi adamiani xelovnurad qmnis maTi zrdisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs. amitom saTburSi mcenaris gazrda weliwadis nebismier dros aris SesaZ lebeli. oTaxis mcenareebi Seguebulebi arin oTaxis pirobebs. maT siTbo da sinaTle uyvarT, radgan umetesoba Tbili qveynebidan aris Camotanili. zamTarSi gareT gatanisas isini iRupebian.

sur. 22. fxija – sicivis amtani mcenare

gaazreba

1. Seajame me-3 gakveTilze Catarebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebi da imsjele, romeli foToli aorTqlebs wyals meti raodenobiT da ratom. 2. banani saqarTveloSi Semotanili mcenarea. xSirad mosaxleoba banans (sur. 24) ezoebis gasalamazeblad iyenebs. mcenare izrdeba, yvavilobs, magram misi nayofi damwifebas ver aswrebs. imsjele, ratom ver aswrebs saqarTveloSi bananis nayofi damwifebas.

sur. 23. TeTryvavila

saSinao davaleba

rukaze mocemulia (sur. 25) zogierTi mcenaris samSoblo – warmoSobis adgili. aRwere, bunebriv pirobebSi romel kontinentze izrdebian CamoTvlili mcenareebi: simindi, kakao, kartofili, pomidori, ananasi, xorbali, vazi, yava, forToxali, banani, mandarini.

sur. 24. banani

CrdiloeT amerika evrazia afrika samxreT amerika avstralia

sur. 25 Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

5. yvavili ifiqre e da jel s m i ra gansxvavebaa sxvadasxva mcenaris yvavilebs Soris?

b sur. 26

yvela organizms aqvs Tavisive msgavsi organizmis warmoqmnis unari. am unars gamravleba ewodeba. yvela organizmis bunebaSi arseboba damokidebulia gamravlebis unarze. yvavili yvavilovani mcenareebis gamravlebis organoa. misi ZiriTadi nawilebia butko da mtvriana. butkodan warmoiqmneba nayofi da Tesli, mtvrianebSi ki warmoiqmneba mtvris marcvlebi. yvavilovani mcenareebi TesliT mravldeba. nayofSi erTi an ramdenime Teslia. erTi mcenare mraval nayofsa da Tesls warmoqmnis. imisaTvis, rom butkodan nayofi da Tesli ganviTardes, aucilebelia yvavilis mtveri moxvdes butkoze, e. i. moxdes damtverva. damtvervis dros yvavilis mtveri butkos ewebeba. zogierTi yvavilis damtvervaSi mwerebi monawileoben. isini yvavilis tkbili wveniT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; neqtariT ikvebebian. neqtari saneqtreebSi warmoiqmneba da grovdeba. mweri neqtaris Segrovebisas mtvrianebs exeba (sur. 27) mtvrianebidan mtveri mas sxeulze ewebeba. Semdeg mweri meore yvavilze gadafrindeba, Semdeg mesameze da a. S.

sur. 27

gvirgvinis furceli

mtvris marcvlebi

dingi

mtvrianas Zafi sveti

naskvi butko

jamis foToli

samtvre parki saneqtre yunwi

bunebismetyveleba 5

mtvriana

sur. 28. yvavilis agebuleba

zogierTi mcenaris yvavili formiT da feriT ar gamoirCeva mcenaris sxva nawilebisgan. maT arc neqtari aqvT. maTi yvavilis mtveri yvavilidan yvavilze qars gadaaqvs. qariT dammtveravi yvavilebi naklebad SesamCnevia, mwerebiT dammtveravi yvavilebi ki SesamCnevi ferisaa da surnelovani. gaazreba

jgufuri eqsperimenti

mocemuli gaqvs: yvavili, lupa, webo, furceli.

dakvirveba yvavilis agebulebaze b sur. 222

msvleloba: 1. yvavili frTxilad daSale nawilebad. 2. yvavilis nawilebs daakvirdi lupiT, daawebe furcelze da 28-e suraTis gamoyenebiT miuTiTe saxelwodeba. 3. daTvale yvavilis nawilebis raodenoba da Sedegebi Seitane me-2 cxrilSi. aRwere yvavilis agebuleba me-2 cxrilSi mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT. yvavilis nawilebi

raodenoba

jamis foTlebi gvirgvinis furclebi mtvriana butko

cxr. 2

sur. 29

saSinao davaleba

1. gaixsene yvavilovani mcenaris nawilebi (sur. 30) da Seavse wreebi. 2. cariel wreebSi Cawere yvavilis nawilebis saxelwodebebi.

yvavilovani mcenaris nawilebi

yvavilis nawilebi

eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba yvavilis mtvris marcvlebze mocemuli gaqvs: didi zomis yvavili, muqi qsovili, lupa. msvleloba: 1. daaTvaliere lupis saSualebiT yvavilis nawilebi. 2. romelime didi zomis yvavili moaTavse muq qsovilze ise, rom samtvre parkebi qsovils exebodes. aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, ratom gaCnda qsovilze yviTeli mtveri?

sur. 30. yvavilovani mcenare

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

6. nayofisa da Teslis gavrceleba ifiqre e da jel ims rogor vrceldeba mcenare did teritoriaze?

sur. 31. qoqosi

sur. 32. nekerCxali

sur. 33. alvis xe

bunebismetyveleba 5

mcenareebs ar SeuZliaT erTi adgilidan meoreze gadaadgileba. miuxedavad amisa, isini did teritoriaze arian gavrcelebuli. axali mcenare amodis dedamcenarisgan ramdenime metris, zogjer kilometrebis daSorebiTac ki. zogjer mcenare erTi kunZulidan sxva kunZulzec vrceldeba. mcenaris gavrcelebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs nayofis an Teslis samarjvebs. zogierTi mcenaris nayofs frTisebri gamonazardi aqvs (sur. 32), zogs ki bambiseburi danamati (sur. 33). amis gamo mcenaridan mowyvetili nayofi haerSi farfatebs da qars is did manZilze gadaaqvs. mcire zomis msubuqi Teslebic qaris saSualebiT vrceldeba. qaris garda nayofebis da Teslebis gavrceleba wylis saSualebiTac xdeba. magaliTad, mdinaris piras izrdeba muryani, romlis Teslebi momwifebisas wyalSi cviva. mdinaris dinebas is did manZilze miaqvs. Tesli gamoiriyeba napirze da aRmocendeba axali mcenare. qoqosis palma okeanis sanapiro zolSi xarobs. mas sakmaod mZime nayofi aqvs. wyalSi Cavardnili qoqosis kakali ar iZireba (sur. 31) da dinebas mihyveba. wyliT `mogzaurobisas~ is SeiZleba, okeanis sxva kunZulze moxvdes da aRmocendes. qarisa da wylis garda, nayofebis da Teslebis gavrcelebaSi cxovelebic da adamianic monawileobs. zogjer nayofi ise ekroba tansacmels, rom misi xeliT MmoSorebac

ki gviWirs. aseT nayofebs aqvT gamonazardebi da kauWebi (sur. 34) an webovani zedapiri. evropelebs amerikaSi mogzaurobisas SemTxveviT gadahyvaT mravalZarRvas Teslebi. isini tvirTze iyo mikruli. gemebis gadmotvirTvis dros Teslebi xvdeboda niadagze, misgan ki mcenare aRmocendeboda. adgilobrivma macxovreblebma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; indielebma mravalZarRvas TeTri adamianis kvali uwodes. zogi mcenare momwifebul Teslebs did manZilze Tavad gastyorcnis xolme. magaliTad, kitranas Teslebi mogrZo nayofebSia moTavsebuli. Sexebis dros nayofidan Teslebi did manZilze gamoityorcneba (sur. 35). lobios Teslebi parkSia moTavsebuli. Teslebis momwifebisas parki xmeba da igrixeba, Tesli ki gareT gadmocvivdeba. xelsayrel pirobebSi Teslidan axali mcenare aRmocendeba.

sur. 34. orkbila

gaazreba

1. Seadare 36-e da 37-e suraTebi da imsjele, rogori formis samarjvi aqvs babuawveras nayofs. pasuxi daasabuTe. b

sur. 35. kitrana

sur. 36. paraSutisti

sur. 37. babuawvera

2. imsjele, rogor vrceldeba 38-e suraTze gamosaxuli mcenareebis Teslebi da nayofebi.

birkava

orkbila

nekerCxali

akacia

yayaCo sur. 38

saSinao davaleba

me-2 gakveTilze mocemuli eqsperimentis Sedegebis mixedviT upasuxe kiTxvebs: romeli aRmonaceni aris mwvane feris? romeli aRmonacenia TeTri? axseni miRebuli Sedegebi. Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

7. rogor moZraoben cxovelebi? a

ifiqre e da jel s m i rogor gadaadgildebian cxovelebi?

zvigeni

kalia

kiborCxala

gveli

frinveli

kenguru

sur. 39

sur. 40. focxveri

sur. 41. mfrinavi ciyvi

sur. 42

bunebismetyveleba 5

mcenareebisgan gansxvavebiT cxovelebs gadaadgileba SeuZliaT. gadaadgilebisTvis maT samoZrao organoebi aqvT. cxovelebi gadaadgildebian xmeleTze, niadagSi, haersa da wyalSi. amisTvis maT gansxvavebuli samoZrao organoebi aqvT. xmeleTis xerxemliani cxovelebis samoZrao organoebia kidurebi. maT oTxi kiduri aqvT (sur. 40). kidurebis saSualebiT cxovelebs siaruli, sirbili, xtoma, curva da xeze cocvac SeuZliaT. zogierT ZuZumwovar cxovels frenac SeuZlia. Ramuras da mfrinav ciyvs (sur. 41) zeda da qveda kidurebs Soris kanis nakeci aqvT gadaWimuli. frinvelebis wina kidurebi frTebia. frTebi dafarulia bumbuliT. frenis dros frinvelis kudi saWis rols asrulebs, dajdomis dros ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; muxruWis. frTebi yvela frinvels aqvs, magram safrenad ver iyenebs, magaliTad, siraqlemas frTebi sirbilis dros mimarTulebis Sesacvlelad sWirdeba. ver dafrinavs pingvinic, Tumca is Zalian kargi mocuravea. pingvini frTebs wyalSi curvis dros moxerxebulad iyenebs. wyalSi mocurave frinvelebs wylis frinvelebi hqvia. wylis frinvelebs fexebze, TiTebs Soris aqvs kanis nakeci. curvis dros isini fexebs amoZraveben. TiTebs Soris arsebuli kanis nakeci maT swrafad curvis saSualebas aZlevs (sur. 42). geds, ixvs, Tolias kargad frena da curvac SeuZlia.

qvewarmavlebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kus, xvliks, niangs kidurebi tanis gverdebze aqvT ganlagebuli. siarulis dros isini kidurebis garda mucelsac eyrdnobian. xvliks swrafi gadaadgileba SeuZlia. niangi xmeleTze daxoxavs, Tumca SeuZlia fexebze aiwios da ise gamoudges msxverpls. niangi mokle manZilze sirbiliT (sur. 43) xmeleTze adamiansac ki daeweva. gvelebs kidurebi ar gaaCniaT. miuxedavad amisa isini xmeleTze gadaadgildebian, xeze an kldeze acocebac SeuZliaT; zogi maTgani curavs kidec. curvis dros gveli kuds iyenebs. niangi kudisa da kidurebis daxmarebiT curavs. wylis kus ki fexebi lastebiviT aqvs gabrtyelebuli. Tevzebi curvis dros kudsa da farflebs iyeneben. kudis moZraobiT gadaadgildebian, muclis da mkerdis farflebiT ki wonasworobas inarCuneben. curvis dros delfini farflebis msgavss kidurebs iyenebs.

sur. 43. niangi

gaazreba

1. 44-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele, risTvis iyenebs maimuni kidurebs. 2. daaxasiaTEe da Seadare 45-e suraTze gamosaxuli cxovelebis kidurebi. imsjele, ra daniSnulebiT iyeneben isini kidurebs. a

delfini

sur. 44. maimuni

siraqlema

pingvini

qaTami sur. 45

saSinao davaleba

me-3 cxrilis mixedviT daajgufe cxovelebi: gedi, ciyvi, ixvi, siraqlema, daTvi, beRura, arwivi, Tolia, ku, pingvini, qaTami, mwyeri, farSevangi, SaSvi, kodala, jixvi. siaruli da sirbili

siaruli, frena da curva

cxr. 3 Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

8. cxovelebis forma da Seferiloba ifiqre e da jel ims ratom emsgavseba mweri yvavils?

sur. 46. orqidea da Coqela

sur. 47. kambala

sur. 48. Tolias bude

sur. 49. Wiamaia

bunebismetyveleba 5

mwerebi, ZiriTadad, mcenareebiT ikvebebian. TviTon mwerebs ki sxva cxovelebi sakvebad iyeneben. mwerebis danaxva zogjer Znelia. maTi Seferiloba Zalian hgavs mcenaris fers. feris garda, zogierTi mweri formiTac emsgavseba mcenares, amis gamo is SeumCneveli xdeba mtaceblisTvis. 46-e gamosaxuli Coqela yvavils hgavs, amis gamo SeumCneveli xdeba mwerebisTvis, romliTac is ikvebeba. mwerebis msgavsad, sxva cxovelebic SeumCnevelni arian garemoSi. garemoSi Znelad SesamCnevi cxovelebis Seferilobas mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba hqvia. mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba aqvT xerxemlian cxovelebsac: Tevzebs (sur. 47), amfibiebs, qvewarmavlebs, frinvelebs, zogjer frinvelis kvercxebsac ki (sur. 48). Wiamaia lamazi mweria, misi zeda frTebi muqi wiTeli ferisaa. wiTeli feri kargad Cans mwvane foTlebze. mas mtacebeli advilad amCnevs, magram sakvebad ar iyenebs. Wiamaia safrTxis moaxloebisas gamoyofs yviTeli feris nivTierebas, romelsac mZafri suni da usiamovno gemo aqvs. Wiamaias msgavs mkveTr Seferilobas gamafrTxilebeli Seferiloba hqvia (sur. 49). gamafrTxilebeli Seferilobis mqone cxovelebi kargad SesamCnevia garemoSi. maT sxva cxovelebis SiSi ar aqvT, radgan Tavis dacva SxamiT SeuZliaT. zogierT cxovels aqvs gamafrTxilebeli Seferiloba, magram ar aqvs Sxami. aseTi cxovelebi `atyueben~ mtaceblebs. isini garegnulad Sxamian cxovelebs emsgavsebian. am movlenas mimsgavseba (mimikria) ewodeba. su-

sur. 50. pepela xis merqanze

sur. 51. bu

raTze gamosaxul pepelas frTebi xis feri aqvs (sur. 50), ukana frTebze gamosaxuli wreebi ki bus Tvalebs mogvagonebs (sur. 51). amis gamo mas mtaceblebi eridebian. feris da formis garda cxovelebs gadarCenaSi qcevac exmareba: zogierTi xoWo safrTxis moaxloebisas Tavs imkvdarunebs, rom SeumCneveli gaxdes mtaceblisTvis; muxluxo foTlidan Zirs, miwaze vardeba; zogi cxoveli Zalian swrafad garbis da xvrelSi Zvreba, sadac mas mtacebeli ver miswvdeba. Tevzi jambazi ki wylis Sxamian cxovelTan axlos udardelad dacuravs (sur. 52), Sxami masze ar moqmedebs da mtrebisgan icavs.

sur. 52. Tevzi jambazi Sxamiani aqtinia

gaazreba

1. 53-e suraTze gamosaxuli bayayebis Seferilobis mixedviT imsjele da daadgine, romeli bayayia Sxamiani. pasuxi daasabuTe.

sur. 53 2. risTvis dasWirda fotografs `SeniRbva~ (sur. 54)? ra gamoiyena fotografma SesaniRbad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; frinvelisTvis SeumCnevli rom iyos?

sur. 54. fotografi

saSinao davaleba

1. me-4 cxrilis mixedviT daajgufe cxovelebi: kalia, krazana, tbis Cveulebrivi bayayi, Sxamiani gveli, zRvis cxeni, Coqela, Wiamaia. 2. niangi mtacebeli cxovelia. aRwere, risTvis sWirdeba mas mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba.

cxr. 4 mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba

gamafrTxilebeli Seferiloba

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

9. cxovelTa safarveli ifiqre e da jel s m i risTvis sWirdeba kani cxovels?

sur. 55. tbis bayayi

sur. 57. Tevzis qercli

sur. 58. gvelis gamocvlili `kani~

sur. 59. frinvelis fexi dafarulia qerclebiT

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 56. polaruli mela

kani cxovelis organizmis yvelaze didi organoa. kani icavs sxeuls sxvadasxva saxis dazianebisagan, monawileobs sunTqvaSi da sxv. amfibiebs Txeli kani aqvT. bayayis kani mudmivad svelia. kaniT bayayi sunTqavs kidec. rogorc ki kani Sreba, bayayi iRupeba. sxva xerxemliani cxovelebis kani xSir SemTxvevSi dafarulia qercliT, javSniT, bumbuliT an bewviT (sur. 56). qercli aqvT Tevzebs (sur. 57), aseve qvewarmavlebs. qercli erTi boloTi zis kanSi (rogorc adamianis frCxili), xolo meore bolo Tavisufalia. Tevzis kani lorwovan siTxes gamohyofs. lorwo asvelebs qerclebsac. amitom Tevzis xelSi daWera Znelia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tevzi xelidan gvisxlteba (gvisrialdeba). qerclis raodenoba da zoma sxvadasxva TevzisTvis gansxvavebulia. ramdenime milimetridan ramdenime santimetramde. gansxvavebulia maTi formac. qercli asakTan erTad matulobs zomaSi. qerclebze gamosaxuli rgolebis mixedviT SeiZleba Tevzis asakis dadgena. Tevzebisagan gansxvavebiT qvewarmavlebis qercliT dafaruli kani mSralia. zogierTi qvewarmavali gadaadgilebis dros eyrdnoba qerclis Tavisufal bolos. cxovelis zrdis dros qvewarmavlis qercli zomaSi ar matulobs. xeli rom ar SeuSalos cxovelis zrdas, cxoveli periodulad icvlis `kans~ (sur. 58). sinamdvileSi kans ki ar icvlis, aramed kanis qerclovan safarvels. qerclebis garda kus sxeuls bakani icavs. xmeleTis kus bakani Zvlismagvari nivTierebisgan Sedgeba da sak-

maod mZimec aris. wylis kus bakani SedarebiT ufro msubuqia da Sebrtyelebuli. kus msgavsad lokokinac Tavis `saxls~ zurgiT daatarebs. lokokinas niJara icavs mis sxeuls dazianebisa da gamoSrobisgan. zafxulis cxel da mSral dReebSi lokokina niJaraSi imaleba. wylis binadari moluskebis rbili tani aseve dafarulia niJariT (sur. 60). niJara icavs moluskebs mtaceblebisagan. frinvelebs fexebi qercliT aqvT dafaruli, tani da frTebi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; bumbuliT. sxvadasxva frinvelis bumbuli gansxvavebulia formiT da feriT. grZeli bumbuli frinvelebs frenisTvis sWirdeba, yvelaze mokle bumbuli ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; siTbos SenarCunebisTvis. frinvelebi bumbuls weliwadSi 2-jer icvlian. ZuZumwovrebs bewvi exmareba sxeulis mudmivi temperaturis SenarCunebaSi. zamTarSi bewvi ufro Ria ferisaa da xSiri, zafxulSi SedarebiT muqi. gazafxulze ZuZumwovrebs zamTris bewvi scvivaT da ufro meCxeri bewvi amosdiT. niadagSi mcxovreb cxovelebs: Tagvs, Txunelas mokle da xSiri bewvi aqvs. zRarbis bewvebi (zurgze) eklebadaa qceuli (sur. 61). zRarbebs eklebi Tavdasacavad esaWiroeba.

sur. 60. moluski niJaraSi (nautilusi)

gaazreba

Seadare xmeleTisa da wylis kus bakani erTmaneTs (sur. 62, 63). imsjele maT Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.

sur. 62. xmeleTis ku

sur. 61. zRarbi

sur. 63. wylis ku

saSinao davaleba

1. ratom icvlis gveli kans? 2. me-5 cxrilis mixedviT daajgufe cxovelebi: Tevzi, bayayi, xvliki, arwivi, zRarbi, mercxali, melia, Txunela. aqvs qercli

aqvs bumbuli

aqvs bewvi

cxr. 5

kanze danamatebi ar aqvs

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

10. SegrZnebis organoebi ifiqre e da jel s m i

smenis organo

aris yuri yvela cxovelis smenis organo? yuris niJara

sur. 64. kalia

sur. 66. kata SigniTa yuri

sur. 67. xvliki

sur. 68. spilo da spliyvi

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 65. kurdReli

garemoSi momxdar cvlilebebs cxovelebi SegrZnebis organoebiT grZnoben. SegrZnebis organoebis daxmarebiT isini pouloben sakvebs, grZnoben safrTxes, cnoben Tavis msgavss da sxva cxovelebs. cxovelebs aqvT smenis, ynosvis, gemovnebis, mxedvelobisa da Sexebis organoebi. smena aqvs rogorc xerxemlian, aseve uxerxemlo cxovelebs. yuri xerxemliani cxovelebis smenis organoa. mxolod ZUuZumwovrebs aqvT yuris niJara (sur. 66). sxva xerxemlianebs yuris niJara ar aqvT (sur. 67). zog uxerxemlo cxovelsac aqvs smena. am uxerxemlo cxovelebs TviTon SeuZliaT bgerebis gamocema. maT smenis organo sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebze aqvT ganlagebuli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mucelze, wina fexebze an ulvaSebze (sur. 64). cxovelebi Tavis enaze `saubroben~ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gamoscemen xmovan signalebs. erTi da igive saxeobis cxovelebs Soris smena da xmovani signalebi xels uwyobs gamoicnon Tavisive msgavsi an gansxvavebuli cxovelebi, miawodon informacia, gaafrTxilon mosalodnli safrTxis Sesaxeb, ipovnon erTmaneTi. cxovelebi erTmaneTs ynosvis saSualebiTac pouloben. ynosva cxovelebs garemoSi orientaciisTvis, cxovelebis amocnobisTvis da sakvebis moZebnisTvis sWirdebaT. cxviris nestoebSi haerTan erTad sxvadasxva nivTierebis nawilakebic aRweven. spilos xorTumi zeda tuCisa da cxviris Sezrdis Sedegad warmoiqmna. xorTumi ynosvis organos garda asrulebs Sexebisa da sakvebis mopovebis funqciebs. Roris ynosvis organo aris dingi. Rori ynosvis saSualebiT niadagSi poulobs sakvebs, dingi mas niadagSi sakvebis mopo-

vebaSic exmareba. uxerxemlo cxovelebis ynosvis organo antenebia. cxovelebis mxedvelobis organo Tvalia. mxedveloba cxovelebs exmareba sivrceSi orientaciis dros. yvelaze maxvili mxedveloba mtacebel frinvelebs aqvT. Ramis mtacebeli frinvelebi sibneleSi ufro kargad xedaven, vidre sinaTleze. susti mxedveloba aqvT gvelebs, maT arc smenis organo gaaCniaT. samagierod grZnoben temperaturis sxvaobas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, `xedaven~ siTbos. SeuZliaT siTbos mixedviT maT axlos mdebare sxeulis zoma da forma gaarCion (sur. 69). nadirobisas es saSualebas aZlevs Seucdomlad Caason Sxamiani kbilebi msxverpls. Txunelas, romelic miwaSi cxovrobs, Tvalebi TiTqmis gadagvarebuli aqvs (sur. 70). Txunela sakvebs niadagSi ynosvis organos saSualebiT da SexebiT poulobs. Tevzebis Sexebis organoa gverdiTi xazi. gverdiTi xazi sxeulis orive mxarezea (sur. 71). misi saSualebiT Tevzebi dinebis mimarTulebas grZnoben, SeuZliaT dabrkolebis gverdis avla: ar ejaxebian wyalqveSa kldeebs, qvebs an sxva sagnebs. cxovelebis ena mxolod gemovnebis organo ar aris. bayayi, qameleoni enis saSualebiT iWeren mwerebs (sur. 72). kodalas grZeli webovani eniT gamoaqvs xis ReroSi damaluli matlebi.

sur. 69. gvelis mier `danaxuli~ Tagvi

sur. 70. Txunela gverdiTi xazi

sur. 71

gaazreba

Tagvi da Txunela niadagis binadrebia. imsjele, ratom aqvs kargi mxedveloba Tagvs da ratom aris brma Txunela. saSinao davaleba

Seavse me-6 cxrili mocemuli nimuSis mixedviT CamoTvlili cxovelebisaTvis: qaTami, kurdReli, spilo, qameleoni.

sur. 72. qameleoni

cxr. 6

cxovelebi

smenis organo

ynosvis organo

Sexebis organo

mxedvelobis organo

Tevzi

yuri

Tavis wina mxares moTavsebuli nestoebi

gverdiTi xazi

Tvali

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

11. temperatura da cxovelebi ifiqre e da jel ims romeli cxovelis sxeulis temperaturaa mudmivi?

sur. 73. xvlikebi

sur. 75. ZaRli sicxeSi

sur. 76. udabnos ciyvi

sur. 77. `Tovlis maimuni~

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 74. lemurebi

frinvelebisa da ZuZumwovrebis sxeulis mudmivi temperatura aqvT. mag., ZaRlis sxeulis temperatura 38 an 39 gradusia, cxenis 37-dan 39 gradusa-mde. frinvelebis sxeulis temperatura, magaliTad, qaTmis, 41 an 42 gradusia. isini sxeulis mudmiv temperaturas sicxeSic da siciveSic inarCuneben. sicxeSi cxovelebi mzis mcxunvare sxivebs Tavs arideben, Crdils eZeben an CrdilSi isveneben; zogjer wyalSic grildebian. sicxeSi ZuZumwovari cxovelebi ofliandebian. sxeulidan gamoyofili siTxe orTqldeba. oflis aorTqleba ki sxeulis gagrilebas iwvevs. ZaRlebi naklebad ofliandebian. zafxulis cxel DdRes ZaRls ena aqvs gamoyofili da swrafad sunTqavs (sur. 75). enidan siTxe orTqldeba, ris gamoc ZaRlis sxeuli grildeba. didi zomis yurebic sxeulis gagrilebis saSualeba yofila. spilos yurebis moZraobiT SeuZlia sxeulis temperatura swrafad daswios garemos temperaturis zrdis SemTxvevaSi. udabnoSi dRe Zalian cxela, Rame ki grila. udabnos patara zomis cxovelebi dRe soroebSi imalebian. mxolod Rame gamodian sakvebis saZebnelad. suraTze (sur. 76) gamosaxuli cxoveli afrikis mSrali udabnos binadaria. is sakvebis mosapoveblad dRisiT gamodis. mcxunvare mzisgan mas sakuTari kudi icavs. maimunebi Tbili qveynebis binadrebia, Tumca iaponiaSi cxovroben `Tovlis maimunebi~ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; patara zomis makakebi. mkacri zamTris periodSi bunebriv cxel wyalSi Tbebian (sur. 77). sanam mze haers gaaTbobs, makakebi cxeli wylis `abazanaSi~ nebivroben, SuadRis Semdeg amodian wylidan, Srebian mzeze da sakvebs eZeben.

Tevzebis, amfibiebsa da qvewarmavlebis sxeulis temperatura garemos temperaturasTan erTad icvleba. amfibiebi da qvewarmavlebi aqtiurebi arian zafxulSi. Semodgomaze isini myudro adgils irCeven da iq izamTreben. zamTris dadgomas wylis binadrebic grZnoben. zamTarSi wylis temperaturac klebulobs zRvebSi, tbebsa da mdinareebSi. wyalsatevebi yinulis feniT ifareba. zogi Tevzi Tavs iyris fskerze arsebul ormoebSi da iq izamTrebs. sulac ar scivaT wylis frinvelebs. isini yinulian wyalSi curaven. bumbuli ar usveldebaT. aseve yinulebian zRvaSi curavs selapi. civi wylidan amosuli ki Tovlze isvenebs (sur. 78). es selapis kanqveS dagrovili cximis damsaxurebaa. cximi cudad atarebs sicives, da icavs sxeuls gadaciebisgan. gansakuTrebulad lamazi da xSiri bewvi aqvs CrdiloeTis binadar melas. xSiri bewvis wyalobiT igi siciveSic komfortulad grZnobs Tavs. zamTris civ dReebs ZilSi atarebs mura daTvi, maCvi, zRarbi (sur. 79). polusebis binadrebi sicives eguebian, cxeli udabnos binadrebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sicxes, saqarTveloSi binadari gareuli cxovelebi ki zafxulSi sicxesa da zamTarSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sicives. gaazreba

sqemis mixedviT imsjele cxovelebis Seguebaze sicivesTan.

sur. 78. selaps kanqveS cximis 50 sm-mde fena aqvs

sur. 79. zRarbi

cxovelebis Segueba sicivesTan qceva

saSinao davaleba

zamTris Zili 1. ratom Tbebian qvewarmavlebi zafxulSi mzeze? 2. Seadare suraTze 80 (a) da (b) gamosaxuli meliebi. rogor garemoSi binadrobs TiToeuli maTgani? pasuxi daasabuTe. a

mimofrena sakvebis momarageba

b agebuleba xSiri bewvi cximis fena

sur. 80

patara zomis yurebi

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

12. cxovelTa ojaxebi ifiqre e da jel ims ra aris ska?

sur. 81. ska

sur. 82. termitebis bude

sur. 83. krazanas bude

bunebismetyveleba 5

uxerxemlo cxovelebi: futkrebi, krazanebi, WianWvelebi, termitebi (sur. 82) da sxva, jgufebad cxovroben. maT erTobliobas ojaxi hqvia. Sinauri futkris ojaxi skaSi cxovrobs. skas adamiani amzadebs. gareuli futkris ojaxi xis fuRuroSi, kldis napralebSi, sxva myudro adgilebSi cxovrobs. futkris erT ojaxSi deda, muSa da mamri futkrebi cxovroben. ojaxSi yvela futkars Tavisi funqcia aqvs. ojaxSi mxolod erTi deda futkaria. mas Taflis damzadeba ar SeuZlia, sicocxlis did nawils skaSi atarebs. aTasobiT kvercxs debs, romlebsac muSa futkrebi uvlian. deda futkars da kvercxebidan gamoCekil matlebs muSa futkrebi kvebaven. skis mtrebisgan dacva, dasufTaveba, Taflis damzadeba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; muSa futkrebis saqmea. futkari Sromismoyvare mweria. zamTrisTvis sakvebad Tafls imaragebs. Tafli Zvirfasi sakvebi produqtia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sasargeblo da gemrieli. qarTuli Tafli msoflioSi cnobilia, rogorc erT-erTi aromatuli da vitaminebiT savse produqti. aseve cnobilia, rom qarTuli futkari metad Sromismoyvarea. sxva futkrebTan SedarebiT did manZilze SeuZlia frena da meti saxeobis mcenaris yvavilebdan neqtaris Segroveba. krazanebic, futkris msgavsad, ojaxebad cxovroben. isini budeebs saxlebis kedlebSi, fuRuroSi an sxvenSi akeTeben (sur. 82). TavgamodebiT icaven budes; krazanas budes didi zomis cxovelebic eridebian. WianWvelebis erT budeSi WianWvelebis erTi ojaxi cxovrobs. erT ojaxs Seadgenen deda, muSa da mamri

WianWvelebi (sur 84). muSa WianWvelebs danawilebuli aqvT samuSao: `jariskacebi~ budes icavens, nawili budes uvlis, nawili ojaxis wevrebs sakvebiT amaragebs, uvlis STamomavlobas da a.S. saqarTveloSi ramdenime saxeobis WianWvelaa. erTerT maTgans lomWianWvela hqvia. isini Tavs esxmian sxva WianWvelebs, Zarcvaven maT budeebs, raTa xelT igdon Wuprebi. aseTi Wupridan gamoCekili WianWvelebi iq iwyeben muSaobas, sadac budoben. wyalqveS jgufebad cxovroben uxerxemlo cxovelebi, romlebsac marjnis polipebi hqviaT (sur. 85). marjnis polipebi Tbili wylis binadrebia. maTi sxeuli rbilia, aqvT mxolod garegani ConCxi. gamravlebis Sedegad qmnian koloniebs. erTi cxovelis mier mopovebuli sakvebiT koloniis sxva wevrebic sargebloben. erTad cxovreba maT garemosTAan ukeT SeguebaSi exmareba.

deda

mamri

muSa

sur. 84. WianWvelebi

gaazreba

86-e suraTze gamosaxulia WianWvelebis bude. imsjele WianWvelebis cxovrebis pirobebsa da wesebze. 2 3

7 sur. 86. WianWvelebis bude

5 6

sur. 85. marjnis polipebis kolonia

1. WianWvelis bude zemodan dafarulia wiwvebiT an patara totebiT, rac icavs budes amindis cvlilebis dros (wvima, Tovli, qari). dazianebis SemTxvevaSi mas muSa WianWvelebi aRadgenen. 2. òTaxi~, romelic mziT Tbeba da am oTaxSi WianWvelebi Tbebian. 3. budes ramodenime Sesasvleli aqvs. yvela Sesasvlels `jariskaci~ WianWvelebi icaven. 4. gamosazamTrebeli oTaxi, sadac zamTarSi ikribebian. 5. `sakuWnao~ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; aq WianWvelebi sakvebs imarageben da inaxaven. 6. òTaxi~, sadac deda WianWvela yoveldRiurad 1000-ze met kvercxs debs. mas muSa WianWvelebi uvlian. 7. kvercxebisa da Wuprebis saTavso òTaxebi~. 8. òTaxi~, sadac WianWvelebi `nanadirevs~ inaxaven.

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia qarTuli futkris Sesaxeb da Caatare prezentacia.

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

13. cxovelTa gundebi ifiqre e da jel ims ratom erTiandebian cxovelebi jgufebad?

sur. 87. TEvzebis qaravani

sur. 88. frinvelTa gundi

sur. 89. pingvinebis `sabavSvo baRi~

bunebismetyveleba 5

xerxemliani cxovelebi xSirad cxovroben jgufebad. Tevzebis jgufebs qaravani hqvia, frinvelebis jgufs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gundi; balaxismWameli Cliqosnebi qmnian jogs, lomebis ojaxs hqvia praidi. okeaneebsa da zRvebSi erTi saxeobis Tevzebi qaravnebad erTiandebian. Tevzebis gundis zoma xSirad 10 metrze metia, zogjer 100 metri da metic (sur. 87). qaravanSi ramdenime aseuli, zogjer aTasobiT Tevzia. gunduri curvis dros Tevzebi erTnairi siCqariT curaven, erTmaneTs ar ejaxebian. safrTxis moaxloebisas sxvadasxva mxares micuraven. Tevzebis garda gundebad erTiandebian frinvelebic. albaT, ginaxavT Semodgomaze mimomfreni frinvelebis gundi (sur. 88). samefo pingvinebi samxreT polusze binadroben. pingvinebis gundSi aTasobiT frinvelia. ase ufro advilia sicivisgan Tavis dacva da STamomavlobis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; patara pingvinebis movla (sur. 89). Tevzebisa da frinvelebis garda gundebad erTiandebian ZuZumwovrebic. mgeli dedamiwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferos TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi binadrobs. mglebi jgufebad erTiandebian, gansakuTrebiT zamTris periodSi. mglebis gunds xrova hqvia. mglebi niSnaven Tavis teritorias da gaafTrebiT icaven mas. xrovaSi gaerTianebuli mglebi erTad nadiroben. nadirobisas TiToeuli wevri Tavis movaleobas asrulebs. mglebis gundi zogjer Tavs esxmis maTze Zlier balaxismWamel

sur. 90. mglebis xrova nadirobs bizonebze

sur. 91. antilopebis jogi da gepardebi

cxovels (sur. 90). gunduri nadiroba xSirad warmatebulad mTavrdeba. xrovaSi mglebi erTmaneTze zrunaven; hyavT winamZRoli, romelsac yvela mgeli emorCileba. lomi mtacebeli ZuZumwovaria. igi afrikisa da aziis kontinentebze binadrobs. lomebis jgufs praidi hqvia (sur. 92). praidSi ramdenime xvadi da Zu lomia gaerTianebuli. praidis lideria xvadi lomi. praidis lideri nadirobaSi ar monawileobs. nadiroben Zu lomebi. nanadirevs praidis wevrebi inawileben. jogi hqvia balaxismWameli ZuZumwovrebis gaerTianebas. jogebad cxovroben irmebi, antilopebi, zebrebi da sxv. sakvebis Zebnis dros antilopebs asobiT kilometris gavla uwevT. am gzaze maT bevri xifaTi elodebaT (sur. 91). xmeleTze maTi mtrebi arian lomebi da sxva mtaceblebi, wyalSi ki niangebi. saSiSroebis moaxloebis dros xvadi antilopebi jogis wina xazze ganlagdebian da TavgamodebiT icaven Zu antilopebsa da maT naSierebs.

sur. 92. praidi

gaazreba

1. imsjele jgufebad gaerTianebis mniSvnelobaze frinvelebisTvis, mtacebeli da balaxismWameli cxovelebisTvis. 2. mglebi zafxulSi ojaxebad cxovroben (sur. 93), xrovebad ki zamTarSi erTiandebian. axseni mizezi. saSinao davaleba

sur. 93. mglis ojaxi

moiZie informacia samefo pingvinebis cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb. Caatare prezentacia.

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

14. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. garemosTan Seguebis ra niSnebi aqvT qvemoT moyvanil mcenareebs? 1

sur. 94 2. rogor garemoSi izrdeba 94-e suraTze gamosaxuli mcenareebi? 3. yuradRebiT waikiTxe qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi. SearCie marTebuli winadadebebi. araswor winadadebaSi erTi sityva Seaswore ise, rom miiRo marTebuli winadadeba. a) tyis pirvel iarusSi sinaTlis moyvaruli xeebi izrdeba. b) tyeSi mxolod ori iarusia. g) yvela mcenare sinaTlismoyvarulia. d) nayofi TeslSia moqceuli. 4. 95-e suraTze gamosaxuli romeli mcenare imtvereba qariT?

simindi

kaktusi

atami sur. 95

bunebismetyveleba 5

muxa

5. qvemoT mocemuli Teslisa da nayofis gavrcelebis sqema daasrule SenTvis nacnobi mcenareebis saxelwodebebiT. mcenaris Teslisa da nayofis gavrceleba qariT

wyliT

cxovelebiT

........

6. azrobrivad SearCie saWiro sityvebi da winadadebaSi Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi. dasrulebuli winadadebebi gadawere saSinao davalebis rveulSi. sityvebi: gverdiTi xazis, ynosvis, mxedveloba. a) ..... cxovels exmareba sivrceSi orientaciisaTvis. b) ..... saSualebiT cxovelebs SuZliaT ipovon sakvebi da Tavisive msgavsi cxovelebi. g) ..... saSualebiT Tevzi gebulobs dinebis mimarTulebas. 7. suraTebze (sur. 96-97) gamosaxulia afrikuli da aziuri spiloebi. sxeulis agebulebis mixedviT imsjele, romeli maTgani binadrobs ufro cxel garemoSi.

sur. 96. afrikuli spilo

sur. 97. aziuri spilo

8. sqemis mixedviT imsjele cxovelebis safarvelis da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. moiyvane magaliTebi.

cxovelebis safarveli kani

qercli bewvi

bumbuli

niJara Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

I Tavis mokle daskvnebi: cocxali roganizmebis arseboba damokidebulia sxva organizmebze da garmos aracocxal komponentebze, rasac saarsebo garemo hqvia. garemos aracocxali komponentebia: sinaTle, wyali, temperatura, haeri, niadagi. mcenare erTaderTi organizmia, romelic mzis sinaTleze TviTon warmoqmnis sakveb nivTierebas. mcenareSi sakvebis warmoqmnis process fotosinTezi ewodeba. garemos temperaturaze aris damokidebuli mcenaris yvaviloba, nayofis damwifeba, Teslis gaRiveba, foTlebiT wylis aorTqleba. mwerebiT dammtveravi yvavilebi kaSkaSaa da surnelovani. nayofebs aqvT samarjvebi, rac uzrunvelyofs mcenareebis gavrcelebas did teritoriaze. erTidaimave daniSnulebis mqone organoebi erTmaneTisgan agebulebiT gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, xorTumi, dingi, cxviri, mwerebis ulvaSebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; yvela maTgani ynosvis organoa, magram agebulebiT gansxvavdeba. gansazRvrul garemo pirobebSi (mag., sinaTle, temperatura, tenianoba, niadagi, sxva organizmebi) arsebobas organizmebi eguebian specialuri niSan-Tvisebebis, anu Seguebulobebis saSualebiT. ojaxebad mcxovreb mwerebs socialur mwerebs uwodeben. WianWvelebi, futkrebi, termitebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; socialuri mwerebia. cxovelebi Seguebulni arian TavianT saarsebo garemos. cxovelebis Seguebulobis magaliTebia: mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba, zamTris Zili, migracia, jgufebad gaerTianeba.

bunebismetyveleba 5

i: wavl s i e S saqarTvelos tipobriv ekosistemebs (zRvis, Waobis, tyis). ekosistemaSi mobinadre balaxismWamel, xorcismWamel da nairmWamel uxerxemlo da xerxemlian cxovelebs. kvebiTi jaWvis TiToeul rgolSi sakvebis mopovebis gzebs. soflis meurneobis mniSvnelobas adamianisaTvis. tyis Wrisa da nadirobisa gavlenas ekosistemaze. niadagis, wylisa da haeris dabinZurebis mniSvnelobas ekosistemisTvis.

bi: daufle a d b e l SeZ Seqmna xelovnuri ekosistemis modeli. daakvirde organizmisa da garemos urTierTqmedebas. imsjelo garemoze adamianis zemoqmedebis uaryofiT da dadebiT Sedegebze. Seqmna kvebiTi jaWvis martivi modeli. daajgufo organizmebi kvebis tipis mixedviT. moiyvano kvebiTi jaWvebis magaliTebi, romlebSic CarTulia adamiani. dagegmo da Caataro cdebi. imsjelo bunebriv kvebiT kavSirebze adamianis saqmianobis asaxvaze. daadgino konkretul bunebriv garemoSi mobinadre organizmebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebi.

Tavi 1. organizmebi da saarsebo garemo

1. balaxismWameli uxerxemloebi ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli mweri ikvebeba yvavilebis tkbili wveniT – neqtariT?

sur. 1. lokokina

sur. 3. xoWOo pewiana da misi matlebi xis merqanSi

sur. 4. maxra

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 2. pepela

uxerxemlo cxovelebis umravlesoba mcenaris sxvadasxva nawilebiT – ReroTi, foTlebiT, nayofiT, fesvebiT ikvebeba. maT SeuZliaT gaRrRnan, mofxikon an daaqucmacon mcenaris sxvadasxva nawilebi. amisaTvis maT sakmaod Zlieri ybebi aqvT. futkrebi, peplebi da zogierTi xoWo yvavilis neqtariT ikvebeba. me-3 suraTze gamosaxuli xoWo pewiana xis merqanSi cxovrobs da xis merqniT ikvebeba. mas Zlieri ybebi aqvs. merqans ybebis saSualebiT RrRnis da aqucmacebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi xe Zalian ziandeba da xmeba kidec. Zlieri ybebi aqvs maxras (sur. 4). maxra mweria, romelic niadagSi cxovrobs da mcenaris fesvebiT ikvebeba. vazis lokokina mcenaris mwvane nawilebiT, ZiriTadad foTlebiT ikvebeba (sur. 1). wvimian amindSi an wvimis Semdeg vazis lokokina nela gadaadgildeba. lokokinas enaze da ybebze aqvs basri gamonazardebi – safxekebi. safxekebis saSualebiT lokokina foTlis zedapirs fxeks. peplebi da futkrebi yvavilis tkbili wveniT – neqtariT ikvebebian. futkrebs aqvT xorTumi, isini xorTumiT iReben yvavilidan neqtars. mTeli zafxuli dauRalavad Sromoben: ramdenime kilometrze mifrinaven maTTvis sasurveli yvavilebis mosaZebnad. neqtars `CiCaxvSi~ agroveben da Tafls amzadeben. zamTarSi isini momaragebuli TafliT ikvebebian. futkris msgavsad, peplebsac aqvT `xorTumi~ (sur. 2), romliTAac yvavilebis tkbil wvens iReben. pepela kvercxebs foTlebze debs. peplis kvercxidan gamoCekili muxluxo sruliad ar hgavs zrdasrul pepelas. pepelasgan gansxvavebiT muxluxo mcenaris foTle-

biT ikvebeba, izrdeba da Wuprad gadaiqceva. Wupridan ki ramdenime dReSi pepela gamofrindeba. mcenarismWameli uxerxemlo cxovelebi Semodgomis bolos myudro adgils pouloben da iq gamoizamTreben. yvavilebis damtverviT mwerebi xels uwyoben mcenareebs gamravlebaSi. maT SeiZleba sasargeblo mwerebi vuwodoT. sasargeblo mweria TuTis abreSumxvevia (sur. 5), romlis muxluxoc TuTis foTlebiT ikvebeba, Wupris parkidan ki abreSumis Zafs axveven. zogierT balaxismWamel mwers mavne mwerebs uwodeben. masiuri gamravlebis dros maT SeuZliaT ziani miayenon mosavals, tyis masivs da mTlianad gaaCanagon mcenareuloba. mavne mwerebisagan dasacavad adamianebi iyeneben momwamlav nivTierebebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; pesticidebs. 2016 wels dasavleT saqarTveloSi masobrivi gamravlebis gamo aziurma farosanam (sur. 6) mosavlis didi nawili gaanadgura. farosana ikvebeba foTlis, ylortisa da nayofis wveniT. misgan dazianebuli nayofi sakvebad uvargisi xdeba, xolo dazianebuli mcenare iRupeba.

sur. 5. abreSumis Wia

gaazreba

sur. 6. aziuri farosana me-7 suraTis mixedviT imsjele, sasicocxlo ciklis romel stadiaSi afuWebs mosavals amerikuli TeTri pepela. saSinao davaleba

1. sqemaze mocemul cariel wreebSi Cawere balaxismWameli uxerxemlo cxovelebis saxelwodebebi.

uxerxemlo cxovelebi

sur. 7. amerikuli TeTri pepela

2. 1-li cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe cxovelebi: maxra, pewiana, lokokina, futkari, pepela, farosana. ikvebeba mcenaris foTlebiT

ikvebeba mcenaris nayofiT

cxr. 1

ikvebeba mcenaikvebeba xis ikvebeba yvavilis ris fesvebiT ReroTi (merqniT) tkbili wveniT

Tavi 2. ekosistema

2. balaxismWameli xerxemliani cxovelebi ifiqre e da jel ims riT ikvebebodnen yvelaze didi zomis dinozavrebi?

sur.8

sur. 9.spilos saReWi kbili TiTqmis oTx kilograms iwonis

sur. 10. balaxismWameli dinozavris Tavis qala

bunebismetyveleba 5

xerxemliani cxovelebi uxerxemlo cxovelebze ufro didi zomisani arian. maT sakvebad didi raodenobiT sWirdebaT mcenareebi. balaxismWameli cxovelia xmeleTis yvelaze didi zomis binadari spilo. mas dRis ganmavlobaSi 150 kg mcenare sWirdeba sakvebad. amis gamo dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi spiloebi 20 saaTs sakvebis ZiebaSi atareben da mxolod 2-4 saaTi sZinavT. sakvebis mosapoveblad iyeneben xorTums. balaxis da foTliani totebis dasaReWad maT 4 didi ZiriTadi (saReWi) kbili aqvT. spiloebi am kbilebs sicocxlis manZilze 6-jer icvlian (sur. 9). dinozavris namarxebma mecnierebs misca saSualeba daedginaT, rom yvelaze didi zomis dinozavrebs hqondaT balaxismWameli cxovelebis msgavsi kbilebi. amitom didi zomis dinozavrebi mcenariTmkvebav cxovelebs miakuTvnes (sur. 10). saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli ZuZumwovrebidan balaxismWamelebi arian: iremi, Sveli, cxvari, cxeni, Zroxa, kurdReli da sxv. zafxulSi maTTvis bevria sakvebi, zamTris dadgomasTan erTad maTi sakvebis raodenoba mcirdeba. tyis binadrebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; irmebi da Svlebi Camocvenili foTlebiT da xis qerqiT ikvebebian. avstraliaSi gavrcelebuli koala mxolod evkaliptis foTlebiT ikvebeba. balaxismWameli ZuZumwovrebis garda arseboben sxva balaxismWameli xerxemliani cxovelebi. wyalqveS pou-

zRvis iguanas kbilebi

sur. 11. zRvis iguana Zovs wyalmcenareebs

lobs sakvebs xmeleTis binadari qvewarmavali, romelsac zRvis iguana hqvia. is didi zomis xvlikia. gavrcelebulia tropikul wylebSi. grZeli kudi mas wyalSi Rrmad CasayviTad sWirdeba. wylis fskerze mwvane iguana `balaxobs~ - wyalmcenareebs brtyeli piriT glejs (sur. 11). mas 10 wuTi SeuZlia Jangbadis gareSe gaZlos wylis siRrmeSi. galapagosis kunZulebze binadrobs didi zomis qvewarmavali â&#x20AC;&#x201C; galapagosis ku (sur. 12). sakvebad mxolod mcenareebs iyenebs. misi sxeulis sigrZe 150 santimetrs aRwevs, masa ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 400 kilograms. ikvebeba balaxebiT, buCqebiT, aseve Sxamiani mcenarebiT, romelsac sxva balaxismWameli cxoveli ar iyenebs sakvebad. saqarTveloSi binadari xmeleTis ku gacilebiT patara zomisaa. mas aqvs bakani, nela gadaadgildeba da poulobs sakvebs. gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebi maTTvis aris gazafxulze, roca mwvane balaxi amodis. am dros isini kargad ikvebebian. zaxulis gvalvis dros balaxi xmeba, kus sakvebi cota aqvs. magram mas es ar aSinebs, zafxulis Zils eZleva. xmeleTis ku zamTarSic iZinebs, roca garemo TovliT ifareba.

sur.12. galapagosis ku

gaazreba

imsjele koalas, rogorc balaxismWamelis Sesaxeb. ratom daemuqreba koalas gadaSenebis safrTxe avstraliaSi evkaliptis tyeebis gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi (sur. 13)?

sur.13. koala evkaliptis xeze

saSinao davaleba

me-2 cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe balaxismWameli xerxemliani Sinauri da gareuli cxovelebi.

cxr.2 Sinauri cxovelebi

gareuli cxovelebi

Tavi 2. ekosistema

3. xorcismWameli cxovelebi ifiqre e da jel s m i romel cxovels uwodeben mtacebels?

sur. 14

sur. 15. gepardi

sur. 16. TeTri zvigeni

sur. 17. katrani

bunebismetyveleba 5

balaxismWamel cxovelebs bevri mteri hyavs bunebaSi. xorcismWameli cxovelebi balaxismWamel cxovelebze nadiroben da maTi xorciT ikvebebian. xorcismWamel cxovelebs mtaceblebs uwodeben. mtaceblebi sxva cxovelebis dasaWerad gansxvavebul xerxs iyeneben. mtacebeli ZuZumwovrebi msxverpls usafrdebian da moulodnelad esxmian Tavs, an misdeven mas. yvelaze swrafad sirbili gepards SeuZlia (sur. 15). igi sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi 120 km/sT siCqares aviTarebs. gepardi usafrdeba, uaxlovdeba msxverpls da mokle manZilze misdevs mas. xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi Tu ver daeweva, Tavs anebebs, radgan didxans sirbili ar SeuZlia. mgels ki ramdenime dRe, zogjer kvirac ki SeuZlia sdios msxverpls. msxverplis dasaWerad mtaceblebs Zlieri sxeuli, basri kbilebi da brWyalebi aqvT. zogi ZuZumwovari ki sxva mtaceblis nanadireviT ikvebeba, radgan Tavad cudi monadirea. drois did nawils mtaceblebi msxverplis ZebnaSi atareben, radgan nadiroba yovelTvis warmatebiT ar mTavrdeba. mSoblebi Tavis naSierebs aswavlian sakvebis mopovebis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nadirobis xerxebs. mtacebel frinvelebs saukeTeso mxedveloba, zusti moZraobis unari, Zlieri niskarti da brWyalebi aqvT. arwivi, qori, Zera da sxv. dRisiT nadirobs, isini msxverpls frenis dros pouloben da Tavs esxmian. frenis dros iWers mwerebs mercxali. tyis binadari bu RamiT monadire frinvelia. kargi mxedvelobisa da smenis wyalobiT poulobs mRrRnelebs da moulodnelad esxmis Tavs.

zogierT mtacebels aqvs Sxami, romelsac is sxva cxovelebze Tavdasxmis dros iyenebs. yvela gveli mtacebelia. Sxamian gvelebs aqvT Sxamiani kbilebi. kbenis Sedegad msxverpli umoZrao xdeba an iRupeba, gveli ki mTlianad ylapavs mas. wylis binadrebidan saSiSi mtaceblebia TeTri (sur. 16) da vefxviseburi zvigeni. maT swrafi curva SeuZliaT da saukeTeso ynosva aqvT. msxverplis dasaWerad moxervebulad iyeneben Zlier ybebsa da basr kbilebs. zvigens kbilebi ramdenime rigad aqvs ganlagebuli. didi zomis zvigenebi safrTxes uqmnian adamianebsac. Sav zRvaSi binadari mcire zomis zvigens katrani hqvia (sur. 17). katrani adamianisTvis saSiSi ar aris, is mcire zomis TevzebiT ikvebeba. mtaceblebi arian rogorc xerxemliani, aseve uxerxemlo cxovelebi. morielebi Ramis `monadireebi~ arian. isini Sxamian `kuds~ iyeneben msxverplze Tavdasxmis dros. mis dasaWerad moxerxebulad iyeneben marwuxebs (sur. 18). Sxamiani rvafexa pataraa, misi sxeulis sigrZe 4-5 santimetria, 100 grams iwonis (sur. 19). misi nerwyvi Sxamiania. kbenis Semdeg msxverpli ver moZraobs da rvafexa advilad iWers maT. obobac uxerxemlo cxovelia. is ZiriTadad mwerebze nadirobs, obobebis umravlesoba msxverplis dasaWerad ablabudas qsovs.

Sxamiani `kudi~

marwuxebi

sur. 18. Savi morieli

sur. 19. Sxamiani rvafexa

gaazreba

1. imsjele mtacebeli cxovelebis Sesaxeb. daaxasiaTe isini. 2. me-20 suraTis mixedviT imsjele, ra uwyobs xels weros Tevzebis daWeraSi. sur. 20. wero

saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad isrebiT daukavSire mtacebeli da balaxismWameli cxovelebi. arwivi iremi mtacebeli aqlemi zvigeni gepardi

Sveli

bu balaxismWameli

kurdReli

Tavi 2. ekosistema

4. nairmWameli cxovelebi ifiqre e da jel s m i riT ikvebeba daTvi?

sur. 21. daTvi

bevri mcenarismWameli cxoveli xandaxan sakvebad iyenebs sxva cxovelebsac, da piriqiT, xorcismWameli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mcenareul sakvebs. arseboben iseTi cxovelebi, romlebsac erTnairad uyvarT cxoveluri da mcenareuli sakvebic. aseT cxovelebs nairmWamelebi hqvia. nairmWamel cxovelebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, daTvis bevri saxeoba, Simpanze, ciyvi, virTxa, Rori da sxv. nairmWameli ZuZumwovrebis kbilebi Seguebulia gansxvavebuli tipis sakvebis miRebas: aqvT Zlieri eSvebi sxva cxovelebis dasaWerad da ZiriTaAdi kbilebi mcenareuli sakvebis dasaReWad. gareuli Rori (sur. 22) foTlovan tyeebSi, gansakuTrebiT muxnarSi binadrobs. sakmaod didi zomis cxovelia. taxs basri eSvebi aqvs, riTac Tavs esxmis mowinaaRmdeges. aqvs kargi ynosva da smena. ZiriTadad ikvebeba rkoTi, wiflis nayofiT, mcenareebis miwisqveSa nawilebiT, romelsac ynosvis daxmarebiT agnebs.

sur. 22. gareuli Rori

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 23. maimuni

mura daTvi saqarTvelos tyeebis binadria. is gazafxulidan Semodgomamde aqtiurobs. misi sakvebi sxvadasxva nayofi da kenkraa. mcenareuli sakvebis garda, daTvi sxva cxovelebzec nadirobs. daTvi didi cxovelia. amis miuxedavad mas swrafi sirbili da xeze cocvac SeuZlia. TaTebze basri brWyalebi aqvs. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac tyis axlomdebare soflis Sinaur pirutyvsac esxmis Tavs. misi msxverpli sakmaod didi rqosani pirutyvi SeiZleba gaxdes. maimunebi Tbili da zomieri qveynebis binadrebi arian (sur. 23). ikvebebian xeebis nayofiT, zogjer sxva cxovelebiTac. isini nairmWamelebi arian. ciyvis sakvebi girCebi, Txili da kaklia (sur. 24). Tumca zafxulSi arc cxovelur sakvebs iwunebs. zogjer frinvelis budeSi dadebuli kvercxebiT, mcire zomis xerxemlianebiTac ikvebeba. frinvelebi xSirad nairmWamelebi arian: mcenareebis garda, isini ikvebebian mwerebiT, WiayelebiT da sxva uxerxemloebiT. kodala tyis binadaria (sur. 25). tyeSi xSirad ismis kodalas niskartis xeze kakuni. xis ReroSi is matlebs da mwerebis Wuprebs eZebs. grZeli enis saSualebiT moxerxebulad gamoaqvs xis napralebidan da Wams. zamTarSi ki xis nayofiT an girCebiT ikvebeba.

sur. 24. ciyvi

sur. 25. kodala

gaazreba

niskartis mixedviT imsjele, xorcismWamelia Tu nairmWameli 26-e suraTze gamosaxuli frinvelebi: 1) arwivi, 2) mercxali, 3) Tolia, 4) beRura, 5) yaryati, 6) bu, 7) ofofi, 8) ixvi.

2 6

saSinao davaleba

1. cariel wreebSi Cawere nairmWameli xerxemliani cxovelebis saxelebi.

4 nairmWameli cxovelebi

sur. 26 cxr. 3

2. me-3 cxrilis mixedviT daajgufe cxovelebi: mgeli, zRarbi, Jirafi, bu, arwivi, kodala, taxi, daTvi.

balaxismWamelebi

xorcismWamelebi

nairmWamelebi

Tavi 2. ekosistema

5. kv ebiT i ja Wv i ifiqre e da jel s m i ra aris kvebiTi jaWvi? sur. 27

kvebiTi jaWvis I rgoli

kvebiTi jaWvis II rgoli kvebiTi jaWvis III rgoli sur. 28. kvebiTi jaWvi

sur. 29

bunebismetyveleba 5

balaxismWameli cxovelebis sakvebi mcenareebia. kurdReli sakvebad iyenebs balaxovan mcenares: samyuras, stafilos, kombostos, salaTis foTlebs. kurdReli binadrobs iseT garemoSi, sadac misi sakvebi mcenareebi izrdeba. xmeleTze yvela cxovelis arseboba damokidebulia mcenareebze. mxolod mwvane mcenares aqvs sakvebis warmoqmnis unari. fotosinTezis dros mcenare mzis energias iyenebs da sakvebis saxiT agrovebs mas. mcenareSi warmoqmnil sakveb nivTierebas saxamebeli hqvia. saxamebeli foTlebSi warmoiqmneba da mcenaris yvela organoSi nawildeba. mcenare saxamebels ReroSi, fesvebSi an nayofSi agrovebs. saxameblis aRmoCena martivi cdiT SeiZleba: iodi saxamebelTan Sexebisas iisferi xdeba. sakvebi nivTierebebi da energia mcenaridan balaxismWameli cxovelis organizmSi gadadis. energiis nawils cxoveli sasicocxlo procesebSi xarjavs. balaxismWameli cxovelebis arseboba damokidebulia mis sakveb mcenareze. xorcismWameli cxovelis arseboba damokidebulia balaxismWamel cxovelebze, romliTac isini ikvebebian. es damokidebuleba SeiZleba gamovsaxoT kvebiTi jaWvis saSualebiT (sur. 28). kvebiTi jaWvi aris Tanmimdevroba, sadac miTiTebulia, romeli cxoveli riT ikvebeba. kvebiTi jaWvis pirveli rgoli yovelTvis aris mwvane mcenare. mwvane mcenares mwarmoebels uwodeben, radgan is sakvebs warmoqmnis. cxovelebi ki mcenaris mier warmoqmnili sakvebis momxmareblebi arian. kvebiTi jaWvi aerTianebs wylis binadrebsac (sur. 29). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu viciT riT ikvebeba cxoveli, SegviZlia SevadginoT kvebiTi jaWvi, an, piriqiT, Tu Sedgenilia kvebiTi jaWvi, vimsjelobT mis Semadgenel rgolebze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; cxovelebze, romlebic kvebiTi jaWviT arian dakavSirebuli.

gaazreba

1. imsjele kvebiTi jaWvis romeli rgoli SeiZleba iyos: a) mcenarismWameli cxovelebi; b) xorcismWameli cxovelebi; g) nairmWameli cxovelebi. 2. 30-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele energiis gadacemaze kvebiT jaWvSi.

mzis energia energiis gadasvla organizmSi energiis gadasvla garemoSi energiis gadasvla organizmSi energiis gadasvla garemoSi

sur. 30

saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

saxameblis aRmoCena mocemuli gaqvs: kartofili, vaSli, fqvili, wyali, iodi, pipeti. msvleloba: 1. kartofilis, vaSlis naWrebze pipetiT daawveTe iodis xsnari. 2. erTi kovzi fqvilisgan mozile comi da daawveTe iodis xsnari. cdis Sedegis mixedviT imsjele, romel produqtSi ufro metia saxamebeli. cxr. 4 mcenare

1. ratom iwyeba yvelanairi kvebiTi jaWvi mcenariT? 2. me-4 cxrilis gamoyenebiT Seadgine kvebiTi jaWvebi cxovelebisTvis: oboba, xoWo, qori, xvliki.

kalia bayayi

pepela beRura

gveli

Tavi 2. ekosistema

6. ekosistema ifiqre e da jel ims ra aris ekosistema?

sur. 31. bunebrivi ekosistema

sur. 32. mwarmoebeli, momxmarebeli, damSleli

bunebismetyveleba 5

erT teritoriaze mcxovrebi organizmebi erTmaneTTan kvebiTi jaWviT arian dakavSirebuli da maT garSemo arsebul aracocxal bunebasTan erTad qmnian ekosistemas. e.i. ekosistema Sedgeba cocxali da aracocxali komponentebisagan (sur. 31). aracocxali komponentebia haeri, wyali, niadagi, sinaTle, temperatura. cocxali komponentebia mikroorganizmebi, sokoebi, mcenareebi da cxovelebi. ekosistemaSi mTavari adgili ukavia mcenares, igi cxovelebis TavSesafari an sabinadroa da, rac mTavaria, mcenare sakvebs warmoqmnis, anu mcenare aris mwarmoebeli. sakvebi nivTierebis warmoqmnisTvis mcenare mzis energias iyenebs. mzis energias is sakvebi nivTierebis energiad gardaqmnis. cxovelebi mcenaris mier warmoqmnili sakvebi nivTierebiT ikvebebian arian. mcenareSi dagrovebuli nivTierebebi da energia mis momxmarebel cxovelebSi gadadis. kvebiTi jaWvis bolo rgoli sokoebi da baqteriebia. isini mkvdar organizmebs martiv nivTierebebad Slian. amis gamo maT damSlelebs uwodeben. narCenebis daSlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba niadagis noyieri zeda fena (sur.32). amgvarad, ekosistema Sedgeba cocxali organizmebisa da garemos aracocxali komponentebisagan. ekosistemaSi yvela komponenti mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. ekosistemaSi Tu erTi komponen-

ti Seicvala, aman SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos mTel ekosistemaze. bunebrivi ekosistemebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. mas aqvs TviTganaxlebis unari adamianis Carevis gareSe. bunebrivi ekosistemebia tyis, zRvis, udabnos (sur. 33), mdelos. adamianma Tavisi arsebobis manZilze imdenad Secvala garemo, rom bevrgan bunebam pirvandeli saxe dakarga kidec. adamians gahyavda gzebi, aSenebda saxlebs, soflebsa da qalaqebs, es xelovnuri ekosistemebia (sur. 34). xelovnuri ekosistemebis arseboba damokidebulia adamianis saqmianobaze. maTi binadrebi pirvel rigSi, adamianebi arian. adamianebis garda aq gvxvdebian adamianebis mier moSinaurebuli cxovelebi da kulturuli mcenareebi, ramdenime veluri saxeoba, romlebic Seguebulni arian adamianTan erTad arsebobas, rogorebic arian, magaliTad, beRurebi, mtredebi, virTxebi, Tagvebi da a.S. adamians, iseve, rogorc nebismier cocxal arsebas, aucileblad sWirdeba wyalic, haerica da mzis sinaTlec.

sur. 33. udabnos ekosistema

gaazreba

sqemis mixedviT imsjele ekosistemis Sesaxeb (rogor aris ekosistemaSi dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan cocxali da aracocxali komponentebi). sur. 34. botanikuri baRi, xelovnuri ekosistema

mwarmoeblebi

momxmareblebi

damSlelebi saSinao davaleba

aRwere Seni soflis an agarakis maxloblad arsebuli tyis, mdelos an wylis ekosistemebi. romeli cxovelebi da mcenareebi gvxvdebian iq? am mcenareebisa da cxovelebis gamoyenebiT Seadgine kvebiTi jaWvi. Tavi 2. ekosistema

7. zRvis ekosistema ifiqre e da jel ims ra aris zRvis ekosistema?

sur. 35. Savi zRva

sur. 36. planqtoni

planqtoni

Tavisufladmcuravi formebi

fskeruli formebi

sur. 37

bunebismetyveleba 5

erTi SexedviT, zRva wylis didi masaa da meti araferi. sinamdvileSi, masSi sicocxle Cqefs. zRvaSi sicocxlis ganawileba damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa sinaTle, wneva, temperatura, marilianoba da Jangbadis Semcveloba. zRvis organizmebs Soris umetesoba – pawawina, TvaliT SeumCneveli mcenare da cxovelia. es nela moZravi an talRebze motivtive organizmebi cnobilni arian rogorc planqtoni (sur. 36). planqtoni zRvis kvebiTi jaWvis erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli rgolia. okeaneebSi swored planqtoni warmoadgens Tevzebis, aseve yvelaze didi zomis ZuZumwovris – veSapis mTavar sakvebsac. planqtonSi arsebuli mwvane wyalmcenareebi ki zRvis wyals da atmosferos JangbadiT amdidreben. zRvis ekosistemaSi (sur. 37) Tevzebi, meduzebi, zRvis ZuZumwovrebi (magaliTad, delfini) Tavisufladmcurav formebs miekuTvnebian. aseve zRvaSi binadroben fskeruli formebic: Rrubelebi, kiborCxalebi, fskeris Tevzebi. saqarTvelos dasavleTidan Savi zRva akravs. Savi zRvis Tevzebia: qafSia, zuTxi, Savi zRvis oraguli, qacviani zvigeni – katrani. zRvis ZuZumwovrebidan gvxvdeba delfini – afalina. zRvis uxerxemloebidan yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili meduza da midia, romelic zogjer didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba napirebTan. Sav zRvaSi binadrobs moluski rapana, romelic XX saukuneSi aziidan gemebs Semohyva. aq mas daxvda sicocxlisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi. rapana midiebiTa da xamanwkebiT ikvebeba. Tavisi mSobliuri zRvebisgan gan-

sxvavebiT Sav zRvaSi mas bunebrivi mteri ar aRmoaCnda. amis gamo rapanas ricxvma sagrZnoblad moimata, midiebisa da sxva moluskebis ricxvma ki iklo. aman safrTxe Seuqmna Savi zRvis Tevzebs, radgan maTi sakvebi sagrZnoblad Seamcira. Savi zRvis cxovelTa samyaros did zians ayenebs Warbi TevzWera. TevzWeris gamo Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzi ukve Zalze iSviaTia. Savi zRvis ekologiuri problemaa masSi zogierTi qimiuri nivTierebis donis mateba. amJamad Savi zRvis mxolod zeda 200-metriani fenaa Jangbadis Semcveli da Sesabamisad, sicocxlis matarebeli (sur. 38). Savi zRvis mosazRvre qveynebma SeimuSaves programa zRvis dabinZurebis Sesamcirebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebis Sesaxeb. 31 oqtomberi gamocxadebulia Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso dRed.

sur. 39. afalina

sur. 40. meduza aurelia

0m 100 m 200 m 300 m

uJangbado wyali

2200 m

sur. 38

sur. 41. midia

sur. 42. rapana

gaazreba

1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele zRvis ekosistemis Sesaxeb. zRvis ekosistema aracocxali faqtorebi temperatura marilianoba ganaTeba

cocxali organizmebi planqtoni

wneva Jangbadis Semcveloba

Tavisufladmcuravi formebi

fskeruli formebi

2. imsjele zRvis ekosistemaSi planqtonis mniSvnelobaze. saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia, ra Sedegi mohyva rapanas gavrcelebas Sav zRvaSi.

Tavi 2. ekosistema

8. Waobis ekosistema ifiqre e da jel ims ra aris Waobi?

sur. 43. Waobi

sur. 44. torfis xavsi

sur. 45. samefo gvimra WaobSi

sur. 46. laqaSi

bunebismetyveleba 5

Waobebi warmoiqmneba xmeleTis an wyalsatevis daWaobebis Sedegad. umetesad Waobdeba dablobi, sadac miwisqveSa wylebi grovdeba da xmeleTi xSirad wyliT ifareba. zogjer Waobdeba tye, rodesac mosuli naleqebis raodenoba didia, wylis aorTqleba ki SedarebiT naklebi. daWaobebul adgilebSi xeebi veRar izrdeba da tyis adgils Waobi ikavebs. tbebis daWaobeba wylis zedapirze mcenareebis masiuri gamravlebis Sedegad xdeba. tbis siRrmeSi sinaTle veRar aRwevs da fskeris mcenareebi da cxovelebi iRupeba. Waobi aris gaumdinare wyali, romelic didi raodenobis mcenareTa da cxovelTa narCenebs Seicavs. mcire zomis Waobebi gvxvdeba javaxeTis mTianeTSi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dablobebSi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul Waobebs Soris yvelaze didi teritoria kolxeTis dablobis torfian Waobebs ukavia. maTi mniSvneloba didia. WaobebSi xdeba wylis gawmenda, wyaldidobebis dros is isrutavs Warb wyals, aZlevs TavSesafars mraval mcenaresa da cxovels, romlebic kvebiTi jaWviT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. Waobebis mcenareuloba gansxvavdeba sxva ekosistemis mcenareebisagan. aq izrdeba torfis xavsi (sur. 44). WaobSi torfis xavsis dagrovebiT miiReba torfi, romelsac sasuqad da sawvavad iyeneben. WaobebSi vxvdebiT gvimris uZveles saxeobas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; samefo gvimras (sur. 45), aseve laqaSs (sur. 46), isls da sxva mcenareebs. kolxeTis Waobebis cxovelTa samyarodan gamoirCeva frinvelTa didi mravalferovnebiT. vinaidan Waobi mimomfreni frinvelebisaTvis sabudari da dasasvenebeli

adgilia, Semodgomaze aq naxavT yanCebis, gedebis, varxvebis, Cvamebis da sxva frinvelebis gundebs. amfibiebidan vxvdebiT: bayays, vasakas, gombeSos. qvewarmavlebidan xSirad gvxvdeba Waobis ku, wylis gveli, uxerxemlo cxovelebidan ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; moluskebi, nemsiylapiebi (sur. 47), peplebi, xoWoebi, koRo da sxv. Waobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan kvebiTi jaWviT arian dakavSirebuli (sur. 48) Waobis mimdebare tbebi mdidaria TevziT. amitom Waobebis midamoebSi binadari mosaxleobis sayvarel saqmianobas TevzWera warmoadgens. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi kolxeTis dablobis mosaxleobas problemas uqmnida daavadeba malaria. malaria gadamdebi daavadebaa. is koRo anofelesis kbeniT gadadis. koRo kvercxebs wyalSi debs. matli wyalSi iCekeba da Semdeg koRod gadaiqceva. malariasTan brZoOlis mizniT daiwyes Waobebis daSroba. kolxeTis dablobze damSrali Waobebi gamoyenebulia Cais, citrusebis, xexilisa da marcvleulis mosayvanad. Waobis bunebrivi ekosistemis adgili daikava adamianis mier xelovnurad gaSenebulma plantaciebma.

sur. 47. nemsiylapia

sur. 48. gveli ankara misdevs bayays

gaazreba

1. gaixsene mwerebis sasicocxlo cikli da imsjele, ra mniSvneloba aqvs Waobis daSrobas koRo anofelesTan brZolaSi. 2. imsjele, ratom gamoiwvevs Waobis daSroba mimomfreni frinvelebis raodenobis Semcirebas. 3. imsjele, Waobis daSrobis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze. saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba Waobis mier Warbi wylis Sewovaze mocemuli gaqvs: ori Tanabari moculobis mqone ganierpiriani WurWeli, ori-sami mSrali Rrubeli. msvleloba: 1. erT WurWelSi Caawyve Rrublebi, meore datove carieli. 2. orive WurWelSi Caasxi Tanabari raodenobis wyali da Seadare wylis doneebi erTmaneTs. cdis Sedegis mixedviT axseni, Tu ratom icavs Waobi sanapiro zols wyaldidobisagan.

Tavi 2. ekosistema

9. tyis ekosistema ifiqre e da jel ims rogori tyeebia saqarTveloSi?

sur. 49. Sereuli tye

sur. 50. Sveli

sur. 51. jiqi vaSlovanis nakrZalSi

bunebismetyveleba 5

tye mxolod xeebis erToblioba rodia. is rTuli ekosistemaa. tyis ekosistemas qmnis balaxebi, buCqebi, xeebi, iq binadari uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebi, mzis sinaTle, JangbadiT mdidari haeri, nakaduli an mdinare. saqarTvelo zomier sartyelSi mdebareobs. klimaturi pirobebiT aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelo erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. amis gamo aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi tyeebic gansxvavebulia. dasavleT saqarTveloSi izrdeba tenis da siTbos moyvaruli xemcenareebi. aseTi tye aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ar gvxvdeba. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ufro mSrali klimatiT gamoirCeva. zamTaric aq ufro mkacria, vidre dasavleTSi. foTlovani xemcenareebidan tyeebSi izrdeba: muxa, wifeli, rcxila, Tela. cxovelebidan gvxvdeba mela, Sveli (sur 50), iremi, gareuli Rori, mgeli. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mSrali, naTeli tyeebia. maTi varji ganzea gasuli da xeebi erTmaneTisgan moSorebiT izrdeba. vaSlovanis naTel tyeebSi iSviaTad Semodis jiqi (sur. 51), romelic meoce saukunis dasawyisSi jer kidev binadrobda saqarTveloSi. mSrali, naTeli tyeebi gamoirCeva mwerebisa da qvewarmavlebis didi mravalferovnebiT. foTlovan tyeSi (sur. 52) niadagi gansakuTrebiT noyieria, niadagis zeda Sre aris neSompala. neSompala Camocvenili foTlebis gaxrwnis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. Tovlis dnobis da xangrZlivi wvimebis Sedegad nadnobi

wyali nela CaiJoneba niadagSi da miwisqveSa wylebis marags qmnis. wiwvovani tyeebis didi umravlesoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT mTian regionebSi gvxvdeba. wiwvovan tyeebs qmnian kavkasiuri naZvi, soWi da fiWvi (sur. 53). wiwvovan tyeSi temperatura ufro naklebia, vidre foTlovan tyeSi. cxovelebis raodenobac foTlovan tyeebTan SedarebiT, mcirea. Sereul tyeebSi foTlovani da wiwvovani xeebi erTad izrdeba (sur. 49). Sereuli tyis binadrebia: daTvi, maCvi, iremi, Sveli, kodala, mekvirtia, bu. tye bunebrivi resursia. is Seucvlelia haeris JangbadiT gamdidrebasa da gasufTavebaSi, mtknari wylis resursebis SenarCunebaSi, icavs niadags gamofitvisgan. tye mravali mcenaris da cxovelis saarsebo garemo da TavSesafaria. tye didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. mas aqvs TviTaRdgenis unari. tyeebis sxva ekosistemad gadaqceva SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zlierma da swrafma klimaturma cvlilebebma, adamianis aragonivrulma Carevam â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tyis Cexvam, xanZarma.

sur. 52. foTlovani tye

gaazreba

sqemis mixedviT imsjele tyis mniSvnelobaze. sur. 53. wiwvovani tye tye

Jangbadi

TavSesafari

sakvebi

niadagis damagreba

wylis resursi

saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad isrebiT daukavSire Waobisa da tyis ekosistemis mcenareebi da cxovelebi. Seadgine kvebiTi jaWvi a) Waobis da b) tyis ekosistemisTvis mgeli Sveli koRo

xavsi

Waobis ekosistema

bayayi tura laqaSi

tyis ekosistema

isli Tavi 2. ekosistema

10. soflis meuneoba ifiqre e da jel s m i ra uaryofiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes soflis meurneobas?

sur. 54. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi

sur. 55. kartofili

sur. 56. kolorados xoWo

arsebobis adreul etapebze adamiani Tavs mxolod nadirobiTa da sakvebi mcenareebis SegrovebiT irCenda. mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis Sedegad, bunebis mier mowodebuli sakvebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda. damatebiTi sakvebis mopovebisaTvis adamianma soflis meurneobas mihyo xeli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; moaSena Sinauri cxovelebi da kulturuli mcenareebi. zogierTi kulturuli mcenare msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camoitana. saqarTveloSi Semotanili kulturuli mcenareebia kartofili, pomidori, lobio, mzesumzira da sxv. magaliTad, kartofili evropaSi amerikidan me-16 saukuneSi Semovida. saqarTveloSi ki me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi. is wamyvani sakvebi produqti gaxda mosaxleobisaTvis. kulturul mcenareebs adamiani did farTobze Tesavs. erTi kulturis did farTobze moyvana iwvevs mcenaris daavadebebisa da mavneblebis swrafad gavrcelebas. kartofilis mavnebeli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kolorados xoWo mcenares amerikidan gadmohyva. is kartofilis foTlebiT ikvebe-

sur. 57. dawvimebiT morwyva

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 58. wertilovani morwyva

ba da mosavals aCanagebs. mosavlis mavne mwerebisagan dasacavad adamiani iyenebs momwamlav nivTierebebs, mosavlianobis gazrdis mizniT ki niadagSi Seaqvs sasuqi da rwyavs naTesebs. sasuqebisa da momwamvleli nivTierebebis xSiri gamoyeneba azianebs ekosistemas. is didxans rCeba niadagSi da abinZurebs garemos. amitom soflis meurneobis muSakebi sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebiT cdiloben ar daazianon garemo. didi mniSvneloba aqvs sasoflo sameurneo savargulebis swor morwyvas. saqarTveloSi niadagebs ZiriTadad zedapirulad rwyaven. wyali pirdapir isxmeba niadagze da recxavs mas. am dros wyalic araekonomiurad ixarjeba da niadagis nayofieri zedapiric ikargeba. umjobesia naTesebis dawvimebiT morwyva (sur. 57). amJamad ganviTarebul qveynebSi miRebulia sakmaod Zvirad Rirebuli wertilovani morwyvis meTodi. am meTodiT wyali wveT-wveTad miewodeba mcenaris fesvebs (sur. 58). arc zedmeti wyali ikargeba da mcenaris morwyvac ufro efeqturia. adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad bunebrivi ekosistemebi Caanacvla xelovnurma ekosistemebma: yanam, plantaciam, TevzsaSenebma (sur. 59), fermebma da sxv. mesaqonleobis ganviTarebam garda dadebiTi faqtorebisa garkveuli ziani miayena garemos. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi Siraqis velze cxvris (sur. 60) ukontrolo Zovebisagan ganadgurda mcenareuli safari, gamoifita da daiSala niadagi. am problemis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia saZovari adgilebis perioduli SecvliT, raTa mcenareebma aRdgena moaswron.

sur. 59. sakalmaxe

sur. 60. cxvris fara

gaazreba

sqemis mixedviT imsjele soflis meurneobis dargebis Sesaxeb, maT dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze. soflis meurneoba

mecxoveleoba

mefutkreoba

memcenareoba

meTevzeoba

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia, rogor cvlis soflis meurneoba bunebriv ekosistemebs. Tavi 2. ekosistema

11. adamiani da nadiroba ifiqre e da jel ims ratom nadirobs adamiani?

sur. 61. spilos eSvebi

sur. 62. dodo

sur. 63. cimbiruli melas bewvi

bunebismetyveleba 5

Warbi mopoveba niSnavs adamianis mier imaze meti cxovelis an mcenaris moxmarebas, vidre mas yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad sWirdeba. Warbi mopoveba pirdapir kavSirSia saxeobaTa umetesobis gaqrobasTan. soflis meurneobaSi mecxoveleobis ganviTarebam sakvebze moTxovnileba daakmayofila. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sinauri cxovelebi sakvebze moTxovnas akmayofilebs, adamianebi mainc nadiroben da Tevzaoben. nadirobis Sedegad msoflioSi mravali cxoveli gadaSenda, bevri cxovelis raodenoba Semcirda da dResac mcirdeba. ukontrolo nadirobis Sedegad msoflioSi mravali cxoveli gadaSenda. magaliTad, indoeTis okeaneSi mdebare mavrikiis kunZulebze erT dros sakmaod mozrdili frinveli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dodo binadrobda (sur. 62). mas frena ar SeeZlo da pirdapir miwaze budobda. dodo xidan Camocvenili xiliT ikvebeboda, bunebrivi mtrebi ki praqtikulad ar hyavda. ase gagrZelda 1505 wlamde, sanam portugalielebma pirvelebma ar dadges fexi kunZulze. 25-kilogramiani dodo xorcis advilad mosapovebel wyarod iqca. mas adamiani arasodes enaxa da amitom arc ufrTxoda. kunZulze adamianis moxvedridan 100 wlis Semdeg erT dros mravalricxovani dodo iSviaT frinvelad iqca. ukanaskneli individi 1681 wels mokles. adamiani dResac nadirobs Zvirfasi bewvisa da tyavis mosapoveblad. adamianebi klaven spiloebs mxolod maTi

eSvebis gamo, spilos Zvali Zvirfasi masalaa nakeTobebis dasamzadeblad (sur. 61). saxeobebis gadaSeneba zRvis biomravalferovnebasac uqmnis safrTxes. TevzWeris Sedegad ukve amoiwura bevri odesRac mdidari TevzsaWeri zona. isic cnobilia, rom adamiani gacilebiT met zians ayenebs zvigens, vidre zvigeni adamians. aziis qveynebSi zvigenis farflebisagan wvnians amzadeben, romelsac aranairi kvebiTi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia da arc gansakuTrebuli gemoTi gamoirCeva. adamianebis am axirebas ki yovelwliurad uamravi zvigeni ewireba (sur. 64). nadiroba seriozuli safrTxea saqarTvelos cxovelTa samyarosTvisac. mas didi ziani moaqvs teritoriaze mcxovrebi msxvili ZuZumwovrebisaTvis da zogierTi frinvelisTvisac. didi ziani moaqvs akrZaluli meTodebiT Tevzaobasac (magaliTad, denis an asafeTqebeli nivTierebis gamoyeneba). Warbi mopovebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gadaSenda jeirani, gadaSenebis pirasaa iremi, jixvi (sur. 65), niamori. ukontrolo nadirobis savalalo Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Seiqmna nakrZalebi da daculi teritoriebi. aseve dawesda sanadiro sezonis vadebi, isic mxolod zogierT cxovelze.

sur. 64. zvigenis farflebi TevzsaWer gemze

sur. 65. jixvi

gaazreba

1. imsjele, ratom gamoiwvevs samkurnalo mcenareebis gadaSenebas yvavilobisas misi Warbi mopoveba. 2. sqemis mixedviT imsjele Warbi mopovebis saxeebze. Warbi mopoveba

nadiroba

TevzWera

samkurnalo mcenareebis Segroveba

saSinao davaleba

internetiT moiZie informacia, romel cxovelzea dawesebuli sanadiro sezonis vadebi. ras gamoiwvevs cxovelebze ukontrolo nadiroba.

Tavi 2. ekosistema

12. t y i s W r a ifiqre e da jel ims ra mniSvneloba aqvs tyes SenTvis?

sur.66. gaCexili tropikuli tye

amJamad dedamiwis xmeleTis naxevarze naklebi tyeebiT aris dafaruli. tyis Wra yovelwliurad anadgurebs dedamiwis mwvane safars. ukanaskneli 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaiCexa dedamiwis tropikuli tyeebis naxevari. dedamiwis JangbadiT momaragebis umetesi wili notio tropikul tyeebze modis. amitom msoflios bunebisdamcvelTa yuradReba swored notio tropikuli tyeebiskenaa mipyrobili. tyes did safrTxes uqmnis soflis meurneoba. xSirad tyeebi iWreba, raTa maTi adgili yanebma an saZovrebma daikavos. qalaqebis gafarToebas, gzebis, navTob da gazsadenebis gayvanas mosdevs tyis masivebis ganadgureba. gaxSirebulia daudevrobis Sedegad gamowveuli tyis xanZaric (sur. 67). xe mniSvnelovani saSeni masalacaa (sur. 68). adamiani uxsovari droidan iyenebda xis masalas saxlis, TavSesaf-

sur. 67. xanZari tyeSi

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 68. tyis Wra

ris, gemebis, xelsawyo-iaraRebis, musikaluri instrumentebis dasamzadeblad. xis masalis mopovebas SeiZleba xeze nadirobac ki vuwodoT. xis bevri Zvirfasi saxeoba Warbi mopovebis Sedegad gadaSenda kidec. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia xis masalis mopoveba qaRaldis warmoebis mizniT. aTasobiT heqtari tropikuli tye Seewira qaRaldis warmoebas. tyis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia Tu mosaWreli xeebis sworad SerCeva moxdeba: tyis Wrisas yuradReba eqceva xis asaks. sasurvelia mxolod gadaberebuli an daavadebuli xeebis Wra. saqarTveloSi tyis Wras bolo dromde TiTqmis aravin akontrolebda. amis Sedegia yovelwliurad gaxSirebuli mewyeri da Rvarcofi, niadagis gamofitva, tyis nakadulebis daSroba. tyis aRdgenas didi Sroma da dro sWirdeba. naxanZral adgilas jer balaxovan mcenareebs Tesaven, Semdeg xeebis nergebs rgaven. sanergeebSi sxvadasxva saxeobis nergebs zrdian (sur. 69). maT Sorisaa gadaSenebis piras myofi kolxuri bzac. 1971 wels 21 marti gamocxadda `tyeebis saerTaSoriso dReDd~ (sur. 70), romelic mTel msoflioSi aRiniSneba, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. am dRes aRniSnaven gamwvanebiT. xeebis dargviT tye axal sicocxles iZens. aTeuli wlebia saWiro, rom dargvis Semdeg tyem Tavisi funqcia aRidginos. Seqmnilia bunebis SenarCunebis msoflio kavSiri, romlis mizania bunebrivi ekosistemebis dacva.

sur. 69. sanerge

sur. 70. tyeebis saerTaSoriso dRis aRmniSvneli logo

gaazreba

1. imsjele tropikuli tyeebis mniSvnelobaze kacobriobisaTvis (sur. 71). 2. imsjele, rogor SeiZleba tyis gaCexili ubnebis aRdgena.

CrdiloeT amerika

samxreT amerika

evrazia

afrika

avstralia

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia internetSi skolis moswavlis, sandro narsias Sesaxeb, romelic kolxuri bzis gadarCenisaTvis ibrZvis.

sur. 71

Tavi 2. ekosistema

13. niadagis, wylisa da haeris dabinZureba ifiqre e da jel ims rogor abinZurebs adamiani niadagsa da wyals?

sur. 72

sur. 73. mcenaris Sewamvla

sur. 74. mavne nivTierebis gadacema kvebiT jaWvSi

bunebismetyveleba 5

niadagis dabinZureba mravali gziT SeiZleba. quCebSi dayrili nagavi an dabinZurebuli niadagi janmrTelobisTvis saziano SeiZleba aRmoCndes. niadagis dabinZurebisas narCenebi farTod ar vrceldeba garemoSi, wylis dabinZurebisas ki igi did farTobze vrceldeba. garemos seriozulad abinZurebs pesticidebi. esaa qimiuri Sxamebi. maTi saSualebiT adamiani soflis meurneobis mavneblebs ebrZvis (sur. 73). wylebis dabinZurebis wyaroa pesticidebi da sasuqebi. isini mdinareebSi wvimebis dros, niadagSi CaJonvis Sedegad xvdeba. maTi raodenobis mateba wyalSi iwvevs wylis binadari organizmebis daRupvas. gansakuTrebiT sazianoa pesticidis kvebiTi jaWviT gadacema. magaliTad, Tuki pesticidiT Sewamluli mcenare cxovelma SeWama, Sxami mis organizmSi dagrovdeba. Tu es cxoveli sxva mtacebelma SeWama, Sxami mis organizmSi gadainacvlebs. kvebiTi jaWvis meSveobiT Sxamis raodenoba mtaceblis organizmSi izrdeba. kvebiTi jaWvis bolo rgolis mtaceblebi, romelTa mowamvla aravis undoda, yvelaze cud mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian. isini SeiZleba daiRupon kidec (sur. 74). soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli mavne nivTierebebis garda wyali binZurdeba sayofacxovrebo nagviT (sur. 72). Soreuli da dausaxlebeli kunZulebis sanapiroebzec ki aRmoCenilia didi raodenobiT nagavi. igi msoflio okeanis zedapirze tivtivebs. motivtive plastikati advilad iqcevs wylis frinvelebis yuradRebas da SeiZleba maTi sikvdilis mizezic ki gaxdes. wynari okeanis erT-erT kunZulze albatrosebis bartyebis Ci-

CaxvSi polieTilenis parkebi aRmoaCines, romelic maT mSoblebs sakvebi egonaT. 75-e suraTze gamosaxul wylis kusac polieTilenis parki sakvebi hgonia. gadaylapvis Semdeg parki aferxebs misi kuW-nawlavis moqmedebas, ris gamoc ku iRupeba. wyliani ekosistemis dabinZurebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa okeanesa da mdinareebSi CaRvrili navTobi. igi damRupvelia sanapiros binadari frinvelebisa da ZuZumwovrebisaTvis. bewvisa da bumbulis navTobSi amosvris Sedegad, cxovelebis umetesoba iRupeba. adamiani Tavisi saqmianobisas tonobiT mavne gamonabolqvs uSvebs atmosferoSi, romelic dedamiwaze brundeba airebis, wvimebis, nislis an Tovlis saxiT. qars isini aTasobiT kilometrze gadaaqvs. haeris damabinZureblebSi momwamvleli nivTierebebi Sedis. isini wyalTan da JangbadTan Serevisas warmoqmnian mJavebs, romlebic dedamiwaze mJavuri wvimebis saxiT brundeba. mJavuri wvimebis Sedegad nadgurdeba tyis masivi (sur. 76), binZurdeba wyalic da damRupvelad aisaxeba wyalSi arsebul kvebiT jaWvebze.

sur. 75. wylis ku

sur. 76. tye mJavuri wvimis Semdeg

gaazreba

77-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele, rogor xvdeba mavne nivTierebebi adamianis organizmSi? jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba pesticidis kvebiTi jaWviT gadacemaze mocemuli gaqvs: plastelinis mcire da didi zomis burTulebi, asanTis Rerebis feradi Tavebi. msvleloba: 1. plastelinis burTulebis gamoyenebiT aage kvebiTYi jaWvi. Sens kvebiT jaWvSi asanTis Rerebis feradi Tavebi gamoxatavs pesticidebiT Sewamlul mcenares, plastelinis patara burTula â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kalias, xolo didi burTula â&#x20AC;&#x201C; bayays. ratom iwamleba bayayi pesticidebiT? pasuxi daasabuTe. saSinao davaleba

aRwere da daaxasiaTe Seni qalaqis an soflisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani damabinZureblebi.

sur. 77. mavne nivTierebis gadacema kvebiT jaWvSi

Tavi 2. ekosistema

14. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. ipove Secdoma: mcenareebi

balaxismWamelebi

xorcismWamelebi

nairmWamelebi

2. suraTis mixedviT imsjele sakvebisa da energiis gadacemaze kvebiT jaWvSi. balaxi

mwarmoebeli

kalia

balaxismWameli

bunebismetyveleba 5

bayayi

gveli

xorcismWamelebi

arwivi

3. sqemis mixedviT imsjele saqarTvelos tipuri ekosistemebis Sesaxeb. ekosistema xelovnuri

bunebrivi tye veli

zRva

qalaqi sofeli

Waobi mdinare

zooparki

botanikuri baRi

4. Seadgine kvebiTi jaWvi tyisa da zRvis ekosistemisTvis. planqtoni, wifeli, veSapi, muxa, moluski, kodala, Tevzi, gareuli Rori, delfini, matli. 5. suraTis mixedviT imsjele garemos damabinZurebeli nivTierebis wrebrunvis Sesaxeb.

Tavi 2. ekosistema

me-2 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: ekosistema warmoadgens organizmebisa da maTi saarsebo garemos aracocxali komponentebis erTobliobas. saqarTveloSi aris tyis, zRvis, Waobis, mdelos bunebrivi ekosistemebi. ekosistemaSi organizmebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian kvebiTi jaTvebiT. kvebiT jaWvSi gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi rgoli: mwarmoeblebi (mwvane mcenareebi), momxmareblebi (cxovelebi) da dam Slelebi. kvebiTi jaWvis pirveli rgoli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mwarmoeblebi sinaTleze Tavad warmoqmnian sakveb nivTierebebs. cxovelebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian kvebis niris mixedviT: arseboben balaxismWameli, xorcismWameli, nairmWameli cxovelebi. kvebiTi jaWvebis saSualebiT xdeba erTi organizmidan meoreSi energiisa da nivTierebis gadacema. ekosistema SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi da xelovnuri. xelovnur ekosistemaze adamiani zrunavs. adamianis zogierTi saqmianoba cvlis bunebriv ekosistemas, arRvevs organizmebs Soris arsebul kvebiT kavSirebs. Warbi mopoveba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tyis Wra, nadiroba da Tevzaoba anadgurebs bunebriv ekosistemebs; niadagisa da haeris dabinZureba safrTxes uqmnis cocxal organizmebs dedamiwaze.

bunebismetyveleba 5

vli: a w s Sei meqanikur moZraobas. meqanikuri moZraobis saxeebs. traeqtorias. meqanikuri moZraobis maxasiaTebel sidideebs: gavlil manZils, dros, siCqares.

i: aufleb d a d b e SeZl imsjeleb sxeulis moZraobebze konkretuli aTvlis sxeulis mimarT. sxvadasxva saxis traeqtoriis daxasiaTebas. gavlili manZilis ganmartebas da gazomvas. standartuli erTeulebis gamoyenebas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. siCqaris ganmartebas da formuliT gamosaxvas. eqsperimentebis Catarebas manZilis, droisa da siCqaris gasazomad.

Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

1. meqanikuri moZraoba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom xdeba DdRisa da Ramis monacvleoba dedamiwaze?

sur. 1

sur. 2

bunebismetyveleba 5

moZraoba samyaros damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. samyaro ganuwyvetel, mudmiv moZraobaSia. moZraoba mravali saxisaa: cocxali organizmebi ibadebian, izrdebian, kvdebian. nivTiereba warmoiqmneba da iSleba, atomebi gardaiqmnebian. dedamiwa da planetebi mzis garSemo da aseve DTavisi uxilavi RerZis garSemo moZraoben (sur. 2). nebismieri moZraobisas xdeba cvlileba. sxvadasxva tipis moZraobaTa Soris umartivesia meqanikuri moZraoba. meqanikuri moZraobisas drois Sualedis ganmavlobaSi sxeulis mdebareoba icvleba. magaliTad, Tu manqana uaxlovdeba an Sordeba saxls, xes an romelime sxva sxeuls, amboben, rom manqana moZraobs. anu manqanis moZraobisas icvleba manZili manqanasa da saxls, aA n manqanasa da xes Soris. e.i. imisaTvis, rom davadginoT moZraobs Tu ara sxeuli, aucilebelia drois SualedSi misi mdebareoba icvlebodes sxva sxeulis mimarT, romelsac aTvlis sxeuls uwodeben. aTvlis sxeulad SegviZlia miviCnioT nebismieri sxeuli, magaliTad, dedamiwa, mze, xe, Senoba. mocemuli sxeuli erTi aTvlis sxeulis mimarT SeiZleba iyos uZravi, xolo meoris mimarT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; moZravi. saxli dedamiwis mimarT uZravia, Tumca mzis mimarT dedamiwasTan erTad moZraobs. sxeulis mdebareobis cvlilebas drois ganmavlobaSi sxva sxeulis mimarT meqanikuri moZraoba ewodeba.

gaazreba

1. me-3 suraTze gamosaxulia avtobusis moZraobis ori situacia. romeli aTvlis sxeulebis mimarT moZraobs mZRoli? romeli aTvlis sxeulebis mimarTaa igi uZravi? a

sur. 3

sur. 4

2. imsjele, romeli aTvlis sxeulis mimarT ar asrulebs meqanikur moZraobas mxedari (sur. 4).

saSinao davaleba

a 1. me-5 suraTze gamosaxulia wiTeli da mwvane manqanebis moZraobis sxvadasxva situacia. moZraobs Tu ara mwvane manqana wiTelis mimarT? romeli aTvlis sxeulebis mimarT moZraobs wiTeli manqana? pasuxi daasabuTe.

2. gamoiyene sityvebi da sworad Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi winadadebebSi. sityvebi: meqnikuri, uZravi, aTvlis.

sur. 5

sxeuli asrulebs meqanikur moZraobas, Tu is icvlis mdebareobas ...... sxeulis mimarT. erTi da igive sxeuli erTdroulad SeiZleba iyos moZravi da ...... . sxeulis mdebareobis cvlilebas sxva sxeulis mimarT ...... moZraoba ewodeba. Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

2. gavlili manZili da dro ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli xelsawyoTi zomaven manZilsa da dros?

manZilis standartuli erTeulebi 1 km = 1000 m 1 m = 10 dm 1 m = 100 sm 1 dm = 10 sm 1 sm = 10 mm 1 m = 1000 mm

drois erTeulebi 1 saukune = 100 weli 1 weli = 365 dRe 1 weli = 12 Tve 1 Tve = 30 dRe 1 dRe-Rame = 24 saaTi 1 kvira = 7 dRe-Rame 1 saaTi = 60 wuTi 1 wuTi = 60 wami 1 saaTi = 3600 wami

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 6

moZraobisas sxeulebi garkveul manZils gadian. manZili im gzis sigrZea, romelzec sxeulebi moZraoben. Msanam manZilis gasazom xelsawyoebs gamoigonebdnen mas zustad ver zomavdnen, radgan manZilis gasazomad iyenebdnen adamianis organoebs: xels an fexs. magaliTad, Mmtkaveli sigrZis erT-erTi uZvelesi erTeulia. Ees aris manZili gaSlil cera TiTsa da neks Soris. aseT erTeulebs arastandartul erTeulebs uwodeben. Tanamedrove adamianebi manZils zomaven standartul erTeulebSi: milimetri, santimetri, decimetri, metri, kilometri. Tu erT metrs davyofT100 tol nawilad, maSin erTi nawili iqneba 1 santimetri, anu 1 m =100 sm. xolo Tu erT metrs davyofT1000 tol nawilad, maSin erTi nawili iqneba erTi milimetri, anu 1 m = 1000 mm. 1 km = 1000 m. 1 sm = 10 mm. mecnierebma Seqmnes manZilis gamzomi specialuri mowyobilobebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nabijmzomebi. isini moTavsebuli arian zogierT saaTebSi da mobilur telefonebSi. bunebaSi mimdinare yvela cvlileba, anu movlena, mimdinareobs garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. e.i. movlena iwyeba, mimdinareobs droSi da mTavrdeba. drois gasazomad adamianebi uZvelesi droidan sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavdnen. maT Seqmnes mzisa da qviSis saaTebiD. drois standartuli erTeulia wami. Tanamedrove adamianebi dros zomaven meqanikuri da eleqtruli saaTebiT. Mmovlenebis Seswavlisas aucilebelia im drois Sualedis codna, romelSic es movlena xdeba. Ddrois gasazomad aucilebelia wammzomze moiniSno cdaze dakvirebis sawyisi dro Dda dakvirvebis saboloo momenti. maTi sxvaobiT gamoiangariSeb drois Sualeds.

gaazreba jgufuri eqsperimenti

sigrZis gazomva

mocemuli gaqvs: saxazavi da magida.

msvleloba: G1. saxazaviT gazome Seni mtkavelis sigrZe santimetrebSi (sur. 7). ESemdeg mtkavelebSi gazome Seni saweri magidis sigrZe da gamoiangariSe santimetrobiT. 2. saxazavis gamoyenebiT gazome magidis sigrZe santimetrebSi. Seadare Seni gazomvis Sedegebi jgufis wevrebis gazomvis Sedegebs. 3. Seadare mtkaveliTa da saxazaviT gazomvis Sedegebi erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, rodis ufro zustad gazome magidis sigrZe, mtkaveliT Tu saxazaviT?

sur. 7

saSinao davaleba

isrebis gamoyenebiT azrobrivad sworad daukavSire Sesabamisi droisa da manZilis erTeulebi. 1 saukune 1 weli 1 Tve 1 dRe-Rame 1 kvira 1 saaTi 1 wuTi

60 wami 60 wuTi 7 dRe-Rame 12 Tve 3600 wami 1000 weli 30 dRe 24 saaTi 365 dRe

10 mm 1000 m 100 sm 10 sm 1000 mm 10 dm

1 km 1m 1 dm 1 sm

eqsperimentuli davaleba

sigrZis gazomva mocemuli gaqvs: sazomi lenti. msvleloba: 1. sazomi lentis gamoyenebiT gazome Seni erTi nabijis sigrZe (sur. 8). Semdeg gazome ramdeni nabijia Seni oTaxi. oTaxis sigrZe gamosaxe metrobiT. 2. sTxove Seni ojaxis ufros wevrs igive gazomvebi Caataros. 3. Seadare gazomvis Sedegebi erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, ratom aris aucilebeli sigrZis gasazomad zusti xelsawyos gamoyeneba?

sur. 8

erTi nabiji

Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

3. moZraobis saxeebi. traeqtoria ifiqre e da jel ims rogoria saTamaSo matareblis gzis forma?

sur. 9 moZraobisas sxeulebi garkveul gzas gadian. am gzis forma moZraobis sxvadasxva situaciaSi gansxvavebulia. wirs, romlis gaswvrivac moZraobs sxeuli, traeqtoria ewodeba. zogierTi sxeulis traeqtoria swori xazia (sur. 10. a) anu igi wrfivad moZraobs. zogierTi sxeulis trae qtoria mrudi wiria (sur. 10. b), e.i. igi mrudwirulad moZraobs. zogierTi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; texilze (sur. 10.g).

a. wrfe

g. texili wiri

b. mrudi wiri

sur. 10

sur. 11

sur. 12

bunebismetyveleba 5

saTamaSo matareblis moZraobis traeqtoria mrudi wiria (sur. 9). aseve, me-11 suraTze gamosaxuli manqanis traeqtoria mrudi wiria. TviTmfrinavi afrenamde specialurad gakeTebul sworxazovan asafren bilikze moZraobs (sur. 12). TviTmfrinavis moZraobis traeqtoria am SemTxvevaSi wrfivia. asafreni bilikis sigrZe zogierT aeroportSi 5 kilometrze metia. traeqtoriis sigrZes, romlis gaswvrivac moZraobs sxeuli raRac drois ganmavlobaSi, gavlili manZili ewodeba. gavlili manZili aRiniSneba s asoTi.

gaazreba

daajgufe suraTze gamosaxuli moZravi sxeulebis traeqtoriebi formis mixedviT da Seavse cxrili. 1

wrfivi texili mrudi wiri cxr. 1 saSinao davaleba

1. me-13 suraTze gamosaxulia WianWvelas moZraobis traeqtoria. igi miwidan kibis oTx safexurze avida. TiToeuli safexuris simaRlea 16 sm, sigane ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20 sm. ra manZili gaiara WianWvelam? rogoria misi moZraobis traeqtoria? 2. me-14 suraTze sqematurad gamosaxulia Tbilisis metropolitenSi matareblis moZraobis sqema. daaxasiaTe traeqtoria calkeul ubnebsa da sadgur axmetelidan sadguramde varkeTili.

20 sm 16 sm

sur. 13

axmeteli

sarajiSvili

RrmaRele guramiSvili didube saxelmwifo universiteti

gociriZe naZaladevi

vaJa-fSavela

delisi

wereTeli s.m-2

politeqnikuri samedicino instituti instituti

varkeTili

sadguris moedani 1 marjaniSvili

avlabari

isani

300 aragveli

sur. 14. Tbilisis metros sqema

samgori

rusTaveli Tavisuflebis moedani Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

4. siCqare ifiqre e da jel ims daeweva Tu ara lomi zebras? sur. 15

sxeulebs sxvadasxva siswrafiT SeuZliaT moZraoba. zogierTi maTgani swrafad moZraobs, zogierTi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nela. motocikleti gacilebiT swrafad moZraobs bayayze. amitom airCia bayayma igi samogzaurod (sur. 16). lomi motocikletze amxedrebul zebras daeweva, Tu igi ufro swrafad imoZravebs, vidre motocikleti (sur. 15). moZraobis siswrafes axasiaTeben siCqariT. siCqaris gamosaangariSeblad, gavlili manZili unda gaiyos im droze, romlis ganmavlobaSic sxeulma es manZili gaiara (sur. 17).

sur. 16

sazomi lenti

gavlili manZili siCqare

dro saaTi

sur. 17

spidometri

siCqare maTematikurad gamoisaxeba formuliT:

s = t -Ti aRniSnulia siCqare, s-iT gavlili manZili, t-Ti moZraobis dro. siCqaris erTeulis misaRebad, gavlili manZilis erTeuli unda gavyoT drois erTeulze. amdenad siCqaris erTeulebia: m/wm, km/wm, km/sT, m/wT da sxva. siCqaris standartuli erTeulia m/wm.

bunebismetyveleba 5

Tu cnobilia sxeulis siCqare da moZraobis dro, maSin gavlili manZili gamoiTvleba formuliT:

= . e.i. manZilis gamosaTvlelad siCqare unda gavamravloT droze. siCqares zomaven specialuri xelsawyoTi, romelsac spidometri ewodeba (sur. 18). sur. 18

gaazreba

cxrilebis gamoyenebiT gamoTvale ucnobi sidideebi.

s, km

t, sT 3

180

km/sT

s, km

t, sT

216

km/sT

3 72

cxr. 2

36 cxr. 3

saSinao davaleba

daeweva Tu ara lomi zebras, Tu zebra 2 saaTSi 120 km manZils gadis, xolo lomi – 2 saaTSi 160 km-s? eqsperimentuli davaleba

siCqaris gamoTvla

mocemuli gaqvs:

wammzomiani saaTi, sazomi lenti, rveuli. msvleloba: 1. iatakze moniSne manZili da sazomi lentiT gazome igi. Sen mier mozomil gzaze daiwye nela moZraoba sworxazovnad. saaTis gamoyenebiT gazome moZraobis dro. 2. cda gaimeore ramdenjerme ise, rom TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva siCqariT imoZrao. 3. gamoTvale siCqare TiToeuli SemTxvevisaTvis da Seitane saSinao davalebis rveulSi gadaxazul me-4 cxrilSi. Seadare Seni moZraobis siCqareebi erTmaneTs. aRwere cda da gamoitane daskvna. Seadare Seni moZraobis siCqare avtomobilisa da velosipedis siCqares.

cxr. 4

s, m

t, wm

m/wm

1 2 3 avtomobilis siCqarea 40 m/wm velosipedis – 5 m/wm.

Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

5. manZilis, droisa da siCqaris gazomva jgufuri eqspermentebi

mocemuli gaqvs: Zafi, saxazavi.

rogor gazomav WianWvelis mier gavlil manZils wertilidan wertilamde da wertilidan wertilamde? Sen mier mofiqrebuli xerxiT gazome es manZilebi.

mocemuli gaqvs: wammzomiani saaTi.

daiTvale Seni gulis cema (pulsi) wamSi da Seadare Seni megobris pulss.

3 mocemuli gaqvs: distanciuri marTvis saTamaSo manqana, carci, sazomi lenti, wammzomiani saaTi (sur. 19). msvleloba:

sur. 19

s, m

t, wm

m/wm

1 2 3

cxr. 5

bunebismetyveleba 5

1. moaTavse manqana iatakze. carciT moniSne manqanis sawyisi mdebareoba. M2. marTvis pultis daxmarebiT aamoZrave manqana sworxazovnad. 3. wammzomiani saaTiT daafiqsire moZraobis dawyebis momenti. G 4. garkveuli manZilis gavlis Semdeg gaaCere manqana. daafiqsire manqanis gaCerebis saboloo momenti da gansazRvre manqanis moZraobis dro. 5. sazomi lentiT gazome manqanis mier gavlili manZili. gamoTvale siCqare. 6. cda gaimeore ramdenjerme. monacemebi Seitane me-5 cxrilSi. gamoitane daskvna, Seadare manqanis siCqareebi erTmaneTs.

4 mocemuli gaqvs: patara burTi, sazomi lenti, wammzomiani saaTi. msvleloba: 1. moaTavse burTi iatakze. carciT moniSne burTulis sawyisi mdebareoba. 2. gaagore burTi iatakze da wammzomiani saaTiT aRricxe moZraobis dawyebis momenti. 3. daafiqsire burTis gaCerebis momenti da gansazRvre misi moZraobis dro. 4. sazomi lentiT gazome gavlili manZili. 5. gamoTvale siCqare TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. 6. cda gaimeore ramdenjerme. monacemebi Seitane me-6 cxrilSi.

cxr. 6 #

s, m

t, wm

m/wm

1 2 3

gamoitane daskvna, Seadare burTis siCqareebi erTmaneTs. saSinao davaleba

1. cxrilebis gamoyenebiT gamoTvale ucnobi sidideebi.

s, m

t, wm

m/wm

s, m

t, wm

10 60

250

cxr. 7

m/wm

10 cxr. 8

2. me-20 a da b suraTze wertilebi aRniSnavs manqanebis mdebareobas yoveli 5 wuTis Semdeg. Seadare manqanis siCqareebi. romeli manqana moZraobs meti siCqariT, wiTeli Tu yviTeli?

b sur. 20

3. rogor traeqtoriaze imoZravebs manqana (sur. 21), Tu igi CrdiloeTisken mouxvevs? a) texilze; b) wrfeze; g) mrud wirze.

sur. 21 Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

6. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. 22-e suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT imsjele meqanikuri moZraobis maxasiaTebel sidideebze.

ganmarteba gavlili manZili

erTeuli

ganmarteba

formula

romeli asoTi aRiniSneba?

erTeuli

formula

erTeuli dro

siCqare formula

romeli asoTi aRiniSneba?

gamzomi xelsawyo

romeli asoTi aRiniSneba?

gamzomi xelsawyo

sur. 22 2. sqemis mixedviT imsjele sigrZis sazomi standartuli da arastandartuli erTeulebis Sesaxeb. standartuli sazomi erTeulebi milimetri

santimetri

decimetri

metri

kilometri

arastandartuli sazomi erTeulebi

wyrTa daaxloebiT 50 sm

goji daaxloebiT 3,16 sm

bunebismetyveleba 5

arSini daaxloebiT 71 sm

mtkaveli daaxloebiT 25,3 sm

3. 23-e suraTze gamosaxuli burTis moZraobis traeqtoria aris a) wrfe

b) texili

g) mrudi wiri

sur. 23

4. 24-e suraTze gamosaxuli burTis moZraobis traeqtoria aris a) wrfe

b) texili

g) mrudi wiri

5. 25-e suraTze gamosaxuli burTis moZraobis traeqtoria aris a) wrfe

b) texili

sur. 24

g) mrudi wiri

daalage zrdadobis (umciresidan udidesisken) mixedviT sigrZis erTeulebi: kilometri, santimetri, decimetri, metri, milimetri.

daalage klebadobis (udidesidan umciresisken) mixedviT drois erTeulebi: wami, saukune, dRe-Rame, wuTi, Tve, weliwadi, kvira.

sur. 25

8. diagramis mixedviT Seadare cxovelebis siCqareebi da gamoitane daskvna: a) romel cxovels SeuZlia meti manZilis gavla 1 saaTSi, kengurus Tu avazas? b) ra manZilis gavla SeuZlia zebras 2 saaTSi? g) ramdeniT meti manZilis gavla SeuZlia melas 1 saaTSi TagvTan SedarebiT.

km/sT 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

me-3 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: moZraoba samyaros damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. sxeulis mdebareobis cvlilebas drois Sualedis ganmavlobaSi sxva sxeulis mimarT meqanikuri moZraoba ewodeba. sxeuls, romlis mimarTac vixilavT sxva sxeulis moZraobas aTvlis sxeuli ewodeba. wirs, romelzedac moZraobs sxeuli traeqtoria ewodeba. traeqtoria SeiZleba iyos wrfe (swori xazi), texili an mrudi wiri. manZilis sigrZes, romelsac sxeuli traeqtoriis gaswvriv gadis, gavlili manZili ewodeba. Ggavlili manZilis Sefardebas (anu gayofas) drois SualedTan, romlis ganmavlobaSic es manZili gaiara sxeulma, siCqare ewodeba. siCqaris formulaa

s = t .

siCqaris sazomi erTeulebia: mag., km/sT; sm/wm; m/wm.

bunebismetyveleba 5

i: wavl s i e S eleqtrul muxtebs. sxeulis damuxtvas. damuxtul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebas. eleqtrul dens. ra aris martivi eleqtruli wredi. eleqtruli wredis Semadgenel xelsawyoebs. eleqtruli xelsawyoebis grafikuli simboloebiT gamoxatvas. eleqtruli xelsawyoebis mimdevrobiT da paralelur SeerTebas.

bi: daufle a d b e l SeZ dakvirvebas sxeulTa damuxtvaze. gamoikvlio damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. eleqtruli xelsawyoebis amocnobas grafikuli simboloebis mixedviT. imsjelo eleqtruli wredis Semadgeneli xelsawyoebis konkretul daniSnulebaze. gamoikvlio ra ganapirobebs wredSi denis gavlas. martivi eleqtruli wredebis awyobas da Sesabamisi sqemebis daxazvas. ganasxvavo paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebebi erTmaneTisgan. imsjelo eleqtrul wredSi denis gavlis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. eleqtrul xelsawyoebTan muSaobisas usafrToxebis wesebis dacvas.

Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

1. sxeulebis damuxtva ifiqre e da jel ims ratom miizida buStma qaRaldis nakuwebi?

sur. 1

sur. 2

bunebismetyveleba 5

Zvelma berZenma mecnierma da filosofosma Tales mileTelma aRmoaCina, rom qarva Salze xaxunis Sedegad izidavda msubuq sxeulebs. Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom xaxunis Sedegad ara marto qarva, aramed sxva sxeulebic iZendnen mizidvis an ganzidvis unars. xaxunis Sedegad sxeulebis mier mizidvis an ganzidvis unaris SeZenas daeleqtroeba ewodeba. daeleqtroeba xdeba ara marto xaxuniT, aramed damuxtuli sxeulis daumuxtavTan SexebiTac. sxeuli daeleqtroebulia niSnavs, rom mas miniWebuli aqvs eleqtruli muxti. arsebobs orgvari eleqtruli muxti: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. amerikelma sazogado moRvawem da mecnierma Bbenjamin franklinma pirvelma Semoitana dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtis cneba. minis Reros abreSumis qsovilze xaxunis Sedegad aRZrul muxts pirobiTad dadebiTi uwodes, xolo Salis qsovilze ebonitis Reros xaxunisas aRZrul muxts uaryofiTi. erTnairniSniani muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs (sur. 2 a da b), xolo sxvadasxvaniSniani â&#x20AC;&#x201C; miizidavs (sur. 2 g). sxeulebis erTmaneTze xaxunisas uaryofiTi muxtebi erTi sxeulidan gadadian meoreze. sxeuli, romelzec aRmoCndeba uaryofiTi muxtebis siWarbe imuxteba uaryofiTad. sxeuli, romelzec uaryofiTi muxtebis naklebobaa, imuxteba dadebiTad.

daumuxtav sxeulSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis erTnairi raodenobaa. Tu daumuxtav sxeuls (sur. 3 a) damuxtul sxeuls miuaxlovebT, maSin daumuxtav sxeulze aRiZvreba sawinaaRmdego niSnis muxti (sur. 3 b). Tu daumuxtav sxeuls (sur. 3 a) damuxtul sxeuls SevaxebT, maSin daumuxtav sxeulze aRiZvreba damuxtuli sxeulis niSnis muxti (sur. 3 g).

g gaazreba

sur. 3

b jgufuri eqsperimenti

sxeulis damuxtva

mocemuli gaqvs: qaRaldis nakuwebi, plastmasis savarcxeli an saxazavi. msvleloba: 1. miuaxlove savarcxeli qaRaldis nakuwebs. daakvirdi movlenas. 2. gaaxaxune savarcxeli Tmaze. Semdeg kvlav miuaxlove qaRaldis nakuwebs. 3. Seadare erTmaneTs cdis Sedegebi. axseni, ratom miizida Tmaze gaxaxunebulma savarcxelma qaRaldis nakuwebi?

saSinao davaleba

me-5 suraTis mixedviT daadgine burTulebis muxti da imsjele muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb. a 1

g 5

6 sur. 5

sur. 4

eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba muxtebis urTierTqmedebaze mocemuli gaqvs: gaberili buSti, Salis naWeri. msvleloba: 1. miuaxlove gaberili buSti wylis nakads. daakvirdi movlenas. 2. gaaxaxune buSti Salis qsovilze da kvlav miuaxlove wylis nakads. Seadare damzerili movlenebi erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, ratom miizida wylis nakadi buStma (sur. 6)?

sur. 6

Tavi 4. eleqtruli movlenebi

2. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis eqsperimentuli Seswavla

jgufuri eqspermentebi

1 mocemuli gaqvs:

aluminis carieli qila, haeriT gaberili buSti. msvleloba: 1. carieli aluminis qila moaTavse magidaze. miuaxlove buSti da amoZrave marjvniv da marcxniv. daakvirdi movlenas. 2. gaaxaxune buSti Salis qsovilze da Mmiuaxlove igi qilas 3-4 sm-is manZilze (sur. 7). buSti nela aamoZrave marjvniv, Semdeg ki marcxniv. D

Seadare damzerili movlenebi erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, ratom amoZravda aluminis qila?

sur. 7

2 mocemuli gaqvs: gaberili buSti, Salis naWeri. msvleloba: 1. miuaxlove Zafze dakidebuli gaberili buStebi erTmaneTs. 2. gaaxaxune buSti Salis qsovilze da kvlav miuaxlove erTmaneTs (sur.8). D sur. 8

Seadare damzerili movlenebi erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, ratom ganizida buStebma erTmaneTi?

mocemuli gaqvs: 2 sxvadasxva feris plastmasis savarcxeli da Zafi. msvleloba: 1. dakide Zafze plastmasis yviTeli savarcxeli (sur. 9). miaxlove wiTeli savarcxeli. daakvirdi movlenas. 2. gaaxaxune wiTeli savarcxeli SaAlis qsovilze da kvlav miaxlove wiTel savarcxels. sur. 9

bunebismetyveleba 5

Seadare cdis Sedegebi. ratom daiwyo Semobruneba yviTelma savarcxelma.

4 mocemuli gaqvs: erTnairi zomis celofanis or-ori zoli (20 sm sigrZisa da 2 sm siganis). msvleloba: M1. moaTavse magidaze cal-calke celofanis ori zoli. TiToeuls ramdenjerme gausvi xeli. M2. aiRe xelSi orive zoli da miuaxlove erTmaneTs (sur. 10). D

daakvirdi movlenas. gamoitane daskvna, ratom ganizida celofanis naWrebma erTmaneTi?

sur. 10

5 mocemuli gaqvs: organuli minis firfita, ori wigni, romelTa sisqe daaxloebiT 3 sm-ia, qaRaldis furceli, makrateli. msvleloba: M1. feradi furclisagan figurebi.

gamoWeri SenTvis sasurveli

2. moaTavse minis firfita wignebze. 3. dayare figurebi minis firfitis qveS (sur. 11). 4. daWmuWne qaRaldis furceli da ramdenjerme gaaxaxune minis firfitaze. D

axseni damzreli movlena da gamoitane daskvna, ratom `acekvdnen~ figurebi?

sur. 11

6 mocemuli gaqvs: erTjeradi gamWvirvale plastmasis patara Wiqa, qaRaldis nakuwebi, qaRaldis furceli. msvleloba: M1. daWmuWne qaRaldis furceli da ramdenjerme gaaxaxune Wiqaze. D

2. gadmobrunebuli Wiqa miaxlove qaRaldis nakuwebs. axseni damzreli movlena da gamoitane daskvna, ratom `Sefrindnen~ qaRaldis nakuwebi WiqaSi?

sur. 12

Tavi 4. eleqtruli movlenebi

3. eleqtroba Cvens garSemo ifiqre e da jel i ms ratom inTeba naTurebi?

sur. 13 akumulatori

galvanuri elementebi sur. 14

sur. 15. mzis elementi

bunebismetyveleba 5

Eeleqtroba adamianis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. Eeleqtruli denis gareSe qalaqebi da soflebi RamiT Cabnelebuli iqneboda. eleqtruli deniT uamravi xelsawyo muSaobs: televizorebi, kompiuterebi, sxvadasxva gamaTboblebi da gamagrileblebi. eleqtruli denis gareSe ver imuSavebda verc mobiluri telefonebi. xSirad, viyenebT ra eleqtrul dens, arc ki vfiqrdebiT, Tu rogor aRiZvreba igi. sityva `deni~ warmoiSva sityvidan dineba. milebSi miedineba wyali, benzini, airi, haeri. sainteresoa risi dineba xdeba eleqtruli denis gamtarebSi gavlisas? Eeleqtruli deni aris damuxtuli nawilakebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba. e.i. gamtarebSi eleqtruli muxtebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba qmnis eleqtrul dens. eleqtruli denis arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia denis wyaro. mudmivi denis wyaroebi sxvadasxvagvaria. mudmivi denis wyaroebs miekuTvneba: ga lvanuri elementebi, akumulatori (sur. 14). denis wyaroa mzis elementi (sur. 15) . Ymudmivi denis wyaros ori polusi aqvs: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. DdadebiT polusze uaryofiTi muxtebis naklebobaa, xolo uaryofiT polusze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; uaryofiTi muxtebis siWarbea. Tu denis wyaros polusebs gamtarebiT SevaerTebT naTurasTan, maSin eleqtruli velis gavleniT Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi amoZravdebian dadebiTidan uaryofiTi polusisaken da naTura ainTeba. eleqtruli deni momxmareblebs eleqtrosadgurebidan miewodeba.

eleqtruli xelsawyoebi sqematurad sxvadasxva simboloebiT gamoixateba (sur. 16). denis wyaro

naTura

CamrTveli

SemaerTebli sadenebi

eleqtroZrava

eleqtrozari

winaRoba (rezistori)

gamaxurebeli

sur. 16

gaazreba

imsjele eleqtruli denis `mogzaurobis~ Sesaxeb eleqtrosadguridan momxmareblamde. me-15 suraTze gamosaxulia: 1. eleqtrosadguri, 2. transformatori, 3. maRali Zabvis anZebi, 4. transformatori, 5. dabali Zabvis anZebi, 6. momxmarebeli.

6 sur. 17

saSinao davaleba

me-9 cxrilis mixedviT eleqtruli xelsawyoebi gamosaxe Sesabamisi simboloebiT.

Tavi 4. eleqtruli movlenebi

cxr. 9

4. martivi eleqtruli wredebi ifiqre e da jel s m i Seadare me-18 suraTze gamosaxuli a da b wredebi erTmaneTs. axseni, ratom anTia (a) suraTze gamosaxuli naTura?

sur. 18

eleqtruli denis wyaro da masTan SeerTebuli eleqtruli xelsawyoebi qmnian eleqtrul wreds (sur. 19 a). miiCnies, rom wredSi deni mimarTulia dadebiTi polusidan uaryofiTi polusisaken. eEleqtruli wredi SeiZleba gamoisaxos sqemis saxiT (sur. 19 b).

b sur. 19

sur. 20. sqemaze denis wyaros grZeli xazi Seesabameba dadebiT poluss, mokle â&#x20AC;&#x201C; uaryofiTs.

bunebismetyveleba 5

wredSi eleqtruli denis gavlisaTvis aucilebelia wredi iyos Sekruli. me-18 a suraTze gamosaxuli wredi Sekrulia, amitom masSi gadis deni da naTura anTia. b suraTze gamosaxuli wredi ki ar aris Sekruli. Tu wredi ar aris Sekruli, masSi deni ar gaivlis. eEleqtrul dens zogierTi nivTiereba atarebs, zogierTi ki ara. Ddens ar atarebs mina, mSrali xe da qsovili, rezina. am nivTierebebs izolatorebs uwodeben. dDenis kargi gamtarebia liTonebi. Aamitom liTonebisgan amzadeben sadenebs da maT iyeneben denis wyarodan momxmareblamde denis gadasacemad. arsebobs eleqtruli xelsawyoebis SeerTebis sxvadasxva xerxi. me-20 suraTze gamosaxuli naTurebi erTmaneTis paralelurad aris SeerTebuli. 21-e suraTze gamosaxuli naTurebi ki erTmaneTis mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli.

sur. 21 gaazreba

22-e suraTze gamosaxulia damuxtuli nawilakebis moZraobis ori (a da b) situacia. imsjele, romel wredSi gaivlis eleqtruli deni gamtarebSi nawilakebis moZraobis mimarTulebis mixedviT.

sur. 22

saSinao davaleba

1. daxaze 23-e da 24-e suraTze gamosaxuli wredebis sqemebi. 2. gamoiyene sityvebi da sworad Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi winadadebebSi.

sur. 23

sityvebi: izolatori, rezina, mina, mSrali xe, qsovili, rezina, liTonebi, mariliani wyali, paralelurad, mimdevrobiT. nivTierebas, romelic eleqtrul dens ar atarebs ..... ewodeba. aseTi nivTierebebia: ..... , ..... , ..... , ..... . eleqtrul dens kargad atarebs ..... , ..... . me-20 suraTze gamosaxul sqemaze naTurebi SeerTebulia ..... . 21-e suraTze ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ..... .

sur. 24 Tavi 4. eleqtruli movlenebi

5. martivi eleqtruli wredebis awyoba jgufuri eqspermentebi

1 mocemuli gaqvs: mudmivi denis wyaro SemaerTebeli sadenebi CamrTveli rezistori naTura 25-e suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT aawyve eleqtruli wredi

sur. 25

2 mocemuli gaqvs:

mudmivi denis wyaro SemaerTebeli sadenebi CamrTveli rezistori ori naTura 26-e suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT aawyve eleqtruli wredebi.

b D

gamoitane daskvna. ratom ar ainTo naTurebi (a) suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT awyobil wredSi?

sur. 26

3 mocemuli gaqvs: mudmivi denis wyaro SemaerTebeli sadenebi ori naTura 27-e suraTisa da sqemis mixedviT aawyve eleqtruli wredi. sur. 27

bunebismetyveleba 5

6. eleqtroxelsawyoebis usafrTxod gamoyenebis wesebi ifiqre e da jel ims

sur. 27

ratom ukeTeben eleqtroxelsawyoebs gamafrTxilebel niSans?

Tanamedrove adamianebis cxovreba warmoudgenelia eleqtrobis gareSe. Tumca eleqtroba saSiSi xdeba adamianisaTvis, Tu igi arasworad an uyuradRebod moiqceva. aucilebelia vicodeT da davicvaT usafrTxoebis wesebi eleqtroxelsawyoebis gamoyenebisas. gaiTvaliswine: Stefselidan sadenis moqaCva misi gamorTvisas saxifaToa. wylis Casxma mxolod wredidan gamorTul eleqtroCaidanSi SeiZleba.

denSi CarTul maduRaraSi liTonis kovziT moreva sicocxlisaTvis saxifaToa. damagrZelebeli gamtari jer unda gamorTo wredidan da Semdeg unda daaxvio.

gamtari da CamrTveli Tu cxeldeba aucileblad gamorTe wredidan. TiTebis an sxva nivTebis Cayofa StefselSi sicocxlisaTvis saxifaToa. gamocvale naTura rodesac wredi gamorTulia. denis CarTva sveli xelebiT saxifaToa.

gaazreba

28-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele araswor moqmedebebze eleqtroobasTan dakavSirebiT. saSinao davaleba

sur. 28

moiZie eleqtroxelsawyoebze gamafrTxilebeli niSani da imsjele misi saWiroebis Sesaxeb. Tavi 4. eleqtruli movlenebi

7. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. azrobrivad SearCie saWiro sityvebi da winadadebaSi Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi. sityvebi dadebiTi ganizidavs damuxtuli sxeulis daeleqtroeba uaryofiTi

miizidavs abreSumis qsovilze Salis qsovilze sawinaaRmdego niSnis igive niSnis

xaxunis Sedegad sxeulebis mier mizidvis an ganzidvis unaris SeZenas ..... ewodeba. arsebobs orgvari eleqtruli muxti: ..... da ..... . minis Reros ..... xaxunis Sedegad aRZrul muxts pirobiTad dadebiTi uwodes, xolo ..... ebonitis Reros xaxunisas aRZrul muxts uaryofiTi. erTnairniSniani muxtebi erTmaneTs ..... xolo sxvadasxvaniSniani â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ..... .

Tu damuxtul sxeuls daumuxtav meore sxeuls miuaxlovebT, maSin daumuxtav sxeulze aRiZvreba ..... muxti. b

Tu damuxtul sxeuls daumuxtav meore sxeuls SevaxebT, maSin daumuxtav sxeulze aRiZvreba ..... niSnis muxti. 2. daadgine muxtis niSnebi burTulebze (sur. 29). ims jele muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb.

3. suraTze gamosaxul sferos Seaxes damuxtuli Rero. maSin sfero daimuxteba

a. dadebiTad b. uaryofiTad

4. suraTze gamosaxul sferos miuaxloves damuxtuli Rero. maSin sfero daimuxteba sur. 29 a. uaryofiTad b. dadebiTad

bunebismetyveleba 5

5. wredSi CamrTveli sqematurad aRiniSneba

6. wredSi eleqtruli zari sqematurad aRiniSneba

7. wredSi mudmivi denis wyaro sqematurad aRiniSneba

8. wredSi rezistori sqematurad aRiniSneba

9. wredSi eleqtruli naTura sqematurad aRiniSneba

10. suraTze mocemul sqemaze winaRobebi CarTulia

a. mimdevrobiT b. paralelurad

11. suraTze gamosaxul sqemis mixedviT, rogor arian CarTuli winaRoba da naTura? a. mimdevrobiT b. paralelurad

Tavi 4. eleqtruli movlenebi

me-4 Tavis mokle daskvnebi:

E E D Y Y

Y Y EY

sxeulis daeleqtroeba niSnavs misTvis eleqtruli muxtis miniWebas. eleqtruli muxti orgvaria: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. Ddamuxtvis Sedegad sxeulebi erTmaneTs izidaven an ganizidaven. erTnairniSniani muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs, sxvadasxva niSniani muxtebi erTmaneTs miizidavs. sxeulebi imuxteba SexebiT an damuxtuli sxeulis daumuxtavTan miaxloebiT. eleqtruli deni aris damuxtuli nawilakebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba. eleqtruli denis arsebobisTvis aucilebelia denis wyaro. denis wyaro aris mowyobloba, romelSic dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi cal-calke grovdebian polusebze. yvela eleqtrul xelsawyos Tavisi aRmniSvneli grafikuli simboloebi gaaCnia. yvela eleqtrul xelsawyos konkretuli daniSnuleba aqvs. CamrTveli, zari, Zrava, NnaTura, gamaxurebeli da sxv. Kkonkretuli daniSnulebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. denis wyaro da masTan SeerTebuli eleqtruli xelsawyoebi qmnian eleqtrul wreds. Eeleqtrul wredebs sqematurad gamosaxaven. Aarseboben nivTierebebi, romlebic dens ar atareben. maT izolatorebs uwodeben. liTonebi denis kargi gamtarebi arian. eleqtruli denis gareSe Tanamedrove adamianebis yofa-cxovreba warmoudgenelia, magram eleqtroba saSiSi xdeba adamianisTvis, Tu igi arasworad an uyuradRebod moiqceva. Aamitom eleqtroxelsawyoebTan muSaobisas saWiroa usafrTxoebis wesebis codna da gamoyeneba.

bunebismetyveleba 5

i: wavl s i e S kosmosSi varskvlavebsa da Tanavarskvlavedebs. planetebis ganlagebas mzis sistemaSi. planetebis moZraobas mzis irgvliv. mzisa da mTvaris dabnelebis gamomwvev mizezebs. kometebs, asteroidebs da meteoroidebs. rogor viTardeboda ciuri sxeulebis Sesaswavlad gamoyenebuli teqnologiebi.

bi: daufle a d b e l SeZ mzis sistemis modelis Seqmnas. msjelobas kosmosis kvlevis aucileblobaze. varskvlavebis urTierTganlagebis mixedviT Tanavaskvlavedis gamocnobas. varskvlavebis dajgufebas ferebisa da temperaturis mixedviT. planetebis Tanmimdevrul ganlagebas mzisgan daSorebis mixedviT. planetebis zedapiris temperaturis daxasiaTebas. mzisa da mTvaris dabnelebis mizezebis axsnas.

Tavi 3. meqanikuri moZraoba

1. kosmosis kvleva ifiqre e da jel ims rogor ikvleven adamianebi kosmoss?

sur. 1

sur. 2. galileis teleskopi

sur. 3. abasTumnis observatoria

bunebismetyveleba 5

Cveni dedamiwa samyaros ganuyofeli nawilia. samyaroSi uTvalavi ciuri sxeulia. Bbunebrivi ciuri sxeulebia: varskvlavebi, planetebi, planetebis Tanamgzavrebi, kometebi. Cveni planetis saxelwodebaa dedamiwa, xolo Cveni planetis Tanamgzavria mTvare. xelovnuri ciuri sxeulebia: dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebi, dedamiwidan sxva planetebisaken gagzavnili kosmosuri xomaldebi, kosmosuri raketebi da a.S. samyaro daaxloebiT 14 miliardi wlis win gaCnda. samyaros gaCenisas misi zoma warmoudgenlad patara iyo, magram Zalian swrafad (sinaTlis siCqariT) farTovdeboda da ganagrZobs gafarToebas. samyaroSi axali varskvlavebi ganuwyvetliv ibadebian da kvdebian kidec. Ees procesi samyaroSi mudmivad grZeldeba. uZvelesi droidan adamiani SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT akvirdeboda cas. daaxloebiT 400 wlis win man caze dakvirveba daiwyo xelsawyoebiT. 1609 wels italielma mecnierma galileo galileim caze dasakvirveblad gamoiyena specialuri xelsawyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; teleskopi. es teleskopi ciur sxeulebs 30-jer gadidebulad aCvenebda. Mmas Semdeg mecnierebi ganuwyvetliv aumjobeseben teleskopebs. Tanamedrove teleskopebiT im Soreuli varskvlavebis danaxvac aris SesaZlebeli, romlebic SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT ar Cans. teleskopebi moTavsebulia kosmosis kvlevis specialur samecniero centrebSi, romlebsac observatoria ewodeba. msoflioSi mravali observatoria arsebobs. sa-

qarTvelo cnobilia abasTumanis observatoriiT (sur.3). misi damaarsebeli da xelmZRvaneli iyo akademikosi evgeni xaraZe (sur.4). Mmecniereba TandaTan imdenad ganviTarda, rom adamianebi aramarto dedamiwidan akvirdebian ciur sxeulebs, aramed kvleva kosmosSic mimdinareobs. 1957wels dedamiwidan kosmosSi pirveli dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavri (sur.5) gauSves. mogvianebiT, 1961 wlis 12 aprils kosmonavtma iuri gagarinma, pirvelma Semoufrina dedamiwas garSemo. Kkosmosis Sesaswavlad sxvadasxvanair kosmosur aparatebs uSveben. 1958 wels aSS-Si Seiqmna nacionaluri aeronavtikisa da kosmosuri sivrcis kvlevis saagento â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 1969 wels maT kosmosuri xomaldiT pirvelad gauSves adamianebi mTvareze. 1977 wels â&#x20AC;&#x201C; upiloto kosmosuri xomaldi pirvelad gauSves mzis sistemis gareT Soreuli varskvlavebisken. Aam xomalds qarTuli simRera `Cakrulo~ miaqvs Tan. 1990 wels gauSves pirveli kosmosuri observatoria Hubble (sur.6), romelic dedamiwaze gzavnis ciuri sxeulebis maRali xarisxis fotoebs. 1998 wlidan kosmosSi moqmedebs saerTaSoriso kosmosuri sadguri (sur.1). am sadgurze sxvadasxva qveynis astronavtebi TveobiT da wlobiT muSaoben. zogjer maT uxdebaT Ria kosmosSi gasvla, risTvisac isini iyeneben specialur skafandrebs. varaudoben, rom momavalSi adamiani kosmosSi turistul mogzaurobas SeZlebs. amJamad arsebobs mravali proeqti kosmosuri sivrcis Semdgomi SeswavlisTvis.

sur. 4. evgeni xaraZe (1907-2001)

sur. 5. dedamiwis pirveli Tanamgzavri

gaazreba

imsjele, ratom ikvleven adamianebi kosmoss. saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia internetSi, qvemoT mocemuli proeqtebidan moamzade SenTvis sasurveli proeqti da moaxdine misi prezentacia. 1. abasTumanis observatoria da didi qarTveli mecnieri evgeni xaraZe. 2. msoflios udidesi observatoriebi; 3. , da Hubble-s Seqmnis istoria; 4. pirveli qali kosmonavti.

sur. 6. teleskopi Hubble

Tavi 5. kosmosi

2. varskvlavebi ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom gansxvavdebian varkvlavebi ferebiT? sur. 7

mze

aldebarani

siriusi

beTelheize

sur. 8. varskvlavebi SefardebiTi zomebiT

100

bunebismetyveleba 5

varskvlavebis samyaro mravalferovania. isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian zomiT, feriT, sikaSkaSiT, temperaturiTa da asakiT. arseboben zegiganti, giganti, juja da uxilavi `Savi~ varskvlavebi. zegiganti varskvlavebi mzeze zomiT 100-jer metia. magaliTad, erT-erTi zegiganti varskvlavi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; beTelheize mzeze imdenad didia, rom masSi ramdenime aTeuli milioni mze Caeteva. giganti varskvlavebis zoma mzeze daaxloebiT 10-jer metia (sur. 8). mecnierebSi did interess iwvevs TeTri juja varskvlavebi. isini dedamiwis zomisaa. aseTi varskvlavebidan aRebuli erTi Cais kovzi nivTiereba ramdenime tonaa. damtkicebulia iseTi varskvlavebis arsebobac, romelTa zoma SeiZleba fexburTis burTis zomis iyos, xolo masa dedamiwis masaze meti. aseTi varskvlavebidan sinaTle aRar sxivdeba da amitom isini caze ar Cans. maT `Savi xvrelebi~ ewodeba. varskvlavebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvlian zomasa da fers. maTi feri zedapiris temperaturazea damokidebuli. yvelaze cxeli varskvlavebi TeTri an molurjo ferisaa â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Zalian kaSkaSeben da did sinaTles asxiveben. civi varskvlavebi wiTeli ferisaa. isini SedarebiT mkrTalad anaTeben. Tavisi feris mixedviT mze iTvleba yviTeli feris juja varskvlavad. yvelaze kaSkaSa varskvlavebi mzesTan SedarebiT 100-jer met siTbosa da sinaTles gamoyofs. aseve arsebobs varskvlavebi, romelTac mzesTan SedarebiT milionjer naklebi sikaSkaSe aqvT. uZveles droSi caze dakvirvebisas adamianebi varskvlavebs TavianTi warmodgenebis mixedviT ajgufebdnen. aseT jgufebs Tanavarskvlavedebs uwodeben.

mTeli ca dayofilia 88 Tanavaskvlavedad. Cvens caze, dedamiwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferodan, mxolod 54 Tanavaskvlavedi Cans. maTi saxelebi Zveli saberZneTis miTebisa da legendebis personaJebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tanavarskvlavedebs formis mixedviT adarebdnen sxvadasxva cxovels da umetesad, maT saxelebs arqmevdnen. magaliTad, didi daTvisa da patara daTvis Tanavaskvlaveds es saxeli imitom uwodes, rom varskvlavebis ganlagebis mixedviT daTvis formas miamsgavses (sur. 9). didi da patara daTvis Tanavarskvlavedebi caze gamorCeulad Cans. polaruli varskvlavi patara daTvis TanavarskvlavedSi Sedis. misi masa mzis masaze 6-jer ufro metia da zomiT igi 30-jer ufro didia. misi naTeba 2 000-jer ufro Zlieria vidre mzis. Fferi ki iseTive yviTeli aqvs, rogorc mzes. CrdiloeTiT caze polaruli varskavlavi ise Cans, TiTqosda mudmivad uZravia da yvela sxva varskvlavi mis garSemo brunavs (sur. 10). mogzaurebi CrdiloeTis mimarTulebas am varskvlavis mdebareobis mixedviT igebdnen. es uadvilebda maT horizontis mxareebis dadgenas. siriusi TeTri feris varskvlavia, romelic didi qofakis TanavaskvlavedSi Sedis. igi caze dedamiwis nebismieri adgilidan kargad Cans, gansakuTrebiT gviani Semodgomidan gazafxulamde.

polaruli varskvlavi

sur. 9. patara daTvis Tanavaskvlavedi

didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi

gaazreba

cxrilis gamoyenebiT Seadare varskvlavebis temperaturebi da ferebis mixedviT daajgufe `civ~ da `cxel~ varskvlavebad. cxr. 1 spika

siriusi

mze

arkturi

beTelheize

250000

110000

60000

40000

30000

saSinao davaleba

1. daakvirdi Ramis cas. ipove polaruli varskvlavi da daadgine horizontis mxareebi. 2. moiZie informacia internetSi, moamzade plakati` kosmosis Seswavla momavalSi ~ da Caatare prezentacia.

sur. 10. varskvlavebi brunaven polaruli varskvlavis irgvliv

Tavi 5. kosmosi

101

3. mze ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom anaTebs dRisiT mze da RamiT varskvlavebi?

sur. 11

sur. 12. mze

mze varskvlavia, romelic mzis sistemis centrSi mdebareobs. varskvlavebi uzarmazari cecxlovani `burTebia~. maTi temperatura Zalian maRalia, amitom isini anaTeben. mzis masa 333 000-jer metia dedamiwis masaze. xolo misi zoma 109-jer metia dedamiwis zomaze. sxva varskvlavebTan SedarebiT mze dedamiwasTan yvelaze axlos mdebareobs. Aamitom vxedavT mas caze kaSkaSa badros saxiT da SevigrZnobT mis siTbos (sur. 12). mze dedamiwidan daSorebulia 150 milioni kilometriT da 400-jer ufro Sorsaa, vidre mTvare. amavdroulad, mTvare 400-jer pataraa mzeze. amitomaa, rom dedamiwidan mze da mTvare TiTqmis erTnairi zomis ciur sxeulebad moCans. mzis xiluli zedapiri cxeli airebisgan Sedgeba (sur. 13). mecnierebis azriT, mzis zedapirze temperatura

sur. 13. mzis zedapiri

102

bunebismetyveleba 5

60000C-ia, xolo mis gulSi gacilebiT `cxela~ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; temperatura 20 milion gradusamdec ki aRwevs. mzisgan gamosxivebuli siTbosa da sinaTlis Zalian mcire nawili aRwevs dedamiwamde. umetesi nawili kosmosSi ikargeba, Tumca mzisgan miRebuli siTbo sakmarisia sicocxlis arsebobisTvis. mzis energiis xarjze mimdinareobs dedamiwaze wylis wrebrunva, haeris moZraoba, qariSxlebi da sxva rTuli procesebi. mze, iseve rogorc dedamiwa, brunavs warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo igive mimarTulebiT, rogorc dedamiwa. mecnierebi didi yuradRebiT swavloben mzes. 2018 wels gazafxulze -m mzisken gauSva kosmosuri aparati, romelsac `iujen parkeri~ uwodes amerikeli mecnieris pativsacemad. kosmosuri aparati mzes 6 milioni kilometris manZilze miuaxlovdeba da gadmoscems informacias mzis Sesaxeb (sur. 14). samyaroSi arsebobs mzeze gacilebiT didi da cxeli varskvlavebi. RamiT, caze sxva `mzeebic~ Cans anu sxva varskvlavebi. isini dedamiwidan imdenad Sorsaa, rom Ramis caze pawawina manaTobeli wertilebis saxiT Cans. manZili dedamiwidan uaxloes varskvlavamde 150 000-jer metia mzemde manZilze. yvela varskvlavs aqvs adamianebis mier darqmeuli saxeli. Mmze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cveni varskvlavis saxelia. sxva varskvlavebia: siriusi, alfa centavra, aldebarani da sxva. siriusi yvelaze kaSkaSa varskvlavia caze. suraTze gamosaxulia mze da siriusi SefardebiTi zomebiT (sur. 15). dRisiT caze varskvlavebi ar Cans. Tu erTmaneTs Seadareb naTuris naTebas dRisiT da RamiT, darwmundebi, rom dRis sinaTleze naTuris sxivebi TiTqmis ar Cans, RamiT ki naTura kaSkaSebs. aA sevea varskvlavebic, isini dRisiT mzis sxivebSi ikargeba, Ramis sibneleSi ki maTi kaSkaSi caze kargad Cans.

sur. 14. kosmosuri aparati `iujin parkeri~

sur. 15. siriusi da mze SefardebiTi zomebiT

gaazreba

warmoidgine, rom dedamiwis masa erTi kilogramia. ramdeni kilogrami iqneba mzis masa? saSinao davaleba

davuSvaT, dedamiwa da mTvare erTmaneTisagan erTi kilometriTaa daSorebuli. ra manZili iqneboda, dedamiwasa da mzes Soris? Tavi 5. kosmosi

103

4. mzis sistema ifiqre e da jel s m i risgan Sedgeba mzis sistema?

sur. 16

sur. 17

cxr. 2. planetebis daSoreba mzidan planetebi

mzidan daSoreba, ml. km

merkuri

venera

108

dedamiwa

150

marsi

225

iupiteri

780

saturni

1430

urani

2870

neptuni

4500

plutoni

5900

104

bunebismetyveleba 5

samyaro ganuwyvetel moZraobaSia. Mmzis garSemo rva planeta brunavs. TiToeuls sakuTari moZraobis gza aqvs, romelsac orbitas uwodeben (sur. 16). planetebis orbitebi TiTqmis erT sibrtyeze mdebareobs da emTxveva mzis ekvatoris sibrtyes. planetebis moZraobis traeqtoriebi anu orbitebi mrgvalia. mMzidan daSorebuli planetebi nela moZraobs, mzesTan axlos mbrunavi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; swrafad, anu isini sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraoben. yvela planeta aseve sakuTari warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo brunavs (sur. 17). mzis garSemo aseve moZraobs kometebi, asteroidebi, meteorebi, planetebis Tanamgzavrebi, didi raodenobiT mtveri, airi da sxvadasxva patara nawilaki. isini erT did ojaxs qmnian, romelsac mzis sistemas uwodeben. planetis Tanamgzavrebi ciuri sxeulebia, romlebic planetebis irgvliv moZraoben. mzis sistemaSi mzes centraluri adgili uWiravs. mis garSemo Semdegi planetebi brunaven: merkuri, venera, dedamiwa, marsi, iupiteri, saturni, urani, neptuni, plutoni. 2006 wlidan mecnierebi plutons planetad aRar Tvlian. igi miakuTvnes juja planetebis klass. kosmosuri kvlevebis Sedegad mzis sistemaSi Zalian bevri juja planeta iqna aRmoCenili. isini mzidan ufro Sors arian vidre plutoni. plutons aRmoCenidan (1930 weli) dRemde mzis garSemo erTi brunic ar aqvs Seusrulebi. igi mzis garSemo erT srul Semobrunebas 248 wels andomebs.

saturni

iupiteri

neptuni

marsi urani

venera

sur. 19. mze da planetebi merkuri

dedamiwa

sur. 18. mzis sistemis planetebi SefardebiTi zomebiT

zogierTi planeta mzesTan axlosaa, zogierTi ki Sors (ix. cx. 2). mzesTan yvelaze axlos oTxi patara planetaa: merkuri, venera, dedamiwa da marsi. am planetebs sxvagvarad dedamiwis jgufis planetebsac uwodeben. mzis garSemo, SedarebiT Sors, oTxi giganturi planeta brunavs: iupiteri, saturni, urani da neptuni. maT Soris yvelaze didi – iupiteria. me-18 suraTze gamosaxulia planetebi SefardebiTi zomebiT. me-19 suraTze gamosaxulia mze da planetebi SefardebiTi zomebiT. mzis masa gacilebiT metia mis gareSemo moZravi yvela planetis jamur masaze. mzis sistemis eqvs planetas hyavs Tanamgzavri, ors ki – ara. gaazreba

1. me-2 cxrilis mixedviT imsjele planetebis mzisgan daSorebis Sesaxeb. 2. me-3 cxrilis mixedviT imsjele mzis sistemis planetebis Tanamgzavrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb. planetebi

merkuri

venera

dedamiwa

marsi

Tanamgzavrebis raodenoba

ar hyavs

cxr. 3

iupiteri saturni 67

urani

neptuni

saSinao davaleba

1. me-4 cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe planetebi. 2. daalage planetebi: saturni, marsi, dedamiwa, venera, merkuri – mzidan daSorebis manZilis zrdadobis mixedviT.

cxr. 4 dedamiwis jgufis planetebi

giganturi planetebi

Tavi 5. kosmosi

105

5. merkuri da venera ifiqre e da jel ims ratom `cxela~ merkurze?

sur. 20

sur. 21. merkuri

sur. 22. merkuri da dedamiwa

106

bunebismetyveleba 5

merkuri mzesTan yvelaze axlos myofi planetaa (sur. 21). mzesTan siaxlovis gamo merkuris zedapirze dRisiT temperatura ramdenime aseuli gradusia. RamiT ki merkuris temperatura â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1700C-mde ecema. caze igi diliT da saRamos Cans. merkuri dedamiwaze gacilebiT naklebi zomisaa. 22-e suraTze gamosaxulia merkuri da dedamiwa SefardebiTi zomebiT. merkuri mzis sistemis yvelaze swrafi planetaa. misi siCqare mzis garSemo moZraobisas daaxloebiT 48 km/wm-ia. wina saukuneSi merkuri naklebad Seswavlili planeta iyo. amJamad teleskopi `hables~ daxmarebiT mecnierebma SeZles merkuris zedapiris fotoebis gadaReba. mas, sxva planetebisagan gansxvavebiT, atmosfero gars ar akravs. misi zedapiri Zalian hgavs udabnos. reliefi ki mTvaris reliefis magvaria. merkuris zedapirze aris daaxloebiT 4 kilometri simaRlis mTebi da Zalian didi kraterebi (Rrmulebi). isini sxvadasxva ciuri sxeulebis merkurTan dajaxebis Sedegad warmoiSvnen (sur. 20). Tanamedrove mecnierebis azriT, merkuris polusebze aris wyali yinulis saxiT. planetas romauli miTologiuri RmerTis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; merkuris saxeli hqvia. Zvelad qarTvelebi merkurs otarids uwodebdnen. venera mzisgan daSorebis mixedviT, rigiT meore planetaa (sur. 23). igi dedamiwasTan yvelaze axlos mdeba-

reobs. mas jer kidev 1610 wels teleskopiT akvirdeboda galileo galilei. venera caze SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT mzis Casvlisas da ganTiadamde Cans, ris gamoc mas `mwuxris varskvlavi~ da `ciskris varskvlavic~ uwodes. Zvelma berZnebma planetas siyvarulisa da silamazis qalRmerTis, veneras saxeli daarqves, xolo qarTvelebi mas aspirozs uwodebdnen. veneras silamazes poetebma uamravi leqsi miuZRvnes. venera zomiT da masiT TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba dedamiwisagan. venera sxva planetebTan SedarebiT Tavisi RerZis garSemo piruku moZraobs, rasac mecnierebi ver xsnian. radgan venera mzesTan ufro axlosaa, vidre dedamiwa, amitom dedamiwasTan SedarebiT, venera mzidan met siTbos Rebulobs. veneras mkvrivi Rrublebi akravs. misi atmosfero Seicavs didi raodenobis naxSirorJangs, rac unarCuUnebs planetas maRal temperaturas. amitom veneraze temperatura ufro maRalia, vidre merkurze. veneras zedapiri dafarulia mTebiTa da borcviani vakeebiT. mis zedapirze aRmoCenilia giganturi, 12 kilometris simaRlis mTa (sur. 24). kvleviT samuSaoebs veneras SeswavlisaTvis avtomaturi planetaTSorisi sadgurebiT axdenen. veneras zedapirze avtomaturi sadguris `venera-7~ saUSulebiT uamravi kvleva Catarda.

sur. 23. venera

sur. 24. vulkanuri mTa veneraze

mze

merkuri

gaazreba

dedamiwa

sur. 25

me-2 cxrilis gamoyenebiT gamoTvale ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli a) dedamiwidan merkuri; b) dedamiwa da venera (sur. 25-26).

mze

venera

saSinao davaleba

dedamiwa

sur. 26

Seavse me-5 cxrili planeta merkurisa da veneras maxasiaTebeli sidideebis mixedviT da Seadare isini erTmaneTs. planetis dasaxeleba

qarTuli dasaxeleba

manZili dedamiwamde, milioni km

manZilimzemde, milioni km

cxr. 5

temperatura dRisiT

mzis garSemo moZraobis dro

merkuri

4260

88 dRe

venera

4700

243 dRe

Tavi 5. kosmosi

107

6. dedamiwa da marsi ifiqre e da jel s m i aris Tu ara sicocxle marsze?

sur. 27

sur. 28

sur. 29. dedamiwis zedapiris foto

108

bunebismetyveleba 5

dedamiwa ulamazesi ciuri sxeulia. astronavtebi amboben, rom igi kosmosidan uZvirfases qvas hgaqvs (sur. 28). dedamiwa jerjerobiT cnobili erTaderTi kosmosuri sxeulia, romelic cocxali arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli. mze izidavs dedamiwas. dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo 30 km/wm siCqariT. igi erT Semobrunebas 365 dRe, 6 saaTi, 9 wuTi da 10 wams andomebs. es dro aris erTi weliwadi. warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo ki 24 saaTSi Semobrundeba. es dro aris erTi dRe-Rame. dedamiwa mzis sistemaSi rigiT mesame planetaa. igi mzidan 150 milioni kilometriaTaa daSorebuli. dedamiwa mzidan 2 milioni kilometriT ufro Sors rom iyos, vidre axlaa, daiwyeboda didi gamyinvareba da klimatiT marss daemsgavseboda. Tu dedamiwa mzes 8 milioni kilometriT dauaxlovdeboda, maSin daiwyeboda daTboba da Cveni planeta veneras daemsgavseboda. mecnierebis gamoTvlebiT, dedamiwis zedapirze temperatura saSualod +140C-ia. dedamiwis erTaderTi bunebrivi Tanamgzavri â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mTvare mudmivad gars uvlis mas da Tan dahyveba mzis garSemo mogzaurobisas. 29-e suraTze gamosaxulia -s mier kosmosidan gadaRebuli dedamiwis zedapiri. marsi dedamiwis mezobeli planetaa (sur. 30). mzisgan daSorebis mixedviT, igi rigiT meoTxea. mzis garSemo

Semovlas 687 dRes andomebs, sakuTari RerZis garSemo – TiTqmis imdens, ramdensac dedamiwa (24 sT. 37 wT. 23 wm.). marsis zedapiri dafarulia qviSis udabnoebiT. iq bevri krateri da mTaa. marsze moqmedebs yvelaze didi vulkani – olimpi (sur. 31). misi mTis simaRle 27 kilometria. marsze periodulad TveobiT mZvinvarebs mtvris qariSxlebi. marsis garSemo ori Tanamgzavri moZraobs: fobosi da deimosi. marsi formiT mrgvali sxeulia. misi zoma TiTqmis orjer naklebia dedamiwis zomaze. mas aTjer ufro naklebi masa aqvs dedamiwasTan SedarebiT. marsi mzidan erTnaxevarjer meti manZiliTaa daSorebuli, vidre dedamiwa. amitom igi mzisgan nakleb siTbosa da sinaTles iRebs.M marss gars akravs gaiSviaTebuli atmosfero, romelic dedamiwis atmosferosTan SedarebiT ufro gamWvirvalea. marsis zedapiri Seicavs rkinis Jangs da amitom wiTlad Cans. Zvel saberZneTSi aristotelem feris gamo omis RmerTis saxeli aresomi uwoda. Zvelad qarTvelebi marss marixs uwodebdnen. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamianebi varaudobdnen, rom marsze iyo sicocxle. Tumca marsze sicocxle jer aRmoCenili ar aris. marsmavlebma aTasobiT foto gadaiRes, sadac kargad Cans marsis zedapirze arsebuli arxebi (sur. 27), rac mecnierebis varaudiT marsze Zvelad arsebuli wylis dinebis kvalia.

sur. 30. marsi

sur. 31. vulkani olimpi

gaazreba

imsjele dedamiwisa da marsis zomebis, masisa da maT zedapirze garemo pirobebis Sesaxeb. Seadare isini erTmaneTs (sur. 32). saSinao davaleba

sur. 32. dedamiwa da marsi SefardebiTi zomebiT

Seavse me-6 cxrili dedamiwisa da marsis maxasiaTebeli sidideebis mixedviT da Seadare isini erTmaneTs.

cxr. 6

planetis manZili manZili, mzis garSemo planetis temperatura bunebrivi qarTuli dedamiwamde, mzemde, moZraobis 0 dasaxeleba C Tanamgzavrebi dasaxeleba milioni km milioni km dro dedamiwa marsi

–125-dan +25-mde

Tavi 5. kosmosi

109

7. iupiteri, saturni ifiqre e da jel ims ratom civa iupitersa da saturnze?

sur. 33

sur. 34. iupiteri

evropa

ganimedi kalisto

sur. 35. iupiteris Tanamgzavrebi

110

bunebismetyveleba 5

iupiteri yvelaze didi planetaa mzis sistemaSi (sur. 34). igi mzidan daSorebis mixedviT, rigiT mexuTea. aTasi wlis winaT Zvelma berZnebma iupiters romis mefeTa RmerTis pativsacemad uwodes es saxeli. Zvelad qarTvelebi iupiters muSTars uwodebdnen. iupiteri mzisgan 780 milioni kilometriT aris daSorebuli. iupiters garSemo Rrublebis grZeli fenebisagan Semdgari atmosfero aqvs. amis gamo iupiteri zolovani planetis saxiT Cans. iupiters gars akravs rgoli, romelic mtvris nawilakebisgan Sedgeba. mecnierebis mier iupiteris zedapiri srulfasovnad Seswavlili ar aris. isini varaudoben, rom iupiteris zedapiri Txevadia an airovani. mis centrSi myari birTvia. iupiteris masa metia mzis sistemaSi Semaval, erTad aRebul yvela planetis masaze. Amisi masa 318-jer metia dedamiwis masaze, xolo zoma daaxloebiT 11-jer metia dedamiwis zomaze. iupiteri mzis garSemo erT Semobrunebas TiTqmis 12 wels andomebs. iupiteri Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo didi siCqariT brunavs. misi siCqare mzis sistemis planetebis brunvis siCqareze bevrad metia. dRe-Ramis xangrZlivoba iupiterze 10 saaTia. mzesTan siSoris gamo temperatura planetaze Zalian dabalia, daaxloebiT minus 1500C. galileo galileim 1610 wels aRmoaCina iupiteris Tanamgzavrebi: io, evropa, ganimedi da kalisto (sur. 35).

io Zalian hgavs mTvares. misi masa da zoma TiTqmis mTvaris masisa da zomis tolia. masze aris moqmedi vulkanebi. amJamad mecnierebi kosmosuri xomaldebis daxmarebiT didi yuradRebiT ikvleven Tanamgzavr evropas. evropa mTvareze mcire zomisaa. mas rkinis birTvi aqvs da atmosfero umetesad Jangbadisagan Sedgeba. evropis zedapiri dafarulia gayinuli wyliT. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom yinulis safaris qveS aris okeane, sadac aramiwieri sicocxle SeiZLleba arsebobdes. gegmavs momavalSi robotebis gagzavnas Tanamgzavrze, masze sicocxlis arsebobis dasadgenad. dReisaTvis aRmoCenilia iupiteris 67 Tanamgzavri. saturni Tavisi rgoliT erT-erTi ulamazesi giganturi planetaa (sur. 33). misi danaxva caze teleskopiT aris SesaZlebeli. igi mzisgan daSorebis mixedviT, rigiT meeqvsea. planetis zoma daaxloebiT 5-jer metia dedamiwis zomasTan SedarebiT. igi mzis garSemo Semobrunebas TiTqmis 29 wels andomebs. saturnis garSemo arsebuli rgoli (sartyeli) aTasobiT qvis natexisa da yinulisagan Sedgeba (sur. 36). dReisaTvis aRmoCenilia saturnis 62 Tanamgzavri. maTgan yvelaze didia titani, romelic merkurze didia. temperatura saturnis zedapirze Zalian dabalia, igi minus 150 0C-ia. Zvelad qarTvelebi saturns zuals uwodebdnen.

sur. 36

mze

iupiteri

gaazreba

me-2 cxrilis gamoyenebiT gamoTvale ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli dedamiwidan iupiteri (sur. 37). M

dedamiwa

sur. 37

saSinao davaleba

Seitane me-7 cxrilSi monacemebi iupiteris da saturnisa Sesaxeb. Seadare isini erTmaneTs. planetis dasaxeleba

planetebis qarTuli dasaxeleba

manZili dedamiwamde, milioni km

manZili mzemde, milioni km

cxr. 7

dedamiwasTan mzis garSemo saSualo SefardebiTi moZraobis temperatura zoma dro

iupiteri saturni

Tavi 5. kosmosi

111

8. urani da neptuni ifiqre e da jel ims ra aqvT saerTo uransa da neptuns?

sur. 38. urani

sur. 40. tritoni. neptunis Tanamgzavri

112

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 39. neptuni

uransa da neptuns yinulovan planetebs uwodeben. urani mzis sistemis erT-erTi giganturi planetaa (sur. 38). misi zoma TiTqmis oTxjer metia dedamiwis zomaze. uranis masa Tormet-naxevarjer metia dedamiwis masaze. mzisgan daSorebis mixedviT rigiT meSvide planetaa. urani mzisgan 2870 milioni kilometriTaa daSorebuli. amis gamo igi naklebadaa ganaTebuli. urani civi planetaa, mis zedapirze temperatura -2150C-ia. mas gars atmosfero akravs. urani mzis garSemo Semobrunebas 84 wels andomebs. igi orbitaze `wamowolili~ trialebs. uranis garSemo xuTi didi da 22 mcire zomis Tanamgzavri brunavs. mecnierebs am Tanamgzavrebis mxolod erTi mxaris fotosuraTebi aqvT. amitom maTi meore mxare praqtikulad Seuswavlelia. uaxloes momavalSi gegmavs uransa da neptunze specialuri eqspediciis gagzavnas robotebis saxiT. neptuni 1846 wels germanelma astronomma halem aRmoaCina. igi pirveli planetaa, romlis arseboba aRmoCenamde maTematikuri gamoTvlebiT daadgines. neptuni, uranTan erTad, iseTive giganturi planetaa, rogorc saturni da iupiteri. mzisgan daSorebis mixedviT, rigiT merve planetaa (sur. 39). igi zomiT dedamiwaze oTxjer didia, masa ki Cvidmetjer metia dedamiwis masaze. neptuns Ggars atmosfero akravs. Pplaneta teleskopSi cisfrad Cans. neptunis atmosferos zeda fenebSi temperatura -2200C-ia, xolo planetis SigniT temperatura Zalian maRalia (daaxloebiT 50000C). neptunis garSemo aris rgolebi, romelic yinulovani sxeulebisagan Sedgeba. neptunis garSemo ToTxmeti

Tanamgzavri brunavs. maT Soris yvelaze didia tritoni (sur. 40). tritoni neptunis erTaderTi mrgvali formis Tanamgzavria. danarCeni Tanamgzavrebis forma gansxvavebulia. tritons neptunis sxva Tanamgzavrebisgan gansxvavebiT, unikaluri Tviseba aqvs. igi da neptuni TavianTi warmosxviTi RerZis garSemo urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunaven. neptuni mzis garSemo Semovlas 165 wels andomebs, xolo RerZis garSemo brunvas _ 15 saaTs. neptuni mzisgan 4500 milioni kilometriTaa daSorebuli.

mze

dedamiwa

urani

sur. 41

gaazreba

me-2 cxrilis gamoyenebiT gamoTvale, ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli: a) dedamiwidan urani; b) dedamiwidan neptuni. Seadare erTmaneTs (sur. 41-42).

mze

dedamiwa

neptuni

sur. 42 saSinao davaleba

Seitane me-8 cxrilSi monacemebi uranisa da neptunis Sesaxeb. Seadare isini erTmaneTs. manZili planetis manZili mzemde, temperatura dedamiwamde, dasaxeleba milioni km dRisiT milioni km

cxr. 8

mzis garSemo moZraobis dro

bunebrivi Tanamgzavrebi

urani neptuni

eqsperimentuli davaleba

mzis sistemis modelis Seqmna mocemuli gaqvs: muyaos furceli, sxvadasxva feris plastelini, flomasteri. msvleloba: 1. gamoZerwe plastelinisgan `mze~ da `planetebi~. gaiTvaliswine maTi zoma da feri. 2. daxaze muyaos furcelze planetebis orbitebi. 3. ganalage planetebi orbitebze mzis garSemo. warmoadgine modeli da Seadare igi Tanaklaselis models.

sur. 43

Tavi 5. kosmosi

113

9. mzis sistemis modeli jgufuri eqsperimenti mzis sistemis modelis Seqmna

neptini

urani

saturni

iupiteri

marsi

dedamiwa

venera

merkuri

mze

mocemuli gaqvs: 10 cali feradi qaRaldis furceli, masze daxazuli sxvadasxva zomis wreebiT, makrateli, cxra cali 20 sm sigrZis msxvili Zafi. Mmuyaos wre (R = 20 sm), romelzec daxazulia planetebis orbitebi (sur. 45).

sur. 44

sur. 45

msvleloba: 1. 44-e suraTis mixedviT gamoWeri feradi qaRaldis furclebze daxazuli wreebi, romlebzec miTiTebulia planetebis saxelebi. Mmeore mxares daawere planetebis Sesatyvisi qarTuli saxelebi. 2. warmoidgine, rom isini mzis sistemaSi Semavali planetebia. 3. amoirCie `mze~ da ZafiT dakide muyaos rgolis centrSi. Aaseve ZafiT dakideP `planetebi~ TavianT orbitebze mzisgan daSorebis mixedviT. gaiTvaliswine me-2 cxrilis monacemebi da planetebi mzes daaSore pirobiTi erTeulebiT (mag., merkuri 2 mm da a.S.),

sur. 46

114

bunebismetyveleba 5

Caatare prezentacia Sen mier damzadebuli mzis sistemis modelis gamoyenebiT.

10. kometebi ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom aqvs kometas kudi?

sur. 47

kometebi ciuri sxeulebia, romlebic mzis garSemo brunaven, magram gansxvavdebian planetebisagan. planetebi wriul orbitaze brunaven ise, rom maTi orbitebi erTmaneTs ar gadakveTen. kometebi ki gawelil orbitaze brunaven da kometebis orbita gadakveTs planetebis orbitas (sur. 47). amitom planetebi SeuZlebelia erTmaneTs rom daejaxon, kometebi ki SeiZleba daejaxon planetas. planetebTan SedarebiT kometebs Zalian patara masa aqvT. gamokvlevebis mixedviT, kometa Sedgeba birTvisa da grZeli kudisagan (sur. 48). zogierTi kometis kudis sigrZe milionobiT kilometria. kometis birTvSi didi raodenobiT mtvris nawilakebi da yinulia. rodesac kometa mzis siaxloves aRmoCndeba, mzis sxivebis moqmedebiT misi birTvidan yinulis nawili dneba da orTqldeba. es mtverTan erTad qmnis kometis kuds, romelic mzis sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli. zogierTi kometis kudi lamazad kaSkaSebs. Mmisi sikaSkaSe damokidebulia mzesTan siaxloveze. zogierT kometas SeiZleba ramdenime kudi hqondes. 1986 wels kvleviTi kosmosuri aparatebis daxmarebiT mecnierebma haleis kometa gamoikvlies (sur. 49). aRmoCnda, rom misi birTvi Cveulebrivi yinulisa da mtvris nawilakebisagan Sedgeboda. haleis kometa 76 weliwadSi erTxel Cans caze.

koma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mtvrisa da airis narevi birTvi airovani kudi

mtvris Semcveli kudi

sur. 48

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia internetSi da moamzade plakati: kometebi mzis sistemaSi da Caatare prezentacia.

sur. 49. haleis kometa

Tavi 5. kosmosi

115

11. asteroidebi da meteoroidebi ifiqre e da jel s m i

m 1200

ratom Cndeba dedamiwasa da sxva planetebze kraterebi?

sur. 50

sur. 51. asteroidi cerera

asteroidebi mzis sistemaSi Semavali ciuri sxeulebia. maTi arseboba kosmosSi adamianebma mogvianebiT aRmoaCines. pirveli asteroidi italieli astronomis juzepe piacas mier 1801 wlis pirvel ianvars iqna aRmoCenili da mas cerera uwodes. cerera aris asteroiduli tipis juja planeta (sur. 51). XIX saukunis bolosaTvis 470, xolo dReisaTvis 3000-ze meti asteroidia aRmoCenili. asteroidebi iseve, rogorc planetebi, mzis garSemo brunavs. asteroidebis yvelaze didi raodenoba moZraobs marsisa da iupiteris orbitebs Soris (sur. 52). MdaaxloebiT 50 maTgani dedamiwasTan sakmaod axlosaa. zogjer maTi moZraobis orbitebi kveTs dedamiwis moZraobis orbitas, Tumca isini dedamiwas ar ejaxebian. asteroidebis nawili gabneulia mzis sistemis planetebs Soris sivrceSi. asteroidebi zomiTa da masiT planetebTan SedarebiT patarebia. maT sxvadasxva forma aqvs.

asteroidebi

sur. 52.

116

bunebismetyveleba 5

asteroidebis danaxva SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT dedamiwidan SeuZlebelia. teleskopSi isini patara manaTobeli wertilebis saxiT Cans, TiTqosda varskvlavebiao. meteoroidebi uZvelesi ciuri sxeulebia. aAstronomebi Tvlian, rom isini kometebis natexebia.M maT ara aqvs didi zoma. aRmoCenilia meteoroidebi, romelTa sawyisi masa daaxloebiT 70 tona iyo. isini SeiZleba iyos qvis, rkinis, qva-rkinis. meteoroidebi planetebs Soris sivrceSi didi siCqariT moZraoben. dedamiwasTan moaxloebisas atmosferoSi SemoiWrebian. didi siCqaris gamo ramdenime aTas gradusamde acxeleben garemomcvel haers, TviTonac cxeldebian, iwvebian da anaTeben. amitom RamiT mowmendil caze ganaTebul kvals toveben. am movlenas meteori hqvia. xSirad, maT adamianebi mowyvetil varskvlavebsac uwodeben. M meteoroidi atmosferoSi Semosvlis Semdeg dedamiwaze ecema (sur. 53). m M eteoriti dedamiwaze dacemuli meteoroidia. aRmoCenilia meteoritebi, romelTa masa miwaze davardnisas 820 kg iyo. meteoritis dacemis adgilze Cndeba Rrmuli, romelsac meteorituli krateri hqvia. 1947 wels Soreul aRmosavleTSi meteoritebis didi raodenoba Camocvivda, romelmac tye daaziana da miwaze ormoebi datova. 5000 wlis win arizonas Statis teritoriaze (aSS) meteoriti Camovarda, romelmac 1200 metri siganis da 175 metri siRrmis ormo gaaCina (sur. 50). mSrali klimatis gamo igi kargad aris Senaxuli. mTel dedamiwaze meteoritebis mier amoTxrili daaxloebiT 140 didi ormoa aRmoCenili. iSviaTad, ramdenime milion weliwadSi erTxel, dedamiwas SeiZleba giganturi meteoriti daeces. meteoritebi ara marto dedamiwas, aramed sxva ciur sxeulebsac stumroben. 54-e da 55-e suraTebze gamosaxulia meteoritis dajaxebis Sedegad gaCenili kraterebi.

sur. 53. amerikaSi aRmoCenili meteoriti

sur. 54. krateri mTvareze

sur. 55. krateri marsze

gaazreba

Seadare erTmaneTs meteoroidebi da meteoritebi. imsjele, ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris. saSinao davaleba

kosmosuri sxeulebi

cariel wreebSi Cawere samyaroSi Semavali kosmosuri sxeulebis saxelebi. Tavi 5. kosmosi

117

12. mTvare ifiqre e da jel ims ratom ar Cans dRisiT mTvare?

sur. 56

sur. 57. mTvare

sur. 58. mTvaris meore mxare

118

bunebismetyveleba 5

mTvare, iseve, rogorc dedamiwa, mrgvali sxeulia (sur. 57). igi dedamiwis garSemo brunavs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; misi Tanamgzavria. mTvaris zoma dedamiwasTan SedarebiT 4-jer naklebia. mTvare dedamiwis garSemo erT srul bruns 27 dResa da 8 saaTs andomebs. amdenive dros andomebs mTvare Tavisi RerZis irgvliv Semobrunebas. amitom dedamiwidan mxolod misi erTi mxare Cans. kosmosuri aparatebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mTvaris dedamiwidan uxilavi mxaris fotografirebac (sur. 58). mTvare dedamiwasTan erTad, mzis garSemoc moZraobs. sanam dedamiwa mzes erTxel Semouvlis, mTvare amasobaSi TiTqmis cametjer Semouvlis irgvliv dedamiwas. mTvaris brunva RerZis garSemo iwvevs mTvareze dRisa da Ramis monacvleobas. mTvareze dRe ori kvira grZeldeba. anu mze ori kviris ganmavlobaSi acxelebs mTvaris zedapirs da iq Zalian cxela. AaseTivea Ramis xangrZlivobac. mTvareze Ramec or kviras grZeldeba. Aam dros mTvaris zedapirze sicive da sibnele isadgurebs. Aamitom mTvareze dRisa da Ramis temperatura sakmaod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. dRisiT daaxloebiT plus 120 gradusia, RamiT ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; minus 1500 -mde ecema. mTvares atmosfero ar gaaCnia. igi arc mnaTi sxeulia. caze mTvare imitom Cans, rom igi masze dacemul mzis sxivebs ireklavs, TiTqos sarke iyos, romelic aTinaTs agzavnis dedamiwaze.

mTvare sikaSkaSiT rigiT meore sxeulia caze. dRisiT caze Zalian iSviaTad Cans. zogjer mTvare dRisiT Cven zeviTaa, magram caze mainc ar Cans. imitom, rom kaSkaSa mzis sxivebi ar gaZlevs saSualebas, dainaxo igi. zogjer, adre diliT an gvian saRamos, SeiZleba dainaxo mze da mTvare erTad, radganac am dros mzis sxivebi ar gWris Tvals (sur. 56). 1969 wlis 12 ivliss mTvarisken gauSves raketa kosmosuri xomaldiT , romelSic sami kosmonavti iyo. 16 ivliss mTvareze kosmosuri xomaldis nawili daeSva, romelSic ori amerikeli astronavti imyofeboda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nil armstrongi da edvin oldrini (sur. 59). maT mTvareze satelevizio kamera, samecniero aparatura da amerikis droSa Caitanes (sur. 60). mesame astronavti mail kolinzi am dros kosmosuri xomaldiT mTvaris garSemo brunavda. mTvareze muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg oldrini da amstrongi kosmosuri xomaldis nawiliT afrindnen mTvaridan, gadasxdnen mTvaris garSemo mbrunav xomaldSi da oTxi dRis frenis Semdeg samive mSvidobiT dabrunda dedamiwaze. astronavtebma mTvaridan dedamiwaze mTvaris miwa da qvebi Camoitanes. aman didad Seuwyo xeli mTvaris Semdgom Seswavlas. aRmoCnda, rom mTvaris qanebis Semadgenloba iseTivea, rogoric dedamiwis qanebis.

sur. 59. amerikeli astronavtebi

sur. 60. mogzauroba mTvareze

gaazreba

61-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele mTvarisa da dedamiwis moZraobis Sesaxeb. saSinao davaleba

sur. 61.

Seitane 30-e cxrilSi monacemebi mTvaris Sesaxeb. Seadare, ramdenjer metia dRisa da Ramis xangrZlivoba mTvareze dedamiwasTan SefardebiT.

cxr. 30

mTvaris zoma manZili dRis Ramis dRis tem- Ramis temdedamiwasTan mTvaridan xangrZlivoba xangrZlivoba peratura peratura SefardebiT dedamiwamde (km)

dedamiwis garSemo moZraobis dro

384 467

Tavi 5. kosmosi

119

13. mTvaris dabneleba ifiqre e da jel ims ratom Cans mTvare caze sxvadasxva formis?

sur. 62 jgufuri eqsperimenti

mTvaris dabnelebis Seswavla mocemuli gaqvs: jibis farani, Gglobusi, patara burTi (sur. 63).

sur. 63

sur. 64. savse mTvare

120

bunebismetyveleba 5

msvleloba: 1. warmoidgine, rom naTura aris mze, patara burTi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mTvare, globusi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dedamiwa. 2. ganalage NnaTura, globusi da burTi ise, rogorc 63-e suraTzea naCvenebi. 3. gaanaTe globusi sinaTlis sxiviT. daakvirdi, sad warmoiSva Crdili. 4. odnav Seucvale mdebareoba naTurasa da burTs erTad. D daakvirdi, Seicvala Tu ara Crdilma mdebareoba. cdis safuZvelze axseni mTvaris dabneleba.

xSirad mTvare caze sxvadasxvanairad Cans (sur. 62). igi xan rkalis formisaa, xan izrdeba da badros formas iRebs (sur. 64). movlenas, rodesac mTvare badros formas iRebs, savsemTvareobas uwodeben. Semdeg savse mTvaris zoma iwyebs Semcirebas manam, sanam igi saerTod ar gaqreba caze. sinamdvileSi mTvare ar icvlis Tavis formas. mzis, mTvarisa da dedamiwis urTierTmdebaroba moZraobis procesSi icvleba. amitom mTvare xSirad eqceva dedamiwis CrdilSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu mTvaris ra nawilia moqceuli CrdilSi, igi caze sxvadasxva formis Cans. mziT ganaTebuli dedamiwa Tavis ukan warmoqmnis Crdils, romlis sigrZe milionobiT kilometria. Tu

mTvaris sruli dabneleba

Crdili

naxevarCrdili mTvaris nawilobrivi dabneleba

sur. 65

mTvare dedamiwis CrdilSi mTlianad aRmoCndeba, maSin moxdeba mTvaris sruli dabneleba, romelic zogjer SeiZleba saaTnaxevari gagrZeldes. mTvaris dabneleba savsemTvareobis dros xdeba. aseve mTvaris dabnelebisas aucilebelia, rom mzis, dedamiwisa da mTvaris centrebi erT wrfeze mdebareobdes. 65-e suraTze gamosaxulia mTvaris sruli dabnelebis sqema, romlis mixedviTacM dedamiwaze dacemuli mzis sxivebi dedamiwis ukan qmnis HCrdils. mTvare moqceulia dedamiwis CrdilSi, amitom xdeba mTvaris dabneleba. mTvaris nawilobrivi dabnelebis dros, misi raRac nawili moqceulia dedamiwis CrdilSi, nawili ki mzis sxivebiTaa ganaTebuli. dedamiwas atmosfero rom ar hqonoda, dabnelebisas mTvare caze ar gamoCndeboda. dedamiwis atmosferoSi gavlili mzis sxivebis mowiTalo feris nawili gaibneva. isini ecema dedamiwis CrdilSi myof Cabnelebul mTvares, anaTebs mas da amitom caze mTvare dabnelebisas mowiTalo feris Cans (sur. 66).

sur. 66. mTvare sruli dabnelebisas

gaazreba

67-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele mTvaris dabnelebis Sesaxeb. saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia da moamzade plakati `mTvaris dabneleba~. Caatare prezentacia

sur. 67

Tavi 5. kosmosi

121

14. mzis dabneleba ifiqre e da jel ims ratom xdeba mzis dabneleba?

sur. 68

mzis dabnelebaSi monawileobs sami sxeuli: mTvare, dedamiwa da mze (sur. 69). radgan mTvare gars uvlis dedamiwas da masTan erTad moZraobs mzis garSemo, dgeba momenti, rodesac mTvare aRmoCndeba dedamiwasa da mzes Soris. Aam dros mTvare Camoefareba mzes da caze aRar Cans. e.i mTvaris Crdili uxilavs xdis mzes, rasac mzis dabnelebas uwodeben. sur. 69

mze

mzis nawilobrivi dabneleba

dedamiwa

mTvare

mzis sruli dabneleba

sur. 70

70-e suraTze sqematurad gamosaxulia mzis sruli da nawilobrivi dabneleba.M mzis sxivebi mTvares ecema da mis ukan warmoiqmneba HCrdili. dedamiwis im adgilze, sadac Crdili daeca, xdeba mzis dabneleba.

122

bunebismetyveleba 5

mze SeiZleba srulad an nawilobriv dabneldes. mzis Msruli dabnelebisas mTvare mTlianad faravs mzes. 71-e suraTze gamosaxulia mzis sruli dabneleba 1994 wels boliviaSi. mzis dabneleba yovelwliurad dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilas xdeba. xolo dedamiwis erTsa da imave adgilze mzis sruli dabneleba 250-300 weliwadSi erTxel aris mosalodneli. 2005 wlis oqtomberSi espaneTisa da afrikis mcxovreblebma SeZles emziraT mzis sruli dabnelebisTvis. rogorc damkvirveblebi yvebian, es iyo ulamazesi suraTi, rodesac mzis cecxlovani rgoliT garSemortymuli mTvaris Crdili Canda (sur. 68). mecnierebs SeuZliaT zustad gamoTvalon mzis dabnelebis TariRi daG geografiuli adgili. maT aseve SeuZliaT daadginon mocemul adgilas dabneleba sruli iqneba Tu nawilobrivi. mzis dabnelebis dros mecnierebi specialuri xelsawyoebis meSveobiT ikvleven mzis bunebas.M

sur. 71. mzis dabneleba

gaazreba

daakvirdi 72-e suraTs da aRwere, rogor xdeba mzis dabneleba. sur. 72 saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

mzis dabnelebis modelis damzadeba mocemuli gaqvs: jibis farani, Gglobusi, patara burTi (sur. 73). msvleloba: 1. warmoidgine, rom naTura aris mze, patara burTi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mTvare, globusi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dedamiwa. 2. ganalage NnaTura, globusi da burTi ise, rogorc mzis dabnelebisas aris ganlagebuli mze, mTvare da dedamiwa. 3. gaanaTe burTi. daakvirdi, sad warmoSva Crdili globusze. 4. odnav Seucvale mdebareoba burTs. daakvirdi, Seicvala Tu ara Crdilma mdebareoba. modelis gamoyenebiT axseni mzis dabneleba.

sur. 73

Tavi 5. kosmosi

123

15. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. imsjele sqemis mixedviT mzis sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis Sesaxeb. samyaro

mzis sistema

planetebi

sxva sxeulebi

dedamiwis jgufis planetebi

merkuri

venera

marsi

dedamiwa

giganti planetebi

iupiteri

saturni

kometebi

neptuni

meteoroidebi

asteroidebi

urani

2. romel suraTzea sworad gamosaxuli asteroidebis ganlageba planetebs Soris.

iupiteri

saturni

marsi marsi

dedamiwa

124

bunebismetyveleba 5

marsi

3. daalage planetebi mzidan manZilis klebadobis mixedviT: marsi, plutoni, venera, merkuri a) plutoni, marsi, venera, merkuri b) marsi, venera, merkuri, plutoni g) marsi, plutoni, venera, merkuri d) venera, marsi, plutoni, merkuri 4. dedamiwis jgufis planetebia a) merkuri, venera, dedamiwa, marsi b) merkuri, iupiteri, dedamiwa, marsi g) merkuri, venera, urani, neptuni 5. romeli suraTi gamoxatavs sworad mzis dabnelebas?

6. romeli suraTi gamoxatavs sworad mTvaris dabnelebas?

Tavi 5. kosmosi

125

me-5 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: samyaroSi uTvalavi ciuri sxeulia. B

bunebrivi ciuri sxeulebia: varskvlavebi, planetebi, planetebis Tanamgzavrebi, kometebi, asteroidebi, meteoroidebi. xelovnuri ciuri sxeulebia: dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebi, kosmosuri xomaldebi, kosmosuri raketebi. varskvlavebi uzarmazari sxeulebia, romlebic sinaTles asxiveben. varskvlavebis urTierTganlagebis mixedviT arCeven Tanavarskvlavedebs. Mmze erT-erTi varskvlavia, romlis masa 333 000-jer metia dedamiwis masaze. P

planetebi ciuri sxeulebia, romlebic sinaTles ar asxiveben. M

mzis sistema Sedgeba mis garSemo mbrunavi planetebisgan, planetebis Tanamgzavrebisgan, kometebis, asteroidebis, meteoroidebis, didi raodenobiT mtvrisa da sxvadasxva nawilakebisgan. M

mzis planetebia: merkuri, venera, dedamiwa, marsi, iupiteri, saturni, urani, neptuni. maT Soris giganturi planetebia; iupiteri, saturni, urani da neptuni. Yyvela planeta Tavis orbitaze brunavs. M

merkursa da veneras Tanamgzavrebi ar gaaCnia. D

dedamiwis Tanamgzavria mTvare. sxva planetebs ramdenime Tanamgzavri gaaCniaT. Pplanetebis Tanamgzavrebi iseve, rogorc planetebi sinaTles ar asxiveben. K

kometebi ise moZraoben mzis sistemaSi, rom planetebs xan uaxlovdebian, xan Sordebian. A

asteroidebi planetebTan SedarebiT mcire zomisaa, amitom maT juja planetebsac uwodeben. meteoroidebi uZvelesi ciuri sxeulebia. Mmeteoriti dedamiwaze dacemuli meteoria. Mmeteoritebi planetebze dacemisas toveben Rrmulebs. mzis irgvliv dedamiwisa da masTan erTad mTvaris moZraobisas SesaZlebelia moxdes xan mzis, xan mTvaris dabneleba. roca mTvare dedamiwis CrdilSi moeqceva mTvaris dabneleba xdeba. Tu mTvare aRmoCndeba mzesa da dedamiwas Soris, maSin moxdeba m M zis dabneleba. K

126

kosmosis SeswavlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs kosmonavtebis dakvirvebebs, romlebic kosmosur xomaldebSi TveobiT muSaoben. maT cxovrebisa da arsebobis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi aqvT Seqmnili.

bunebismetyveleba 5

i: wavl s i e S dedamiwis struqturuli nawilebis amocnobas da dasaxelebas. bunebrivi movlenebis axsnas dedamiwis qerqSi mimdinare procesebiT. miwisZvris dros elementarul qcevis wesebs. dedamiwis konkretuli adgilis istoriul ganviTarebas namarx organizmebze dakvirvebiT.

bi: daufle a d b e l SeZ dedamiwis struqturuli elementebis gansxvavebas erTmaneTisagan ganlagebisa da Tvisebebis mixedviT. dedamiwis modelis damzadebas. imsjelo mTebis warmoSobis mizezebze. mTaTwarmoqmnis modelis damzadebas. liTosferuli filis modelis damzadebas. seismografis modelis damzadebas. Seqmni vulkanis models. daamzado anabeWdis da nakvalevis modeli. amoicno qanebis saxeebi, maTi Tvisebebi. imsjelo sxvadasxva qanebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb yofacxovrebaSi.

Tavi 5. kosmosi

127

1. risgan Sedgeba dedamiwa? ifiqre e da jel s m i ra aris dedamiwis siRrmeSi?

sur. 1 kacobriobas uZvelesi droidan ainteresebda risgan Sedgeboda dedamiwa. amisaTvis adamianebma gadawyvites dedamiwis siRrmeSi CaeRwiaT da ase SeeswavlaT misi agebuleba. AruseTSi, murmanskis olqSi, daiwyes miwis burRva da daaxloebiT 15 kilometramde siRrmeSi CaaRwies, magram WaburRilSi maRali temperaturis da Txevadi qanis amodinebis gamo Sewyvites muSaoba. mogvianebiT mecnierebma daadgines, rom dedamiwa Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan. es nawilebia: birTvi, mantia da dedamiwis qerqi (sur. 2). Ddedamiwis `gulSi~ aris e.w. dedamiwis birTvi. is ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: gare birTvi, romelic Txevad mdgomareobaSia da Sida birTvi, romelic myaria. birTvis temperatura Zalian maRalia, igi daaxloebiT 6000 0C aRwevs. mantia danaleqi fena

Sida birTvi

granituli fena

gare birTvi

bazalturi fena mantiis zeda nawili

q qer

kontinenturi qerqi

sur. 2

128

bunebismetyveleba 5

sur. 3

okeanuri qerqi

Ddadgenilia, rom birTvis Txevadi nawili Sedgeba rkinisa da nikelisagan. Mmantia aris fena, romelic birTvs garSemo akravs. Mmantia Sedgeba qveda da zeda nawilisagan. misi temperatura birTvis temperaturasTan SedarebiT naklebia, daaxloebiT 20000C-ia. qveda fena plastikuria, zeda mantia ki – myari. qerqi dedamiwis zeda fenaa, romelic dasaxlebulia cocxali organizmebiT. igi yvelaze myari da Txeli garsia. Mmisi sisqe mantiisa da birTvis sisqesTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad mcirea. Mqerqis sisqe yvelgan erTnairi ar aris. is ori saxisaa: kontinenturi da okeanuri (sur. 3). kontinenturi qerqi Sedgeba danaleqi, granituli da bazalturi fenebisgan. K dedamiwis qerqis zeda, yvelaze nayofier fenas, niadagi ewodeba. okeanuri qerqis Semadgeneli nawilebia danaleqi da bazalturi fenebi. Mmisi sisqe daaxloebiT 5-dan 10 km- mdea, kontinenturi qerqis sisqe ki 75 km-s aRwevs.

dedamiwisa da misi Semadgeneli nawilebis daaxloebiTi zomebi dedamiwis radiusi

6378 km

birTvis radiusi

3450 km

mantiis sisqe

2900 km

kontinenturi qerqis sisqe

40-75 km

okeanuri qerqis sisqe

5-10 km

mantia gaazreba

1. imsjele me-2 suraTis mixedviT dedamiwis agebulebis Sesaxeb. 2. me-3 suraTis mixedviT aRwere kontinenturi da okeanuri qerqis agebuleba. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

birTvi

sur. 4

saSinao davaleba

me-4 suraTze gamosaxul sqemaze cariel wreebSi Cawere mantiis da birTvis Semadgeneli nawilebi. eqsperimentuli davaleba

mocemuli gaqvs:

dedamiwis modelis damzadeba

sxvadasxva feris plastilini. msvleloba: 1. me-5 suraTis mixedviT daicavi Tanafardoba dedamiwis fenebs Soris. 2. yviTeli feris plastiliniT gamoZerwe `dedamiwis guli~ – birTvi. 3. birTvi garSemo dafare wiTeli feris plastiliniT – `mantiiT~. 4. mantias Seamoavle yavisferi plastilinis Txeli fena – `qerqi~. Caatare modelis prezentacia.

5 sm

3 sm 4,5 sm

sur. 5 Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

129

2. liTosfero ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom dascildnen kontinentebi erTmaneTs?

1 zeda mantia

225 mln wlis win erTiani kontinenti pangea arsebobda.

qveda mantia

1. okeanuri liTosfero 2. kontinenturi liTosfero

sur. 7.

filebis daSoreba

filebis Sejaxeba

sur. 8. filebis moZraoba

130

bunebismetyveleba 5

135 mln wlis win CrdiloeTi amerika dascilda evropas, afrika – samxreT amerikas. indoeTi daiZra aziisaken.

65 mln wlis win kontinentebis ganlageba.

sur. 6

liTosfero dedamiwis myari garsia, romelic moicavs dedamiwis qerqsa da mantiis zeda myar nawils. ganasxvaveben kontinentur da okeanur liTosferos (sur. 7). 1912 wels germanelma mecnierma alfred vegenerma afrikis dasavleT sanapirosa da samxreT amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiroebis zolze dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoTqva mosazreba, rom 200 milioni wlis win dedamiwaze iyo erTiani kontinenti – pangea. pangeas TandaTan scildeboda sxvadasxva nawilebi –kontinentebi (sur. 6) da amgvarad Seiqmna dedamiwis Tanamedrove saxe. vegeneris mosazreba gaiziares sxva mecnierebma da mis safuZvelze daadgines, rom liTosfero mTliani ar aris. igi Sedgeba MliTosferuli filebisagan. liTosfero SeiZleba SevadaroT kvercxis naWuWs, romelic akravs dedamiwas. warmoidgine, rom `dedamiwis naWuWi~ ramdenime adgilze filebis sazRvrebTan TiTqos gam skdaria. liTosferuli filebi eyrdnoba mantiis Txevad, maRali temperaturis mqone Sua nawils. isini Zalian nela, weliwadSi ramdenime santimetriT, gadaadgildeba – zogi maTgani erTmaneTs ejaxeba, zogi ki Sordeba (sur. 8). filebis moZraoba SegviZlia SevadaroT gemis curvas. kontinentebi mudmivad moZraoben, magram maTi moZraoba imdenad nelia, rom TvaliT ver vamCnevT. liTosfero did da patara filebad iyofa (sur. 10). okeanuri filebi okeanis ZirSia. Sereuli filebi Seicaven rogorc kontinentur, ise okeanur nawilebs. Aamrigad, filebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. maTi sazRvrebi ar emTxveva kontinentebisa da okeaneebis sazRvrebs.

CrdiloeT amerikis

evraziuli

CrdiloeTi amerika atlantis okeane

sur. 9. CrdiloeT amerikisa da evraziis liTosferuli filebis daSorebis magaliTi kunZul islandiaze

evrazia

wynari okeane

afrika

wynari okeane

samxreTi amerika

sur. 10. liTosferuli filebi

1. CrdiloeT amerikis 2 samxreT amerikis 3. antarqtikuli 4. evraziuli 5. afrikuli 6. indoavstraliuri 7. wynari okeanis

indoeTis okeane 6 avstralia

2 3

filebis daSoreba filebis Sejaxeba

gaazreba

1. me-9 a da b suraTebis mixedviT imsjele liTosferuli filebis moZraobis Sesaxeb. 2. me-10 suraTis mixedviT imsjele liTosferuli filebis Sesaxeb. gamoyavi okeanuri da Sereuli liTosferuli filebi. aRwere, romeli filebi Sordeba da romeli ejaxeba erTmaneTs. saSinao davaleba

eqsperimentuli davaleba

liTosferuli filis modelis damzadeba mocemuli gaqvs: TeTri da feradi furclebi, webo. msvleloba: 1. gamoiyene me-3 suraTi (gv. 120) da feradi furclebisagan gamoWeri `liTosferos fenebi~ . 2. TiToeul fenas gaukeTe Sesabamisi warwera. 3. furclebi daawebe erTmaneTs me-11 suraTze gamosaxuli TanmimdevrobiT. 4. awyobili `liTosferuli fila~ daawebe TeTr furcelze. gamoitane daskvna da Caatare liTosferos filis modelis prezentacia.

sur. 11

Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

131

3. mTebis warmoqmna m hi

ifiqre e da jel s m i

evrazia

s ai mT aT

is em t

indoeTis naxevarkunZuli

rogor warmoiqmna mTebi?

sur. 12

a) horizontaluri moZraoba

b) vertikaluri moZraoba

sur. 13. mTaTwarmoqmnis sqema

sur. 14. baikalis tba

132

bunebismetyveleba 5

uZvelesi droidan adamianebs ainteresebdaT, rogor warmoiqmna mTebi. xalxSi ama Tu im mTis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb mravali legenda arsebobs. mTebis warmoSoba dedamiwis qerqis moZraobasTan, miwisZvrebisa da vulkanebis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. dedamiwis qerqi rogorc horizontalurad, ise vertikalurad Zalian nela moZraobs. es moZraoba SeumCnevelia, magram kosmosidan dakvirvebebi aseTi gadaadgilebebis aRricxvis saSualebas iZleva. Hhorizontalurad moZraobisas (sur. 13 a) filebi SeiZleba miuaxlovdes da daejaxos erTmaneTs. kontinenturi filebis dajaxebisas qanebi iRuneba da Aamoburculi nawilebi qmnian mTagrexilebs, Caweuli adgilebi ki mTebs Soris Rrmulebs. aseTi moZraobiT warmoiqmneba danaoWebuli mTebi (sur. 15). msoflioSi yvelaze maRali himalais mTebi indoeTis naxevarkunZulisa da aziis kontinentis dajaxebis Sedegad warmoiqmna (sur. 12). liTosferos vertikaluri moZraoba kidev ufro SeumCnevelia. erT weliwadSi filebi ramdenime milimetridan erT santimetramde gadaadgildeba. zogi maTgani zemoT iwevs, zogi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qvemoT (sur. 13 b). liTosferuli fenebis vertikaluri moZraobisas warmoiqmneba mTebi da Rrmulebi. am gziT warmoqmnil mTebs loda mTebi hqvia, magaliTad, vogezebi da Svarcvaldis mTebi evropaSi. zogjer Cadablebuli adgilebi wyliT ivseba da Cndeba tba an mdinaris xeoba. baikalis tba aziaSi am gziT warmoiSva

sur. 15. naoWa mTa

sur. 16. loda mTa

(sur. 14). vogezebsa da Svarcvalds Soris CaRrmavebaSi mdinare raini miedineba. miwisZvra mTebis warmoqmnis erT-erTi mizezia. okeaneebsa da zRvebSi miwisZvris Sedegad mTebi da kunZulebi Cndeba. magaliTad, pakistanis 2013 wlis miwisZvris Sedegad arabeTis zRvaSi warmoqmna kunZuli, romelic ramdenime Tvis Semdeg wyliT daifara (sur. 17). vulkanebis amofrqvevis Sedegad warmoiSveba vulkanuri mTebi, rogorc xmeleTze, aseve okeaneSi. vulkanebis amofrqvevisas lava mTis kalTebze Cerdeba, civdeba da Sedegad warmoiqmneba gumbaTovani mTebi (sur. 18). okeaneSi warmoqmnili vulkanuri mTebis mxolod wveroebi Cans. maTi raodenoba aTeul aTasebs aRwevs. wynar okeaneSi gafantulia vulkanuri warmoSobis mravali kunZuli. maTze xdeba vulkanebis amofrqveva. amitom am kunZulebis erTobliobas uwodes `cecxlovani rkali~ (sur. 19).

sur. 17. miwisZvris Sedegad gaCEenili kunZuli

sur. 18. vulkanuri warmoSobis gumbaTovani mTa fuZiama iaponiaSi

gaazreba

imsjele naoWa da loda mTebis warmoqmnis mizezebis Sesaxeb.

azia

Cr. amerika

wynari okeane saSinao davaleba

me-19 suraTisa da msoflio fizikuri rukis (gv. 115) gamoyenebiT moZebne da daasaxele ramdenime kunZuli, romlebic miekuTvneba `cecxlovan rkals~.

samx. amerika avstralia

sur. 19. `cecxlovani rkali~ Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

133

4. liTosferuli filebis moZraobis modelireba jgufuri eqsperimentebi

dakvirveba modelis gamoyenebiT liTosferuli filebis horizontalur moZraobaze mocemuli gaqvs: feradi da TeTri furclebi, webo, makrateli. msvleloba: 1. daxate kontinentebis msgavsi konturebi TeTr furcelze da gamoWeri (warmoidgine, rom kontinentebi liTosferuli filebia). 2. feradi furclisagan gaakeTe `marao~. Mmza maraos zoma kontinentebis zomaze meti unda iyos. moaTavse `marao~ magidaze da ganaTavse masze `kontinentebi~. 3. frTxilad aamoZrave ( SekumSe da gaSale) `marao~boloebiT (sur. 20 a.b.) AaRwere damzerili movlena. `kontinentebis~ moZraoba Seadare `liTosferuli filebis~ moZraobas. ASeadare es procesi istoriul warsulSi arsebuli erTiani kontinentis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; pangeasagan, xmeleTis nawilebis gamoyofas.

sur. 20

134

bunebismetyveleba 5

mTis warmoqmnis modelis damzadeba

2 mocemuli gaqvs:

4 sxvadasxva feris plastilini. mosamzadebeli samuSao: 1. sxvadasxva feris plastilinisagan gamoZerwe oTxi erTnairi zomisa da kvadratis formis brtyeli firfita. 2. ganalage firfitebi erTmaneTze. gaWeri isini Suaze.

naoWa mTebis modelis damzadeba

msvleloba: 1. gaWrili firfitis erTi nawili moaTavse magidaze ise, rom misi erTi bolo ebjinebodes raime uZrav sayrdens (sur. 21). 2. imoqmede firfitis meore boloze ZaliT, ise rom zedapirze gaCndes naoWebi. modelze damzerili movlena Seadare naoWa mTebis warmoqmnis process.

sur. 21

loda mTebis modelis damzadeba

msvleloba 1. plastilinis firfita gayavi sam tol nawilad. 2. plastilinis erTi firfita moaTavse magidaze. firfitis orive kideze ganaTavse ori darCenili firfita odnav maRal sayrdenze (sur. 22). Mmodelze damzerili movlena Seadare loda mTebis warmoqmnis process.

sur. 22

Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

135

5. miwisZvra ifiqre e da jel ims ratom xdeba miwisZvra?

sur. 23

cxr.1 miwisZvris intensivoba

miwisZvris Sedegebi

1-2 bali

adamiani ver grZnobs

3-4 bali

WaRi moZraobs

5-6 bali

nivTebi vardeba

7-8 bali

kedlebs uCndeba bzari

9-10 bali

Senobebi nawilobriv ingreva

11-12 bali

yvela Senoba ingreva. icvleba dedamiwis zedapiri

dedamiwaze miwisZvrebi Zalian xSirad xdeba. maTi umravlesoba sustia da adamiani mas ver grZnobs. magram Zlieri miwisZvra adamianisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi bunebrivi movlenaa. Zlierma miwisZvram wuTSi an ufro nakleb droSi SeiZleba awios an dawios xmeleTis da zRvis fskeri, gaaCinos napralebi da daangrios qalaqebi. adamianebma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar icodnen miwisZvris warmoqmnis mizezebi da amas zebunebriv Zalebs miawerdnen. mogvianebiT mecnierebma daadgines miwisZvris sxvadasxva mizezi. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania liTosferuli filebis Sejaxebis an daSorebis Sedegad warmoqmnili miwisZvra. liTosferuli filebis moZraobis gamo dedamiwis siRrmeSi warmoiqmneba miwisqveSa biZgebi, saidanac seismuri talRebi vrceldeba yvela mimarTulebiT. Mdedamiwis qerqSi adgilebs, sadac xdeba rRveva da qanebis gadaadgileba, miwisZvris kera (hipocentri) ewodeba. keris zemoT, dedamiwis zedapirze adgils ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; epicentri (sur. 24). Tu epicentri okeanis fskerzea maSin damangreveli Zalis talRebi _ cunami warmoiqmneba. epicentri

seismuri talRebi

hipocentri

filebis moZraoba

sur. 24. miwisZvris sqema

miwisZvris intensivobas (Zalas) 1-dan 12 balamde gansazRvraven (cxr. 1).

136

bunebismetyveleba 5

miwisZvrebs da maT intensivobas akvirdebian xelsawyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; seismografiT (sur. 25). `seismos~ berZnulad ryevas niSnavs. seismografis saSualebiT adgenen miwisZvris siZlieres. dRevandlamde mecnierebi ver axerxeben iwinaswarmetyvelon rodis moxdeba miwisZvra, Tumca Seswavlilia seismurad aqtiuri regionebi. isini liTosferuli filebis sazRvrebTan mdebareoben. dedamiwaze wuTSi daaxloebiT ori miwisqveSa biZgi aRiricxeba, rac weliwadSi milionamdea.

sur. 25. seismografi

miwisZvra ar aRiniSneba

Zlieri ryeva susti ryeva

sur. 26. seismografis Canaweri

moqmedi vulkanebi miwisZvris epicentrebi

sur. 27. seismuri ruka gaazreba

teqstisa da rukis (sur. 27) daxmarebiT imsjele, ratom da sad warmoiqmneba miwisZvra. riT gansxvavdeba miwisZvris kera epicentrisagan? saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

seismografis modelis damzadeba mocemuli gaqvs: qaRaldis patara zomis yuTi, fanqari an kalmistari, furceli, sadgisi, Zafi an wvrili mavTuli. msvleloba: 1. yuTis zedapiri Sua adgilze gaxvrite maxaTiT. 2. fanqris bolos Seamoxvie wvrili mavTuli an Zafi. fanqars wverTan axlos Semoaxvie plastilini. 3. Zafi gauyare yuTSi gakeTebul naxvretSi da gadaaxvie fanqarze. fanqari daamagre skoCis saSualebiT yuTze (sur. 28). 5. yuTSi fskerze daafine qaRaldi. 6. yuTi moaTavse magidaze da magida odnav Searxie. daakvirdi fanqris mier datovebul kvals. Caatare seismografis modelis prezentacia. gamoitane daskvna, rogor SeiZleba seismografiT miwisZvris dafiqsireba.

sur. 28

Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

137

6. ra aris vulkani? ifiqre e da jel s m i ra amoifrqveva vulkanidan?

sur. 29. udidesi vulkani mauna loa havais kunZulze

a) Camqrali

mTas, romlis wveridan magma amoifrqveva da gadmoedineba, vulkans uwodeben. saxelwodeba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; vulkani romauli cecxlis RmerTis, vulkanusis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. gavarvarebuli magma SeiZleba amoifrqves okeanis fskerzec. Mmagmis amofrqveva dedamiwis Sinagani ZalebiTaa gamowveuli. rodesac liTosferuli filebi erTmaneTs Sordeba, dedamiwis siRrmeSi arsebul Txevad qans, magmas, saSualeba eZleva amovides zedapirze. Mmagma magmis keridan (sur. 31) vulkanis yelSi amodis. vulkanuri mTebis mwvervalze yovelTvis aris Rrmuli, romelsac kraters uwodeben (sur. 30). magma vulkanis yelSi asvlisas am arsebuli krateridan gadmoedineba. Kkrateridan gadmodinebul magmas lavas uwodeben. vulkanidan lavis garda amoifrqveva agreTve ferfli, talaxi, wylis orTqli da zogjer uzarmazari qvebic, romlebsac yumbarebs eZaxian.

ferfli da airi

qva

lava

b) moqmedi

sur. 30. vulkanis krateri

138

bunebismetyveleba 5

krateri vulkanis yeli Mmagma

Mmagmis kera

sur. 31

iq, sadac vulkanuri amofrqvevebi xdeba, qerqis qveS, temperatura maRalia da miwisqveS arsebul wyals aTbobs. cxeli wyali maRali wneviT zedapirze amodis. aseT wylebs geizerebs uwodeben (sur. 32). msoflioSi cnobilia islandiis geizerebi, aSS-Si ieloustonis nacionaluri parki, sadac geizeris amosvlis simaRle 40-90 metrs aRwevs, aseve kamCatkis geizerebis veli. vulkanebi sami saxisaa: moqmedi, miZinebuli da Camqrali (sur. 33). msoflioSi aseulobiT vulkania. maTgan nawili kontinentzea, nawili ki – okeanis fskerze. yvelaze meti vulkani aris wynari okeanis `cecxlovan rkalSi~. Y vulkanebis amofrqveva mecnierebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, bevri ram gaigon dedamiwis agebulebis Sesaxeb. vulkanebis amofrqvevis Semdeg dedamiwis zedapiris es nawili ufro nayofieri xdeba. Mmagram amofrqvevis momentSi mas adamianebisTvis bevri ubedureba moaqvs. vulkanis amofrqvevis zusti TariRis dadgena SeuZlebelia, magram mecnierebisTvis cnobilia is raionebi, sadac amis saSiSroeba arsebobs (sur. 27, gv. 137). gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom kavkasia am mxriv SedarebiT mSvidi regionia.

sur. 32. geizeri

moqmedi – aqtiuria miZinebuli – gaaqtiurebis SesaZlebloba didia Camqrali – gaaqtiurebis SesaZlebloba naklebia

sur. 33. vulkanis saxeebi

gaazreba jgufuri eqsperimenti

vulkanis amofrqvevis modelis Seqmna mocemuli gaqvs: didi zomis erTjeradi TefSi, patara boTli, qviSa (saurvelia yviTeli), fqvili, soda, TeTri Zmari, wiTeli sakvebis saRebavi. msvleloba: 1. Cayare boTlSi ori kovzi soda, saRebavi da erTi kovzi puris fqvili. 2. moaTavse boTli erTjerad TefSze. 3. odnav daasvele qviSa wyliT. 4. dayare qviSa TefSze boTlis garSemo ise, rom mTis forma miiRos (sur. 34). 5. Caasxi boTlSi ori kovzi Zmari. MaRwere eqsperimentis msvleloba da modelze damzerili movlena Seadare vulkanis amofrqvevis process.

sur. 34

saSinao davaleba

moiZie internetSi video rgoli islandiaSi 2010 wels vulkanis amofrqvevis Sesaxeb da Caatare prezentacia. Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

139

7. qanebi da mineralebi ifiqre e da jel ims risTvis iyeneben sxvadasxva saxis qans?

sur. 35. granitul mTaSi gamokveTili qandakeba

mTis broli

aqati

nefriti

oqro

sur. 36. mineralebi

sur. 37. bazaltis mTa

140

bunebismetyveleba 5

dedamiwis qerqi agebulia qanebisagan. qanebi erTi an ramdenime saxis mineralisagan Sedgeba. mineralebi myari qimiuri naerTebia, magaliTad: kvarci, mTis broli, aqati, nefriti da sxv. bunebaSi mineralebi Txevadi saxiTac arsebobs, magaliTad: wyali da vercxliswyali. erTgvarovani nivTierebisagan Semdgar mineralebs TviTnabads uwodeben. aseTebia: oqro, vercxli, spilenZi, gogirdi, almasi. mineralebi gansxvavdebian qimiuri SemadgenlobiT da fizikuri TvisebebiT: feriT, gamWvirvalobiT, elvarebiT, simtkiciT da sxv. mineralTa mravali saxeobidan adamiani mxolod ramdenime aTeuls moixmars. mineralebi yvela cocxali organizmis SemadgenlobaSic aris. qanis Semadgeneli mineralebi ganapirobebs mis simyares, fers, bzinvarebas, simkvrivesa da sxva Tvisebebs. qanebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warmoSobiTac. am mxriv gamoyofen magmur, danaleq da metamorful qanebs. Mmagmuri qanebi dedamiwis zedapirze vulkanebidan amoxeTqili lavis gacivebis Sedegad miRebuli nivTierebebia. isini mkvrivi, mZime qanebia. BaseTi qania, magaliTad, bazalti. Tu magma ver gadmovida miwis zedapirze, darCa vulkanis yelSi da gacieba moaswro miwis wiaRSi, maSin iq warmoiqmneba qanebi, romelsac granits uwodeben. Ee.i. bazalti da graniti magmuri qanebia. danaleqi qanebi warmoiqmneba nivTierebis daleqviT okeanis, zRvisa da nebismieri wyalsacavis fskerze. danaleqi qani gvxvdeba xmeleTzec. danaleqi qanebis sami saxe arsebobs: naSali-danaleqi, qimiuri da organuli qanebi. naSali qanebia, magaliTad, Tixa, qviSaqva, romle-

bic qanis daSla-daqucmacebis Sedegad Cndeba. daSlili qani qarisa da wylis mier gadaitaneba erTi adgilidan meoreze da ileqeba. Qqimiuri danaleqi qanebi warmoiqmneba wyalSi gaxsnili nivTierebebis gamoyofiT. isini fskerze myardebian da qmnian qanebs. aseTi qanebia: qvamarili, TabaSiri. maTi umravlesoba fxvieri, wyalSi xsnadi nivTierebaa. xmeleTze da wyalsacavebis fskerze xvdeba agreTve cocxali organizmebisa da mcenareebis naSTebi, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi qvavdeba da warmoiqmneba: qvanaxSiri, kirqva, carci. eE s yvela organuli qanebia. qanebis kidev erTi saxea Mmetamorfuli qanebi. sityva `metamorfozi~ niSnavs gardaqmnas. dedamiwis qveda fenebSi magmuri da danaleqi qani maRali temperaturisa da wnevis moqmedebiT gardaiqmneba – iZens gansxvavebul qimiur da fizikur Tvisebebs. aseT qans metamorfuli ewodeba. magaliTad, qviSa gardaiqmna kvarcitad, kirqva – marmarilod, Tixa – fiqalad. qanebsa da mineralebs, romelsac adamiani iyenebs, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli ewodeba. maT sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis iyeneben. magaliTad: sawvavad, samSeneblod, samrewvelod, saiuvelirod, samkurnalod.

sur. 38. Tixis WurWeli

sur. 39. fiqalisgan aSenebuli koSki (TuSeTi)

gaazreba

sqemis mixedviT imsjele qanebis Tvisebebisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. qanebis tipebi

magmuri bazalti

graniti

danaleqi

metamorfuli marmarilo

organuli warmoSobis

qimiuri warmoSobis

fiqali

naSali qvamarili

kirqva Tixa

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia, romeli saxis qanebi da mineralebi moipoveba Sens sacxovrebel adgilTan axlos da risTvis iyenebs mas adamiani.

Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

141

8. namarxi organizmebi ifiqre e da jel s m i raze mogviTxroben namarxi organizmebi?

sur. 40. ganamarxebuli amonitebi

sur. 41. gvimris anabeWdi

sur. 42. bayayis anabeWdi

sur. 43. zRvis varskvlava (saTaflia)

142

bunebismetyveleba 5

D edamiwaze sicocxle uxsovari droidan arsebobs. d Mmagram, rogor gaiges adamianebma amis Sesaxeb? Ddanaleq qanebSi mecnierebma aRmoaCines uZvelesi cxovelebisa da mcenareebis naSTebi-namarxebi. cxovelebis ConCxebi, cxovelTa nakvalevi, gaqvavebuli mcenarisa da cxovelebis anabeWdi SesaZleblobas iZleva, daadginon, rodis arsebobdnen esa Tu is cxovelebi da mcenareebi. dedamiwis qerqSi danaleqi qanebi calkeul Sreebad efineba. Ffenebis ganlagebaSi garkveuli Tanmimdevroba arsebobs. rac ufro Zvelia fena, miT ufro qveviT aris is ganlagebuli. organizmebi, romlebic qveda fenaSia aRmoCenili, ufro adre arsebobdnen, vidre mis zemoT fenaSi mopovebuli ganamarxebuli organizmebi. roca organizmi kvdeba, misi rbili nawilebi ukvalod ikargeba, magram Zvlebi saTanado pirobebSi moxvedrisas droTa ganmavlobaSi qvavdeba. narCenebi danaleq qanebSi inaxeba. xmeleTis fenebSi pouloben dinozavrebis, frinvelebis, mcenareebis gaqvavebul namarxebs. zRvisa da okeaneebis fenebSi aRmoCenilia moluskebis, amonitebis namarxebi. mecnierebs, romlebic namarxebs swavloben, paleontologebi hqviaT. Ppaleontologebi adgenen, rogori mcenareebi da cxovelebi arsebobdnen dedamiwaze, rogori iyo maTi sasicocxlo garemo da rogor icvleboda igi milionobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia spilos ConCxi, romelic kaxeTis teritoriaze binadrobda da Cveni planetis bolo gamyinvarebis dros (1,8 milioni wlis win) gadaSen-

da. saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva adgilas aRmoCenilia ganamarxebuli zRvis organizmebi, rac adasturebs, rom am teritoriaze adre zRva iyo. spilos msgavs cxovelebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mamontebs pouloben cimbiris yinulebsa da skandinaviis naxevrkunZUlze. zogierTi mamonti yinulma mTlianad Semoinaxa. D Ppaleontologebi danaleq qanebSi pouloben dinozavris nawilebs (qalas, kbilebs, xerxemlis malebs), zogjer dinozavris arsebobas adasturebs misi nakvalevi. saqarTveloSi, quTaisTan axlos, aRmoCenilia dinozavris nakvalevi (sur. 44). dinozavrebis gadaSenebis zusti mizezebi ar aris cnobili. isini gamyinvarebamde daaxloebiT 75 milioni wlis win gadaSendnen. adamianebis winamorbedebi ki 3,5 milioni wlis win gaCndnen. qanebSi napovni moluskebis namarxebi adasturebs, rom erT dros mTebis adgilas iyo zRva an okeane. es dedamiwis qerqis moZraobis damadasturebeli faqtia. qanebis struqturis Seswavla dedamiwis wlovanebis dadgenis saSualebasac iZleva. Mmecnierebis kvlevebiT dedamiwa daaxloebiT 4, 6 miliardi wlis win warmoiqmna.

sur. 44. dinozavris nakvalevi saTafliaSi

sur. 45. moluskis namarxebi imereTis kirqvianebSi

gaazreba

imsjele, ratom aris mniSvnelovani namarxebis Seswavla. jgufuri eqsperimenti

namarxis modelis damzadeba

mocemuli gaqvs: plastilini, sxvadasxva formis sagnebi (Rilebi, patara makaronebi, patara saTamaSo).

msvleloba: 1. Pplastilini gaabrtye le. 2. moaTavse masze sxvadasxva formis sxeulebi da xeliT odnav daaweqi maT. 3. frTxilad moaSore sagnebi plastilins. Ddaakvirdi nakvalevs an anabeWds. gamoTqvi mosazreba, rogor SeiZleba moaRwios Tanamedrove periodamde nakvalevma, anabeWdma?

sur. 46

saSinao davaleba

anabeWdis gamosaxulebis mixedviT (sur. 47), sakuTari fantaziiT Seqmeni organizmis sruli iersaxe. daasabuTe Seni gadawyvetileba. Caatare Sen mier Seqmnili organizmis suraTis prezentacia.

sur. 47

Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

143

9. qcevis wesebi miwisZvris dros miwisZvra da vulkanebis amofrqveva dedamiwaze mcxovrebTaTvis ucxo ar aris. Tumca amis saSiSroeba mudmivad ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc unda vicodeT, rogor unda moviqceT aseTi katastrofebis dros. Tu SeigrZnobT Tqveni sacxovrebeli binis rxevas an binaSi WaRebis moZraobas, zixarT da SeinZeriT, nu SegeSindebaT. es movlenebi miuTiTebs miwisZvraze. ar daibneT da imoqmedeT Semdegnairad: gaaReT sadarbazos kari da fanjrebi, radgan SeiZleba deformacia ganicados da veRar SeZloT gaReba. dadeqiT binis usafrTxo adgilze: kuTxeSi, Sida kedelTan, SeZveriT magidis qveS, dadeqiT Sors fanjrebidan da mZime avejisagan. ar dadgeT aivanze. gasanaTeblad ar gamoiyenoT asanTi, sanTebela, sanTeli. gazis gaJOonvivsas SesaZlebelia moxdes xanZari. rxevebis Sewyvetis Semdeg saswrafod datoveT bina. aiReT dokumentebi da TqvenTvis saWiro nivTebi Tu axlos gaqvT. ar isargebloT liftiTa da kibeebiT miwisZvris dros.

144

bunebismetyveleba 5

miwisZvris Sewyvetis Semdeg SegiZliaT isargebloT kibeebiT. kibeze Casvlisas unda iaroT kedlis gaswvriv. Camosvlisas nu gaCerdebiT SenobasTan axlos. ecadeT moZebnoT gaSlili adgili. moerideT gawyvetil mavTulebs. Tu zixarT manqanaSi, ar gadmoxvideT manqanidan, sasurvelia, manqana idges Senobebidan Sors. gansakuTrebiT mniSnelovania Tqveni qceva miwisZvris Sewyvetis Semdeg. unda icodeT, rom pirveli miwisZvris Semdeg SeiZleba, miwisZvra kvlav ganmeordes. amitom uceb ar dabrundeT saxlSi. gauwieT pirveladi daxmareba dazaralebulebs. ar mixvideT axlos da ar SexvideT dazianebul SenobebSi.

gaazreba

jgufuri samoqmedo gegmis Sedgena miwisZvrisas erTad gaecaniT `qcevis wesebs miwisZvris dros~. daiyaviT 4-5 bavSvian jgufebad. imsjele, rogor imoqmedeb miwisZvris SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Seni skolaSi yofnisas moxda. samoqmedo gegmis Sedgenisas gaiTvalswine Seni skolis arqiteqtura (sarTulianoba, kibeebi, lifti, saTadarigo gasasvleli). imoqmede miwisZvris dros qcevis wesebis Sesabamisad (gaiTvaliswineT Tqveni skolis saevakuacio gegma). moamzade erToblivi gegma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; naxazi an plakati da warmoudgine klass. moiyvane argumentebi da daasabuTe Seni gadaw yvetileba.

Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

145

10. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. sqemisa da suraTis mixedviT imsjele dedamiwis Sinagani agebulebisa da Semadgeneli nawilebis Sesaxeb. dedamiwa

birTvi Sida birTvi (myari)

mantia

gare birTvi (Txevadi)

qerqi danaleqi fena

zeda mantia (myari)

granituli fena qveda mantia (Txevadi)

bazalturi fena

7 6

2. imsjele liTosferos agebulebis Sesaxeb.

liTosfero

4 3

kontinenturi

2 1

dedamiwis agebuleba

okeanuri

zeda mantia

bazalturi fena

granituli fena

danaleqi fena

danaleqi fena 3. imsjele, romeli suraTi gamoxatavs sworad Camqral vulkans.

146

bunebismetyveleba 5

4. Seadare a da b suraTi da imsjele, ratom emTxveva vulkanebis amofrqveva da miwisZvris epicentrebi liTosferuli filebis sazRvrebs?

a) liTosferuli filebis sazRvrebi

vulkanebisa da

miwisZvrebis epicentrebi

5. magmuri da danaleqi qanebi sxvadasxvagvari warmoSobisaa, magram isini gardaiqmnebian da icvlian saxes. aRwere ra faqtorebi moqmedebs qanebis gardaqmnaze. moiyvane ramdenime magaliTi. 6. Seavse cxrili da imsjele, am mineralebis ra Tvisebebi ganapirobebs maT gamoyenebas sxvadasxva mizniT? mineralis dasaxeleba

feri, gamWvirvaloba, elvareba, simyare

gamoyeneba

mTis broli

oqro

oqro almasi vercxliswyali almasi

7. namarxis tipebi azrobrivad daukavSire suraTeEbs. anabeWdi

vercxliswyali

gaqvavebuloba

Tavi 6. dedamiwis agebuleba

147

me-6 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: dedamiwis Semadgeneli nawilebia: birTvi, mantia da qerqi. birTvi Sedgeba Sida da gare birTvisagan. mantia Sedgeba qveda da zeda mantiisagan. dedamiwis kontinenturi qerqi Sedgeba bazalturi, granituli da danaleqi fenebisagan. okeanuri qerqi Sedgeba bazalturi da danaleqi fenebisagan. dedamiwis qerqi mudmivad moZraobs rogorc horizontalurad, aseve vertikalurad. 200 milioni wlis win dedamiwaze erTiani kontinenti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; pangea arsebobda. liTosfero dedamiwis myari garsia, is qerqsa da mantiis zeda nawils moicavs. liTosfero did da patara filebad iyofa, romlebic moZraoben. maTi sazRvrebi ar emTxveva kontinentebisa da okeaneebis sazRvrebs. liTosferuli filebis moZraoba iwvevs miwisZvrebsa da vulkanebs. es procesebi warmoqmnis mTebs, rogorc dedamiwis zedapirze, aseve okeaneebis fskerze. miwisZvra dedamiwis siRrmeSi warmoqmnili biZgebia, saidanac seismuri talRebi vrceldeba yvela mimarTulebiT. vulkani mTaa, romlis wverodan magma amoifrqveva da gadmoedineba. geizeri vulanuri warmoSobis cxeli wyaroa, saidanac orTqlisa da cxeli wylis Sadrevnebi amoedineba. dedamiwis qerqi agebulia qanebisgan. qanebi warmoSobis mixedviT iyofa magmur, danaleq da metamorful qanebad. qani Sedgeba mineralebisagan, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian fizikuri da qimiuri TvisebebiT. namarxebi danaleq qanebSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi cocxali organizmebis naSTebia. namarxis saxeebia nakvalevi, gaqvavebuloba da anabeWdi. paleontologebi namarxebis mixedviT swavloben dedamiwis warsuls.

148

bunebismetyveleba 5

149

saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka

msoflios fizikuri ruka

150

bunebismetyveleba 5

151

5 moswavlis wigni