Gr-13_M-1_NEET_IL-ACH_Biology_Plant Kingdom by infinity-learn

PLANT KINGDOM CHAPTER 3

Chapter Outline

3.1 Systems of Classification and Types of Taxonomy –

3.2 Algae

3.3 Bryophytes

3.4 Pteridophytes

3.5 Gymnosperms

3.6 Angiosperms

Our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time. Fungi and members of the Monera and Protista having cell walls have now been excluded from Plantae, though earlier classifications put them in the same kingdom. Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are no longer ‘algae’.

3.1 SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF TAXONOMY

Artificial System of Classification:

■ It is the earliest system of classification.

■ Artificial system of classification is based on only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc.

■ Based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure.

■ Proposed by Linnaeus based on androecium structure.

■ Disadvantages:

Separation of closely related species due to reliance on few characteristics.

Equal importance is given to both vegetative and sexual traits, despite vegetative traits being more susceptible to environmental influence.

Natural Classification Systems:

■ They are based on natural affinities among organisms.

■ Considers both external and internal features such as ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry.

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

■ Natural system of classification for flowering plants is proposed by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker.

Phylogenetic Classification Systems:

■ Based on evolutionary relationships among organisms.

■ Assume that organisms within the same taxa share a common ancestor.

■ Utilise information from various sources to resolve classification challenges.

■ Particularly useful when fossil evidence is lacking.

Numerical Taxonomy:

■ Assign numbers and codes to each character for data processing.

■ Ensures equal importance to each character.

■ Allows consideration of hundreds of characters simultaneously.

■ Utilises computers to analyse all observable characteristics.

Cytotaxonomy:

■ Based on cytological information such as chromosome number, structure, and behaviour.

Chemotaxonomy:

■ Based on chemical constituents of plants to resolve confusion in taxonomy.

3.2 ALGAE

3.2.1 General Characteristics of algae:

■ Algae are chlorophyll-bearing autotrophic organisms.

Diversity in Form and Size:

■ Simple, thalloid structure.

■ Range from unicellular ( Chlorella ) colonial forms ( Volvox ) to filamentous forms (Ulothrix and Spirogyra).

Massive plant bodies:

■ In some marine algae, like kelps

Habitat:

■ Primarily aquatic, found in both freshwater and marine environments.

■ Also found in various other habitats, such as moist stones, soils, and wood, in association with fungi in lichens, and animals (e.g., on sloth bear).

Reproduction:

■ Vegetative reproduction: Through fragmentation.

■ Asexual reproduction: By various spores, mostly flagellated zoospores.

■ Sexual reproduction: Involves the fusion of gametes:

Isogamous reproduction with similar-sized gametes

Flagellated (e.g., Ulothrix)

Non-flagellated (e.g., Spirogyra)

Anisogamous reproduction with dissimilar-sized gametes (e.g., Eudorina).

Oogamous reproduction with large, non-motile female gamete and smaller, motile male gamete (e.g., Volvox, Fucus).

Vegetative (Fragmentation)

Asexual (Mostly by flagellated zoospores) Reproduction

Economic Importance of Algae:

Through photosynthetic activity:

Sexual

Anisogamy Oogamy

Isogamous

Gametes flagellated and similar in size (Ulothrix)

Gametes non- flagellated and similar in size (Spirogyra)

■ At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae.

■ Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment.

Primary Producers:

■ As primary producers of energy-rich compounds, algae form the basis of aquatic food cycles.

Food Source:

■ Several species of marine algae (70 species) are used as food,

■ Examples: Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum

Source of commercially used hydrocolloids:

■ Certain marine brown and red algae produce hydrocolloids

■ Examples: Algin (from brown algae), and carrageen and agar (from red algae)

Commercial Use of agar:

■ Source of agar – Gelidium and Gracilaria

■ Use of agar: to grow microbes and in the preparation of ice cream and jellies.

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

Nutritional Supplement:

■ Chlorella (a unicellular alga) is rich in proteins.

■ It is used single cell protein (SCP)

It serves as a food supplement even for space travellers.

■ The algae are divided into three main classes.

3.2.2 Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)

Characteristics:

Plant Body:

■ May be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous. (Fig. 3.1)

Colouration:

■ Usually, grass green

■ Dominant pigments – chlorophyll a and b

Chloroplasts:

■ Pigments are localised in definite chloroplasts

■ Shapes of chloroplasts vary among species:

discoid,

plate-like,

reticulate,

cup-shaped,

spiral,

ribbon-shaped.

Storage Bodies:

■ Most members have pyrenoids in chloroplasts

■ Pyrenoids are carbon concentating bodies characterised by a central protein rich matrix surrounded by starch deposits.

■ Some algae store food as oil droplets.

Cell Wall:

■ Typically rigid

■ Composed of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

Chlorophyceae (Green algae)

Rhodophyceae (Red algae)

Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) Algae

Reproduction:

■ Vegetative reproduction via fragmentation.

■ Asexual reproduction through flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia.

■ Sexual reproduction:

Varies in the type and formation of sex cells

Includes isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy

Examples:

■ Chlamydomonas

■ Volvox

■ Ulothrix

■ Spirogyra

■ Chara

3.2.3 Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae):

Characteristics:

Habitat:

■ Primarily in marine habitats.

Size and Form:

■ Exhibit great variation in size and form.

■ Range from simple branched, filamentous forms (e.g., Ectocarpus) to large, profusely branched forms like kelps (heights of up to 100 meters). (Fig. 3.2)

Pigments:

■ Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls.

Daughter colony Parent colony

Axis

Branches

Fig. 3.1 Volvox, Ulothrix, and Chara

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

■ Colour varies from olive green to shades of brown

■ Colour is influenced by the fucoxanthin pigment content.

Food Storage:

■ As complex carbohydrates, such as laminarin or mannitol.

Cell Wall:

■ Vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall covered by a gelatinous coating of algin.

Protoplast:

■ Contains plastids, a centrally located vacuole, and a nucleus.

Plant Body:

■ Typically attached to the substratum by a holdfast.

■ Consists of a stalk (stipe) and leaf-like photosynthetic organ (frond).

Reproduction:

■ Vegetative reproduction: Through fragmentation.

■ Asexual reproduction: By biflagellate, pear-shaped zoospores typically with two unequal laterally attached flagella.

■ Sexual reproduction: Isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous.

Gamete union may occur in water or within the oogonium (in oogamy).

Examples:

Fucus

Laminaria

Ectocarpus

Dictyota

Sargassum

Fig. 3.2 Fucus, Laminaria and Dictyota

3.2.4 Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)

Characteristics:

■ Commonly known as red algae due to the predominance of red pigment, r-phycoerythrin.

Habitat:

■ Primarily marine, with a higher concentration in warmer areas.

■ Found in both well-lighted regions near the water’s surface and at great depths where little light penetrates.

Thallus Structure:

■ Red thalli are mostly multicellular, some with complex body organisation. (Fig. 3.3)

Food Storage:

■ Floridean starch, similar in structure to amylopectin and glycogen.

Reproduction:

■ Vegetative reproduction: Mainly through fragmentation.

■ Asexual reproduction: Involves non-motile spores.

■ Sexual reproduction: Oogamous, with non-motile gametes.

■ Accompanied by complex post-fertilization changes.

Examples:

Polysiphonia

Porphyra

Gracilaria

Gelidium

Beyond NCERT NEET points

Spirulina are unicellular algae.

Branches

Frond

Main axis

Fig. 3.3 Porphyra and Polysiphonia

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

Table 3.1: Classes of Algae and Their Main Characteristics

Characteristics

Common name Green algae Brown algae Red algae

Habitat Freshwater, brackish water, saltwater Freshwater (rare), brackish water, saltwater

Cell Wall

Cellulose

Major Pigments

Chlorophyll a, b

Cellulose and algin

Chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin

Freshwater (some), brackish water, saltwater (most)

Cellulose, pectin, and polysulphate esters

Chlorophyll a, d, phycoerythrin

Stored Food Starch Mannitol, laminarin Floridean starch

Flagella 2-8, equal, apical 2, unequal, lateral Absent

Examples Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Ulothrix

3.3 BRYOPHYTES

Fucus, Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Sargassum, Dictyota

Gelidium, Gracilaria Polysiphonia, Porphyra

■ Also known as “amphibians of the plant kingdom” because they can live in soil but depend on water for sexual reproduction.

■ Play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil.

Habitat:

■ Commonly growing in moist, shaded areas in the hills.

■ Occur in damp, humid, and shaded localities.

Plant Body:

■ Thallus-like, prostrate or erect

■ Attached to substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids.

■ Lack true roots, stem, or leaves

■ May possess root-like, leaf-like, or stem-like structures.

Reproduction: (NEET 2025)

■ Main plant body is haploid (gametophyte) and produces gametes.

■ Sex organs are multicellular.

■ Male sex organ (antheridium) produces biflagellate antherozoids.

■ Female sex organ (archegonium) produces a single egg.

■ Fertilisation occurs by fusion of an antherozoid with the egg to produce a zygote.

■ Zygotes do not undergo reduction division immediately

■ Zygote develops into a multicellular sporophyte

■ Sporophyte is not free living and is attached to the gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.

Spore mother cells (2n) of sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores

Spores germinate to produce gametophytes.

Economic Importance:

■ Bryophytes in general are of little economic importance.

■ Some mosses provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.

■ Species of Sphagnum (a moss) provide peat

■ Peat is used as fuel, and as packing material for trans-shipment of living material because of its high water holding capacity

Ecological Importance:

■ Mosses are the first organisms to colonise rocks, along with lichens.

■ They aid in decomposition of rock and making substrate suitable for growth of higher plants.

■ Mosses reduce impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion by forming dense mats on soil.

Classification of Bryophytes

3.3.2

Liverworts

Habitat:

■ Moist, shaded environments such as stream banks, marshy areas, damp soil, tree bark, and deep in woods.

Plant Body:

■ They exhibit a thalloid plant body, as in Marchantia. (Fig. 3.4)

■ Thallus is dorsiventral, closely appressed to the substrate.

■ Leafy liverworts have tiny leaf-like appendages arranged in two rows on stem-like structures.

■ Asexual Reproduction:

By Fragmentation

By Gemmae (specialised multicellular, green, asexual buds formed within small receptacles called gemma cups on the thalli) (NEET 2025, 2021)

Detached gemmae germinate to give rise to new individuals.

Liverworts (Marchantia)

Mosses (Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum)

Bryophytes

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

■ Sexual Reproduction:

Involves the production of male and female sex organs

Sex organs are either on the same or different thalli.

The sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta, and capsule.

Spores are produced within the capsule through meiosis,

Spores germinate to form free-living gametophytes.

Examples:

Riccia

Marchantia

Life Cycle:

■ The predominant gametophyte stage of the life cycle consists of two phases.

■ Protonema stage:

The first phase, arising directly from a spore.

It is a creeping, green, branched, and often filamentous stage.

■ Leafy stage: The second phase, emerging from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.

It features upright, slender axes with spirally arranged leaves and bears the sex organs.

They are attached to the soil through multicellular and branched rhizoids. (Fig. 3.5)

Vegetative Reproduction:

■ Through fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema.

Sexual Reproduction:

■ Through sex organs antheridia (male) and archegonia (female) developed at the apex of leafy shoots .

■ Following fertilisation, the zygote matures into a sporophyte having a foot, seta, and capsule.

■ The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts.

Archegoniophore Antheridiophore

Gemma cup Gemma cup Rhizoids Rhizoids

Fig. 3.4 Marchantia- Female thallus and Male thallus

3.3.3 Mosses

■ Spore Dispersal:

Spore mother cells in the capsule produce haploid spores after meiosis.

Mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal.

Examples:

Funaria

Polytrichum (2025)

Sphagnum

 Checkpoint

Q. The movement of the antherozoid towards the mouth of the archegonium is due to chemical-rich mucilaginous components released from the archegonium. Is this type of movement of the whole cell towards a chemical stimulus referred to as chemotropic movement or chemotactic movement ?

Chemotactic movement

Answer:

3.4 PTERIDOPHYTES

Pteridophytes include: horsetails and ferns (Fig. 3.6)

■ They are valued for: Medicinal, soil-binding and ornamental purposes.

■ They are the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).

Habitat and Distribution:

■ Predominantly in cool, damp and shady environments

■ Some species also thrive in sandy soil conditions.

Archegonial branch Branches

Antheridial branch

Capsule Seta

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Fig. 3.5 Funaria, gametophyte and sporophyte and Sphagnum gametophyte

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

Life Cycle: (NEET 2025)

■ Dominant plant body: Sporophyte with differentiated roots, stems, and leaves

■ Plant parts possess well-differentiated vascular tissues.

Leaves in pteridophytes:

■ Leaves may vary in size and are categorised as:

Small (microphylls) as seen in Selaginella or

Large (macrophylls) as seen in ferns.

Reproductive Structures:

■ Sporophylls : leaf like appendages that bear sporangia.

■ Sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells.

■ Strobili or cones:

Compact structures of sporophylls in some species e.g., Selaginella, Equisetum (Fig. 3.7)

■ Prothallus:

Inconspicuous, multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic, thalloid gametophytes formed by germination of spores

It requires cool, damp, shady environments for its growth.

It bears male sex organs (antheridia) and female sex organs (archegonia).

■ The spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions due to:

Specific requirement of water in the transfer of male gametes (antherozoids) to the archegonia

The male gamates are released from the antheridium to the mouth of archegonium.

Fertilization: The fusion of the male gamete and the egg in the archegonium forms a zygote.

This zygote gives rise to a multicellular, well-differentiated sporophyte (dominant phase).

Fig. 3.6 Fern

Homospory and heterospory:

■ Homosporous pteridophytes produce similar spores

Example: Majority of pteridophytes

■ Heterosporous pteridophytes produce macrospores and microspores.

Examples: Selaginella and Salvinia (Fig. 3.7) (NEET 2025)

■ Megaspores and microspores germinate into female and male gametophytes,respectively.

Female gametophytes remain attached to the parent sporophytes for varying durations.

Zygotes develop into young embryos within the female gametophytes.

Heterospory is a precursor to the seed habit and is considered as important step in evolution.

Classification of pteridophytes:

Classes of Pteridophytes

Psilopsida (Psilotum)

 Checkpoint

(Selaginella, Lycopodium)

Sphenopsida (Equisetum)

Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum)

Q. In the context of Indian mythology, which species of pteridophyte was referred to as ‘Sanjeevni booti’?

Answer: Sanjeevani herb or Sanjeevani booti refers to Selaginella bryopteris

3.5 GYMNOSPERMS

■ In Gymnosperms ovules are not enclosed by an ovary wall and remains exposed both before and after fertilization (NEET 2025, 2018)

■ Gymnosperms include medium to tall trees and shrub

■ Giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species.

Stem Leaves Roots

Strobilus Node Internode Branch

Rhizome

Fig. 3.7 Pteridophytes: Selaginella , Equisetum, Fern, and Salvinia

Lycopsida

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

Root System:

■ Roots are typically tap roots.

■ Some form associations with - fungi to form mycorrhiza ( Pinus ) or N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria in corolloid roots of Cycas (NEET 2013)

Plant Structure:

■ Stems: Unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus) (NEET 2024-R)

■ Leaves: Simple or compound.

Leaves are adapted to endure extreme temperature, humidity, and wind conditions (NEET 2016-II)

Needle-like leaves in Conifers reduce surface area.

Thick cuticle and sunken stomata reduce water loss from the leaves.

Reproduction:

■ Gymnosperms are heterosporous, producing haploid microspores and megaspores.

■ Strobili or cones or lax: Formed by spirally arranged sporophylls

■ Sporophylls develop sporangia that contain spores

■ Microsporangiate or male strobili develop microsporangia,

■ Male gametophytes (pollen grains) are produced in microsporangia.

■ Male gametophyte are highly reduced and is confined to only a limited number of cells.

■ Macrosporangiate or female strobili bear megasporophylls with ovules or megasporangia.

■ Male and female cones may be borne on the same tree, e.g., Pinus (NEET 2017)

■ In others like Cycas, male cones and megasporophylls are on different trees.

■ The megaspore mother cell is formed within the nucellus of ovule.

■ Ovule is protected by envelopes.

■ Ovules are located on megasporophylls, sometimes clustered to form female cones.

■ Megaspore mother cell produces four megaspores by meiosis.

■ Only one megaspore develops into a multicellular female gametophyte within the megasporangium and remains in it.

■ Female gametophyte bears two or more archegonia or female sex organs within the ovule.

■ In gymnosperms the male and the female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence and remain within the sporangia on the sporophytes

Pollination and Fertilisation:

■ Pollen grains:

Released from the microsporangium

Carried by air currents to the opening of ovules.

■ Pollen tube:

Carries male gametes

Grows towards the archegonia.

Discharges its contents near the mouth of the archegonia.

■ After fertilisation:

The zygote develops into an embryo.

The ovules develop into naked seeds.

Examples:

Pinus

Cedrus

Cycas

Ginkgo

Beyond NCERT NEET points (NEET 2018)

Winged pollen grains are present in Pinus

Table 3.2 Comparative account of bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms (NEET , 2020-II, 2013)

Main plant body Gametophyte is thalloid or foliose

Vascular system Absent

Sporophyte with root, stem, and leaves

Vascular system is present. However, the xylem is without vessels (except. Selaginella, Marselia ) and phloem is without companion cells and sieve tube elements.

Spore Homosporous Mostly homosporous (Psilotum, Lycopodium ) but some are heterosporous (e.g., Selaginella, Salvinia, Azolla, Marselia)

Sex organs

Antheridium and archegonium

Sporophyte with root, stem, and leaves

Vascular system is present. However, the members of Gnetales (e.g., Gnetum) possess vessels and companion cells in xylem and phloem, respectively.

Heterosporous

Male gametophyte and archegonium; archegonium lacks neck canal cells.

Long shoot

Dwarf shoot

Fig. 3.8 Gymnosperms: Cycas, Pinus, and Ginkgo

Characteristic

Male gamete Biflagellated and motile

Fertilisation

Zooidogamous, oogamous, water is essential

Gametophyte Gametophyte is predominant.

Sporophyte Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte.

Flagellated or ciliated motile Mostly non-motile, except in Cycas

Zooidogamous, oogamous, water is essential

Gametophyte is small but independent of sporophyte.

Sporophyte is dominant and independent.

Siphonogamous, oogamous, water is not required, but zooidogamous is also seen in Cycas

Gametophyte is reduced to few cells and is dependent on sporophyte.

Sporophyte is dominant and independent.

Life cycle Haplodiplontic Haplodiplontic Diplontic

 Checkpoint

Q. Determine the common trait of plants like bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms from the following options: flowers, seeds, retained embryos, and vascular tissue.

An embryo is retained on the parent plant.

Answer:

3.6 ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)

■ Angiosperms develop ovules and pollen grains within flowers.

■ Seeds are enclosed within fruits.

■ These are a large group of plants occurring in wide range of habitats

■ Habit: Ranging from small Wolffia to tall Eucalyptus trees. (Fig. 3.9)

■ They provide vital resources like food, fodder, fuel, medicines, and other commercial products.

■ Classes of Angiosperms: Dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

Fig. 3.9 Eucalyptus

CHAPTER REVIEW

Systems of Classification and Types of Taxonomy

Artificial Classification System:

■ Early systems, led by Linnaeus, focused on external morphological features, like habit, colour, and reproductive structures.

■ It emphasised vegetative traits and androecium structure but was criticised for separating closely related species based on a limited set of characteristics.

■ It equally considered both vegetative and sexual traits, a method now deemed inadequate.

Natural Classification System:

■ It evolved to include natural affinities in addition to morphological features.

■ Proposed by Bentham and Hooker, this system considers internal features, such as ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry.

Phylogenetic Classification System:

■ Taxonomists adopted phylogenetic relationships for classification. This system assumes that organisms within the same taxa share a common ancestor.

Numerical Taxonomy:

■ Enabled by computers, this approach incorporates all observable characteristics.

■ It assigns numbers and codes to each character for equal consideration.

■ It allows the simultaneous consideration of hundreds of characters, enhancing the comprehensiveness of classification.

Cytotaxonomy:

■ It relies on cytological information, including chromosome number, structure, and behaviour.

Chemotaxonomy:

■ It utilises chemical constituents of plants to resolve taxonomy confusion.

Algae

■ Algae are photoautotrophic, non-embryophytic, and atracheate simple aquatic thallophytes.

■ They are primarily aquatic organisms, found in both freshwater and marine environments.

■ They are highly variable in form and size, including colonial forms like Volvox and filamentous forms like Ulothrix. Some marine forms, like kelps, form massive plant bodies.

■ Reproduction in algae occurs through vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods. Vegetative reproduction involves fragmentation, while asexual reproduction produces zoospores. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes, which can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous.

■ They generally follow a haplontic life cycle with a predominance of the gametophytic generation.

Ecological and Economic Importance:

■ Algae play a crucial role in carbon dioxide fixation through photosynthesis, increasing dissolved oxygen levels.

■ Primary producers of energy-rich compounds form the basis of aquatic food cycles.

■ Some algae, like Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum, are used as food.

■ Hydrocolloids, like algin and carrageen, are produced for commercial use.

■ Chlorella, a protein-rich unicellular alga, serves as a food supplement for space travellers.

Chlorophyceae:

■ Green algae belong to the division Chlorophyta.

■ They are mainly aquatic, predominantly freshwater organisms.

■ They include unicellular, colonial, and filamentous forms.

■ Cell wall contains inner cellulose and outer pectin.

■ Pigments present are chlorophyll a and b

■ Reproduction involves vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods.

■ Examples: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chara, Ulothrix, Spirogyra

Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae):

■ They are primarily marine forms.

■ They include kelps with massive seaweeds; no unicellular or colonial forms.

■ The thallus structure is a branched filamentous or parenchymatous structure with holdfast, stipe, and frond.

■ The cell wall contains a gelatinous coating containing alginic acid.

■ Brown algae vary in colour from olive green to brown due to fucoxanthin.

■ Reserve food is laminarin and/or mannitol.

■ Reproduction involves vegetative, asexual (zoospores), and sexual methods (oogamy).

■ Examples: Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum, Macrocystis, Dictyota

Rhodophyceae (Red Algae):

■ They are predominantly marine, with some freshwater forms.

■ Thallus structure is mostly multicellular with complex body organisation.

■ Cell wall contains outer pectin and inner cellulose layer; mucilaginous material contains agar-agar and carrageen.

■ The red colour is due to r-phycoerythrin and r-phycocyanin; chlorophyll a and d are present.

■ Reserve food is floridian starch, resembling glycogen and amylopectin.

■ Reproduction involves vegetative, asexual (non-motile spores), and advanced oogamous sexual reproduction.

■ Examples: Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gelidium, Chondrus, Gracilaria, Batrachospermum

Bryophytes

■ The dominant plant body is a haploid gametophyte, which is a dorsiventrally flattened thalloid form (Marchantia) or upright foliose form with two rows of leaf-like appendages (Porella).

■ In mosses, gametophyte consists of two stages, namely juvenile, short-lived, prostrate, branched, filamentous stage called protonema, and dominant, adult, upright, leafy stage called gametophore, which is differentiated into rhizoids, cauloid, and phylloids, without vascular tissues.

■ Rhizoids may be unicellular ( Marchantia) or multicellular branched with oblique septa (Funaria).

■ Vegetative reproduction takes place by frag-mentation, gemmae ( Marchantia ), and secondary protonema ( Funaria). Mitospore formation is absent.

■ Both antheridium and archegonium are multi-cellular, jacketed, and stalked. Biflagellate anthrozoids are formed.

■ Sporophytes are attached to gametophytes and live either as a complete parasite ( Marchantia ) or partial parasite ( Funaria ). They are mechanically and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.

■ The sporophytic plant body is differentiated into the foot, seta, and capsule.

■ Meiosis occurs in spore mother cells (i.e., sporic/intermediary meiosis) inside the capsule of sporophyte.

■ All bryophytes are homosporous.

■ Spore dispersal may take place by elaters ( Marchantia), pseudo elaters (Anthoceros), or peristomial teeth ( Funaria).

■ The meiospore directly germinates into a branched, multicellular, filamentous, algal-like body, which is called primary protonema.

■ Branched multicellular filamentous protonema formed from any cell of a detached injured portion of the cauloid, phylloid, and rhizoid of gametophores is called secondary protonema. Buds develop on secondary protonema, which later produce leafy gametophores.

■ Species of Sphagnum provide peat, which is used as fuel and for packaging and transshipment of living materials. Mosses, along with lichens, are first to colonise rocks and, hence, have great ecological importance.

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

Pteridophytes

(First true land plants/vascular cryptogams)

■ Both sporophytic and gametophytic generations are found in cool, damp, and shady places.

■ The dominant phase is the diploid sporophyte, and it is differentiated into true roots (adventitious), stems, and leaves with vascular tissues, and usually, secondary growth is absent.

■ Leaves may be microphyllous, e.g., Selaginella, or large macrophyllous, called fronds, e.g., Dryopteris (ferns).

■ Sporophylls aggregate in some pteridophytes to form strobili or cones, e.g., Selaginella, Equisetum.

■ The majority of pteridophytes are homosporous ( Pteris), and some are heterosporous (Selaginella, Salvinia ).

■ Meiospores, on germination, give rise to inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophyte(s) called prothallus.

■ Development of the zygotes into young embryos takes place within the female gametophyte. This event is a precursor to seed habit and is considered an important step in evolution, e.g., Selaginella rupestris.

Gymnosperms

(Phanerogams without ovary/fruit)

■ Gymnosperms include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs; usually, herbs are absent.

■ Generally, gymnosperms have tap root system, some have mycorrhizae (Pinus ) and coralloid roots (Cycas).

■ Stem may be unbranched ( Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus).

■ Leaves may be simple (Ginkgo), pinnately compound (Cycas), or needle-like (Pinus), and they are well adapted to withstand extreme temperatures, humidity, and wind due to thick cuticle, sunken stomata, etc.

■ Ovules are naked, sessile, orthotropous, and unitegmic.

■ Pollination is direct and anemophilous.

■ Endosperm is haploid and a pre-fertilisation product (female gametophyte).

Angiosperms

■ Unique features of angiosperms are indirect pollination, double fertilisation, triploid endosperm, and seeds enclosed in fruits.

PLANT KINGDOM

# Exercises

EXERCISE – I

NEET Foundation

Systems of Classification and Types of Taxonomy

1. In which of the following branches of taxonomy, each character is given equal importance?

(1) Cytotaxonomy

(2) Numerical taxonomy

(3) Chemotaxonomy

(4) Karyotaxonomy

2. The artificial system, which was based on sexual or androecium characters, was given by (1) Linnaeus

(2) Bentham and Hooker (3) Engler and Prantl

(4) Hutchinson

3. Phylogenetic system of classification emphasizes on (1) morphological features

(2) chemical constituents

(3) floral characters

(4) evolutionary relationships

4. Bentham and Hooker’s classification of flowering plants is an example of (1) artificial system (2) natural system (3) phylogenetic system

(4) multidisciplinary system

5. Classification of plants based on chromosome number, structure, and behaviour is referred to as (1) chemotaxonomy

(2) numerical taxonomy

(3) cytotaxonomy

(4) omega taxonomy

6. Chemotaxonomy is based on (1) information of chromosome number, structure, and behaviour

(2) chemical constituents of plants

(3) all observable characters

(4) only sexual characters

Algae

7. Ulothrix is (1) isogamous and gametes are non-motile (2) anisogamous (fusion of gametes dissimilar in size)

(3) oogamous (fusion of one large, nonmotile (static) female gamete and smaller motile male gamete

(4) isogamous and gametes are flagellated

8. Which of the following is a colonial alga?

(1) Fucus (2) Ulothrix

(3) Volvox (4) Chlorella

9. Which of the following organism has chloroplast with pyrenoid?

(1) Chlamydomonas

(2) Selaginella

(3) Cycas

(4) Hibiscus

10. Chlorophyceae are grass green due to the dominance of pigment

(1) chlorophyll a and c

(2) chlorophyll a and b

(3) chlorophyll c and d

(4) chlorophyll a and e

11. Leaf-like photosynthetic organ in members of phaeophyceae is (1) holdfast (2) frond (3) stipe (4) rhizoid

12. Type of stored food material in brown algae is

(1) starch

(2) glycogen

(3) mannitol

(4) amylopectin

13. Carrageen, a hydrocolloid, is obtained from (1) Rhodophyceae

(2) Chlorophyceae

(3) Phaeophyceae

(4) Xanthophyceae

14. In the life cycle of which of the following algae, oogamy and complex post-fertilisation developments are seen?

(1) Fucus (2) Volvox

(3) Polysiphonia (4) Laminaria

Bryophytes

15. Sex organs in bryophytes are (1) multicellular, jacketed, sessile

(2) multicellular, jacketed, stalked

(3) unicellular, jacketed, stalked

(4) unicellular, non-jacketed, sessile

16. Which of the following is the odd one w.r.t bryophytes?

(1) Presence of vascular tissues

(2) Embryo formation

(3) Gametophytic plant body

(4) Shows oogamy

17. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom as

(1) their reproductive phase requires water

(2) they have tracheids

(3) their sex organs are multicellular and jacketed

(4) they have gametophyte as dominant phase

18. Identify the plant lacking true roots, stem, or leaves.

(1) Equisetum (2) Eucalyptus

(3) Pinus (4) Marchantia

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

19. The sporophyte of liverworts is composed of (1) root, stem, and leaves (2) foot, seta, and capsule (3) rhizoids and fronds (4) antheridia and archegonia

20. Gemma is (1) sexual, unicellular, non-jacketed (2) sexual, multicellular, jacketed (3) asexual, unicellular, sessile (4) asexual, multicellular, green

21. Bryophyte with separate male and female thalloid gametophytes is (1) Marselia (2) Sphagnum (3) Marchantia (4) Funaria

22. Protonema is (1) non-green gametophyte (2) creeping and unbranched gametophyte (3) filamentous gametophyte (4) leafy stage in moss

23. Elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal is not seen in (1) Funaria (2) Polytrichum (3) Sphagnum (4) Marchantia

24. The bryophyte used as a packing material for transhipment of living materials is (1) Marchantia (2) Sphagnum (3) Funaria (4) Polytrichum

Pteridophytes

25. Which of the following is not a pteridophyte? (1) Selaginella (2) Equisetum (3) Sphagnum (4) Salvinia

26. In a group of which of the following plants, the female gametophyte is retained on the parental sporophyte for variable periods?

(1) Marchantia

(2) Funaria

(3) Salvinia

(4) Pinus

27. The term ‘prothallus’ refers to (1) reduced gametophyte of bryophytes

(2) reduced gametophyte of pteridophytes

(3) reduced sporophyte of pteridophytes

(4) reduced sporophyte of bryophytes

28. Strobili or cones are found in (1) Pteris (2) Marchantia

(3) Equisetum (4) Salvinia

29. The first terrestrial plants which possess vascular tissues, i.e., xylem and phloem, are (1) bryophytes (2) pteridophytes

(3) angiosperms (4) gymnosperms

Gymnosperms

30. The main plant body is sporophyte in (1) Marchantia, Pinus

(2) Cycas, Pinus

(3) Funaria, Equisetum

(4) Adiantum, Sphagnum

31. Gymnospermic seeds are naked due to the absence of (1) vessels (2) integument

(3) ovary wall (4) sieve tubes

32. Archegoniates that bear ovules are (1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (3) algae (4) gymnosperms

33. Phloem of gymnosperms contains (1) sieve cells and albuminous cells (2) sieve tube and albuminous cells (3) sieve cells and companion cells (4) sieve tube, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres

34. A gymnosperm with unbranched stem is (1) Pinus (2) Sequoia (3) Cycas (4) Cedrus

35. What is the name of the tallest gymnosperm? (1) Sequoia (2) Eucalyptus

(3) Wolffia (4) Pistia

36. Coralloid roots are present in (1) Pinus (2) Cycas (3) Cedrus (4) Ginkgo

Angiosperms

37. Double fertilisation is a unique feature of (1) gymnosperms (2) pteridophytes

(3) angiosperms (4) bryophytes

38. In angiosperms, fruit is formed from (1) ovule (2) ovary

(3) megaspore

(4) petiole

39. The tallest angiosperm is (1) Polyalthia

(2) Casuarina

(3) Eucalyptus

(4) Tectona

EXERCISE – II

NEET Drill

Systems of classification

1. Which classification system separates the closely related species?

(1) Artificial system of classification

(2) Natural system of classification

(3) Phylogenetic system of classification

(4) Numerical system of classification

2. Identify the incorrect statement w.r.t classification systems.

(1) Artificial system gives equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characters.

(2) Vegetative characters are not easily affected by environment .

(3) Natural classification systems were based on natural affinities among organisms and consider both external and internal features.

(4) Phylogenetic classification systems are based on evolutionary relationships.

3. Plant Kingdom of Whittaker includes

(1) algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and fungi

(2) cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms

(3) algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms

(4) algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and viruses

Algae

4. Which of the following group of organisms carries out almost half of the total carbon dioxide fixation globally?

(1) Algae

(2) Bryophytes

(3) Pteridophytes

(4) Gymnosperms

5. Choose the correct statements with respect to brown algae.

(A) Members of brown algae are also called as Phaeophyceae.

(B) Members of brown algae are mainly present in fresh waters.

(D) Kelps are profusely branched brown algae.

(1) A, B, and D only (2) B, C and D only

(3) A, C and D only (4) A, B, C and D

6. Brown algae possess all characters except (1) algin in cell wall.

(2) chlorophyll a and c pigments.

(3) non-motile spores and gametes.

(4) holdfast, stipe and frond in some members.

7. Which of the following pair of algae is used to obtain a product that is commercially used to grow microbes?

(1) Chlorella, Chara

(2) Ulothrix, Volvox

(3) Spirogyra, Sargassum

(4) Gelidium, Gracillaria

8. Which are the most common asexual reproductive spores seen in algae?

(1) Aplanospores (2) Zoospores

(3) Akinetes (4) Hypnospores

9. Choose the incorrect statement w.r.t algae.

(1) Thalloid organisms

(2) Most of them are autotrophic and freeliving.

(3) Some algae live on the surface of animal bodies.

(4) All are aquatic.

10. Which unicellular green alga, rich in protein, is used as a food supplement by space travelers?

(1) Porphyra (2) Chlorella

(3) Spirulina (4) Rhizopus

11. Choose the correct statement with respect to green algae.

(1) Cell wall has inner pectic layer and outer cellulose layer.

(2) Pyrenoids have protein and starch.

(3) All of them are multicellular and filamentous.

(4) Food is not stored in the form of oil droplets.

12. What is the cell wall composition of red algae?

(1) Cellulose and algin

(2) Algin and polysulphated esters

(3) Carrageen and algin

(4) Cellulose, pectin and polysulphate esters

13. Which one of the following is not a character related to brown algae?

(1) The reserve food materials are mannitol and laminarin.

(2) Zoospores with two lateral and unequal flagella.

(3) Chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin are photosynthetic pigments.

(4) Cell wall is composed of cellulose, pectin and chitin.

14. Identify the correct set of organisms with chlorophyll pigments which are identical to higher plants.

(1) Ulothrix and Spirogyra

(2) Ulothrix and Polysiphonia

(3) Fucus and Gracilleria

(4) Ectocarpus and Volvox

15. The plant body of Fucus is attached to a substratum through a structure called A, and it has a photosynthetic leaf like organ called-B.

Identify A and B respectively from the options given below.

(1) Stipe Frond

(2) Frond Stipe

(3) Holdfast Stipe

(4) Holdfast Frond

16. Which of the following pair of algae is unicellular?

(1) Gelidium and Gracillaria

(2) Anabaena and Volvox

(3) Chlorella and Chlamydomonas

(4) Laminaria and Sargassum

17. Which of the following pairs of brown algae are used as source of food?

(1) Sargassum and Laminaria

(2) Porphyra and Laminaria

(3) Sargassum and Porphyra

(4) Polysiphonia and Porphyra

18. Algin and Carrageen are hydrocolloids obtained from A and B. Identify A and B respectively.

(1) Brown algae Red algae

(2) Green algae Red algae

(3) Brown algae Green algae

(4) Brown algae Blue-green algae

19. Which of the following set of organisms belong to the same class of algae?

(1) Chara, Fucus, Polysiphonia

(2) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas

(3) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Ulothrix

(4) Sargassum, Laminaria, Gracilaria

20. Algae forms the basis of

(1) the food cycles of all aquatic animals

(2) the oxygen to land plants

(3) the carbon-di-oxide to land plants

(4) the carbon-di-oxide to animals

21. Which algal product is used to grow microbes and in preparation of ice-creams and jellies?

(1) Algin (2) Carrageen

(3) Agar (4) Pectin

22. Which of the following features are commonly observed in moss plants and green algae?

(a) Type of reserve food material

(b) Presence of cellulose in cell wall

(d) Presence of free-living gametophyte

Choose the correct option.

(1) (a) and (b) only

(2) (b) and (c) only

(3) (b), (c) and (d) only

(4) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Bryophytes

23. Identify the haploid structures found in Funaria.

(1) Foot (2) Rhizoids

(3) Seta (4) Capsule

24. Which plant group forms dense mats over soil and check soil erosion?

(1) Ferns (2) Mosses

(3) Cycads (4) Trees

25. In which of the following structures the embryo development takes place in bryophytes?

(1) Protonema (2) Sporangium

(3) Antheridium (4) Archegonium

26. Predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss (1) is a gametophyte consisting of protonema and leafy stage

(2) is sporophyte

(3) consists of foot, seta and capsule

(4) produces the spores

27. Which one of the following statements explains the ecological importance of bryophytes?

(1) Mosses are the only group of plants to provide a food source for herbaceous mammals and birds.

(2) Peat obtained from Sphagnum has long been used as fuel.

(3) Peat is used in trans-shipment of living material as it holds water.

(4) Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks.

28. Rhizoids of mosses are

(1) unicellular and unbranched

(2) unicellular and branched

(3) multicellular and branched

(4) multicellular and unbranched

29. Which stage in the life cycle of a moss plant resembles algae?

(1) Prothallus (2) Protonema

(3) Sporophyte (4) Adult Plant

30. In mosses, the sex organs are developed (1) on secondary protonema

(2) at the apex of leafy shoot

(3) at the ventral side of prostrate thallus

(4) at the dorsal side of prostrate thallus

31. Unique character of bryophytes is (1) rhizoidal gametophyte

(2) independent sporophyte

(3) multicellular jacketed sex organs

(4) total or partial parasitic sporophyte on gametophyte

32. Which of the following features are related to bryophytes?

(a) Amphibians of the plant kingdom.

(b) Male gametes are biflagellate anthrezoids.

(d) Free-living gametophyte is the dominant stage

Choose the correct option.

(1) (a), (b) and (c) only (2) (b), (c) and (d) only (3) (a), (c) and (d) only (4) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

33. Which of the following statements is correct?

(1) In brown algae the cell wall has cellulose covered on the outside by carrageen.

(2) Male gametes of bryophytes are large and stationary.

(3) Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues.

(4) Roots of Pinus are associated with bluegreen algae like Nostoc and Anabaena

34. Which of the following statements are correct w.r.t. liverworts?

(a) Commonly found on the banks of streams and in moist and shady places.

(b) Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds.

(d) Rhizoids are multicellular.

(1) a, b and c only (2) a, b and d only

(3) a, c and d only (4) a, b, c and d

35. Zygote in mosses divides by mitosis and develops into a

(1) haploid, unicellular and parasitic sporophyte

(2) haploid, multicellular and dependent sporophyte

(3) diploid, multicellular spore-producing body

(4) diploid and, independent sporophyte

Pteridophytes

36. Juvenile gametophytic stage in mosses and gametophyte of pteridophytes is respectively known as

(1) prothallus, protonema

(2) protonema, prothallus

(3) leaf stage with strobilus, protonema

(4) prothallus, leafy stage with strobilus

37. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires

(1) birds (2) water

(3) wind (4) insects

38. Why is the distribution of pteridophytes limited to a narrow geographical region on this planet?

(1) The gametophytic stage can survive only in cool, damp and shady places and water is needed for fertilisation.

(2) The sporophytes can not survive in light exposed regions.

(3) Sporophytes require water for spore dispersal.

(4) Sporophytes have reduced size compared to gametophytes.

39. Which of the following events are of evolutionary significance in pteridophytes?

(a) Heterosporous condition

(b) Retention of female gametophyte in the parent sporophyte for a variable period.

(1) a and b only (2) b and c only

(3) c and d only (4) a, b and c

40. Which of the following is the correct description of the free-living gametophytic stage in pteridopytes?

(1) Inconspicious, multicellular, nonvascular, haploid and mostly photosynthetic

(2) Large, multicellular, vascular, haploid and photosynthetic

(3) Small, multicellular, diploid, nonvascular and autotrophic

(4) Thalloid, heart shaped, and dependent on sporophyte

41. Few genera of division Pteridophyta produce two kinds of spores. Such plants are known as

(1) heterosporous (2) homosporous

(3) diplosporous (4) haplosporous

42. Choose the incorrect statements w.r.t. pteridophytes.

(a) They flourish in cool, damp and shady places.

(b) They do not occur in sandy soils.

(d) Both sporophytic and gametophytic stages are free-living and photosynthetic.

(1) a and d only

(2) a and c only

(3) b and c only

(4) c and d only

43. In pteridophytes, microphylls and macrophylls are seen in A and B respectively.

AB

(1) Salvia Salvinia

(2) Selaginella Lycopodium

(3) Selaginella Ferns

(4) Adiantum Psilotum

44. The male and female sex organs of pteridophytes are

(1) globule and nucule respectively

(2) antheridia and archegonia respectively

(3) spermatangia and oogonia respectively

(4) Testes and ovary respectively

45. Gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia in (1) Funaria and ferns

(2) Funaria and Cycas

(3) Polytrichum and Pinus

(4) Marchantia and Cedrus

46. All are true about pteridophytes, except (1) it include horsetail and ferns

(2) main plant body is a sporophyte

(3) the sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages

(4) reproduce asexually by gemmae

47. Choose the feature not shown by pteridophytes.

(1) Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte.

(2) Female sex organ is archegonium.

(3) Root system is adventitious.

(4) Water is needed for fertilisation.

48. The sporophyte of pteridophytes is different from that of bryophytes in terms of which of the following features?

(1) Being multicellular and saprophytic

(2) Being short-lived and haploid

(3) Being vascular and independent

(4) Being non-vascular and haploid

Gymnosperms

49. Which type of plants are not usually observed in gymnosperms?

(1) Herbs

(2) Shrubs

(3) Tall trees

(4) Medium-sized trees

50. Leaves of gymnosperms are adapted to extremes of

(A) temperature

(B) wind

(1) A and B (2) A and C

(3) B and C (4) A, B and C

51. What is true in members of gymnosperms?

(A) Parasitic gametophyte

(B) Xerophytic habitat

(1) A and B only

(2) B and C only

(3) A and C only

(4) A, B and C

52. In gymnosperms ovule___

(1) is not enclosed by ovary wall before fertilisation but enclosed after fertilisation

(2) remains enclosed before fertilisation only

(3) is not enclosed by any ovary wall and remains exposed, both before and after fertilisation

(4) is never formed

53. Choose the pair of plants with branched stem.

(1) Cycas , Pinus

(2) Cycas, Cedrus

(3) Cycas, Ginkgo

(4) Pinus, Cedrus

54. Megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the

(1) nucellus (2) ovary

(3) megaspore (4) microspore

55. Which of the following is not a feature of gymnosperms?

(1) Presence of archegonia.

(2) Presence of ovules.

(3) Gametophytes being dependent on sporophyte.

(4) Necessity of water for fertilisation.

56. Select the correct statement.

(1) Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species.

(2) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to extremes of climate.

(3) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous.

(4) Salvinia , Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms.

57. In which of the following groups of plants, gametophyte is not independent and free living?

(1) Bryophytes and pteridophytes

(2) Pteridophytes and gymnosperms

(3) Gymnosperms and angiosperms

(4) Algae and angiosperms

58. Which of the following statements are related to Cycas?

(a) Small specialized roots called coralloid roots, associated with N 2 - fixing cyanobacteria.

(b) The stems are unbranched.

(d) Male or female cones or strobili may be borne on the same tree.

(1) a, b and c only (2) b, c and d only

(3) a, c and d only (4) a, b and d only

59. Multicellular female gametophytes are seen in

(A) Marchantia (B) Selaginella

(1) A and B only (2) B and C only

(3) A and C only (4) A, B and C

Angiosperms

60. The male and female sex organs of angiosperms are A and B respectively A B

(1) anthredium archegonium

(2) petals sepals

(3) strobili sporangium

(4) stamens carpels

61. In which of the following groups of plants, sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle?

(I) Pteridophytes (II) Gymnosperms

(III) Angiosperms (IV) Algae

(1) I, II and III only

(2) I, II and IV only

(3) I, III and IV Only (4) II, III and IV only

62. Which of the following statements are correct w.r.t. angiosperms?

(a) True flowers are present in dicots and monocots.

(b) Ovules are enclosed in the ovarian wall. (c) Fruit formation is from ovary.

(d) The smallest angiosperm is Wolffia.

(1) a, b and c only (2) b, c and d only

(3) a, c and d only (4) a, b, c and d

63. Which among the following are heterosporous plants?

(A) Selaginella (B) Pinus

(1) A and B only (2) C and D only

(3) A, B and C only (4) A, B, C and D

EXERCISE – III

Matching Type Questions

1. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct option.

Column-I Column-I

(A) Cedrus (I) Moss

(B) Adiantum (II) Algae

(D) Sargassum (IV) Pteridophyte

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1) III IV I II

(2) IV III I II

(3) II III IV I

(4) IV II III I

2. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct option.

Column-I Column-II

(A) Psilopsida (I) Equisetum

(B) Lycopsida (II) Lycopodium

(D) Pteropsida (IV) Psilotum

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1) I II III IV

(2) IV II I III

(3) II I IV III

(4) III II I IV

3. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct option.

Column-I Column-II

(A) Colonial (I) Kelps

(B) Filamentous (II) Spirogyra

(D) Massive plant body (IV) Volvox

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1) III I IV II

(2) II I IV III

(3) IV II III I

(4) II III I IV

EXERCISE – IV

Statement Type Questions

Each question has two statements: statement I (S-I) and statement II (S-II). Mark the correct answer as

(1) if both statement I and statement II are correct

(2) if both statement I and statement II are incorrect

(3) if statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect

3: Plant Kingdom

(4) if statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct

1. S-I : Angiosperms are heterosporous.

S-II : Some of the gymnosperms are heterosporous.

2. S-I : The thalloid gametophyte of Marchantia is dioecious.

S-II : Sporophyte of Marchantia develops on its female gametophyte.

3. S-I : Mathematical tools are used to understand all observable characters in numerical taxonomy.

S-II : Large numbers of characters from different branches are considered along with evolution in natural systems of classification.

4. S-I : Homosporous plants are found in Spermatophytes.

S-II : Homosporous plants produce only one type of spores.

5. S-I : All tracheophytes are embryophytes.

S-II : All embryophytes are tracheophytes.

6. S-I : Pinus is dioecious.

S-II : It has both male and female cones on the same plant.

7. S-I : The natural classification systems were based on natural affinities among the organisms

S-II : The natural classification systems for flowering plants was given by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker.

8. S-I : The earliest systems of classification were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure.

S-II : The artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics

9. S-I : Oogamy in Ulothrix involves flagellated and similar sized gametes, while in Spirogyra –- non-motile but similar sized gametes.

S-II : Oogamy involves fusion between one large, static female gamete and a smaller and motile male gamete.

10. S-I : Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment.

S-II : Many freshwater species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.

11. S-I : The members of Chlorophyceae are commonly called green algae.

S-II : The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped in different species of green algae.

12. S-I : Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an inner cellulosic layer and an outer pectose layer.

S-II : The sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous in green algae.

13. S-I : Species of Sphagnum provide peat.

S-II : Mosses form dense mats on the soil, and enhance the impact of falling rain and promote soil erosion.

14. S-I : In pteridophytes, the main plant body is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.

S-II : Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders.

15. S-I : The sporophylls are leaf-like appendages that bear sporangia in gametophytic stages.

S-II : The sporophylls can form distinct compact structures – strobili or cones as seen in Selaginella, Equisetum.

16. S-I : The living pteridophytes are distributed in limited regions and restricted to narrow geographical regions.

S-II : The prothallus in pteridophytes bear male and female sex organs.

17. S-I : The ovules of gymnosperms are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation.

S-II : All the gymnosperms are tall trees, and the giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species.

18. S-I : Roots are associated with N2 - fixing cyanobacteria in the mycorrhiza of Pinus.

S-II : The gymnosperms’ stems may be unbranched as in Pinus or branched as in Cycas

19. S-I : The naked ovules are clustered to form the female cones in Pinus.

S-II : The pollen grains released from the microsporangium are carried by air currents in gymnosperms.

20. S-I : The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of plants occurring in wide range of habitats.

S-II : The angiosperms are divided into two classes mainly on the basis of the presence of naked or enclosed ovules.

EXERCISE – V

Assertion and Reason Questions

In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given, followed by a corresponding statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct answer as

(1) if both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(2) if both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(3) if (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) if both (A) and (R) are false

1. (A) : Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants.

(R) : In gymnosperms ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall.

2. (A) : Main plant body of bryophyte is gametophyte.

(R) : The plant body is haploid and produces gametes.

3. (A) : All gymnosperms are heterosporous; they produce haploid microspores and megaspores within sporangia.

(R) : Sporophylls bearing sporangia are arranged spirally along an axis to form compact cones called lax or strobili. These cones may be borne on the same tree or on different trees.

4. (A) : Sexual reproduction in Volvox takes place by oogamy.

(R) : Volvox shows fusion between smaller motile, flagellated male gamete and larger, flagellated female gamete.

5. (A) : In gymnosperms, the pollen grains are released from the microsporangium and carried by air currents.

(R) : Air currents carry the pollen grains to the mouth of the archegonia where the male gametes are discharged, and the pollen tube is not formed.

6. (A) : Linnaeus classification of plants is an artificial system of classification.

(R) : Linnaeus classified plants based only on vegetative characters.

7. (A) : Ectocarpus is a brown alga.

(R) : Ectocarpus has chlorophyll c.

8. (A) : Rhodophyceae members are commonly called ‘red algae’.

(R) : Red algae show predominance of the pigment r-phycoerythrin in their body.

9. (A) : Phylogenetic classification systems assume that organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor.

(R) : Phylogenetic classification systems are based on evolutionary relationships between the various organisms.

10. (A) : Numerical Taxonomy is carried out using cytological information like chromosome numbers.

(R) : Supporting fossil evidence is crucial for Numerical Taxonomy

11. (A) : Agar is used to grow microbes, and in preparation of ice-creams and jellies.

(R) : Agar is one of the commercial products obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria

12. (A) : Phaeophyceae members show great variation in size and form.

(R) : They range from simple branched, filamentous forms (Ectocarpus) to profusely branched forms like kelps.

13. (A) : Brown algae vary in colour from olive green to various shades of brown.

(R) : Food is stored as complex carbohydrates - may be in the form of laminarin or mannitol in them.

14. (A) : The plant body in Laminaria is attached to the substratum by a holdfast, and has a stipe and a frond.

(R) : Majority of the brown algae are marine with greater concentrations found in the warmer areas.

15. (A) : Bryophytes play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil.

(R) : The male sex organ is antheridium, and the female sex organ is archegonium in Bryophytes.

16. (A) : Zygotes undergo reduction division immediately after fertilisation in Bryophytes.

(R) : The sporophyte is free-living and attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte in these plants.

17. (A) : The leaves in Pteridophyta are microphylls or macrophylls.

(R) : Microphylls and macrophylls are observed in Selaginella and in ferns, respectively under pteridophytes.

18. (A) : The gametophytes are inconspicuous, multicellular, free-living, and mostly photosynthetic thalloid structures in pteridophytes.

(R) : The spores in pteridophytes germinate to give rise to prothallus, which require cool, damp, and shady places to grow

19. (A) : The leaves in gymnosperms are welladapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.

(R) : In Cycas, the needle shaped leaves persist for a few years.

20. (A) : The male and the female gametophytes have an independent, free-living existence in gymnosperms.

(R) : Functional megaspores are formed from archegonia, while the microsporangia are formed from the pollen grains.

EXERCISE – VI

Previous NEET Questions

1. Which of th e following is the correct match? (2024–R)

(1) Gymnosperms: Cedrus, Pinus, Sequoia

(2) Angiosperms: Wolffia, Eucalyptus, Sequoia

(3) Bryophytes: Polytrichum, Polysiphonia, Sphagnum

(4) Pteridophytes: Equisetum, Ginkgo, Adiantum

2. Gemmae are present in (2021)

(1) some liverworts

(2) mosses

(3) pteridophytes

(4) some gymnosperms

3. Male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free living existence in (2020-II)

(1) bryophytes (2) pteridophytes

(3) algae (4) angiosperms

4. Winged pollen grains are present in (2018)

(1) mustard (2) Cycas

(3) mango (4) Pinus

5. Which of the following statements is correct? (2018)

(1) Ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall in gymnosperms.

(2) Selaginella is heterosporous, while Salvinia is homosporous.

(3) Horsetails are gymnosperms.

(4) Stems are usually unbranched in both Cycas and Cedrus.

6. Select the mismatch. (2017)

(1) Cycas - Dioecious

(2) Salvinia - Heterosporous

(3) Equisetum - Homosporous

(4) Pinus - Dioecious

7. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of (2017) (1) Fucus (2) Funaria

(3) Chlamydomonas (4) Marchantia

8. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of (2016-II)

(1) broad, hard leaves

(2) superficial stomata

(3) thick cuticle

(4) presence of vessels.

9. Read the following statements (A - E) and answer the question which follows them. (2013)

(A) In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are free-living.

(B) Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous.

(D) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that in mosses.

(E) Both Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(1) Three (2) Four

(3) One (4) Two

CHAPTER TEST

Section-A

1. Which of the following pairs of pteridophytes are heterosporous?

(1) Lycopodium and Salvinia

(2) Selaginella and Salvia

(3) Salvinia and Psilotum

(4) Selaginella and Salvinia

2. Given below are two statements. One is labelled Assertion (A), and the other is labelled Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : The spread of sporophyte in ferns is restricted to narrow geographical areas, mostly moist areas.

Reason (R) : The gametophyte of ferns need cool and damp areas to grow and water for fertilisation.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(3) (A) is true and (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

3. Read the following four statements (a-d).

(a) In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is represented by megasporophyll.

(b) In Selaginella, the gametophytic plant body possesses microphyll.

(d) Antheridiophore and archegoniophores are present in same plant body of Marchantia

How many of the above statements are correct?

(1) Two (2) Three

(3) One (4) Four

4. Read the following characters and identify which plant group they are referring to.

(a) Occur in damp, humid and shaded localities.

(b) First embryophytes.

(d) Sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte

(1) Algae (2) Bryophytes

(3) Pteridophytes (4) Gymnosperms

5. Identify the incorrect match.

(1) Spirogyra – Non-flagellated gametes, isogamy

(2) Eudorina – Anisogamy

(3) Volvox – Oogamy

(4) Ulothrix – Non-flagellated gametes, isogamy

6. Non-p hot osynthetic gametophytes are present in

(1) Polytrichum (2) Ginkgo

(3) Pteris (4) Adiantum

7. Which of the following statements is incorrect about gymnosperms?

(1) Their seeds are not enclosed

(2) Few of them are heterosporous.

(3) Male gametophyte is not free living and made up of a limited number of cells.

(4) Female gametophyte is not free living and is multicellular.

8. Which of the following is not a feature of prothallus in pteridophytes?

(1) Free-living

(2) Mostly photosynthetic

(3) Thalloid

(4) Unicellular

9. Read the following statements.

Statement I : Seeds of gymnosperms usually have more than one embryo.

Statement II: The female gametophyte retained in the ovule has more than one archegonium.

In light of the given statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both statement I and statement II are correct.

(2) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.

(3) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.

(4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.

10. Read the following statements.

Statement I : Red algae reproduce asexually by non-motile spores and sexually by non-motile gametes.

Statement II: Sexual reproduction in red algae is oogamous.

In light of the given statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both statement I and statement II are correct.

(2) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.

(3) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.

(4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.

11. Given below are two statements. One is labelled Assertion (A) and the other is labelled Reason(R).

Assertion (A) : The first stage of gametophyte in the life cycle of moss is the protonema stage.

Reason (R) : Protonema develops directly from spores produced in a capsule.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(3) (A) is true and (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

12. Creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous stage in mosses is

(1) prothallus stage (2) proembryo stage

(3) protonema stage (4) protopod stage

13. In which type of algae sexual reproduction is accompanied by complex post fertilisation developments?

(1) Lateral flagellation in gametes

(2) More amount of fucoxanthin in plastids

(3) Apical flagellation in spores

(4) Floridian starch as reserve food

14. Given bel ow are two statements. One is labelled Assertion(A) and the other is labelled Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : All bryophytes show zooidogamous oogamy.

Reason (R) : In all bryophytes, the male gametes are motile, and they reach female gametes with the help of water.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

15. Gymnosperms are different from bryophytes in showing

(A) heterospory

(B) siphonogamy

(D) no need of water for fertilisation

(1) A, B and D only (2) A, B and C only

(3) A and B only (4) C and D only

16. Motile structures in brown algae are

(1) sporophyte and gametophyte

(2) spore and gamete

(3) zygote and spore

(4) gamete and zygote

17. The branch of taxonomy which is based on all observable features also described by

(1) use of chemical constituents of plants to resolve confusions

(2) use of cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behaviour

(3) com parison of characters by using microscope (4) giving equal importance to each character and at the same time, hundreds of characters are considered

18. Read the following statements.

Statement I : Pteridophytes are different from bryophytes in having xylem and phloem

Statement II: All pteridophytes are homosporous.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both statement I and statement II are correct.

(2) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.

(3) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.

(4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.

19. Identify the correct statements.

(I) Microsporophylls and megasporophylls are formed on the same tree in Pinus

(II) Microsporophylls and megasporophylls are formed on different trees in Cycas

(III) In gymnosperms, multicellular female gametophyte is retained within the megasporangium.

(IV) In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes do not have independent existence.

(1) I, II and III only (2) I and IV only

(3) II and III only (4) I, II, III and IV

20. Parasitic gametophytes are seen in

(1) pteriodophytes

(2) bryophytes

(3) green algae

(4) seed plants

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

21. Giv en below are two statements. One is labelled Assertion(A) and the other is labelled Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : Algae are of paramount importance as primary producers.

Reason (R) : They produce energy-rich compounds which form the basis of the food chains of all aquatic animals.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

22. Which group of plants fix most of the carbon during photosynthesis?

(1) bryophytes

(2) dicots

(3) monocots

(4) algae

23. Development of seeds from integumented megasporangium after fertilisation is observed for the first time in which of the following group of plants?

(1) Gymnosperms

(2) Angiosperms

(3) Pteridophytes

(4) Algae

24. In which type of sexual fusion of gametes, the female gamete is always non-motile and non-flagellated?

(1) Isogamy

(2) Anisogamy

(3) Physical isogamy and physiological anisogamy

(4) Oogamy

25. Given below are two statements.

Statement I : Fertilisation in gymnosperms is described as siphonogamous.

Statement II: Pollen tubes carry the male gametes to the mouth of archegonia in gymnosperms.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both statement I and statement II are correct.

(2) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.

(3) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.

(4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.

26. Ulothrix and Spirogyra are

(1) colonial and branched

(2) solitary and branched

(3) filamentous and unbranched

(4) filamentous and branched

27. Which of the following statements is correct, with respect to sporophytic generation of angiosperms?

(A) Generation that produces the spores

(B) The generation that possesses vascular tissue

Identify the correct statements.

(1) A only (2) B only

(3) A and B only (4) A, B and C

28. Each female gametophyte of gymnsperms has the following number of archegonia

(1) Several (2) One

(3) Two or more (4) Twenty to forty

29. Which of the following sequential arrangement of algae is correct w.r.t. increasing complexity of sexual reproduction?

(1) Ulothrix → Spirogyra → Porphyra

(2) Spirogyra → Porphyra → Ulothrix

(3) Fucus → Volvox → Ulothrix

(4) Porphyra → Chara → Ulothrix

30. In whic h of the following gymnosperms compound leaves are seen?

(1) Pinus (2) Ginkgo

(3) Gnetum (4) Cycas

31. The common character between Gracillaria, Laminaria, Spirogyra and Nostoc is (1) presence of air bladders

(2) lack of PS-II

(3) presence of chlorophyll a (4) ability to fix nitrogen

32. Which of the following events is precursor to seed habit and considered as important step in evolution?

(1) Sporophyte becoming independent. (2) Megasporangia developing integuments.

(3) Fertilisation and zygote formation in female gametophyte.

(4) Formation of young embryos from zygote within the female gametophyte.

33. Among the following pairs, choose the ones in which archegonia are present.

(1) Dictyota and Cycas

(2) Ulothrix and Eucalyptus

(3) Sphagnum and Spirogyra

(4) Pinus and Funaria

34. In which of the following marine alga, the plant body is simple, branched and filamentous with mannitol as reserve food ?

(1) Ulothrix (2) Spirogyra

(3) Ectocarpus (4) Porphyra

35. Read the following statements.

Statement I : Pollination in gymnosperms is direct.

Statement II: In gymnosperms pollengrains are deposited on ovule.

In light of the given statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both statement I and statement II are correct.

(2) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.

(3) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.

(4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.

36. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct option.

Column-I Column-II

(A) Homospory (I) Marchantia

(B) Heterospory (II) Funaria

(D) Rhizome (IV) Salvinia

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1) IV II I III

(2) I III II IV

(3) II IV I III

(4) IV I II III

37. Both gametophytic and sporophytic generations are generally independent in the plant group namely

(1) Bryophyta

(2) Pteridophyta

(3) Gymnosperms

(4) Angiosperms

38. Given below are two statements. One is labelled Assertion (A) and the other is labelled Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonize rocks.

Reason (R) : They can mineralise the rocks and decompose the substrate making it suitable for the growth of higher plants.

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

39. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, male and female sex organs are ______ and ______ respectively.

(1) microsporangia, macrosporangia

(2) male strobili, female strobili

(3) antheridia, archegonia

(4) androecium, gynoecium

40. Rhizomatous stem and aggregates of sporophylls are seen in

(1) Lycopodium

(2) Selaginella

(3) Equisetum

(4) Salvinia

41. Which of the following statements are incorrect w.r.t liverworts?

(a) In liverworts, asexual reproduction takes place by fragmentation of thalli only.

(b) Sex organs are produced either on the same or on different thalli.

(d) Spores are produced within the capsule by mitosis.

(e) Spores germinate to form free-living gametophytes.

(1) a and b only

(2) b and c only

(3) a and d only

(4) d and e only

42. Match column-I with column-II w.r.t. algae and choose the correct option.

Column-I

Column-II

(A) Pigment present in all algae (I) Chlorophyll b

(B) Pigment present in green algae (II) Chlorophyll c

(D) Pigment present in brown algae (IV) Chlorophyll d

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1) III I IV II

(2) II III IV I

(3) III IV I II

(4) III I II IV

43. Which of the following feature is unique for angiosperms?

(1) Seeds

(2) Ovule

(3) Fruits

(4) Tap root system

44. Match the following and select the correct answer.

Column-I

Column-II

(A) Pteris (I) Lycopsida

(B) Selaginella (II) Sphenopsida

(D) Psilotum (IV) Pteropsida

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1) IV I II III

(2) II I III IV

(3) I IV II III

(4) III II I IV

45. Identify the plant shown in the diagram.

(1) Azolla, a small aquatic fern

(2) Salvinia, an aquatic fern

(3) Marsilea, a terrestrial fern

(4) Riccia, a liverwort

CHAPTER 3: Plant Kingdom

ANSWER KEY

Exercise II

(30) 2 (31) 4 (32) 4 (33) 3 (34) 1 (35) 3 (36) 2 (37) 2 (38) 1 (39) 4 (40) 1 (41) 1 (42) 3 (43) 3 (44) 2 (45)

V (1) 1 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4)

Chapter Test

3 (42) 1 (43) 3 (44) 1 (45) 2