Headstart - SST Coursebook 4

COURSEBOOK

Aligned with NEP 2020 With HEADSTART APP

SOCIAL STUDIES COURSEBOOK

Aligned

Headstart Social Studies Coursebook - Class 4

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ISBN 978-81-967554-3-0

First Edition

Preface

Dear Parents, Educators, and Guardians,

In the ever-evolving landscape of education, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a pivotal milestone, emphasizing the critical role of ages 3 to 6 in shaping a child's mental faculties. Moving away from the traditional method of memorization, it highlights the significance of key learning goals, places a greater emphasis on multidisciplinary education, and aims to nurture the creative talents of every learner.

Aligned with the visionary NEP 2020, we proudly introduce the "HeadStart Programme" by Infinity Learn an innovative educational initiative meticulously designed to fortify your child's foundation during their most formative years. Tailored for Grades 1 to 5, this program aims to instil a passion for learning and establishes a formidable academic base.

The HeadStart Program unfolds a tailored educational experience, commencing with Grades 1 and 2, where the focus lies on making numbers (Math) comprehensible and fostering exploratory learning in Environmental Studies (EVS). Progressing into Grades 3, 4, and 5, the program expands to encompass critical mathematical thinking, exploration of Science, and a nuanced understanding of society, environment, and global citizenship in Social Studies.

Equipped with thoughtfully crafted course books, home reinforcement workbooks, and a cutting-edge learning app, the HeadStart Program leverages both traditional and digital tools to ensure a comprehensive educational experience.

What is the HeadStart Advantage?

We firmly believe that enhancing creativity, logical and critical thinking in the early years will pave the way for a robust foundation in Mathematics and Science during the middle years. This, in turn, positions learners for success in senior-grade challenges, differentiating them in high-stakes exams such as JEE, NEET, and CUET.

For educators, we provide meticulously designed lesson plans and in-class videos, ensuring uniform and effective teaching methodologies. Our mission encapsulates the question 'Baccha Seekha ki Nahi' did the child learn? as we are dedicated to ensuring that each child's learning journey is not merely a progression but a meaningful and enriching experience.

We invite you to join us in this exciting new chapter of your child's education. The "Head Start Programme" is more than a curriculum; it's a pathway to nurturing a lifelong passion for learning. Let's provide our children with the optimal start in their educational journey.

Warm regards,

The Infinity Learn Team

Food and Shelter

•Agriculture and Industries

Themes

World and Universe

. India - Our Country

. The Indian Peninsular Plateaus

. Life in the Southern Plains

. The Northern Mountains

. Life in the Northern Mountains

. The Northern Plains

. Life in the Northern Plains

. The Western Desert

. The Coastal Plains and Islands

. Life in the Coastal Plains and Islands

. Our Rights, Duties, and Government

. Soils of India

Water and Air

•Natural Resources

Seasons and Festivals

•Climate of India

Animals and Plants

•Forests of India

•Industries Innovation and Technology

•Water and Mineral Resources of India

World and Universe

1

India - Our Country

My Study Plan

• India’s neighbouring countries

• Indian states, union territories, and their capitals

• Physical divisions of India

Let’s Recall

Look at the names of India’s neighbouring countries given below. Fill in the blanks with ‘north’, ‘south’, ‘east’, or ‘west’ based on their location in relation to India.

• China ______ Bangladesh ______

• Nepal ______ Myanmar ______

• Bhutan ______ Pakistan ______

• Sri Lanka ______

Ravi’s friend from the northeast is visiting him. Find out the countries that share the northeast borders of India. Thinking Zone

Neighbouring Countries of India

India is a very large country. It is as long as 3200 km from the north to the south and as wide as 3000 km from west to east. It is the seventh largest country in the world.

India is in Asia, which is the largest continent in the world. India is home to the largest population in the world. India has natural borders, such as rivers and mountains, that help keep it safe from other countries.

Natural borders

The big mountains called the Himalayas protect the northern part of India. On the western border of India is the Arabian Sea. The Bay of Bengal borders India in the east, and the Indian Ocean borders India in the south.

Governance of the country

India operates under a federal system of government, which includes a central government and many state governments. The country is divided into twenty-eight states and eight Union Territories, each of which is further subdivided into districts. While each state has its governing system, the union territories are directly governed by the central government.

Word Zone

Federal: When a country’s power is shared between the central government and the state governments

Union Territories: Administrative regions that are directly governed by the central government

The Himalayas The Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean

Political Map of India

Map of India

Neighbouring countries

India is surrounded by several countries. To the north, it shares borders with China, Nepal, and Bhutan. Bangladesh and Myanmar lie to the east, while Pakistan and Afghanistan are situated to the west. In the south, Sri Lanka and Maldives are its neighbours. India does not share a land border with Sri Lanka and Maldives.

Neighbouring Countries of India

Let’s Learn

States of India and Their Capitals

State Capital Year of

Andhra Pradesh Amaravati 2014 Hyderabad

Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 1987

Assam Dispur 1972 Shillong

Bihar Patna 1950 -

Chhattisgarh Raipur 2000Goa Panaji 1987 -

Gujarat Gandhinagar 1970 Ahmedabad

Haryana Chandigarh 1966 -

Himachal Pradesh Shimla 1971 -

Jharkhand Ranchi 2000

Karnataka Bengaluru 1956

Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 1956

Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 1956

Maharashtra Mumbai 1960

Manipur Imphal 1972

Meghalaya Shillong 1972

Mizoram Aizawl 1987Nagaland Kohima 1963 -

Odisha Bhubaneshwar 1950 -

Punjab Chandigarh 1966 -

Rajasthan Jaipur 1950 -

Sikkim Gangtok 1975 -

Tamil Nadu Chennai 1956

Telangana Hyderabad 2014Tripura Agartala 1950

Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 1950

Uttarakhand Dehradun 2000

West Bengal Kolkata 1950

Union Territories of India

Union Territory Capital

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Port Blair 1956 -

Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 -

Dadra and Nagar

Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman 2020 -

Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar 2019 -

Ladakh

Leh (summer) and Kargil (winter) 2019 -

Lakshadweep Kavaratti 1956 -

Delhi New Delhi 1956 -

Puducherry Puducherry 1951 -

Fact Zone

India and Pakistan have a special ceremony called the Beating Retreat Ceremony at the Attari-Wagah border. It involves impressive military drills, music, and the lowering of the flags. It happens every evening just before sunset.

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the length of India from the north to the south?

b. List the names of countries that share a border with India.

2. Match the following states with their capitals:

a. Meghalaya

b. Nagaland

c. Mizoram

d. Manipur

i. Aizawl

ii. Imphal

iii. Shillong

iv. Kohima

Let’s Learn

Physical Divisions of India

India has diverse physical features, ranging from mountains, plateaus, plains, coasts, and islands.

The Himalayas

The Himalayas, which means ‘the abode of snow,’ are the world’s highest mountain range in the world. The Himalayan mountains are majestic and form the northern boundary of India. They have three main sub-ranges:

The Great Himalayas, or Himadri, where the tallest peaks are found.

The Middle Himalayas, or Himachal, where many famous hill stations are located.

The Lower Himalayas, or Shiwalik, which is the lowest and southernmost range.

Diverse: of various kinds

Majestic: Huge, beautiful, and hence impressive

The Great Himalayas

The Shiwalik Word Zone

Some of the hill stations in the Middle Himalayas are Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital, Darjeeling, and Srinagar.

Northern Plains

To the south of the big Himalayan mountains, there is a flat area called the Northern Indian plains. These plains were formed by the soil carried by rivers such as the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra. Since these plains are fertile for farming, lots of people live there.

Thar Desert

In the western part of India, there’s a huge desert called the Thar Desert. It is one of the largest deserts in the world and has a hot desert climate, with

Word Zone

Scorching: Very hot

Shimla

Mussoorie

Nainital

Indus

Ganga

Brahmaputra

The Thar Desert

scorching temperatures in summer and relatively cooler temperatures in winter.

Peninsular Plateau

To the south of the northern plains is the Peninsular Plateau. It looks like a triangle with many hills and valleys, making the land uneven. On the northwest side stands the very old Aravalli hills. The Vindhyas and Satpuras are two important mountain ranges here. Two rivers, Narmada and Tapi, flow through these mountains and go west into the Arabian Sea.

On the west of the plateau are the Western Ghats or Sahyadris, and on the east are the Eastern Ghats. The Western Ghats are mostly like a long line of hills, but the Eastern Ghats are not continuous and are a bit broken and uneven. Coal and iron ore are found in this plateau.

Aravalli Hills

The Peninsular Plateau

The Satpuras

Narmada River

Tapi River

The Coastal Plains

The western coastal plains are along the Arabian Sea whereas the eastern coastal plains are located along the Bay of Bengal.

The western coastal plains are narrow, and the eastern ones are wide. Some rivers flow from the east to the west, like the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri, ending in the Bay of Bengal. These rivers make fertile land at their ends, which we call the deltas. The Sunderban Delta is where rivers like the Ganga and the Brahmaputra meet the Bay of Bengal.

Islands

India has two groups of islands. One is called the Lakshadweep Islands, which are in the Arabian Sea near Kerala. They are made of corals. The other group is the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which are in the Bay of Bengal to the southeast of India.

Mahanadi River

Kaveri River

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lakshadweep Islands

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. How are deltas formed?

b. Where is the Peninsular Plateau located? Describe its physical appearance.

c. What are the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and how do they differ?

Let’s Sum Up

• India is a very large country. It is the seventh largest country in the world.

• India operates under a federal system of government.

• The country is divided into twenty-eight states and eight union territories, each of which is further subdivided into districts.

• India is surrounded by several countries.

• The Himalayas are the highest and most majestic range of mountains in the world.

• To the south of the Himalayan mountains is a flat area called the Northern Indian plains.

• In the western part of India, there’s a huge desert called the Thar Desert. It is very hot and sandy with not many plants.

• To the south of the northern plains is a place called the Peninsular Plateau. It looks like a triangle and has lots of hills and valleys, making the land uneven.

• The western coastal plains are along the Arabian Sea whereas the eastern coastal plains are located along the Bay of Bengal. The western coastal plains are narrow and the eastern coastal plains are wide.

Life Skills

Imagine you have a new neighbour from a different part of India. They don’t know anyone in your city and might be feeling lonely. What can you do to make them feel happy and help them get used to their new home? Make a quick list of essentials such as medical stores, post office, grocery stores, etc. in the neighbourhood for their convenience.

Cross-Curricular Connections

Arts:

Learn and perform a traditional song or dance from any one of the Indian states and explain its cultural significance.

21st Century Skills

Imagine you are planning a trip to an Indian state that you have never been to before. Your goal is to find the most scenic and beautiful places to visit there. Use the internet and your computer skills to make a list of the famous spots. Take the help of an adult at home and create a simple PowerPoint presentation to share your findings with the class.

Extend Your Knowledge

India shares its longest land border with Bangladesh. The border between India and Bangladesh is both geographically significant and culturally rich, as both countries have deep historical ties and social exchanges.

Tip for the Parent

Take your child out for tours whenever possible. Tell them about the different landscapes of India. Let them see the beauty of their country and learn to appreciate it.

World and Universe

2

The Indian Peninsular Plateaus

My Study Plan

• The Indian Plateau: Location and Extent

• The Malwa Plateau

• The Chota Nagpur Plateau

• The Deccan Plateau

Let’s Recall

Read the following statements and mark True or False.

• The Himalayan mountain range is located in the southern part of India. (True/False)

• The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats are both mountain ranges in India. (True/False)

• The Thar Desert is situated in the northern part of India. (True/False)

• The Indian Peninsula is surrounded by water on three sides, making it a peninsula. (True/False)

Thinking Zone

More and more people are planning a trekking adventure to the Himalayas.

What is the reason people usually choose to visit the Himalayas in the summer?

Let’s Learn

The Indian Plateau: Location and Extent

A flat and high piece of land is called a plateau. The Indian Plateau is a big area in India that goes from the south of the Northern plains to the southern tip of India. It includes places like Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the eastern part of Kerala.

The Indian Peninsular Plateau has the Aravalli Range in the northwest, the Rajmahal Hills in the northeast, and the Eastern and Western Ghats in the east and west. The river Narmada divides the plateau into two parts: the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.

The Central Highlands

The Indian Peninsular Plateau

The Central Highlands have two parts: the Malwa Plateau in central India and the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the east.

The Malwa Plateau

The Malwa Plateau is located in the north-western part of Madhya Pradesh. In the western part, the Mahi River drains the area, while the central part is crossed by the Chambal River and the eastern part is drained by the Betwa River. The Shipra River is also important in this region. Most of the plateau is covered with black soil.

Word Zone

Tip: The pointy end of something Drained: To let out all the liquid or water

The Malwa Plateau

Vegetation and animals of the Malwa Plateau

The Malwa Plateau has large areas covered with dry deciduous forests where forests of teak, acacia, and sal trees are found. People in this region are mainly engaged in farming, growing crops like cereals, pulses, cotton, and soybeans. As for animals, you can commonly find blackbuck, chinkara, and sambar in this area.

The Chota Nagpur Plateau

The Chota Nagpur Plateau is in the eastern part of India. It is situated between the Ganges and Son River basins to the north and the Mahanadi River to the south. The plateau is crossed by the Damodar River and its tributaries.

This plateau is a valuable source of minerals like coal and iron. Many people in this region work in mining. The Damodar River basin is known for its coal mines, and there are famous iron industries in places like Bokaro and Jamshedpur.

Vegetation and animals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau

The Chota Nagpur Plateau

In the Chota Nagpur Plateau, we can find dry deciduous forests and, particularly, many sal trees. Similar to the Deccan and Malwa plateaus, this area is home to blackbucks, chinkaras, wild dogs, sloth bears, and great Indian hornbills.

Cotton

Chinkara

Sal

Great Indian Hornbill

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What is a plateau? Over which states does the Indian Plateau span?

b. Describe the vegetation and animals found in the Malwa Plateau.

c. Where is the Chota Nagpur Plateau located, and why is it important?

Let’s Learn

The Deccan Plateau

The Deccan Plateau is a big, triangular area below the Narmada River in India. It stretches from the mountains in the north to the southern tip of the country. The Eastern and Western Ghats are mountains on the eastern and western sides of the plateau. The Western Ghats are taller. It covers states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

Many rivers, like the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri, start in the Western Ghats and go to the Bay of Bengal.

Vegetation and animals of the Deccan Plateau

The Deccan Plateau has dry forests where people grow things like cotton, cereals, oilseeds, and sugarcane. Animals like tigers, chinkaras, blackbucks, wild dogs, elephants, Indian giant squirrels, wild water buffaloes, and sloth bears live there too.

The Deccan Plateau

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the Eastern and Western Ghats, and which one is taller?

b. Name some rivers that start in the Western Ghats and flow to the Bay of Bengal.

c. What kinds of vegetation and animals can be found in the Deccan Plateau?

Let’s Sum Up

• A flat and high piece of land is called a plateau.

• The Indian Peninsular Plateau extends from the south of the Northern plains to the southern tip of India.

• The Central Highlands comprise the Malwa Plateau and Chota Nagpur Plateau.

• The Malwa Plateau in the northwest is drained by rivers like Mahi, Chambal, and Betwa.

• The Chota Nagpur Plateau is in the east between the Ganges-Son river basins.

• The Damodar river basin has valuable mineral resources.

• The Deccan Plateau is a triangular area below the Narmada River that stretches from the northern mountains to the southern tip.

• The plateau is flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats, with the latter being taller.

Imagine you live in the Southern Plateau region, where there are many different plants and animals. Your friend suggests cutting down trees to build a new playground. What would you consider before deciding whether or not it’s a good idea? Explain your thoughts.

Cross-Curricular Connections

Maths:

If there are three types of trees in the Southern Plateau, and each type has 20 trees, how many trees are there altogether? If one-third of these trees are cut down, how many trees will be left?

21st Century Skills

Imagine you are a modern explorer tasked with creating a digital presentation about the Plateaus in India. Look up online resources, use multimedia elements, and collaborate with a group of classmates to create the presentation and share insights about the geography, culture, and significance of this region.

Extend Your Knowledge

The Deccan Plateau in India is home to one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the world’s history, known as the Deccan Traps. Around 66 million years ago, massive volcanic activity led to the eruption of lava flows that covered an area of about 500,000 square kilometres (193,000 square miles). This volcanic activity is believed to have played a role in the mass extinction event that led to the extinction of dinosaurs, along with the impact of a large asteroid.

Tip for the Parent

To enhance your child’s understanding of plateaus and geography, consider interactive activities like map exploration, where you can locate the Indian Plateau and its divisions.

Deccan Traps

Life in the Southern Plains

My Study Plan

Southern Plains in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala

Facts about the states such as their neighbours, famous places, occupation, crops grown, minerals found, dresses worn, types of food, tribal communities, and festivals celebrated

Let’s Recall

Think of four places in another city or state that you have visited recently. Write down the names of famous tourist spots in those locations.

How is life different in the various states of India? Thinking Zone

Maharashtra

Maharashtra is a state in western India. Here are some simple facts about the state:

Neighbours

Maharashtra is surrounded by different states. It shares its borders with Gujarat to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the southeast, Karnataka to the south, and Goa to the southwest.

Tourist places

Maharashtra has many places of tourist attractions. Some of the popular places to visit in the state include Ajanta and Ellora Caves, Mumbai, Lonavala, Mahabaleshwar, Shirdi, Nashik, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, and Tarkarli.

Occupation

Agriculture is the main occupation in Maharashtra.

Crops

The state is famous for growing sugarcane, cotton, and rice.

A RABIA N SE A

Bhopal

ODISHA

TELANGANA

CHHATTISGARH

Location of Maharashtra

Ajanta and Ellora Caves

Minerals

Maharashtra is rich in minerals such as coal, iron ore, manganese, bauxite, and limestone.

Dresses

People in Maharashtra wear traditional clothes. Men wear a dhoti, kurta or cotton shirt, pheta, and a waistcoat or bandi. Women wear a choli or blouse on top and a 9-yard-long saree called ‘lugade’ or ‘nauwari saadi’.

Food

Maharashtra’s food is influenced by neighboring regions such as Gujarat, Karnataka, and Goa. Some popular dishes include vada pav, pav bhaji, and misal pav.

Tribes

Maharashtra is home to many tribal communities, including the Warli, Bhil, and Gond.

Festivals

Maharashtra celebrates various festivals, including Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, and Holi.

Ganesh Chaturthi

Lugade

Vada Pav

Karnataka

Karnataka is a state in southern India. Here are some simple facts about the state

Location of Karnataka

Neighbours

Karnataka is surrounded by Maharashtra to the north, Goa to the northwest, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest.

Tourist Places

Karnataka has many places of tourist attractions. Some of the popular places to visit in the state include: Hampi, Mysuru (Mysore), Bengaluru (Bangalore), Coorg, Gokarna, Badami, Jog Falls, Udupi, Belur and Halebidu.

Mysuru Palace Occupation

People in Karnataka are involved in various occupations. Agriculture, information technology, and tourism are significant contributors to the state’s economy.

Word Zone

Economy: The system of making money and producing and distributing goods and services

RABIA N

(Puducherry)

Crops

Karnataka is known for cultivating various crops, including rice, sugarcane, coffee, and silk.

Minerals

The state has rich mineral resources, including iron ore, manganese, and gold.

Dresses

Traditional dresses in Karnataka includes sarees for women and dhoti or lungi with a shirt for men. The Mysuru silk saree is particularly famous.

Food

Karnataka’s food is diverse and delicious. Some popular dishes include Bisi Bele Bath, Dosa, Idli, and Mysore Pak.

Tribes

While Karnataka does not have a large tribal population, it has some tribal communities like the Soligas, Yeravas, and Hakki Pikki.

Festivals

Karnataka celebrates various festivals throughout the year. Some notable ones are Dasara, Ugadi, and Makara Sankranti.

Dasara

Mysore Pak

Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is a state in southeastern India. Here are some simple facts about the state.

Location of Andhra Pradesh

Neighbours

Andhra Pradesh is surrounded by Telangana to the northwest, Chhattisgarh to the northwest, Odisha to the northeast, Karnataka to the west, and Tamil Nadu to the south.

Tourist places

Andhra Pradesh has many places of tourist attractions. Some of the popular places to visit in the state include: Tirupati, Visakhapatnam (Vizag), Amaravati, Vijayawada, Araku Valley, Nagarjuna Sagar, Srisailam, Konaseema.

Word Zone

Tourist: A person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure

Tirumala Tirupati Temple

Occupation

People in Andhra Pradesh are involved in various occupations. Agriculture, fishing, and information technology are significant contributors to the state’s economy.

Crops

Andhra Pradesh cultivates various crops, including rice, millets, tobacco, and chillies.

Minerals

The state has rich mineral resources, including limestone, bauxite, and granite.

Dresses

Traditional dress in Andhra Pradesh includes sarees for women and dhoti or lungi with a shirt for men. Women often wear vibrant sarees with unique designs, and men may wear traditional dhoti-kurta on special occasions.

Food

Andhra Pradesh’s food is famous for its spicy and flavorful dishes. Some popular dishes include Andhra Chicken Curry, Pulihora (Tamarind Rice), and Gongura Pachadi.

Tribes

Andhra Pradesh is home to various tribal communities, such as the Lambadas, Yanadis, and Koyas.

Festivals

The state celebrates various festivals throughout the year. Some notable ones are Ugadi, Sankranti, and Diwali.

Pulihora

Telangana

Telangana is a state in southern India. Here are some simple facts about the state:

CHHATTISGARH

Location of Telangana

Neighbours

Telangana shares its borders with Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the northeast, Odisha to the northeast, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the southeast.

Tourist places

Telangana has many places of tourist attractions. Some of the popular places to visit in the state include: Hyderabad (Charminar, Golconda Fort), Warangal (Thousand Pillar Temple, Bhadrakali Temple), Nagarjuna Sagar, Kuntala Waterfall, Bhongir Fort, Medak Church, Ramoji Film City etc.

Occupation

People in Telangana are involved in various occupations. Agriculture, information technology, and handloom weaving are significant contributors to the state’s economy.

Charminar

Crops

Telangana is known for cultivating various crops, including rice, cotton, maize, and pulses.

Minerals

The state has rich mineral resources, including coal, limestone, bauxite, and granite.

Dresses

Traditional dresses in Telangana includes sarees like Pochampally for women and dhoti or lungi with a shirt for men. Hyderabadi Sherwani is usually worn during marriages and grand functions. The traditional dress of Telangana for women is Langa Voni, Salwar Kameez, and Churidar.

Food

Telangana’s food is flavorful. Some popular dishes include Hyderabadi Biryani, Haleem, and Mirchi ka Salan.

Hyderabadi Biryani

Tribes

Telangana is home to various tribal communities, such as the Lambadas, Gonds, and Koyas.

Festivals

The state celebrates various festivals throughout the year. Some notable ones are Bathukamma, Bonalu, and Diwali.

Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is a state in southern India. Here are some simple facts about the state:

Location of Tamil Nadu

Neighbours

Tamil Nadu is surrounded by Andhra Pradesh to the north, Karnataka to the northwest, Kerala to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the east.

Tourist places

Tamil Nadu is known for its rich cultural heritage and tourist attractions. Some of the popular places to visit in the state include:

Chennai (Marina Beach, Kapaleeshwarar Temple), Mahabalipuram (Shore Temple, Pancha Rathas), Ooty (Nilgiri Hills, Botanical Gardens), Madurai (Meenakshi Amman Temple), Kodaikanal (Kodai Lake, Coaker’s Walk) and Rameswaram (Ramanathaswamy Temple, Dhanushkodi).

Occupation

People in Tamil Nadu are involved in various occupations such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services.

Word Zone

Heritage: Valued objects and qualities such as historical buildings and cultural traditions

(Puducherry)

Ooty

Crops

Tamil Nadu is known for cultivating various crops, including rice, sugarcane, cotton, and tea.

Minerals

The state has mineral resources such as limestone, granite, and magnesite.

Dresses

Traditional dresses for men is veshti (dhoti) and angavastram (shawl) while women wear sarees. The sarees of Tamil Nadu are famous for their intricate designs and vibrant colors.

Food

Tamil Nadu’s food is known for its use of spices. Some popular dishes include dosa, idli, sambar, and Chettinad cuisine.

Tribes

Tamil Nadu has a limited tribal population, with communities like the Irulas and Paniyans.

Festivals

The state celebrates various festivals throughout the year. Some notable ones are Pongal, Diwali, and Navaratri.

The sharing of the Kaveri River water has been the source of a serious conflict between the two Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Fact Zone

Word Zone

Cuisine: A style or method of cooking

Dosa

Kerala

Kerala is a state in the southern part of India. Here are some interesting facts about the state:

KERALA

Location of Kerala Neighbours

Kerala is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep sea to the west.

Tourist Places

Some of the popular tourist places include Fort Cochin in Cochin, Periyar National Park in Thekkady, Munnar and Wayanad hill stations, Alappuzha backwaters, beaches in Varkala and Thiruvananthapuram.

Occupation

People in Kerala are mostly involved in the occupations of Agriculture, fishing or tourism.

Map not to scale

Thiruvananthapuram

Mahe (Puducherry)

Palk Strait

Bengaluru TAMIL NADU

Alleppey Backwaters

Crops

Cash crops like coconut, rubber, pepper, cardamom, ginger, cocoa, cashew, coffee, tea and pineapples are grown predominantly.

Minerals

Heavy mineral sands, gold, iron ore, bauxite, graphite, brick clay, limestone etc. are found in Kerala.

Dresses

Traditionally, men wear a mundu, while a woman wears saree, both of them being white in colour with golden borders.

Food

Some famous dishes include Puttu and kadala curry, appam with stew, and various preparations of fish and prawns.

Tribes

Cholanaikkans, Kurumbas, Kattunaikans, Kadars and Koragas are the five vulnerable tribes of Kerala. The largest tribe is Paniyar.

Festivals

Onam and Vishu are the most prominent festivals celebrated in the state.

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions:

a. Name three states that share borders with Karnataka.

b. Mention two minerals that are abundant in Tamil Nadu.

c. Mention any two popular tourist spots in Andhra Pradesh.

d. Describe the traditional dresses worn by men and women in Telangana.

e. Describe the traditional dresses worn by men in Maharashtra.

f. Which dishes are famous in Kerala?

Let’s Sum Up

Maharashtra is a state in western India. Some popular dishes of Maharashtra include vada pav, pav bhaji, and misal pav.

Karnataka, a state in southern India is known for cultivating various crops, including rice, sugarcane, coffee, and silk.

Andhra Pradesh is located in the southern part of India. Apart from agriculture and fishing, information technology also contributes significantly to the state economy.

Telangana shares similar characteristics like Andhra Pradesh, as mentioned above. Bathukamma and Bonalu are widely celebrated festivals. Hyderabadi biryani is also very famous.

Tamil Nadu grows rice, sugarcane, cotton, and tea. It's famous for Chettinad cuisine.

Kerala has occupations like agriculture, fishing and tourism. Beaches like Varkala and hill stations like Munnar make it a popular tourist destination.

Life Skills

Imagine you are visiting a new state in India, and you notice that the people there have different customs and traditions from your own. How would you show respect and learn about their way of life?

Geography

Find out how the weather in a state affects the crops that are grown there. Explain why farmers choose certain crops based on the weather in that area.

Cross-Curricular Connections

21st Century Skills

Imagine you have a friend from a different state in India, and they invite you to celebrate a festival that you’ve never heard of before. How would you approach learning about this new festival, and what questions would you ask your friend to understand and enjoy the celebration?

Extend Your Knowledge

Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India.

Tips for the Parent

Motivate your child to learn languages of different states. Introduce them to the attires of other states and let them wear those attires.

Promote travelling to different states of India to understand the different cultures and traditions.

World and Universe

The Northern Mountains 4

My Study Plan

The Himalayan Mountains

Climate in the Northern Mountains

Plants and animals found in the Himalayan Mountains

Importance of the Northern Mountains

Let’s Recall

Mark and label the major physical divisions of India on the map below.

INDIA

Konkan coast

Kannad plain

Malabar coast Map

Map of India

Thinking Zone

Aayu is visiting a hill station in the Middle Himalayas during summer.

A Hill Station of the Middle Himalayas

What are some of the things that Aayu could do to enjoy the weather there?

Let’s Learn

The Northern Mountains

The Northern Mountains include big mountains such as the Himalayas and the Karakoram. These mountains, closely packed together, form various ranges. The Himalayas are the tallest mountains globally, stretching from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.

RANGE

THE MIDDLE HIMA

REFERENCES

The Himalayan Range

They have very high peaks with an average height of over 6600 metres. Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, is in this range. These mountains are covered in snow all the time. They cover a range of about 2400 kilometres. The Himalayan region extends for thousands of kilometres, ranging from 200 kilometres wide in Arunachal Pradesh to 500 kilometres in Jammu and Kashmir.

Mount Everest

States like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and some other northeastern states are part of this region. The northeastern part includes hill ranges like Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Naga, and Mizo, which, although not very tall, are primarily covered in dense forests.

The Himalayan Mountains are made up of three ranges: the Great Himalayas (Himadri), the Middle Himalayas (Himachal), and the Outer Himalayas (Shiwalik).

The

Great Himalayas (Himadri)

The Great Himalayan range is the tallest, always covered in snow and gives rise to glaciers, which are the starting points of major rivers like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. It includes peaks like Kanchenjunga and Annapurna. Mount Everest is the tallest peak in the Great Himalayas (8,848 metres) in Nepal. Kanchenjunga is the third-highest peak in the world, with an elevation of 8,598 metres.

Kanchenjunga Peak

REFERENCES

Kanchenjunga on the Map

Word Zone

Glaciers: Very big, slow-moving ice chunks formed from lots of snow over a long time

Peaks: The pointy tops of mountains or hills

Kanchenjunga

Khasi Hills

The Middle Himalayas (Himachal)

The Middle Himalayan range is below the Great Himalayas. It has lower peak heights and thick forests of pine and deodar trees. Famous hill stations such as Shimla, Kullu, Mussoorie, Nainital, and Darjeeling are in this region.

The Outer Himalayas (Shiwalik)

The Outer Himalayan range is below the Middle Himalayas and is the shortest among the three. This area has flat-bottomed valleys known as ‘duns.’

Mussoorie: A Hill Station

Har ki Dun

Let’s Practise-1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Which mountains are included under The Northern Mountains?

b. What are the three parts of the Himalayan Mountains?

c. What is the highest peak in the Himalayan Range?

d. What are some famous hill stations of the Middle Himalayas?

e. What does the word ‘dun’ mean?

The Karakoram Mountain Ranges

The Karakoram Mountain Range is an important mountain range in Asia. It spans the borders of Pakistan, India, and China. It is part of the larger complex of mountain ranges that includes the Himalayas to the southeast and the Hindu Kush to the southwest.

The Karakoram Range is known for its tall peaks and glaciers. It is home to some of the world’s highest mountains, including the second-highest peak, K2 (Mount Godwin-Austen). The region is known for its challenging and rugged terrain.

The Karakoram Mountain Range on the Map K2 Peak

The Karakoram Range plays an important role in the geography of the region. It influences the weather patterns and serves as the source of several major rivers, such as the Indus, Shyok, and Yarkand.

Word Zone

Spans: Covers a certain place

Rugged terrain: A rough and bumpy land with steep slopes and rocks

PAKISTAN

Purvanchal Mountains Ranges

The Purvanchal Hills Ranges are a series of hills located in eastern India. These hills are found in states like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya. They are known for their natural beauty and are characterized by lush greenery, diverse wildlife, and unique landscapes.

CHINA

PURVANCHAL MOUNTAINRANGES

BAY OF BENGAL

Let’s Practise-2

1. State True or False.

Purvanchal Mountain Ranges

REFERENCES

International Boundaries

a. The Karakoram Range is in Asia and touches Pakistan, India, and China.

b. K2 (Mount Godwin-Austen) is one of the tallest mountains in the Karakoram Range.

c. The Karakoram Range affects the weather and gives rise to rivers like the Indus.

d. The Purvanchal Hill Ranges are in eastern India, in states like Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

e. The Purvanchal Hill Ranges are famous for their beauty and the different animals that live there.

Lush Greenery: A place with lots of healthy green plants Landscapes: The way an area looks, including mountains, valleys, and rivers Word Zone

Let’s Learn

Climate

The Great Himalayan regions get heavy snowfall in winter and remain extremely cold all year round.

In the Middle Himalayas, the summer temperature is around 17°C. Many tourists visit the hill stations in this area during summer to enjoy the pleasant weather. The Outer Himalayas are not very cold but receive heavy rainfall during the monsoon season.

The climate of the Northern Mountains affects our country’s weather. They block cold winds from Central Asia and bring us rain. Some places in this region also get snow.

Vegetation

The vegetation in the Northern Mountains varies with the altitude and climate.

Altitude: How high something is compared to the sea level, especially when talking about mountains Word Zone

A Hill in the East during Monsoon Mountain Range Covered with Snow

Great Himalayas

Because it’s very cold, there aren’t many plants here. Shrubs like mosses, lichens, and pretty wildflowers like blue poppies and edelweiss grow here.

Middle Himalayas

This area has trees like pine, oak, poplar, walnut, spruce, fir, cypress, juniper, and birch. People here also grow fruits like apples, plums, peaches, pears, cherries, and almonds. Plants such as beautiful rhododendrons are grown here.

Outer Himalayas

These regions are covered with broadleaf and evergreen forests. Many trees, like sheesham, kikar, sal, teak, and babool, with leaves falling in different seasons, are found here.

Moss Covered Land

Edelweiss

Sheesham Tree

Pine Trees

Rhododendron

Wildlife

Animals like snow leopards, musk deer, red pandas, and wild sheep live in the Northern Mountains.

In the Middle Himalayas, various birds like the blacknecked crane and Himalayan quail, and animals like yaks and golden langur monkeys can be found.

The forests in the Outer Himalayas are home to hyenas, jackals, Asian elephants, Bengal tigers, and one-horned rhinoceroses.

There are many natural parks and wildlife sanctuaries in the Northern Mountains, including Jim Corbett National Park, Kaziranga National Park, and Rajaji National Park.

Importance of Northern Mountains

The Northern Mountains act as a protective shield for India. They block cold winds from the north and keep the rain inside. Abundant rain and snow in the mountains create rivers that never run dry. These rivers carry nutrient-rich soil from mountains to plains and are also used for generating hydroelectricity.

Northern Mountains serve as India’s natural defense against enemies. These mountains also give us important things like wood, medicine, and honey from their forests.

In 1953, Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

Black-Necked Crane Yak

Fact Zone

Red Panda

One-Horned Rhinoceroses

Practise-3

1. Tick the correct option.

a. What characterizes the climate of the Great Himalayan regions?

i. Hot and dry

ii. Heavy snowfall and ex treme cold

iii. Warm and rainy

b. Why do tourists visit the hill stations in the Middle Himalayas during summer?

i. To experience heavy snowfall

ii. To enjoy pleasant weather with a summer temperature of around 17°C

iii. To witness the monsoon season

c. How do the Northern Mountains affect India’s weather?

i. By bringing extremely hot temperatures

ii. By blocking cold winds from Central Asia and bringing rain

iii. By causing earthquakes

d. What type of vegetation is found in the Outer Himalayas?

i. Mosses and lichens

ii. Broadleaf and evergreen forests

iii. Shrubs and wildflowers

e. Which animals are found in the Middle Himalayas?

i. Snow leopards and musk deer

ii. Hyenas and Bengal tigers

iii. Black-necked crane and yaks

Let’s Sum Up

Northern Mountains include the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges.

The Himalayas stretch from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.

The Himalayas have three mountain ranges: Great Himalayas, Middle Himalayas, and Outer Himalayas, each with distinct features.

The Karakoram Range is in Pakistan, India, and China and is known for its tall peaks.

The Purvachal Hill Ranges in eastern India are known for their natural beauty.

The climate in the Himalayas varies, with the Great Himalayas being cold and snowy.

Vegetation ranges from sparse plants in the Great Himalayas to broadleaf and evergreen forests in the Outer Himalayas.

Wildlife in the region includes snow leopards and red pandas in the Great Himalayas, birds and yaks in the Middle Himalayas, and tigers and rhinoceroses in the Outer Himalayas.

The Northern Mountains act as a shield for India, preserving rainfall for rivers and providing resources like wood and medicine.

Life Skills

Imagine you live in the Northern Mountains, and there is a heavy snowfall. How would you plan to ensure that you and your family stay warm and safe?

Discuss with your friends what clothes you would wear and what steps you would take to stay warm both inside and outside the house.

Arts:

Draw or create a collage depicting the beauty of the mountains, including plants and animals.

21st Century Skills

Because too many trees are being cut down and natural resources are used up quickly, many animals and plants are losing their homes and might disappear forever. Make a list of these animals and plants, put in their pictures, say where they live, and share ideas on how we can help them stay safe.

Extend Your Knowledge

Mount Kailash is located in the remote western part of Tibet, is considered one of the most sacred mountains in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon religion. Pilgrims from various faiths embark on a challenging journey to circumambulate the base of Mount Kailash, known as the Kailash

Tip for the Parent

• Go on nature walks or explore local parks. Discuss the similarities and differences between your surroundings and the Northern Mountains.

• Consider taking a family trip to a nature reserve or arranging virtual tours related to mountain environments.

Mount Kailash

World and Universe

Life in the Northern Mountains 5

My Study Plan

The Northern Mountains in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura

Facts about the states, such as famous places, occupations, crops grown, dresses worn, types of food and festivals celebrated

Let’s Recall

India has many tourist spots, such as Vaishno Devi in Jammu. Can you name four famous tourist spots in other parts of the world?

Vaishno Devi

Thinking Zone

Pihu’s grandparents plan to make a pilgrimage to the Char Dhams in Uttarakhand. What kind of clothes do you think they should carry with them?

Let’s Learn

Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir, are rich in culture, history, and natural beauty.

Map of Jammu and Kashmir

Places to visit

• Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir, is known for its beautiful gardens, calm lakes, and houseboats. Popular attractions include the Mughal Gardens, Dal Lake, and Shalimar Bagh.

Word Zone

Pilgrimage: A special journey to a holy place

Houseboats: Floating homes on water

JAMMU & KASHMI R

Srinagar

Jammu

J&K and Ladakh

Dal Lake Gulmarg

• Gulmarg is a well-liked town with ski resorts, amazing scenery, high golf course, and cable cars that offer beautiful views of the snow-capped peaks.

• Pahalgam, located by the river Lidder, is a charming town famous for its scenic beauty, trekking trails, and the Amarnath Yatra pilgrimage.

The region is known for delicious food, including dishes like Rogan Josh, Yakhni, Wazwan, and Dum Aloo.

Occupation

The region is known for cultivating saffron, apples, and other fruits. Tourism is also a significant source of income in these regions.

People make beautiful crafts like Pashmina shawls and carpets. Like Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh has a rich tradition of handicrafts, including Thangka paintings and Ladakhi jewellery.

Word Zone

Snow-capped peaks: Mountains with snow on the tops

River Lidder

Kashmiri Apples

Pashmina Shawl

Crops

In Kashmir, the most common crop grown is paddy, followed by maize, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, fodder, and wheat. In Jammu, wheat is the most common grown crop, followed by maize, paddy, pulses and oilseeds.

Dresses

Pheran is the traditional outfit worn by both men and women in Jammu and Kashmir. Pheran consists of two gowns, one worn over the other.

Food

The region is known for delicious food, including dishes like Rogan Josh, Yakhni, Wazwan, and Dum Aloo.

Festivals

People celebrate festivals like Eid, Navroz, and Diwali with music and dance.

Ladakh

The newly formed Union Territory of Ladakh is also rich in its culture and nature.

Rogan Josh

Pheran

Places to visit

• Leh, Ladakh’s capital, offers breathtaking landscapes, Buddhist monasteries, and various adventure sports like trekking and river rafting.

• Nubra Valley, in northern Ladakh, is known for its sand dunes, Bactrian camels, and the Diskit Monastery.

• Zanskar Valley, renowned for its rugged terrain, is a popular spot for trekking and mountaineering.

Occupation

Even though the weather is tough in Ladakh, growing barley is an important occupation. Tourism is another source of livelihood.

Crops

Apart from barley, wheat, vegetables, mustard, apples and apricots are also grown in Ladakh.

Dresses

Men wear goncha, whereas women wear sulma. Traditionally, goncha is made of wool and tied around the waist using a thick belt. Sulma is like a flowing long robe.

Food

Ladakhi food has a lot in common with Tibetan cuisine. The most popular dishes are thukpa, momos, chhurpi and butter tea.

Festivals

The Hemis Festival, Losar, and Ladakh Festival are widely celebrated in the region.

Zone

Trekking: Going on a long and challenging hike

Word

Hemis Festival

Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is known for its beautiful landscapes and exciting adventure sports. Besides snow-capped peaks, lush green valleys, and charming towns, the richness of the state is from the warm-hearted people, vibrant culture, and festivals.

Places to visit

• The capital city, Shimla, is known for its colonial architecture and pleasant weather. Tourists visit Mall Road, Christ Church, and Jakhu Temple.

• Kullu-Manali is a popular hill station with scenic beauty and ancient temples. Rohtang Pass, Hadimba Temple, and Solang Valley are must-visit attractions.

• Dharamshala, home to the Dalai Lama, offers scenic beauty and Tibetan culture. Popular tourist places include Tsuglagkhang Complex, Namgyal Monastery, and Kangra Fort.

Mall Road, Shimla Solang Valley

Buddhist Monastery, Dharamshala

• Kasauli is a beautiful colonial town in Solan district with lovely weather. Popular places to explore include Christ Church, Monkey Point, and Gilbert Trail.

• Chamba is a beautiful town on the Ravi River. It is known for ancient temples and handicrafts. Popular spots include Chamba Palace, Bhuri Singh Museum, and Chamunda Devi Temple.

Occupation

The main occupations in the region include agriculture, horticulture, and handicrafts. The state is known for making beautiful artifacts such as shawls, carpets, paintings, and wooden articles.

Crops

The region is famous for apples, pears, and peaches.

Kangra Fort

Christ Church

River Ravi

Himachali Pears

Dresses

During special occasions, women wear colourful dresses with embroidery, and men wear a cap called pahari topi with kurta and pajama.

Food

One of the most popular Himachali cuisine is Dham. It is prepared usually for celebrations, using lentils and dairy products. Rajma (red kidney beans) or chole (chickpeas) is cooked in yogurt and served with accompaniments like Maash Dal topped with Khatta, a sweet and a sour sauce made from tamarind and jaggery.

Festivals

People celebrate festivals like Dussehra and Diwali with much excitement. In some places, such as Dharamshala, they also celebrate Losar, the Tibetan New Year.

The name ‘Himachal Pradesh’ originates from the Sanskrit word ‘hima’ which means snow. The name of the state translates as ‘in the lap of Himalayas’.

Word Zone

Embroidery: Decorating fabric with needle and thread

Losar Festival

Fact Zone

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are some of the popular attractions in Srinagar?

b. What are the distinctive features of Nubra Valley and Zanskar Valley that attract visitors?

c. Describe the key features of Kullu-Manali as a hill station.

d. What are the primary occupations in Himachal Pradesh?

Let’s Learn

Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is a northern state f India known for its beautiful mountains.

Places to visit

• Famous hill stations include Nainital, Mussoorie, and Almora. It is also famous for its rivers such as the Ganges and the Yamuna, and calm lakes such as Bhimtal.

• Rishikesh and Haridwar are known for their spiritual and yoga retreats. Uttarakhand has many pilgrimage sites, including Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri.

• Adventure sports, such as river rafting, trekking, and mountaineering, can be done in Uttarakhand. Breathtaking landscapes like the Valley of Flowers and the Roopkund can also be visited. During winter, one can also play in the snow in places like Auli.

Rishikesh

Gangotri

River Rafting Roopkund

Auli

Occupation

Agriculture and forestry are the major sources of livelihood in Uttarakhand.

Crops

Major crops grown in the state are rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, soybean, pulses, oilseeds and a number of fruits and vegetables.

Dresses

Garhwali women usually wear sari tied in a particular way, the pallu going from the front and knotted on the shoulder, with a waistband made of cloth. Men usually wear kurta and pyjama or kurta and churidar paired with a topi or pagdi.

Food

Kafuli is the most popular dish of the State. It is served with the gravy made out of the paste of rice or wheat and water.

Festivals

The state celebrates various festivals with enthusiasm, including Diwali, Holi, and Uttarakhand Foundation Day. Uttarakhand has a rich cultural heritage, with traditional music, dance forms like Langvir Nritya, and colourful dresses.

Langvir Nritya

Sikkim

Sikkim is a beautiful state in India with amazing mountains and monasteries.

Places to visit

• The famous Gurudongmar Lake adds to the natural beauty of Sikkim.

• The state has monasteries, such as Rumtek Monastery and Pemayangtse Monastery, showcasing Tibetan Buddhist architecture and culture.

• The state has numerous wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, providing a habitat for species like red pandas, snow leopards, and various species of orchids.

BHUTAN CHINA NEPAL

TIBET

SIKKIM

Orchids

Occupation

Agriculture and tourism are the two main primary occupations of the state.

Crops

The major crops grown in Sikkim include rice, maize, tea, soybean, ginger, orange, pears, potato and tomato.

Dresses

Sikkimese women wear traditional dress, consisting of the choktsees, honju, pangden, and kera. The choktsees are eight auspicious symbols of Buddhism that are embroidered on a silk cloth and worn over the honju, a blouse made of silk or cotton. The pangden is a wraparound skirt made of woolen fabric. The kera is a traditional scarf that is draped over the head and shoulders. Sikkimese men wear traditional attire, consisting of the bakhu, tohr, dotho, and tharo. The bakhu is a long robe-like garment made of woolen fabric with colorful borders. The tohr

Gurudongmar Lake

Rumtek Monastery

is a shirt worn under the bakhu, while the dotho is a wraparound skirt worn around the waist. The tharo is a long scarf that is draped over the shoulders and decorated with colorful patterns and designs.

Food

Most popular dishes are momos, thukpa and gundruk.

Festivals

Some of the most popular festivals, notable in Sikkim are Losoong, Drupka Teshi, Bumchu, Saga Dawa, Dassin and Phang Lhabsol.

Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh is a beautiful place in India with amazing mountains, forests, and rivers. There are big monasteries and lots of wild animals and plants.

REFERENCES

Arunachal Pradesh

Places to visit

The most famous tourist place in Arunachal Pradesh is Tawang, the birthplace of the 6th Dalai Lama. Ziro valley, Bomdila, white water rafting in Siang river and mountain biking in Mechuka are also quite popular with tourists.

Map not to scale

ASSAM

NAGALAND

CHINA

MYANMAR

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

BHUTAN

Itanagar

Occupation

The state primarily consists of a tribal population who are involved in terrace farming, horticultural and livestock rearing. They also make artifacts from bamboo and handlooms.

Terrace Farming

Crops

People mostly grow crops like rice and maize, apart from kiwi and cardamom.

Dresses

Shawls, wraps and skirts are among the traditional attire worn by people in the state. Each tribe has their own specialties.

Food

Famous cuisines of the state include Pika pila, lukter, pehak and chura sabzi.

Festivals

Some of the prominent festivals celebrated in Arunachal Pradesh are Losar, Solung, Boori-Boot, Mopin, Dree, Nyokum, Reh, and Si-Donyi.

Meghalaya

Meghalaya is a beautiful state with a mix of nature, culture, and unique traditions. It is famous for its greenery and heavy rainfall.

Places to visit

• The state has places like Cherrapunjee, known for beautiful landscapes and waterfalls.

• Meghalaya, the ‘Abode of Clouds’ is surrounded by green hills and unique living root bridges.

• Meghalaya is also known for the Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary where many animals, such as the Bengal tigers, black bears, leopards, etc., are protected.

Occupation

Agriculture is the main source of occupation in the state, apart from tourism.

Meghalaya

Living Root Bridge

Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary

Crops

Besides the main food crops of rice and maize, fruits like orange, pineapple, lemon, guava, litchi etc. are also grown in Meghalaya.

Dresses

The traditional dress of Meghalaya is known as Jainsem for women and Jymphong for men. Jainsem is a piece of clothing which is usually made of mulberry silk. It is worn with a blouse and a cotton shawl over it which is known as tap-moh khlieh. Jymphong is a longish sleeveless coat without collar, fastened by thongs in front.

Festivals

The major festivals of Meghalaya include Shad Suk Mynsiem, Nongkrem, Behdeinkhlam, Shad Sukra and Wangala Festival. Meghalaya has a special dance called Lahoo, performed by both men and women during celebrations.

Nagaland

Nagaland is a beautiful state in India with a rich culture. People in Nagaland belong to various tribes, each having its own customs and celebrations.

Places to visit

The state is known for its beautiful Dzukou Valley, where flowers bloom in different seasons. It offers stunning views to trekkers.

Occupation

Dzukou Valley

Agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and tourism are the main occupations of Naga people.

Crops

The major crops in Nagaland are rice, corn, millets, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato, banana, pineapple, orange etc.

Dresses

Changs or shawls are the most common traditional attire worn by both men and women. Shawls differ in their designs and materials from tribe to tribe.

Food

Dishes like Zutho, Bamboo shoot, Bushmeat, Hinkejvu, Samathu, Fish in Bamboo, Akini, Aikibeye, Black Sticky rice pudding and Axone are the most popular foods of Nagaland.

Festivals

People celebrate festivals like the Hornbill Festival with music, dance, handicrafts and food. Chang Lo dance is performed by Chang tribe of Nagaland. They perform it to celebrate their victory against enemies. It is a three-day festival where drama is also performed.

Manipur

Manipur is a beautiful state in India with its rich cultural heritage, traditional practices, and scenic landscapes.

Manipur

Places to visit

The Loktak Lake, known for its floating islands called Phumdis, adds to the state’s natural beauty. Other popular tourist places include Dzukou valley, Kangla fort and Imphal valley.

Occupation

Agriculture, handloom, handicraft, and sericulture-based industries are the main sources of livelihood in Manipur.

Loktak Lake

Crops

Vegetables such as cabbages, cauliflower, different kinds of peas, gourds, pumpkins, etc. are cultivated widely. Pineapple is the main cash crop.

Dresses

Manipuri men usually wear white kurta and dhoti traditionally. Innaphi and Phanek are the Manipuri traditional dress for women. Phanek is worn like a sarong.

Food

Some popular Manipuri dishes include Chamthong (vegetable stew), Chak-hao kheer (black rice pudding), Ngari (fermented fish) and Iromba (mixture of boiled vegetables, fish, and mashed chilies).

Festivals

People in Manipur celebrate festivals like Yaoshang and Lai Haraoba with dances, traditional music, and vibrant dresses, showcasing their cultural diversity. The state is known for its classical dance form, Manipuri dance, which is performed during various festivals and special occasions.

Yoshang Festival

Manipuri Dance Form Mizoram

Mizoram, located in the northeastern part of India, is known for its beautiful landscapes, covered with dense forests, hills, and valleys. Mizoram is home to diverse indigenous tribes.

Aizawl

Places to visit

The state has the Dampa Tiger Reserve, which houses a variety of wildlife, including tigers, leopards, elephants, and various species of birds. Mizoram’s capital, Aizawl has many popular tourist places like Solomon’s Temple.

Occupation

Agriculture is the main source of occupation in the state. People in Mizoram are also skilled at making bamboo artifacts and handwoven textiles.

Crops

Rice, maize, sugarcane, tapioca, ginger and cotton are the main crops grown in Mizoram.

Dresses

Traditionally, women typically wear a ‘Puan’ or a wraparound skirt with a matching blouse, while men wear a ‘Pachhu’ or a long cloth that is draped around the waist and over the shoulder.

Food

Some popular Mizo dishes include bamboo shoots fry, smoked meat, fish, and traditional stews. The food is generally spicy, with a generous use of ginger, garlic, and chili peppers.

Festivals

Festivals like Chapchar Kut and Mim Kut, are an important aspect of Mizoram’s culture.

Chapchar Kut Festival

Tripura

Tripura is a beautiful state in India with its royal history and unique features.

Tripura

Places to visit

It is known for its ancient palaces and temples, such as the ones in Agartala. Places like Unakoti, in Tripura, is known for its rock carvings. Jampui Hills is another popular spot in Tripura with pleasant weather.

Occupation

Agriculture, brickfields and tea industry are the major sources of livelihood in the state.

Crops

Rice, maize, peas, pulses, chilli, rubber, cotton etc. are grown in Tripura.

Dresses

Men in Tripura traditionally wear dhotis and a scarf as head gear. Women wear a scarf that reaches down to the knees and use risha (small cloth) as their upper garment.

Food

Some popular Tripura dishes include Mui Borok (a traditional Tripura dish made from smoked fish and vegetables), Chak-hao kheer (black rice pudding), and bamboo shoots fry. The food is generally mild in flavor and not very spicy.

Festivals

The state is famous for its traditional dance called Hojagiri, where performers balance pots on their heads. This dance is performed during Durga puja and Laxmi puja.

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What outdoor activities can one enjoy in Uttarakhand?

b. List any two key features of Arunachal Pradesh.

c. How do people in Nagaland celebrate the Hornbill Festival?

d. Name the traditional dance form from Tripura. What makes it unique?

Hojagiri Dance Form

Thinking Zone

Imagine you have a friend from a different part of India, like the north or northeast. They tell you about their special customs. How are their traditions similar or different from yours? What questions would you ask to learn more about their culture?

Let’s Sum Up

Jammu and Kashmir, along with the newly formed Union Territory of Ladakh, are rich in culture, history, and natural beauty. The rich cultural heritage of the region is influenced by people celebrating festivals like Eid, Navroz, and Diwali.

Himachal Pradesh is known for its beautiful landscapes and colonial architecture. It has a rich cultural heritage and is known for warm hospitality, diverse traditions, and celebrations of festivals like Dussehra and Diwali.

Uttarakhand is known for its mountains and lakes. Rishikesh and Haridwar are spiritual hubs; the state also offers scope for many adventure sports.

Sikkim features monasteries and Gurudongmar Lake.

Manipur is known for its rich cultural heritage and the Manipuri dance form. The state celebrates festivals like Yaoshang and Lai Haraoba.

Mizoram is famous for its dense forests, hills, and diverse indigenous tribes. People of Mizoram celebrate festivals like Chapchar Kut and Mim Kut.

Nagaland is known for its diverse tribes, each with unique traditions. The state celebrates the Hornbill Festival with music, dances, and traditional dresses.

Arunachal Pradesh is known for its mountains, forests, and various native tribes. Terrace farming for crops like rice and maize is widely practised.

Tripura is known for its ancient palaces, temples, and rock carvings. The state is famous for the Hojagiri dance and places like Agartala and Jampui Hills.

Meghalaya is known for its greenery and the heavy rainfall it receives. The living root bridge, and the Lahoo dance are some of its unique features.

Life Skills

Imagine that your school in Hyderabad has a new student, who recently moved from one of the northeastern states of India. She is new to the place and speaks a language you’re not familiar with. How would you make them feel welcome and included in your class?

English:

Email a friend about your recent visit to any captivating place in India. Make your descriptions vivid and exciting, sharing special moments, diverse ways of life, and other incredible experiences that made your trip memorable.

21st Century Skills

If you were to design a new adventure sport specifically for the northern mountains, what would it be, and how would it showcase the region’s unique characteristics? Select any one state and design a sport for the same. Present your idea in class.

Extend Your Knowledge

The Northern Plains of India, formed by rivers like the Ganges and the Yamuna, are so fertile that the region is often called the ‘Granary of India.’ These plains are like a giant farm, producing lots of crops that help feed many people across the country!

Tip for the Parent

Foster a deeper understanding of geography by engaging in hands-on activities. Create a map together, mark the locations of these states, and learn interesting facts. Additionally, explore traditional arts and crafts from these regions to enhance your child’s appreciation for the rich cultural tapestry of India.

World and Universe

The Northern Plains

My Study Plan

• The Northern Plains

• The three major river basins

• Population densities in the Northern Plains

• Population density and its effects on the rivers in the Northern Plains

Let’s Recall

Label any two major rivers of India on the map provided below

- Major Rivers

REFERENCES

Thinking Zone

What makes the cities in the Northern Plains so populated?

Let’s Learn

Plains are flat lands. The Northern Plains of India are vast, flat lands with fertile soil and mighty rivers, such as the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. These plains are a colourful patchwork of wheat and rice fields, offering a home to diverse plants, animals, and ancient civilisations.

REFERENCES

Wheat and Rice Cultivation

The Northern Plains

The Northern Plains of India are situated south of the Himalayas, covering around 2400 kilometres from Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. They are about 150-300 kilometres wide. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and parts of Assam are some significant areas covered by the Northern Plains.

INDIA - Major Crops Area

MYANMAR

LADAKH

JAMMU & KASHMIR

HIMACHAL PRADESH

UTTARAKHAND

The Northern Plains

REFERENCES

International

INDIA

Map not to scale

The Northern Plains of India

The Northern Plains are also called the Great Plains or the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Most of the Himalayan rivers flow through these plains. The Northern Plains are formed and sustained by three major rivers: the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.

LADAKH

JAMMU & KASHMIR

SRI LANKA NEPAL

REFERENCES

I NDIAN OCEAN

HIMACHAL PRADESH

UTTARAKHAND PUNJAB HARYANA

RAJASTHAN MADHYA PRADESH

UTTAR PRADESH

River - Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra ARUNACHAL PRADESH BIHAR

International Boundaries State Boundaries River

DADRA

NAGAR

Rivers of the Northern Plains Ganga

Map not to scale

These rivers are perennial, carrying water throughout the year. They bring minerals, rocks, and silt from the mountains and deposit them on the flat land, creating rich soil called alluvial soil. This soil is highly fertile, making the Northern Plains ideal for agriculture and cultivation

Word Zone

MAHARASHTRA GUJARAT GOA TELANGANA ANDHRA PRADESH KARNATAKA TAMIL NADU KERALA

Perennial: Something that lasts for a long time

Basins of the Northern Plains

A region that receives water from rivers and their tributaries is called a basin. The Northern Plains are divided into three river basins: the Indus Basin, the Gangetic Basin, and the Brahmaputra Basin.

The Indus Basin

The Indus Basin is formed by the river Indus and its tributaries, such as Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj.

Indus and its tributaries

I NDI A

Map not to scale

Indus and its Tributaries

• The larger part of this basin is in Pakistan.

• In India, two states, Punjab and Haryana, are part of this basin, and the Satluj River is one of the primary watercourses in this region.

• Wheat, cotton, barley, maize, rice, oilseeds, millets, and sugarcane are the main crops grown in Punjab and Haryana.

Word Zone

Wheat Cultivation in Punjab

Tributaries: A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake

Watercourses: A natural or artificial channel through which water flows

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

The Ganga Basin

The Ganga Basin largely spans over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal.

Ganga and its tributaries

Ganga and its Tributaries

• Rivers like Gandak, Gomti, Ghaghara, Kosi, and Chambal flow in this area.

• In West Bengal, the Ganga splits into branches called Hooghly and Padma rivers.

• People in this area grow sugarcane, rice, jute, wheat, and millets as their main crops.

The Brahmaputra Basin

The Brahmaputra Basin majorly covers the states of Assam and Tripura.

Lohit

Mouth of Ganges

Brahmaputra and its tributaries

Brahmaputra and its Tributaries

• The course of Brahmaputra begins in Tibet, where the river is known as Tsangpo.

Yarlung Zango (Tsangpo)

• It enters India from Arunachal Pradesh, flows through Assam and Bangladesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.

• This basin receives the world’s highest rainfall.

• The fertile soil from floods and silt is good for growing crops like jute and rice.

The Sunderban Delta

The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers make up the biggest delta in the world, the Sundarban Delta.

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Why is the soil in the Northern Plains beneficial for crop cultivation?

b. What are some of the main crops cultivated in the Northern Plains region?

Mouth of Ganges

Yarlung Zango (Tsangpo)

Teesta

Jamuna

Padma Surma Meghna Barak Brahmaputra Bharali Manas Dikhow Dhansiri Lohit

The Sunderban Delta

The Sunderban Delta

Rice Cultivation in Assam

Let’s Learn

Population Density in the Northern Plains

The Northern Plains of India are one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It includes states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal. The high population density of the region is due to its fertile soil, flat plains, and adequate rainfall.

Large rivers like the Indus and the Ganga that run across the Northern Plains also provide water for irrigation and drinking purposes. The moderate climate and fertile land support extensive agriculture.

The terrain is not difficult to travel on, and the topography is suitable for transport and industries. The region is also home to many industries that strongly depend on the available water resources.

The Northern Plains of India have a special region called the Ganga-Yamuna Doab. It’s a stretch of land between two major rivers, the Ganges and the Yamuna. The soil there is super fertile, making it perfect for growing a variety of crops.

Dense Population

Irrigation

Fact Zone

River Pollution in the Northern Plains

The rivers in the Northern Plains are important to the region’s environment and have greatly influenced its geography and culture. These rivers have been essential for the livelihoods of many and are considered sacred by some people.

Unfortunately, the rivers have faced significant pollution because of industrialisation, urban development, and farming practices. This pollution poses a threat to the lives of many Indians who depend on the rivers for water.

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What pollutes the rivers of the Northern Plains?

b. List any two ways in which the rivers of the Northern Plains are significant.

c. Why is the Northern Plains of India so densely populated?

Let’s Sum Up

• The Northern Plains of India, also known as the Great Plains or Indo-Gangetic Plains, stretch from Punjab in the west to Assam in the east, covering about 2400 kilometres.

• Formed by the perennial rivers Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra, these plains are a flat, fertile expanse supporting agriculture and ancient civilisations.

• The Northern Plains are divided into three river basins: the Indus Basin, the Ganga Basin, and the Brahmaputra Basin.

• Each basin has its unique features, suppor ting the growth of various crops like wheat, cotton, rice, jute, and more.

• The Northern Plains are among the most densely populated regions globally, including states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal.

• The region’s fertility, flat terrain, and adequate water supply contribute to high agricultural productivity, transportation, and industrial development.

• Despite their importance, the rivers in the Northern Plains face pollution challenges due to industrialisation, urban development, and farming practices.

• Pollution poses threats to both the environment and the people who rely on these rivers for their livelihoods and sacred practices.

What would you do if you were living in the Northern Plains and saw people throwing trash into a river, ? Explain how you could show respect for the environment and help keep the river clean for everyone in your community.

Maths:

Kanpur is a city in the Northern Plains. Its population in the year 2023 was 32,34,000, and in the year 2013, it was 29,71,000. Calculate the increase in population in these 10 years.

Life Skills

Cross-Curricular Connections

21st Century Skills

If you were a farmer in the Northern Plains and faced a problem of heavy rainfall flooding your crops during the monsoon season, how would you creatively solve this issue to protect your crops and ensure a good harvest?

Extend Your Knowledge

The Northern Plains of India has been home to some of the oldest civilisations in the world. Ancient cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation, flourished on these plains over 4,000 years ago, showcasing incredible architecture and urban planning.

Tip for the Parent

• Engage your child in map exploration to reinforce their understanding of the Northern Plains’ geography. Identify major rivers, cities, and neighbouring regions on a map to make the learning experience more interactive.

Harappa Ruins

Life in the Northern Plains

My Study Plan

• States and union territories in the northern plains

• Facts about the states in the northern plains

Let’s Recall

Punjab is often referred as the Granary of India. Identify two other states or countries that are similarly compared.

Thinking Zone

Punjab has tractors running in the fields. Picture yourself sitting in the driver’s seat of a big, powerful tractor. What important job you might be doing? How do you think these tractors help the farmers in their daily work?

Word Zone

Granary: A store house for grains

Let’s Learn

Punjab

Punjab is an Indian state that has a rich cultural heritage. Its capital is Chandigarh.

Here are some facts about this state:

Rivers and soil

Punjab has fertile soil, primarily due to the five rivers that flow through the region. The five rivers are the Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, and Sutlej. These rivers contribute to the rich alluvial soil, making Punjab one of the most agriculturally productive states in India.

Occupation

Agriculture is the primary occupation in Punjab. The fertile land and the well-irrigated fields support the cultivation of a variety crops. Apart from farming, Punjab also has other businesses. Cities like Ludhiana are known for their industrial and business activities, including manufacturing and trade.

Beas River

Chenab River

Jhelum River

Sutlej River

Ravi River

Crops

Punjab is known as the ‘Granary of India’ due to its extensive cultivation of crops. The major crops include wheat, rice, barley, sugarcane, and fruits such as citrus and kinnow.

Industries

Punjab has a wide industrial base. Major industries include textiles, sports goods, chemicals, machinery, and agricultural tools. Ludhiana is known for its thriving textile industry.

Tourist places

The Golden Temple in Amritsar is a sacred Sikh shrine and a major pilgrimage site. Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar is a historical site associated with the tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Wagah Border is known for the daily ceremonial closing of the border between India and Pakistan.

Word Zone

Extensive: Big and covers a lot of space

Ceremonial: Related to formal public event

Ludhiana Farmers

Rice Field

Sugarcane Field Kinnow Tree

Textile Factory

Golden Temple Jallianwala Bagh Memorial Park Wagah Border

Dresses

Traditional Punjabi dresses for men include kurta-pajama or kurta-dhoti, often paired with a colorful turban. For women, the traditional dress is the salwar kameez, in which the colourful phulkari embroidery is a distinctive feature.

Food

Traditional Punjabi Attire of Men Traditional Punjabi Attire of Women

Punjabi food is known for its rich flavours. Popular dishes include sarson da saag with makki di roti, butter chicken, rajma, chole bhature, and various types of parathas. Lassi, a yoghurt-based drink, is a popular beverage.

Beverage: A drink other than water

Makki di Roti with Sarson da Saag

Chole Bhature Lassi Word Zone

Dance and music

Bhangra is a lively and energetic dance form that originated in Punjab. Punjabi music has upbeat and rhythmic tunes.

Instruments like the dhol, tumbi, and dholak are commonly used in Punjabi music.

Haryana

Haryana is also an agriculturally rich state with a lot of greenery. Its capital is also Chandigarh. Here are some facts about this state:

Rivers and soil

The state is situated towards the depressions of the rivers Ganges and Indus. Soil is formed almost entirely of alluvium. In the whole of the region except the flood plains of the Yamuna and the Ghaggar, the alluvium is of the old type containing sand, clay, silt and hard calcareous concentrations about the size of nuts known as ‘Kankars’.

Crops

Occupation

Agriculture is the primary occupation in Haryana, much like Punjab.

Besides farming, trade, services, and industry contribute to the state’s overall economy.

Haryana is known for the cultivation of various crops. Wheat, rice, sugarcane, millet, and pulses are some of the major crops grown in the state.

The state has adopted modern agricultural practices to enhance productivity.

Word Zone

Rhythmic: Moves or sounds with a regular pattern

PUNJAB

RAJASTHAN

Farming

Bhangra

Haryana

Industries

Haryana has well-developed industries. The state is a centre for automobile, manufacturing, information technology, textiles, and chemical industries.

Cities like Gurugram and Faridabad are the major industrial centres.

Tourist places

Haryana has several historically and culturally important sites.

Kurukshetra, believed to be the Mahabharata battlefield, has temples and lakes.

Panipat, known for three historic battles, has monuments and museums.

Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is a popular spot for bird watching and conservation.

Surajkund is known for its annual crafts fair, displaying traditional handicrafts.

Word Zone

Monuments: Important structures that remember people or events

Wheat Field

Sugar Cane Field

Millet Field

Chemical Factory Gurugram

Surajkund Mela

Kurukshetra Panipat

Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary

Dresses

Traditional dresses in Haryana are similar to that in other North Indian states. For men, the traditional dress includes kurta-pajama or dhoti-kurta, often accompanied by a turban.

Women typically wear suits with dupattas and may also wear traditional jewellery.

Food

Haryanvi food is known to be flavourful. The food reflects the state’s agrarian culture, with a focus on locally grown ingredients. Dairy products like milk, curd, and ghee are widely used in everyday cooking. Some popular dishes include Bajra khichdi, kadhi, and Churma.

Lassi is a common beverage.

Dance and music

Haryana has a rich tradition of folk music and dance. The popular dance form is called ‘Saang’, which involves a combination of dialogues and songs.

Haryanvi music often features traditional instruments like the algoza and the been.

Word Zone

Agrarian: About farming and growing crops

Flavourful: Tastes really good

Haryanavi Attire of Men

Haryanavi Attire of Women

Bajra Khichdi

Churma Kadhi

Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is the fourth largest state in India. It has a lot of history, culture and area. Its capital is Lucknow. Here are some facts about this state:

Rivers

Uttar Pradesh has several major rivers, including the Ganges, Yamuna, and Gomti.

The plains formed by these rivers are fertile and help the state’s agriculture.

Occupation

Agriculture is the main occupation of the state. Horticulture, textiles, handicrafts, chemical and leather industries also contribute to the state economy.

Crops

The state grows a variety of crops. Main crops include rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses, and oilseeds.

Saang Algoza

Been

The Ganges Yamuna

Uttar Pradesh

The fertile Gangetic plains provides an ideal environment for various types of agricultural activities.

Uttar Pradesh is known for its orchards and fruit cultivation. Mangoes, especially the famous dasheri and langra varieties, are widely grown. Other fruits like guava, papaya, and bananas are also abundant.

Uttar Pradesh has many industries. Some of the important industries include textiles, sugar, steel, chemicals, and handicrafts.

Cities such as Kanpur and Noida are main industrial centres.

Uttar Pradesh has several historically and culturally important sites.

Agra has the Taj Mahal, a famous white marble building. It is one of the seven wonders of the world.

Word Zone

Orchards: Places where fruit trees are grown

Pulses Field

Oilseed Field

Mango Banana Industries

Steel Factory

Noida Tourist places

Varanasi is a special place on the Ganges river, known for its ghats and religious significance.

Lucknow, its capital is known for old buildings and tasty kebabs. Ayodhya is a religious city believed to be where Lord Rama was born.

Dresses

Traditional dresses in Uttar Pradesh vary across regions. Men commonly wear kurta-pajama or dhoti-kurta. Women often opt for sarees or salwar kameez. The traditional Lucknawi chikankari embroidery is very famous.

Food

Uttar Pradesh is famous for a wide variety of flavorful food. Some popular dishes include kebab, biryani, chaat, and sweets like peda and petha.

Dance and music

There are many types of folk music found in Uttar Pradesh such as khayal, ghazals, Swang, Naqal, Marsiya, Qawwali, Raslila, Ramlila. The charkula dance is one of the best examples of folk pieces of music and dances that are performed in braj.

Biryani

Petha

Taj Mahal

Varanasi

Lucknow

Lucknawi Chikankari

Bihar

Bihar holds significance in India due to its agricultural lands, historical sites, and unique way of life. Its capital is Patna. Here are some facts about this state:

Occupation

Agriculture is a primary occupation in Bihar, with many people engaged in farming. The state’s economy is also supported by other occupations such as trade, business, and various services.

Rivers and soil

Alluvial soil is the most prevalent type of soil in the state. Silt and clay deposited by river Ganges, and its tributaries Gandak and Kosi, help shape the landscape of this region.

Crops

Bihar is an agrarian state with a wide range of crops. Major crops include rice, wheat, maize, pulses, and oilseeds.

The fertile Gangetic plains contribute to the state’s agricultural productivity.

Industries

Bihar’s industrial sector includes a mix of smallscale and large-scale industries. Important industries include food processing, textiles, leather, and handicrafts.

Wheat Field

Pulses

JHARKHAND

Leather Factory

Tourist Places

Bihar has many historical places.

The Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is a special place and one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. People go there for a pilgrimage. The Mahabodhi Temple, where Gautama Buddha is believed to have become enlightened, is a famous tourist spot.

Nalanda is well-known for the ancient Nalanda University, which was a big centre of learning in the past.

Patna, the capital city, has important historical places like the Patna Sahib Gurudwara, Golghar, and the Patna Museum.

Rajgir is famous for its beautiful scenery and historic spots, such as the Griddhakuta Peak and Venu Vana.

Dresses

Traditional dresses in Bihar vary across communities. Women often wear sarees, and men may wear dhoti-kurta or kurta-pajama.

Traditional jewellery and accessories are commonly worn during festivals and special occasions.

Mahabodhi Temple Ruins of Nalanda University

Patna Sahib

Golghar

Patna Museum

Bihar is famous for its flavourful food. Some popular dishes include litti chokha, sattu paratha, khichdi, and famous sweets like thekua and khaja.

Dance and music

Fagua is a dance and also a type of folk song performed during Holi in Bihar.

Jat Jatin Dance of the Mithila region of Bihar is supposed to be performed on moonlit nights during the monsoons. Bhojpuri Jhumar dance is also quite popular.

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Name the five rivers that flow through Punjab. How do they contribute to the agriculture there?

b. Name two major tourist places in Haryana and briefly describe any one of them.

c. Name popular dishes of Uttar Pradesh.

d. Name the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bihar and briefly describe it.

Litti Chokha

Sattu Paratha Thekua

Let’s Learn

West Bengal

West Bengal is a unique state in India with its farms, factories, and culture. Its capital is Kolkata. Here are some simple facts about this state:

Rivers and soil

The most prominent river flowing through West Bengal is Ganges, along with its tributaries - Hooghly, Teesta, Brahmaputra, Damodar, Mahananda, Ajay, Mayurakshi, and Rupnarayan. Alluvial soil is found here, formed mostly from the alluvium deposits of the rivers, making the soil highly fertile.

Crops

Occupation

West Bengal’s occupation ranges from agriculture to industry and services. Many people are engaged in trade, commerce, and various other professions.

Agriculture is an important part of West Bengal. The state produces a variety of crops, including rice, jute, tea, sugarcane, and fruits. The fertile Gangetic plains and favourable climate support agricultural activities.

Industries

West Bengal has a well-developed industrial sector. Kolkata, the capital city, is a major industrial and commercial centre.

WEST

West Bengal

Jute Field

Industries include manufacturing, textiles, chemicals, and information technology.

Tourist Places

West Bengal has many places that have a special history. Kolkata is famous for Victoria Memorial, Howrah Bridge, Eden Gardens, Belur Math, Dakshineswar Kali Temple etc.

Darjeeling is well-known for its tea plantations and the beautiful Darjeeling Himalayan Railway.

The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is home to Royal Bengal tigers and a unique mangrove ecosystem.

Digha is a popular beach destination along the Bay of Bengal.

Dresses

Traditional dresses in West Bengal are worn by both men and women.

Sarees, particularly the famous Bengali saree with artistic weaving and embroidery, are widely worn by women.

Men often wear traditional dhoti-kurta or kurta-pajama, especially during festivals and cultural events.

Victoria Memorial Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

Sundarbans

Digha

Bengali Attire of Women Bengali Attire of Men

Food

West Bengal is famous for its delicious food. Staple dishes include fish curry, rice, sweets like rasgulla and sandesh, and iconic street food like kathi rolls.

The state’s food offerings are influenced by its rich cultural and historical heritage.

Dance and music

West Bengal is home to various indigenous musical genres like Rabindra Sangeet and Nazrul Geeti. The famous Chauu dance of Purulia district is performed during festivals.

Fact Zone

Before Delhi, Kolkata was the capital of India from 1772 until 1911.

Assam

Assam is a special state in India because of its culture, beautiful nature, and tea plantations. Its capital is Dispur. Here are some facts about this state:

Rivers and soil

The alluvial soil of Assam is very fertile as it formed from the alluvium deposits, deposited by the rivers Brahmaputra, Barak and their tributaries.

Occupation

Assam’s occupations include agriculture, tea cultivation, and various industries. Many people are engaged in traditional crafts and tourism-related activities.

Crops

Assam is known for its tea plantations, but it also produces a variety of crops such as rice, jute, sugarcane, and fruits.

Assam

Tea Cultivation

The fertile plains and favourable climate contribute to agricultural productivity.

Industries

Assam has a developing industrial sector with activities in tea processing, oil refining, and the production of silk and handicrafts.

Tea Factory Oil Refinery

The state is rich in natural resources.

Tourist Places

Assam has many tourist places.

The Kaziranga National Park is famous for its one-horned rhinoceros.

Majuli is the world’s largest river island.

Manas National Park is a special place with lots of different plants and animals.

Assam is globally famous for its tea gardens. It produces the world-famous Assam tea. The lush green tea estates contribute to the state’s economy.

Dresses

Traditional Assamese dress includes Mekhela Chador for women, a two-piece garment, and Gamosa, a traditional scarf.

Men often wear dhoti-kurta or pants with a shirt.

Word Zone

Plantations: Big farms where special crops are grown

Tea Estate

Kaziranga National Park

Majuli Island

Manas National Park

Food

Assamese food is known for its rich and varied flavours. It uses many ingredients that are locally available in dishes like Assam Laksa and bamboo shoot curry.

Dance

Bihu is the most famous traditional dance form in Assam, performed during the Bihu festival. It is has energetic and rhythmic movements, reflecting the joyous spirit of Assamese culture.

Delhi

Delhi, the capital of India, has many tourist places that show its rich history and culture. Some notable attractions include:

Rivers and soil

Yamuna is the main river flowing through Delhi. The soil in Delhi is not fit for a lot of agricultural activities.

Occupation

Trade, finance, public administration, and services are the major occupations in Delhi.

Crops

Paddy, jowar, bajra, wheat, mustard, fruits and vegetables are grown on a limited scale.

Industries

Key industries in Delhi include banking, insurance, financial services, agri and processed food, construction and real estate, tourism, logistics, and IT.

Bamboo Shoot Curry

Assam Laksa

Assamese Dance

Tourist Places

The India Gate is a war memorial dedicated to Indian soldiers who lost their lives in World War I and Indo-Pak War of 1971.

Qutub Minar, Humayun’s Tomb are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Red Fort and Jama Masjid are other popular places that tourists visit.

Dresses

Traditionally, women wear salwar kameez or saree, men wear sherwani or kurta pajama.

Food

Chole bhature, kebabs, rolls, nihari and butter chicken are very famous amongst other street foods.

Dance and music

Traditional dance forms popular in Delhi are Kathak, folk dance, Bhangra, and Bharatanatyam. Music forms like Carnatic, Hindustani, and ghazal are also popular.

Red Fort

India Gate

Qutub Minar

Humayun’s Tomb Jama Masjid

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the major industries in West Bengal?

b. What is the significance of Bihu, the traditional dance form in Assam?

c. Name two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Delhi.

Let’s Sum Up

• Punjab is an Indian state that has a rich cultural heritage. Its capital is Chandigarh.

• Haryana is also an agriculturally rich state with a lot of greenery. Its capital is also Chandigarh.

• Uttar Pradesh is a big part of India with lots of history, culture, and farms. Its capital is Lucknow.

• Bihar is an important part of India because of its farms, old places, and its special way of life. Its capital is Patna.

• West Bengal is a unique state in India with its farms, factories, culture, and beautiful places. Its present-day capital, Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, was the capital of British India.

• Assam is a special state in India known for its tea plantations. Its capital is Dispur.

• Delhi, the capital of India, has many tourist places that show its rich history.

Your class is organising a cultural fair featuring different states from the Northern Plains. Create a plan with your classmates to showcase the unique aspects of each state. Include art, craft, and performances to show the various aspects of the states.

Life Skills

Cross-Curricular Connections

Arts:

Make a poster to show support towards the protection of a historical place in the Northern Plains. Include slogans, pictures and drawings in your poster.

21st Century Skills

You have been assigned the task of creating a tourism campaign for one of the states in the northern plains of India. Create a video describing the local culture and tourist sites, asking the audience to visit the state.

Extend Your Knowledge

In the northern plains of India, the main languages spoken vary across states. Hindi is widely spoken in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Haryana. Punjabi is predominant in Punjab, while Bengali is spoken in parts of West Bengal. Additionally, various regional languages and dialects are also spoken in different areas.

Tips for the Parent

• Share personal stories related to your visits to the states in the Northern Plain to make the learning engaging.

• Additionally, consider exploring maps, books, or online resources together to deepen their understanding of the unique features of each state.

World and Universe

The Western Desert

My Study Plan

• Definition of a desert

• Location of the Thar Desert

• Climate of the Thar Desert

• The animals that inhabit the Thar Desert

• Life of people in the Thar Desert

Let’s Recall

Mark and label the western deserts of India on the below map.

REFERENCES Map

of India

Map

Thinking Zone

Pihu’s friend from Rajasthan is describing incredible sand dunes. What is it like to live in a desert?

Let’s Learn

The Western Desert

A desert is a dry area with sandy, infertile soil and limited plant and animal life adapted to harsh conditions. The Western Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert or the Thar Desert, is located in the northwestern part of India.

Location and extent

The Western Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, is a hot desert that spreads across much of Rajasthan. Additionally, it extends into parts of Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat. To the west, it is bordered by the Indus River Plains, while the Punjab Plains lie to the north. The southeastern boundary is marked by the Aravalli Mountain Range, and to the south, it is adjacent to the Rann of Kutch.

Word Zone

Infertile: Land that cannot grow plants well

Western Desert / Thar Desert

Adjacent: Next to or beside something

Climate

The Thar Desert is extremely hot and dry. Days are super-hot, and nights get very cold. In summer, it can get as hot as 50°C, and in winter, it can go below 10°C. This makes it tough for plants and animals. But in some spots, there are natural springs. Around these small water sources, plants and trees grow. This part with water and plants is called an oasis.

Natural

vegetation

In the hot Thar Desert, only a few plants can grow. Some are thorny bushes, shrubs, acacia, desert teak, and cactus. These plants don’t need much water. Cacti, for example, have strong roots that go deep into the ground to get water and store it in their thick stems. Cactus spines keep animals away and help the plant save water.

Wildlife

The camel is the most well-known animal in the desert. It can go for many days without water or food. People use camels for travel because they can run quickly on the sandy terrain, earning them the nickname ‘ship of the desert.’ Other animals found in the desert include lizards, snakes, scorpions, blackbucks, the great Indian bustard, and chinkara.

Word Zone

Oasis: A green and watery place in the desert

Spines: Sharp, pointy parts on plants or animals

Terrain: The kind of land in an area, like if it's bumpy or flat

Oasis

Cactus

Camel

Blackbuck

Drainage

The Thar Desert has few rivers because it doesn’t get much rain. There is one river called the Luni river, and it only has water during the rainy season. People use wells to get water from under the ground. The water from the Luni river usually doesn’t reach the sea because it dries up in the hot desert.

The dry Thar Desert gets water from the Indira Gandhi Canal. This canal starts at the Satluj river and goes all the way to Jaisalmer.

Not all deserts are hot; some are cold with snow and longer winters. Antarctica is the biggest cold desert on Earth.

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the common names for the desert located in the northwestern part of India?

b. Name three types of natural vegetation found in the hot Thar Desert.

c. Why is the camel referred to as the ‘ship of the desert,’ and what makes it well-suited for the desert environment?

Indira Gandhi Canal

Indira Gandhi Canal

Indira Gandhi Canal

Let’s Learn

Life in the Western Desert

Life in the Western Desert, specifically in the region of Rajasthan, is shaped by various factors.

Rajasthan

The Western Desert is a part of the state of Rajasthan, defining its boundaries and influencing the way of life in this region.

Occupation

Occupations in the Western Desert vary, with many people engaged in activities like agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade. Some grow crops like millet, which are special grains that can survive with less water. Others take care of animals like camels or engage in business by trading goods with people.

Crops

Growing crops in the desert is not easy because there is not a lot of rain. But people grow special plants like millet that don’t need too much water.

Food

The food in the Western Desert is healthy and gives lots of energy. People eat things like millet chapatis, lentils, and vegetables that they can grow in the tough desert conditions.

Animal Husbandry

Pearl Millet

Dress

Due to the arid climate, people often wear loose, light-coloured clothing to protect themselves from the intense heat.

Houses

Due to the scarcity of water, houses in the desert are often constructed using locally available materials such as sand and clay. They are designed to provide relief from the heat.

Handicrafts

People in the desert are very good at making beautiful things with their hands. They create special crafts like colourful textiles, pottery, and jewellery that show their creativity.

Dance and Music

In the Western Desert, people love to dance and make music. They have special dances and songs for celebrations and events that make their culture unique and fun.

Places of Interest

There are many interesting places to see in the Western Desert, such as ancient

House in a Desert

Dhoti and Pagri

Ghoomar: Rajasthani Dance

Jaisalmer Fort

Pottery

forts and beautiful palaces. These places attract visitors who want to learn about the history and beauty of the desert.

A distinctive aspect of the Thar Desert is its sand dunes. These are elevated piles or hills of sand created by strong winds that blow over the desert. The sand dunes keep changing in size and shape because the wind keeps moving the sand around, making it look like the desert floor is always moving.

Life of nomads in the Western Desert

Some people in the desert don’t stay in one place. They move with their herds of animals to find good places to eat. They are called nomads.

Nomads in the Western Desert live in movable tents and take care of herds of animals like camels and goats. They

move to different areas to find fresh grass and water for their animals. They follow the seasons, going to cooler places in the summer and warmer places in the winter. Nomad families have their own traditions, like special ways of cooking and celebrating. They live in small communities, helping and caring for each other.

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the primary occupations of people in the Western Desert?

b. How do people in the Western Desert construct their houses, and why are these houses designed in a certain way?

c. Describe the traditional clothing worn by people in the Western Desert and explain why it is suitable for the climate.

Nomads

A Movable Tent

Let’s Sum Up

• The Thar Desert is a hot and dry place in northwestern India, also known as The Great Indian Desert or Thar Desert.

• The temperature in summers reaches up to 50°C, and drops below 10°C in winters.

• There are tough plants like cacti that store water in their stems to survive.

• Camels are famous in the desert; they can go without water for many days and are used for travel.

• The Luni River is the only river, and it only has water during the rainy season.

• The Indira Gandhi Canal brings water to the Thar Desert from the Satluj River.

• People in the Western Desert do different jobs like farming millet, taking care of animals, and trading.

• Houses are made from sand and clay, and people wear light-coloured clothes to stay cool.

• There are special dances and songs for celebrations, and the desert has interesting places to visit.

Life Skills

If you were to visit the Western Desert, what items would you make sure to bring to stay safe and comfortable? How would you prepare for the hot days and cold nights?

If a sand dune in the Western Desert is 50 metres high and a strong wind blows away 5 metres of sand each year, how tall will the sand dune be in 10 years?

Math

21st Century Skills

You are a nomad in the Western Desert, and you need to choose a path for your family and animals. One way is longer but has water, and the other is shorter but you’re not sure what’s there. How would you decide which path to take, thinking about your family and animals? What things would you think about before making your choice?

Extend Your Knowledge

The Sahara Desert is the biggest hot desert globally, stretching over 9.2 million square kilometres in North Africa. It’s super-hot during the day and cold at night. It has lots of sand dunes and rocky areas. People live in oasis towns where there’s water. Long ago, it wasn’t always a desert. It used to have lakes and plants. The Sahara has nomads and sandstorms, making it both tough and interesting.

Africa

Tip for the parent

• Share interesting facts about the desert’s vastness, diverse landscapes, and unique cultures.

• Consider engaging in simple activities like drawing or crafting desert scenes to make learning about geography and different environments fun and interactive.

The Coastal Plains and Islands

My Study Plan

Features of India’s coastal plains

Characteristics of its islands

Mark and label the coastal plains and islands of India on the map given below.

Thinking Zone

Aayu is going to the beach to experience the pleasures of the seaside. Why are beaches a popular attraction for tourists?

Let’s Learn

India, being a peninsula, is surrounded by water on three sides, with the Arabian Sea to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The coastal region bordering the sea includes flat, low-lying lands known as coastal plains.

States such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal are situated along the Indian coastline.

Coastal Gujarat

Coastal Maharashtra

Coastal Kerala

Peninsula: Land surrounded by water on three sides

Word Zone

Agriculture is a prevalent occupation in these areas, and fishing is also a common practice.

Due to heavy rainfall, these regions experience humid weather. The water bodies have a salty taste due to the presence of salt from the sea.

Additionally, several islands in the surrounding water bodies are considered part of India. An island is a landmass surrounded by water on all sides.

Coastal Plains

The areas along the Indian coast, stretching from Gujarat in the west to West Bengal in the east, are called the Indian Coastal Plains.

The Coastal Plains are further divided into:

a. Eastern Coastal Plains

b. Western Coastal Plains

Humid: Air feeling wet and sticky

Landmass: A large piece of land, like a big island or continent Word Zone

Coastal Plains

An Island

Eastern Coastal Plains

Eastern Coastal Plains consist of two sections. In the northern part, it is referred to as the Northern Circar, while the southern part is known as the Coromandel Coast. The Eastern Coastal Plains stretch from West Bengal in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south, including Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. These plains are about 100 – 130 km wide and are made fertile by rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna. The land is divided into five parts. Eastern Coastal Plains consist of two sections. In the northern part, it is referred to as the Northern Circar, while the southern part is known as the Coromandel Coast.

a. Northern Circar

b. Coromandel Coast

These areas have mangrove forests, backwaters, and lagoons, making them special and useful for farming.

INDIA

Nor thern circars

Coromandel coast

Important cities

Prominent cities in the Eastern Coastal Plains include Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia, Tuticorin (Thoothukudi), Bhubaneswar, and Cuttack.

A Mangrove Forest

Backwaters Lagoon

Chennai Vishakhapatnam

Western Coastal Plains

The Western Coastal Plains stretch from Gujarat in the North to Kerala in the South. They include the coasts of Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka. These plains are around 50–100 km wide and have rivers like Tapi, Narmada, Mandovi, and Zuari. These rivers make the land good for farming, but not as much as the Eastern Coastal Plains. The Western Plains consist of three sections. The northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai – Goa), the central stretch is called the Kannad Plain, while the southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar coast.

Bhubaneswar

INDIA

Konkan coast

Kannad plain

Malabar coast

Important cities

Mumbai, Ernakulam, Mangaluru, and Thiruvananthapuram are well-known cities located in the Western Coastal Plains. Other important cities in this region include Udupi and Vasco Da Gama.

Mumbai Thiruvananthapuram

Comparison between the Eastern and Western Coastal Plains:

1. Extends from West Bengal in the North to Tamil Nadu in the South.

Extends from Gujarat in the North to Kerala in the South.

2. The width is 100–130 km. The width is 50–100 km.

3. Rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna flow through these plains.

4. Important cities include Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia, Bhubaneswar, and Cuttack.

Rivers like Tapi, Narmada, Mandovi, and Zuari flow through these plains.

Important cities include Mumbai, Ernakulam, Udupi, Vasco Da Gama, and Thiruvananthapuram.

Kerala is considered to be the birthplace of the traditional Indian martial art form known as Kalaripayattu. Kalaripayattu is believed to be one of the oldest fighting systems in existence, dating back over app. 3,000 years.

Fact Zone

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the three sides of India that are surrounded by water and what are the names of the water bodies on each side?

b. Name three states situated along the Indian coastline. What are the common occupations in these coastal areas?

c. List the two divisions of the Indian Coastal Plains and briefly describe one characteristic feature of each.

Let’s Learn

Islands

India has two big island groups—the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands. They are close to the Equator and have thick forests with a hot and humid climate. People there mostly do farming and fishing for their jobs.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are about 1250 km southeast of Kolkata in West Bengal. They are one of India’s eight union territories, with Port Blair as the capital. There are at least 570 islands in this union territory.

The southernmost point of India, called Indira Point, is in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The highest point is Saddle Peak, standing 732 metres above sea level.

Other important places in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands include Little Andaman, Ross Island, and Tushnabad.

Indira Point

Saddle Peak

Little Andaman

Ross Island

Lakshadweep Islands

The Lakshadweep Islands are about 250 km west of Kerala in the Arabian Sea. They are the smallest union territory in India, with Kavaratti as the capital.

There are at least 25 islands, but only 10 are inhabited, including Kavaratti, Kalpeni, Minicoy, and Bangaram.

Kavaratti

Kalpeni

Minicoy

Tourists like to visit these islands because of their beautiful coral reefs.

The prison in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is called the Cellular Jail or Kaala Pani. The British used it to punish Indian freedom fighters severely. Fact Zone

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Name the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the southernmost point of India located in this territory.

b. What are the two significant island groups in India, and where are they located?

Coral Reef

Let’s Sum Up

India, being a peninsula, is surrounded by water on three sides, with the Arabian Sea to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south.

States such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal are situated along the Indian coastline.

The Eastern Coastal Plains stretch from West Bengal in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south, including Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

Eastern Coastal Plains consist of two sections. In the northern part, it is referred to as the Northern Circar, while the southern part is known as the Coromandel Coast.

The Western Coastal Plains stretch from Gujarat in the north to Kerala in the south.

The Western Plains consist of three sections. The northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai – Goa), the central stretch is called the Kannad Plain, while the southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar coast.

India has two big island groups—the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are about 1250 km southeast of Kolkata in West Bengal. They are one of India’s seven union territories, with Port Blair as the capital.

The Lakshadweep Islands are about 250 km west of Kerala in the Arabian Sea. They are the smallest union territory in India, with Kavaratti as the capital.

Life Skills

Gather information about different coastal areas, islands, marine life, and notable features with the help of relevant resources such as books, websites, or articles. Select at least three coastal plains and three islands from your research, and create a collage representing the chosen coastal plains and islands. You can do this by illustrating and pasting pictures from magazines or printing relevant images from the internet.

Cross-Curricular Connections

Science:

How do the coastal plains and islands contribute to the biodiversity of the region? List any three different species of plants or animals found in these areas and explain their importance to the ecosystem.

Your class is working on a project to teach others about taking care of the beach and the sea. Everyone has a different job, like making posters or writing a play. How would you work together with your classmates to make sure everyone’s job is important, and the project helps people understand why it’s essential to protect the coast?

21st Century Skills

Extend Your Knowledge

The Sundarbans, located in the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers along the Bay of Bengal, is the largest mangrove forest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This unique ecosystem is home to the Bengal tiger, saltwater crocodile, Indian python, and a wide variety of bird species.

Tips for the Parent

• Show the kid the maps of various famous islands from around the world to know more about islands.

• Initiate conversations about the coastal plains and islands in India. Ask open-ended questions such as “What do you find fascinating about coastal areas?” or “Which island would you like to visit and why?” Encourage your child to express their thoughts and ideas.

• Take advantage of virtual tour options available online to explore coastal plains and islands in India together.

Sundarban

Life in the Coastal Plains and Islands

My Study Plan

Coastal Plains and Islands, States and Union Territories in India

Neighbours, famous places, occupation, rivers and soil, crops grown, dresses worn, types of food, dance and music, and languages of various states and union territories

Let’s Recall

India has big seashores and islands like the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands. Can you think of a country that shares comparable geographical features?

Thinking Zone

Aayu wants to go to Goa to enjoy its beautiful beaches over the summer break.

How is life different in coastal plains and islands from various other states of India?

Let’s Learn

Western Coastal Plains

Gujarat

Gujarat, located on the western coast of India, is known for its rich cultural heritage. With a landscape that includes coastal areas, arid regions, and fertile plains, Gujarat has a unique mix of tradition and modernity.

Gujarat on the Map of India

Word Zone

Heritage: Valued objects and qualities, such as historic buildings and cultural traditions, that have been passed down from previous generations

Arid: Extremely dry, without much rain

Modernity: Quality or state of being modern

Neighbours

Gujarat shares its borders with the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. To the west, it is bordered by the Arabian Sea, providing a long coastline.

INDIA

Political Map

REFERENCES

Neighbours

Occupation

Agriculture is a significant occupation in Gujarat, with a focus on cultivating crops and dairy farming. The state’s economy also depends on industries, trade, and commerce.

Crops

Gujarat is known for the cultivation of various crops, including cotton, groundnuts, tobacco, and dates. The good soil and nice weather help the state produce a lot of crops.

Tropic of Cancer

SRI LANKA

INDIAN

OCEAN

Maharashtra

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Gujarat

of Gujarat

Groundnut Crop

Dairy Farming

Industries

Gujarat has a strong industrial base. It has a wide range of industries, such as textiles, chemicals, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The state is a major center for manufacturing with an entrepreneurial spirit .

Tourist places

Gujarat has several tourist attractions, including the historic city of Ahmedabad, the Gir National Park – home to Asiatic lions, the Rann of Kutch with its unique white salt desert, and the ancient temples of Somnath and Dwarka.

Textile Industry

Somnath Temple

Spirit: A mindset that likes to create and take risks in business

Languages

Gujarati is the primary language spoken in the state. It holds cultural and linguistic significance, reflecting the heritage of the region.

Food and dances

Gujarati food is famous for its vegetarian dishes, such as dhokla, thepla, and undhiyu. The traditional dance form, Garba, is a colourful and energetic dance performed during festivals such as Navratri.

Dresses

Traditional Gujarati dresses include colourful dresses such as chaniya choli for women and kediyu with dhoti or churidar for men. These traditional dresses often have intricate embroidery and mirror work.

Word Zone

Linguistic: Relating to language

Intricate: Very detailed or complicated

Dhokla Garba

Gujarati Script

Women in Gujarati Dress

Goa

Goa is a beautiful state in India known for its lovely beaches and Portugueseinspired architecture. It’s a famous tourist spot with a lively atmosphere.

Goa on the Map of India

Neighbours

Goa is surrounded by Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the south and east. The Arabian Sea borders its western coast.

Goa Maharashtra Karnataka

Occupation

People in Goa work in tourism, fishing, and agriculture, growing things like rice, cashews, and coconuts.

Industries

Tourism is a big industry in Goa. They also make medicines, ships, and process minerals.

Shipbuilding

Tourist places

Goa has lovely beaches such as Baga, Calangute, and Anjuna. Tourists love visiting historical sites, such as the Basilica of Bom Jesus, Fort Aguada, and Dudhsagar Waterfalls.

Word Zone

Yields: Amount of crop harvested

Sparsely: Small in numbers

Cashew Nut Crop

Dudhsagar Falls

Languages

In Goa, people speak Konkani. English, Hindi, and Marathi are also spoken.

Food and dances

Goan food is delicious. Some of the notable dishes include vindaloo and fish curry rice. People enjoy lively dances like Fugdi and the festive dances.

Dresses

People in Goa wear a mix of modern and traditional clothes. During festivals, women wear kunbi sarees and men wear kurta-dhoti.

Women in Traditional Goan Dress

Goan Vindaloo

Kerala

Kerala is a beautiful state in southern India known as 'God’s Own Country.' With its green landscapes and rich culture, it is a favourite destination for nature lovers.

Kerala on the Map of India

Neighbours

Kerala shares its borders with Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and is hugged by the Arabian Sea on the west.

Word Zone

Hugged: Held closely in a warm way

Neighbours of Kerala

SRI LANKA

INDIAN OCEAN

INDIAN

Kerala Tamilnadu

Karnataka

SRI LANKA

Occupation

People in Kerala work in farming, fishing, and tourism. The state’s unique geography makes it a popular place to visit.

Fishing

Crops

Keral grows things like rice, spices (pepper and cardamom), rubber, and tea, due to a favourable weather.

Industries

Along with farming, Kerala makes and sells spices, coir, and beautiful handcrafted items. The state is also famous for its traditional handloom industry.

Cardamom Plantation

Handloom in Kerala

Tourist places

Tourists love Kerala’s calm backwaters, hill stations like Munnar, lovely beaches like Kovalam, and cultural sites such as Fort Kochi and the Padmanabhaswamy Temple.

Languages

People in Kerala speak Malayalam, and many also understand English and Hindi, especially in tourist spots.

Malayalam Language

Food and dances

Kerala’s food is famous for using coconut, spices, and seafood. People enjoy dishes like appam with stew, and traditional dances like Kathakali and Mohiniyattam.

Dresses

In Kerala, men wear a simple white cloth called mundu, and women wear sarees with unique pleats, especially during festivals and special occasions.

Padmanabhaswamy Temple

Kathakali

Mundu for Men

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

Dadra and Nagar Haveli, along with Daman and Diu, are two special places by the Arabian Sea in western India.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu on Map

Occupation

People here mainly work in farming, fishing, and tourism.

Industries

Small businesses and industries in textiles, chemicals, and manufacturing are common in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

Languages

People speak different languages like Gujarati, Hindi, and Marathi, and they also use English for official things and business.

INDIAN OCEAN

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Daman and Diu

SRI LANKA

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Name two famous tourist attractions in Gujarat.

b. What are the key crops grown in Kerala?

c. Describe the traditional dress of women in Kerala.

d. How is the geography of Gujarat different from Kerala?

Let’s Learn

Eastern Coastal Plains

Odisha

Odisha, on the eastern coast of India, is a special place with ancient temples, beautiful beaches, and a rich culture.

Odisha

Odisha on the Map of India

Rivers

Odisha has rivers like Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Subarnarekha, which make the landscape pretty and also help in farming.

Tourist places

Tourists love places like the Konark Sun Temple, Jagannath Temple in Puri, and the Chilika Lake, which is a big and beautiful lake. The beaches in Puri and Gopalpur are also famous.

Occupation

Many people in Odisha work in farming, growing things like rice and other crops. Fishing and making handwoven things also help the economy. Mining for minerals like iron ore is another important occupation.

Mahanadi River

Konark Sun Temple

Food

Odisha has tasty food like dalma, rasgulla, and a special dish called panta bhat. Seafood is popular too because Odisha is by the sea.

Dance

A special dance called Odissi comes from Odisha. It’s a graceful dance with beautiful movements and stories, often performed during festivals.

Puducherry

Puducherry, or Pondicherry, is a special place by the sea in southeast India. It has a mix of French and Indian influences making it unique and lovely.

Word Zone

Graceful: Moving or behaving in a smooth and elegant manner

Iron Ore

Dalma

Odissi

Tourist places

People love the calm beaches such as Promenade and Paradise, the spiritual places Aurobindo Ashram and Auroville, and the old French Quarter with pretty buildings.

Occupation

People in Puducherry do jobs related to tourism, fishing, and trade. It is a quiet place, perfect for those who want to relax and explore culture. Fishing is important because it is by the sea.

Puducherry

Puducherry on the Map of India

Old French Quarters in Puducherry

The food in Puducherry is a mix of French and South Indian flavours. Some notable dishes include French pastries from bakeries and traditional South Indian dishes. The seafood is especially delicious.

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. In Odisha, many people are engaged in diverse occupations, including farming, fishing, handwoven craftsmanship, and the extraction of minerals like ____________.

b. The traditional dance form called ____________ is known for its graceful movements and is a significant part of festivals in Odisha.

c. In Puducherry, tourists appreciate the serene beaches, such as ____________ and Promenade, along with spiritual places, such as Auroville and ____________.

Seafood Curry

Let’s Learn

Islands

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Occupation

People in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands mainly do jobs related to fishing, farming, and welcoming tourists. Fishing is important because the islands are surrounded by the sea.

Crops and fruits

In the islands, people grow rice, coconuts, and tropical fruits due to favourable weather for these crops.

Tropical: Referring to a very hot and humid region near the equator

Fishing

Coconut Plantation

Word Zone

Tourist places

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are famous for beautiful beaches like Radhanagar, historic sites like Cellular Jail, and the rich marine life around Havelock Island.

Food

The local food is influenced by the sea, so a lot of delicious seafood like fish and prawns are found. Coconut-based dishes are also common, and there is a variety of traditional recipes.

Dance

The islands have their own dance forms, including tribal ones. During festivals, a mix of traditional and modern dances showcase the local culture.

Lakshadweep

Islands

Occupation

People in Lakshadweep mainly do jobs related to fishing and growing coconuts. Fishing is important for Lakshadweep because the islands are in the Arabian Sea. Tourism has also emerged as a growing sector due to the islands’ natural beauty.

Cellular Jail

Coconut Prawn Curry

Food

A Beach of Lakshadweep Island

The local food in Lakshadweep is mostly based on seafood, such as fish and prawns, along with dishes made with coconuts.

Dance

Lakshadweep has its special dance forms that show the local culture. During festivals, people dance with rhythmic movements and expressions.

Dress

People in Lakshadweep wear simple clothes because of the warm weather. Men usually wear white dhotis and shirts, while women prefer colourful sarees, keeping comfort in mind.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a special tribe, the Sentinalese, who have chosen to stay away from the rest of the modern world in the Bay of Bengal.

Fact Zone

Kalanji

Let’s Practise - 3

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Name the languages spoken in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

b. How do people in Lakshadweep dress, and why is simplicity important in their clothing choices?

c. What is unique about the dances performed in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during festivals?

Let’s Sum Up

Located on the western coast, Gujarat relies on agriculture, cultivating crops like cotton, and has a strong industrial base. Tourist attractions include Ahmedabad and the Gir National Park.

Known for its beaches and the Portuguese architecture, Goa’s economy thrives on tourism, fishing, and agriculture. Famous places include the Baga Beach and the Basilica of Bom Jesus.

Branded 'God’s Own Country,' Kerala’s occupations include farming, fishing, and tourism. Notable attractions are the backwaters and hill stations like Munnar. People of Dadra and Nagar Haveli/Daman and Diu focus on farming, fishing, and tourism. They speak languages like Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, and English.

Life Skills

Imagine you live in one of the coastal areas like Goa or Kerala. During a festival, you notice some people littering the beautiful beaches with plastic wrappers and bottles. What actions can you take to promote cleanliness and environmental responsibility in your community?

Cross-Curricular Connections

Languages

Write a short story about a child living in the Lakshadweep Islands, describing their daily life, including occupation, food, and traditions.

21st Century Skills

Imagine you are planning a visit to a coastal area like Goa, Kerala, or the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. What special things would you prepare for this trip, considering the unique features of the coastal region? Pick a place of your choice and prepare a list of places you’d like to visit in the coastal area you have chosen, along with a list of items that you would need on this trip.

Extend Your Knowledge

Kerala is famous for its thrilling snake boat races, known as 'Vallam Kali.' The races involve long, narrow boats, often over 100 feet in length, and are a traditional and exciting part of the state’s cultural festivities.

Tip for the Parent

• Explore the diverse cuisines mentioned in each region. You can involve your child in trying out a dish or two from Gujarat, Goa, or Kerala. It’s a fun way to connect with different cultures through food.

Vallam Kali

World and

Soils of India

My Study Plan

• Formation of soil

• Importance of soil for plants and living things

• What makes soil suitable for growing plants, and how to improve its quality

• Various types of soil in India

• Different soils based on their properties

• Soil erosion and ways to prevent it

Let’s Recall

Which of the following is a basic requirement for plants to grow?

Only a

Only d

Both a and d

All of the above

Let’s Learn

Formation of Soil

Thinking Zone

What turns seeds into plants?

Soil is a natural resource that covers most of the Earth’s surface, such as fields, forests, and gardens. It is essential as it provides us with food, helps plants grow, and supports living beings.

The formation of soil takes a very long time. It begins with rocks. Rocks are big and hard, so plants cannot use them as they are. Over time, rocks break down into smaller pieces called sediments. This happens over several years because of rain and wind and is called weathering.

Word Zone

Sediments: Tiny rock particles that settle in rivers or oceans

Forest Garden

Weathering of Rocks

As the sediments break down further, they become smaller and mix with other things, such as decaying plant and animal matter. This is how soil starts to form. As more decaying matter mixes with the soil, it becomes rich and fertile.

Decayed Matter Mixing With Soil

Several factors influence the type of soil. For example, the area’s climate, the kinds of rocks found there, and the amount of rain or sunlight it gets impact the soil features.

Factors Impacting Soil

Once the soil is fertile, it becomes suitable for seeds to grow into plants.

Word Zone

Decaying: Things breaking down into simpler parts over time

Mesozoic

Paleozoic

Cenozoic

Fertility of soil

A fertile soil provides all the nutrients that plants need to grow.

This is because it has minerals from rocks, nutrients from decaying plants and animals, and tiny living creatures called microorganisms that help plants absorb the nutrients. Earthworms also help in making the soil rich and fertile.

Earthworms Making Soil Fertile

Farmers or gardeners can also add compost or natural fertilisers to the soil to improve fertility. This way, the plants can grow tall, give us fruits and vegetables, and make our surroundings beautiful.

Soils in India

India has six main types of soil. Let us learn about them.

Alluvial soil

Alluvial soil is light brown, yellowish, or grey. It is found near rivers such as the Ganga and Brahmaputra and is great for growing plants or crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses, etc.

Word Zone

Microorganisms: Tiny living things you need a microscope to see

Compost: Dark, crumbly soil made from old plant and food material

Fertilisers: Natural or chemical substances that improve soil fertility

Compost

Black soil

Black soil is dark because it is made from lava rocks. This is why it is also called black lava soil. Black soil is mainly found in southern India. This soil is highly fertile because it can hold water exceptionally well. So, it is suitable for growing crops that need lots of water, like cotton, oilseeds, etc.

Red soil is a type of soil that is red or brownish in colour. It’s found in different parts of India, like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha. This soil is not as good at holding water as black soil, but it’s still used for growing crops like millet, peanuts, and sugarcane. People living in areas with red soil have to take special care of their land to make sure it stays fertile for farming.

Alluvial Soil

Rice Cultivation

Black Soil

Cotton Cultivation

Red soil

Red Soil

Sugarcane Cultivation

Word Zone

Lava: Super hot, melted rock that comes out of volcanoes

Laterite soil

Laterite soil is reddish to yellowish in colour and is found in some parts of Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar, and Assam. It is suitable for growing crops such as tea, coffee, cashew nuts, rubber, coconut, and fruits.

Mountain soil

Mountain soil is found on hilly slopes. It is rich in humus. This is why this soil is suitable for growing crops like fruits, tea, coffee, and spices.

Word Zone

Slopes: Slant or slide-like parts of a hill or a mountain

Laterite Soil

Tea Cultivation

Mountain Soil Fruits

Desert or sandy soil

Desert soil is found in dry areas like deserts. It is not very fertile because it is dry and sandy, but some plants, such as cacti, can grow well on it. Desert soil cannot hold much water, but farmers use natural or chemical fertilizers to grow crops such as sesame, date palm, etc.

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is a process where soil is washed away or carried away by water or wind. Increasing soil pollution and cutting of trees can cause soil erosion.

Causes

Soil erosion can happen because of human and natural activities. Cutting plants and trees, overgrazing, and strong winds or heavy rainfall can cause soil erosion.

Desert Soil

Sesame Cultivation

Cutting Trees

Effects

Soil erosion can cause many problems. It can wash away the fertile soil needed for plants to grow, leading to poor crop production and causing the loss of farmers’ livelihoods

Soil conservation

To prevent soil erosion, people can take steps that include planting trees and grasses, building terraces in hilly areas, avoiding overgrazing and using mulch to cover the soil.

Planting Trees

Word Zone

Livelihoods: How people make a living and support themselves

Mulch: Material used to help plants grow and stop weeds

Overgrazing: Too much eating of grass by animals

Eroded Soil

Fact Zone

Soil is home to billions of microorganisms, insects, and small creatures that make the soil healthy for plants to grow in it.

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Match the following types of soil with their characteristics and locations.

a. Alluvial Soil

b. Black Soil

c. Red Soil

d. Mountain Soil

Let’s Sum Up

i. Dark black in colour, also known as black lava soil.

ii. Found on hilly slopes, rich in humus.

iii. Brown, yellowish, or grey in colour, formed by river sediments.

iv. Reddish in colour.

• Soil is formed from the weathering of rocks and mixing of decayed plant and animal matter. It is essential for plants and animals for their survival.

• There are six types of soil: alluvial, black, red, laterite, mountain, and sandy soil.

• Soil erosion happens when soil is washed away by water or wind, causing problems like reduced crop production and soil pollution.

• Soil conservation methods include planting trees with strong roots, building terraces on hills, using mulch, and preventing overgrazing to protect the soil.

Life Skills

Your uncle lives in a hilly area and wants to open a farm. What kind of crops should he think of growing and why?

Cross-Curricular Connections

English:

Imagine yourself to be the soil in your garden or park in your neighbourhood. Write a brief essay describing yourself. Don’t forget to mention what kind of soil you are, the good and bad things that you experience in a day, and the things that you hope to change about your surroundings.

21st Century Skills

Form teams of 5 members each in your class. Discuss with your teammates and list the major reasons why it is important to conserve the soils available to us. Use the points that come up in your discussion to write a short skit, raising awareness about the dangers of soil erosion. Take turns and perform your skit before the class.

Extend Your Knowledge

Soil is not just one big piece; it has layers. The top layer is called the “topsoil,” and it’s where most plants get their nutrients. Below that, there’s the “subsoil,” and even deeper is the “bedrock.”

Tip for the Parent

• Teach children about the significance of soil for plants and other living beings.

• Explore different types of soil found in your area and discuss their characteristics with your child.

• Engage in fun activities like gardening or composting together to foster an understanding of soil conservation.

12 Seasons and Festivals Climate of India

My Study Plan

• Weather, climate, and season

• India’s climate

Let’s Recall

Match the seasons with their features.

Seasons

Features

Summer Cool and pleasant

Monsoon Hot and dry

Winter Heavy rainfall

Thinking Zone

Preeti is packing warm clothes for her trip to the hills during the summer break.

What keeps hill stations cool even in summer?

Weather, Climate, and Season

WEATHER EFFECTS

Weather refers to the state of the air at a specific place and time. For example, today’s weather can be cool, and tomorrow might be cloudy. Weather changes frequently.

In contrast, climate describes the typical weather of a place over a long time. Mountains usually have a cold climate, while deserts are generally hot and dry.

Frequently: Happening a lot or regularly

Desert Climate

A place’s climate is influenced by its location. Areas far from the sea are hotter than those close to it. Plains are usually warmer than hills or mountains. Important factors such as temperature, rainfall, and wind direction determine a place’s climate. Climate has a significant impact on the people, the food they eat, the clothes they wear, and the crops they grow.

A season is a period of the year characterised by certain weather conditions and natural changes.

Fact Zone

Mawsynram in Meghalaya is the wettest place on Earth, receiving the highest average annual rainfall.

Let’s Practise - 1 Word Zone

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the difference between weather and climate?

b. How does a place’s distance from the sea influence its climate?

c. How does a climate of a place affect the people living there?

Influenced: Having an effect of something

Let’s Learn

Climate of India

India has a diverse climate due to its vast geographical features. It has three main seasons:

1. Summer

2. Monsoon

3. Winter

Summer season

In India, summer starts in the middle of March and continues until the middle of June. It gets very hot and dry, especially in May and June. But, the heat is not as intense in mountainous regions or near the sea. Some regions experience a hot afternoon wind known as the ‘Loo,’ which makes the weather even warmer.

Monsoon season

In India, the monsoon season starts in June and extends until September. During this period, special winds called monsoon winds bring lots of rain from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. This rainfall is crucial for crop growth across the country. While the monsoon is essential for agriculture, excessive rain can lead to floods, and insufficient rainfall can result in drought.

Some places such as the coasts and the Himalayan regions receive a lot of rain, whereas other places such as Gujarat and Rajasthan experience comparatively less rainfall during the monsoon season.

Diverse: Showing a great deal of variety

Floods: Too much water covering the land

Drought: Insufficient rain for a long time leading to the land becoming very dry

Summer

Monsoon

Winter season

In India, winter lasts from November to February. The coldest months are December and January. During winter, days are shorter, nights are longer, and it feels chilly. The northern regions are very cold, while the coastal places have milder and pleasant weather. Some parts of India also have autumn and spring seasons.

Autumn season

Autumn comes after the rainy season and before winter. It’s special because the weather is neither too hot nor too cold. The air feels cool and refreshing, making the transition from the warm summer to the cold winter. During autumn, trees and plants shed their leaves.

Spring season

Spring comes after winter and before summer, bringing cool and pleasant weather. It’s a special time when trees and plants start growing new leaves and fruits. Everything becomes green and full of life after the cold winter months.

The coldest inhabited place in India is generally considered to be Dras. It is located in Kargil, Ladakh.

Shed: To drop or lose parts

Winter

Spring

Autumn

Word Zone

Fact Zone

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the three main seasons in India?

b. Name the winter months in India.

c. What are the key features of the autumn season in India?

Let’s Sum Up

• Weather: The current state of air at a specific time and place, which can change frequently.

• Climate: Typical weather of a place over a long period of time, influenced by factors such as location, temperature, rainfall, and wind direction.

Seasons in India:

• Summer (Mid-March to mid-June): Gets hot and dry, with a wind called ‘Loo’. Coastal and mountainous regions are milder.

• Monsoon (June to September): Crucial for crops, with varying rainfall across regions.

• Winter (November to February): Colder temperatures, shortest days in December and January, and regional climate differences.

• Autumn: Follows the rainy season, offering pleasant weather. Trees shed leaves.

• Spring: Follows winter. It brings cool weather, new leaves, fruits, and vibrant greenery.

Life Skills

How can understanding the climate of different regions in India help you make informed decisions about when to visit the places and what to wear?

Cross-Curricular Connections

Math:

Create a bar graph showing the average temperatures in different cities of India during each season. What patterns or trends do you notice?

21st Century Skills

You live in an area where it gets very hot in the summer. Your teacher wants you to grow plants for a project. How would you pick plants that can handle the heat and make sure they grow well?

Extend Your Knowledge

The word ‘monsoon’ itself is derived from the Arabic word “mausim,” which means season.

Tip for the Parent

Talk to your child about weather, climate, and seasons. Help them notice the changes in weather and discuss how they affect their daily life. Make it fun by exploring these topics together—it’s a simple way to spark their curiosity in the world around them!

Natural Resources

My Study Plan

Natural resources

Exhaustible and inexhaustible resources

Natural and human-made resources

Let’s Recall

Look at the images. Write the names of the minerals below the images.

Thinking Zone

The city has a power outage due to a short circuit, but Pihu’s house is still getting electricity from solar energy.

What type of resources can generate electricity?

Let’s Learn

Natural resources are things that we get from the Earth. They are like gifts from nature. Some examples of natural resources are air, sunlight, water, soil, rocks, plants, animals, and things like coal and oil that we use for energy. These resources are important for us and for the environment.

Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources

Some things in nature that we use to make energy or different products can run out one day. For example, coal and oil. We call these exhaustible resources because if we keep using them, we will one day finish the entire stock. But some things never run out, such as the sun and wind. We call these inexhaustible resrouces because they are always available, and we can use them as much as we need!

Natural Resources

There are various natural resources that we obtain from Earth. Let us look at some of them.

Soil

Soil is the upper layer of the Earth's crust. It contains minerals and organic matter. It is an important natural resource that supports plant growth and provides nutrients to crops.

Minerals

Minerals are the naturally occurring inorganic substances found in the Earth’s crust. We use these minerals in different industries. They are used in construction, technology, energy production, jewellery-making, etc.

Word Zone

Exhaustible: Things which are limited and can get used up

Inexhaustible: Things which are unlimited and can't get used up

Crust: The outer layer of the Earth, like the skin on an apple

Inorganic: Not made of or coming from living things

Minerals

Soil

Plants

Plants are living organisms that play an important role in the environment by supplying food, medicine, and oxygen.

Water is crucial for life. It is used for drinking, agriculture, and energy production in various industries.

Forests

Forests are a large area covered with trees. They are important in providing habitat for wildlife, regulating the climate, and supplying wood for industries.

Plants

Water

Water

Wind

Wind is the natural movement of air, and we can use it to create renewable energy known as wind power.

Solar energy

Solar energy is sourced from the sun. It is captured using technologies like solar panels to generate electricity or heated water. It is a sustainable and clean energy source. It is inexhaustible and thus reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

Wind Turbines

Solar Panels

About 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, but only about 2.5% of it is freshwater that we can use.

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Explain the difference between exhaustible and inexhaustible resources, providing examples for each.

b. Explain any three points to justify the importance of water. Why is soil considered a crucial natural resource, and how does it support plant growth?

c. How do forests contribute to the environment? Why are they essential for both wildlife and industries?

Let’s Learn

Human-Made Resources

People turn natural things into valuable resources through changes. Take iron ore for example — only when we learned to extract iron from the ore, it became a resource. Human beings use these resources to make buildings, machines, roads, etc., which are called human-made resources. These resources are not found naturally but are created by human beings using nature’s gifts. Technology is also a human-made resource.

Burj Khalifa in Dubai is the tallest building in the world. Fact Zone

Burj Khalifa

Ore: Rock or earth containing valuable minerals or metals

Word Zone

Road Bridge Buildings

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are human-made resources?

b. List two examples of human-made resources.

Let’s Sum Up

Natural resources are found on Earth.

Examples of natural resources include air, sunlight, water, soil, rocks, plants, animals, coal, and oil.

Some resources such as coal and oil can run out (exhaustible), while others never run out (inexhaustible), such as sunlight and wind.

Human beings turn natural things into resources by making changes in those. For example, iron ore becomes a resource when we extract iron from it.

Human-made resources, such as buildings, machines, roads, and technology, are created by humans using natural resources.

How can you play a part in conserving precious natural resources, such as water, at home? Life Skills

English:

Write a letter to your district adiministration suggesting ways to use more inexhaustible resources and fewer exhaustible resources. Explain why it’s important for the environment.

On a world map, locate and mark different countries or regions known for specific natural resources (e.g., oil-rich countries, countries with abundant forests, etc.)

Think about:

How the choices we make in our local community are connected to the well-being of people in other parts of the world.

Why is it important for us to be aware of how our use of resources can impact other countries and their environments?

The state of Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in India. Extend Your Knowledge

Tip for the Parent

Integrate the concept of natural resources into daily activities. Discuss with your child the role of soil in gardening and that of trees in regulating climate. Explore renewable energy sources together. Real-life experiences enhance your child’s understanding of preserving these resources and using them responsibly.

21st Century Skills

Identify the objects and write their names. Innovation and

Water and Mineral Resources of India

My Study Plan

Various water sources

Importance of water

Rainwater harvesting

Types of minerals in India and their spread

Mineral conservation methods

Let’s Recall

Thinking Zone

Have you ever seen a jeweller transform gold into ornaments? How do you think gold is transformed into beautiful ornaments that people wear?

Let’s Learn

Water

We need water to drink, cook, clean, and bathe. It’s important for our survival on Earth. While much of the Earth is covered in water, most of it is salty in the seas and oceans. We can only use a small part- about 3%, which is fresh water from sources like rivers, lakes, ponds, rain, and underground.

Sources of water

The primary sources of water are:

Oceans and seas

Water from oceans and seas is salty and unsuitable for drinking or domestic use.

Rivers, lakes, and ponds

Rivers and lakes provide fresh water. It can be used for drinking or for domestic purposes. Animals, like fish and ducks, also make their homes in rivers and lakes.

River Lake

Ponds are small water bodies that collect water from rain or other sources. This water can be used for drinking and irrigation.

Rainwater

Rain replenishes rivers, ponds, and lakes. Some are absorbed by the soil and collected underground. Rainwater can be collected for domestic use.

Water absorbed by the soil collects underground and is called groundwater, which can be accessed by digging wells. Groundwater can also be used for domestic purposes.

Sources of water for irrigation

Wells

Wells are holes dug into the ground to reach water. We use a pump or a bucket to bring the water up. Farmers often use wells to get water for their crops.

Word Zone

Replenishes: Filling up again

Groundwater

Pond

Rainwater

Groundwater

Well

Tubewells

Tubewells are similar to wells, but they have a tube or pipe that goes deep into the ground to reach the water. This pipe helps bring water up to the surface for farming.

Persian wheel

A Persian wheel is a traditional device used to lift water from a well or a river. It has a series of buckets attached to a wheel. As the wheel turns, it lifts water, making it accessible for irrigation.

Dams

Dams are big walls built across rivers. They help in storing water. When the dam is full, water is released. The released water can be directed to fields through canals for irrigation.

Canals

Canals are channels that carry water from rivers or dams to fields. They are humanmade rivers that farmers use to bring water to their crops. Canals play an important role in large-scale irrigation projects.

Tubewell

Persian Wheel

Dam

Canal

Multi-purpose river valley projects

A special project for rivers called a multipurpose river valley project, helps make the river and nearby places better for different reasons. These projects help harness the river’s water for farming, making electricity, and stopping floods. One famous project is the Bhakra Nangal Project in India. It works on the Sutlej River by building dams, canals, and power stations to help with many jobs.

Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting means saving rainwater for future use. Instead of letting it go, we catch it in tanks and boxes. We keep this water for different things like watering plants, cleaning, and sometimes even drinking. It’s a smart way to use rainwater better.

Rainwater Harvesting

Bhakra Nangal Dam

Harness: Using something’s power

Word Zone

Importance of water

Water is important for various reasons:

1. We need to drink water to stay healthy. It helps our bodies work well.

2. The water is utilised for bathing and keeping ourselves and our homes clean. It helps us in staying fresh, preventing illnesses.

3. Water is food for plants. It helps them grow. Farmers use water to cultivate the food we consume.

4. Animals also need water to drink and stay healthy.

5. Water helps keep the environment balanced. Lakes, rivers, and oceans are homes for many animals, and water is a big part of the Earth’s natural system.

Water Used for Cleaning

Water Used for Growing Plants Waterbodies as Home for Animals

Most of our body, about 70%, is made of water.

Fact Zone

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Why is water important for our survival on Earth?

b. Explain any three ways in which water is important.

c. Explain how a Persian wheel works in lifting water for irrigation.

Let’s Learn

Minerals

Minerals are naturally occurring substances found on the Earth. They’re valuable resources, and they can’t be replaced. To get these minerals, we dig deep into the ground. This process of digging is called mining. The place where we find these minerals is called a mine.

There are two types of minerals: metallic and non-metallic. Mine

Metallic minerals

Metallic minerals have metals in them. Some examples are iron, copper, manganese, gold, and silver. They cannot be readily used when taken from of the ground. They are impure and are called ores. We have to refine them to make metals that we can use.

Iron

Characteristics: Iron is a strong and tough metal. It is made by heating iron ore at high temperatures. Iron is used to make things like utensils, tools, railway tracks, and engine coaches.

States: In India, iron ore is found in Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka.

Gold

Copper

Characteristics: Copper is a soft metal. It was one of the first metals to be used by people. In the past, it was used to make tools and utensils. Now, it is used to make electric wires because electricity can flow through it easily.

States: Copper mines are found in Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal.

Characteristics: Gold is a shiny, bright, yellow-coloured metal that does not tarnish. It is used to make beautiful jewellery.

States: Gold mines are found in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Kolar gold mines in Karnataka are one of the deepest in the world.

Word Zone

Tarnish: Lose brightness or get discoloured

Iron Ore

Copper

Gold Ore

Aluminium

Characteristics: Aluminium is a lightweight metal. It doesn’t rust and can be recycled, which means it can be used again to make new things. It is commonly used for making cans, foils for cooking, and parts of aeroplanes.

Aluminium is not found in its pure form in nature, but its ore, bauxite, is found in several states in India.

States: Some of the major bauxite-producing states in India include Odisha, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh.

Non-metallic minerals

Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals. Some examples are coal, mica, petroleum, potassium salts, and limestone.

Coal

Characteristics: Coal is a black-coloured mineral made from old plants buried in the ground long ago. People call it the ‘black diamond’ because it’s so important for our lives. We use it to generate energy in factories. We also use it for cooking.

States: We find coal in Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.

Characteristics: Mica is a shiny mineral. It can be easily split into thin sheets, which makes it really useful. We use it in makeup products, paint, and electrical things.

States: India has a lot of mica. It is especially found in Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

Mica

Coal

Aluminium

Bauxite

Mica

Petroleum

Characteristics: Petroleum is an important energy source for cars, aeroplanes, machines, and ships. It is formed from old plants and animals buried millions of years ago under the Earth, especially under the sea. The place where we find it is called an oil field.

Due to its many uses and limited availability, people refer to petroleum as ‘liquid gold’. It is taken out as crude oil and then refined to make useful things like petrol, kerosene, cooking gas, and more.

States: India mostly gets its petroleum by importing it. Petroleum refineries are located in Mumbai, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Vadodara, and Mathura. Digboi in Assam is the oldest oil field in India.

Conservation of minerals

We need to use minerals wisely so that they don’t run out too quickly. Conservation of minerals involves using minerals responsibly and not wasting them.

Petroleum Oil Field

We can conserve minerals by recycling them, using them wisely, and finding other materials to use. This can ensure that minerals last for a long time and are available for future generations to use.

Fact Zone

Long ago, people used gold and silver as money because they were very valuable.

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are metallic minerals, and why are they called ores at first?

b. How is copper used in modern times, and where are copper mines found in India?

c. Why is the conservation of minerals important, and what are some ways to conserve them?

Let’s Sum Up

Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh, obtained from rivers, lakes, ponds, rain, and underground.

Oceans and seas have salty water, unsuitable for drinking.

Wells, tubewells, Persian wheels, dams, and canals support crop irrigation.

Multipurpose river valley projects, like Bhakra Nangal in India, help in agriculture, generate electricity, and control floods.

Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing rainwater for various purposes.

Water is vital for health, cleanliness, plant growth, animals, and maintaining environmental balance.

Minerals are naturally occurring substances found underground. They are of two types: metallic and non-metallic.

Metallic minerals include iron, copper, gold, and aluminum.

Major metallic minerals are found in states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.

Non-metallic minerals include coal, mica, petroleum, potassium salts, and limestone.

Conservation of minerals emphasises on responsible use of minerals, recycling, and finding other materials to use.

How can we ensure that we use water wisely in our daily activities at home and school? Think of creative ways to reduce water usage. Life Skills

Cross-Curricular Connections

Maths:

If a region has 200 litres of water which must be distributed equally among four villages, how much water will each village receive?

21st Century Skills

Build a small model demonstrating how rainwater harvesting works. Explain the components and benefits in class. Discuss how everyone can implement rainwater harvesting to conserve water.

Extend Your Knowledge

The Golconda mines in India were historically famous for producing some of the world’s most renowned diamonds, including the Koh-i-Noor and the Hope Diamond.

Tips for the Parent

• Encourage your child to practise water-saving habits at home, such as turning off taps when not in use and fixing any leaks promptly.

• Take the opportunity to explore local water bodies or nature reserves with your child. Discuss how the concepts learned in class apply to your local environment.

• Foster your child’s curiosity by encouraging questions about the topics covered in the lesson. Discuss any specific areas that pique their interest and explore those further together.

• Consider setting up a simple rainwater harvesting demonstration at home. Involve your child in the process, explaining how it aligns with the lesson on collecting and conserving water.

15 Animals and Plants

Forests of India

My Study Plan

• Forests and their uses

• Forests in India

• Wildlife in India

• Conservation of wildlife and forests

Let’s Recall

Write three sentences on why you think forests are important.

Thinking Zone

What will happen if there are no forests on Earth and what will happen if the Earth is entirely covered by forests?

Forest

Let’s Learn

Forests and Their Uses

Forests are large areas of land covered with trees and plants. Forests are necessary for humans and other animals to live on Earth. They are the sources of many essential things we need to live. They give us:

Clean air: Trees in forests make the air we breathe and keep the environment healthy.

Wood: We get different kinds of wood from trees. We use it to make furniture, paper, and many other essential items.

Food: We get food items, such as different types of fruits, honey, spices, etc., from forests.

Clean Air to Breathe

Fruit Trees in Forest

Shelter: Forests are home to many animals and also some tribal communities.

Medicines: Some plants and trees that grow in the forest, such as basil and neem, help make medicines that keep us healthy.

Gum, rubber, and oils: Trees give us gum, rubber, different types of oils, and other things that we use to make different useful items such as medicines, cosmetics, gloves, balloons, etc.

Gum Being Extracted from Rubber Trees

A safe environment: Forests help prevent floods and soil erosion. This helps protect the animals and humans from disasters.

Word Zone

Erosion: When wind or water slowly wears away the land

A shelter in Forest

Neem Tree

Forests in India

India has many large forests with different types of trees. The growth of these trees depends on factors such as how much rain a place receives, how hot or cold the place is, and the kind of soil it has. In India, there are five main types of forests:

Evergreen forest

Here, the leaves of the trees stay green throughout the year, but they may lose leaves at different times of the year.

Evergreen Forest

Deciduous forest

Trees in these forests lose their leaves once a year. This shedding of leaves is typically seasonal, and the forest undergoes a cycle of leaves falling and regrowing.

Coniferous forest

These forests have trees with cones and pointy leaves. Examples of coniferous trees include spruce, fir, and pine.

Word Zone

Shedding: When trees lose their leaves or animals lose their fur

Deciduous Forest

Desert forest

Coniferous Forest

These are unique forests found in arid or dry regions. Despite the challenging conditions, certain plants and trees have adapted to survive in these dry areas.

These forests grow near the sea, where the water level changes with tides. Special kinds of plants and trees that can tolerate both land and water conditions grow here.

Desert Forest

Tidal forest

Tidal Forest

Word Zone

Arid: Having no or little rain

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What are forests? Name the three main types of forests in India.

b. Why are forests important? Provide at least three reasons.

c. Explain the difference between evergreen, deciduous, and coniferous forests in India.

Let’s Learn

Wildlife in India

Many animals and birds live in forests. Forests are their natural homes. India is home to many animal and bird species.

Different types of animals are found in the forests and the dry regions of India. For example, elephants are found in Assam, Kerala, and Karnataka.

Species: A set of animals or plants that have the same character and behave in the same way

Elephant Word Zone

One-horned rhinos are found in Assam, and tigers are found in West Bengal. Gujarat is home to lions, while the Thar desert is home to wild donkeys and camels.

There are many other animals, such as Indian bison, nilgai, four-horned antelope, gazel, and different species of deer found in India. India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions.

The wildlife in India is facing a difficult time due to multiple reasons such as changing environment, poaching, and cutting down of trees in the forests. Animals are losing their natural homes and are finding it difficult to survive. Therefore, wildlife in the country needs conservation.

Conservation of wildlife and forests

Conservation of wildlife

Taking care of and protecting animals and plants that live in the wild is important because it helps maintain balance in nature. Many animals and plants in India are endangered, which means there aren’t many of them left. So, we need to make sure they are safe.

Word Zone

Poaching: The catching or killing of animals for personal interests

Lion

Nilgai

Conservation of Wildlife and Forests

We should not harm or disturb them in their natural homes. We should be friends with nature and make sure that animals and plants have a safe place to live and grow. This way, humans and animals can share the Earth, which is home to all of us.

Conservation of forests

Conserving forests means taking care of forests or protecting and keeping them safe because they are important for our environment. To ensure the conservation of forests, it is important not to cut down trees and to plant new ones.

Planting Trees

Establishing national parks and reserves contributes to protecting specific parts of the forest from potential harm. Additionally, we must use wood and other forest resources responsibly to avoid causing harm to the environment.

National parks and wildlife sanctuaries

In India, we have special places called national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to protect these animals and plants. These are areas where animals and plants are kept safe.

INDIA

National Parks

REFERENCES

Kaziranga and Manas national parks are in Assam, where elephants, rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, tigers, lions, and different types of deer are found.

Asiatic lions are found in Gir National Park of Gujarat. Bengal tigers are protected in the Sundarbans of West Bengal, and in places like Jim Corbett and Ranthambore National Parks.

In India, the Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest. It is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and many other animals. The Sundarbans is a unique place where land and water meet, making it a natural home to many creatures.

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Why are national parks and wildlife sanctuaries important for animals and plants in India?

b. Why is it crucial to conserve wildlife, and how can we contribute to wildlife conservation?

Kaziranga National Park Gir National Park

Fact Zone

2. Match the following by drawing arrows:

Animal National Park

a. Lion

b. Tiger

c. Rhinoceros

i. Kaziranga

ii. Gir

iii.Jim Corbett

If a certain kind of tree disappears from a forest, how do you think it would affect the animals living in it? Thinking Zone

Let’s Sum Up

• Forests are large areas of land covered with trees and plants.

• Forests are necessary for humans and animals to live on Earth as they are sources of many essential things necessary for life.

• The five main types of forests in India are evergreen forest, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, desert forest, and tidal forest.

• India is home to animals such as tigers, one-horned rhinos, elephants, lions, camels, nilgai, and many more.

• Forests and wildlife should be saved so that there is a balance in nature.

• In order to save trees, we should stop cutting them down and plant more trees.

• In order to save endangered animals and birds, we should have more national parks and wildlife sanctuaries so that they have a safe home.

How can we take care of the forests in India? Name three things we can do to help keep our forests safe and healthy. Life Skills

Cross-Curricular Connections

Maths:

Imagine there are 100 types of trees in a forest, and each type has 50 trees. If we plant 50 more trees of each type, how many trees will there be in the forest? How does adding new trees help the forest and the animals that live in it?

21st Century Skills

If we find birds of a special type in an Indian forest, what should the government and people do to keep them safe? Use colourful chart papers and crayons to create a poster with instructions and illustrations. When the poster is ready, present it before the class.

Extend Your Knowledge

Jim Corbett National Park, established in 1936, is not only India’s oldest national park but also a heaven for Royal Bengal tigers. It is a prime destination for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers.

Tips for the Parent

• Talk to your child about the forests, different types of trees, and animals found in your state.

• Encourage them to plant more trees and take care of those trees.

• Encourage them to learn more about animals with the help of available resources such as magazines, YouTube videos, or TV shows on animals.

• Go on nature walks with them and help them identify different trees and birds.

and Industries

My Study Plan

Agriculture and the types of crops grown in India

Various uses of different crops

Livestock rearing and the Green Revolution

Let’s Recall

Identify the crops and write their names in the boxes given below.

Thinking Zone

What do you think are some of the ways in which farmers take care of their soil to ensure healthy crops?

Let’s Learn

Agriculture

India is a big country with a large landmass for growing food. When we grow food, it is called agriculture. The word ‘agriculture’ comes from Latin: ‘ager’ means field, and ‘cultura’ means growth.

Agriculture in India

India is one of the world’s biggest agricultural producers, with over 17% of its economy being dependent on agriculture and more than half of its population engaged in farming. People have been farming in India for a very long time, and India is the second-largest producer of farm products globally.

Agriculture in India

Many families in India depend on farming for their livelihood. However, the sector faces several challenges, including low productivity and inadequate infrastructure. Inadequate: Not good enough or lacking Infrastructure: The basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organization uses in order to work effectively Word Zone

Agriculture

Importance of agriculture

Agriculture is very important for many reasons:

Food production

Agriculture is the main source of the food we eat. Farmers grow fruits, vegetables, grains, and other foods that we depend on for our meals.

Economic contribution

It plays a big role in a country’s economy. Many people work in agriculture, and it contributes to a significant portion of a nation’s income.

Livelihoods

A lot of families depend on farming for their livelihoods. It is a way of life for many people, especially in rural areas.

Livelihoods

Food Production

Raw materials

Agriculture provides raw materials for various industries. For example, cotton is used to make clothes, and wood from trees is used for construction of buildings.

Exports

Countries can sell their agricultural products to other nations, earning money and supporting global trade.

Exports

The Northern Plains of India are commonly referred to as the ‘Wheat Bowl of India.’

Wood Logs

Cotton

EXPORT

Fact Zone

Let’s Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What is agriculture, and where does the word ‘agriculture’ come from?

b. b. Why is farming important for many families in India, and what challenges does the agricultural sector face in our country?

c. Name two ways in which agriculture is important for a nation.

Let’s Learn

Crops Grown in India

Our country’s weather and soil types allow us to grow various crops all year round. We can group these crops based on how and when we use them.

Food crops: Rice, wheat, pulses, millets, oilseeds, spices

Cash crops: Cotton, sugarcane

Plantation crops: Tea, coffee, rubber

Horticulture: Vegetables, fruits

Food crops

Crops that we eat every day are known as food crops. They are consumed by a large part of our population. Let’s explore some important food crops in India.

Rice is mainly grown in the deltas of the Ganga and Godavari rivers. It needs a hot and humid climate. States like West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Assam are major rice producers.

Wheat is grown in a cool and dry climate. It is mostly grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.

Maize is a type of cereal grain, also known as corn. It is widely grown for its kernels, which are used for various purposes. Maize is a staple food in many countries and is used for feeding animals. Its by-products contribute to various industries. States like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu are major producers of maize.

Consumed: Used when we talk about eating or using something

Deltas: A triangular area at a river’s end

Cereal: A plant for grains and the food made from it

Kernels: Soft part of a seed or nut

By-products: Extra things made during farming or manufacturing

Word Zone

Rice

Maize

Wheat

Millets, such as jowar, bajra, and ragi, are grown in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. India is the largest producer of millets globally.

Cash crops

India is the biggest producer and consumer of pulses, which are rich in protein. Different types of pulses include moong, masoor, arhar, gram, and urad. Major pulseproducing states are Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.

Cash crops are crops that are grown primarily for sale and profit rather than personal consumption. These crops are typically sold in the market to generate income for farmers.

Cotton, known as the ‘king of fibres,’ is grown in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. It needs a hot and humid climate and moderate rainfall.

Sugarcane is a cash crop that brings a lot of profit. It is used to make jaggery and sugar. India is one of the biggest producers of sugarcane, with Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka being the leading states for sugarcane farming.

Millets

Pulses

Cotton

Sugarcane

Plantation crops

Plantation crops refer to crops that are cultivated on plantations, which are large agricultural estates dedicated to the cultivation of a specific crop

These crops are usually grown for commercial purposes, which means they are produced to be sold and used by people.

Rubber is an important plantation crop used to make various goods. Kerala and Tamil Nadu are the main producers, and it needs a hot and humid climate to grow.

India is one of the largest producers and consumers of tea in the world. Assam, West Bengal, and Kerala have tea gardens where famous teas like Darjeeling and Assam Tea are produced.

Coffee is also produced, especially in South India. Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu have coffee gardens, and South Indian filter coffee is known worldwide.

Horticulture

Horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and plants for food, aesthetics, and enjoyment. It involves activities like planting, cultivating, and harvesting in gardens or orchards.

Fruits Vegetables

Rubber Tree

Tea

Coffee

Livestock rearing

Taking care of animals is called livestock rearing. People do it to get food, clothes, and other things. We look after them on farms or in special places. Animals give us meat, milk, eggs, wool for clothes, and leather for bags and shoes. Some even work on farms or stay home as pets.

Livestock Rearing

Revolution

The Green Revolution in India happened in the 1960s and 1970s. It involved the adoption of modern technology, such as high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation facilities, fertilizers, and pesticides, to increase the production of food grains, especially wheat and rice.

Revolution

A scientist named M.S. Swaminathan led this revolution. It helped India make enough food for itself and reduced poverty and hunger.

Word Zone

High-yielding variety (HYV): A plant made to give more crops

Green

Green

The Rann of Kutch in Gujarat is called the “Salt Desert” as it contributes significantly to India’s salt production.

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What is animal rearing? Name some products that we obtain from it.

b. Write the names of any three food crops.

c. What is a cash crop? Give one example.

Let’s Sum Up

India is a leading agricultural nation, contributing over 17% to its national income and engaging more than half of its population, but faces challenges like low productivity and inadequate infrastructure.

India cultivates diverse crops, including food crops (rice, wheat, millets), cash crops (cotton, sugarcane), and plantation crops (tea, coffee, rubber), with horticulture playing a crucial role in fruit and vegetable cultivation. The Green Revolution, spearheaded by M.S. Swaminathan in the 1960s and 1970s, aimed to enhance food grain production, resulting in increased agricultural importance for food security, economic contribution, livelihoods, raw materials, and global trade.

Life Skills

Imagine you have a small garden, and you want to grow your own vegetables. What are three important things you need to consider to ensure your vegetable plants grow healthy and strong?

Cross-Curricular Connections

English:

Write a short essay on the importance of environment friendly farming practices.

21st Century Skills

Imagine you are a farmer, and bugs are causing trouble for your crops. Would you use special bug-killing chemicals, or do you think there is a better way to use new and smart ideas? Explain why you would choose one way over the other and how it’s good for the Earth and your plants.

Extend Your Knowledge

India is often referred to as the “Land of Spices” due to its rich diversity of spice crops. Here are some commonly used spices in the traditional dishes of the five states in India:

Uttar Pradesh:

Spices: Cumin, Coriander, Cardamom, Cloves, Black Pepper

Maharashtra:

Spices: Mustard Seeds, Cumin, Turmeric, Asafoetida, Red Chilies

Karnataka:

Spices: Red Chilies, Mustard Seeds, Cumin, Fenugreek, Curry Leaves

Madhya Pradesh:

Spices: Cumin, Coriander, Turmeric, Red Chilies, Asafoetida

Rajasthan:

Spices: Cumin, Coriander, Red Chillies, Fenugreek, Mustard Seeds

These states boast diverse culinary traditions, and these spices play a key role in creating the unique flavors of their traditional dishes.

Tips for the Parent

Foster your child’s interest in agriculture by engaging in hands-on activities like planting a small herb garden or visiting a local farm. If possible, involve your child in gardening activities at home. Whether it’s a small balcony garden or a backyard plot, growing plants together can be a rewarding and educational experience. Discuss the Green Revolution in India in a historical context.

My Study Plan

Innovation and Technology Industries

Industries: How they create things

Factors affecting growth of industries

Types of industries

Let’s Recall

Think of your cosy winter jacket or your favourite sweater. Do you ever wonder where the magical raw materials come from to make these warm and snuggly clothes? Can you name one raw material that is used in your winter clothes?

Children in Winter Clothes

Thinking Zone

Alex’s family moved to a new house and is getting new furniture.

What materials are used to make furniture?

Let’s Learn

Industries

Industries are places where people make things. These are big buildings or factories where workers use different materials, such as cotton or wood, to create finished products such as clothes, furniture, and utensils.

After making these things, they are stored in warehouses and then sent to different stores where people can buy them.

Workers Making Things in a Factory

Workers Storing Things in a Warehouse

Growth of industries

The growth of industries involves several important factors:

Raw materials

Raw materials are resources that cannot be used right away. Industries use them to create goods. For instance, cotton becomes useful only when it’s turned into cloth. Similarly, finished products like flour, fabric, furniture, tea, and utensils are made from raw materials such as wheat, cotton, wood, tea leaves, and iron ores. Industries use these raw materials to make the final products, which are then sold in the market.

Industries require power to operate machines and equipment. This power can come from electricity, water, or other energy sources that help in making things.

Transport

Industries need transportation to bring materials to their factories and take the finished products to warehouses, stores, or customers. This helps things move easily from one place to another.

Power Resources Transporting Things Equipment: Tools or things we use for a job Word Zone

Wheat to Flour Power

Cotton is Transformed into Cloth

Machinery

Machines are essential for making things. Industries use different types of machines to change raw materials into finished products. Better machines can make more things faster.

Human resource

Industries need skilled workers for different jobs such as using machines and managing tasks. These workers help make everything run smoothly.

Capital

Money, or capital, is needed to begin and run industries. It’s used to buy materials and machines and pay workers.

Workers Working in a Factory Machines in a Factory

The largest chocolate factory in the world is located in Wieze, Belgium.

Fact Zone

Capital is Necessary for Industries

Let’s Practise-1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. How do industries use raw materials to make finished products? Give an example.

b. Why is power important for industries, and where can it come from?

c. What role do machines play in the production process in industries?

Let’s Learn

Types of Industries

Industries can be classified into various types based on their size.

Large-scale industry

Large-scale industries produce vast quantities of goods. This requires a lot of capital for set-up and operation. These industries employ a large workforce and utilize large machines.

Word Zone

Employ: To hire someone to work

They also require large quantities of raw materials. Examples of large-scale industries include cement plants, fertilizer plants, iron and steel plants, the automobile industry, and the shipbuilding industry.

Small-scale industry

Small-scale industries require a small factory and more capital compared to cottage industries. They use small machines and a slightly larger workforce to produce larger quantities of goods. These industries usually cater to a limited customer base. Hosiery goods, electrical items, fans, soaps, and biscuits are produced by small-scale industries.

Cottage industry

These industries operate on a smaller scale and do not require significant workforce or capital. They are often family-owned. The production of goods typically occurs at home. Cottage industries include embroidery work, shoe-making, weaving clothes, crafting baskets, producing shawls, blankets, and handicrafts.

Steel Plant

Car Plant

Automobile: A car

Word Zone

Basket Crafting

Sewing Factory

Maruti Suzuki produces the largest number of cars in India.

Fact Zone

Let’s Practise - 2

1. Answer the following questions.

a. List a few products made by small-scale industries.

b. Give examples of a few products created by cottage industries.

Let’s Learn

Information Technology

Information Technology (IT) refers to the use of computers for making new computer programs and connecting computers to store and share information. IT is a broad field that uses different tools to help us better communicate, solve problems, and make things work smoother.

The first computer in the world was so big that it filled up an entire room, and it was called ENIAC. Fact Zone

First Computer ENIAC

Let’s Practise - 3

1. Answer the following question.

a. What is the full form of 'IT'.

Let’s Sum Up

Industries are places where people make things. The growth of industries depends on the availability of raw materials, power, transportation facilities, machinery, and human resources. Capital or money is very important to start and maintain an industry. Industries can be large-scale, small-scale, or cottage, depending on their size and the capital required to run them.

Information Technology is a modern form of industry that uses computers to create programs and establish connectivity.

Imagine you make special crafts. A big company wants you to make a lot of these crafts which they would buy. What are the things you would consider before agreeing to it? What will help you decide whether you want to work with the company or not?

If a factory makes 1000 cars in a day, how many cars will it produce in one year?

Life Skills

Math:

21st Century Skills

Imagine living in a town which has a big factory. But the factory must close down because it is creating a lot of pollution. As a result, many people will lose their jobs. Working in groups, discuss what is good and bad about the situation and think of ways to make things better. Create a chart to show what could help the town.

The Industrial Revolution happened when people started using machines to make things instead of just using their hands. It happened first in England, where the new machines changed how people worked and made different things.

Tip for the Parent

Discuss different industries with your child. Talk about industries that produce things and the ones that provide services. Point out different products and services that the child is familiar with. Ask questions to check their understanding and help them understand the different roles industries play.

Our Rights, Duties, and

Government

My Study Plan

Democracy and its principles

Important words linked to democracy

Government and its different parts at the central and state levels

Match the following terms with their meanings. Let’s Recall

Term

Meaning

Democracy A set of rules that guides a country and its citizens

Judiciary A branch of government responsible for making laws

Legislature A branch of government that interprets laws

Constitution A system where people vote to make decisions

Who decides what we can and cannot do in public places? Thinking Zone

Let’s Learn

Constitution

India gained independence on August 15, 1947, and established a set of guidelines to govern the nation. This set of guidelines is known as the constitution. As per the Constitution of India, we opted for a democratic form of government.

Features of the Indian Constitution

The Preamble is like a short introduction to the Constitution of India. It tells us about the important goals we have to make India a better nation. Some important words from the Preamble include:

Sovereign

The meaning of 'sovereign' is independent and supreme. It means India makes its own decisions without any interference from other governments or people. Socialist Socialist means working together and sharing to make sure everyone in our country is treated fairly and has what they need.

Secular

Our country treats all religions equally and doesn't favour any particular religion.

Word Zone

Govern: To rule or manage a country

Democratic: (Of a country) Governed by representatives who are elected by the people

Nation: Country

Interference: The act of getting involved in others' matters

Democratic

The government is of the people, by the people, and for the people. People can choose their representatives in the government.

Republic

Republic is a country where the head of the government is elected by the people. Hence, India is a Republic.

Fundamental rights

Fundamental rights are special rules that make sure everyone in our country is treated equally and has basic freedom. There are six fundamental rights in the Constitution of India.

These are:

• Right to equality

• Right to freedom

• Right to freedom of religion

• Right to education and culture

• Right against exploitation

• Right to constitutional remedies

Unity and Brotherhood

Democratic Republic

Democra t i c Republic

Right to Education

Right Against Exploitation WORLD DAY AGAINST CHILD LABOR

Fundamental duties

As citizens of India, we have responsibilities known as fundamental duties. We must fulfill these duties to help create unity and brotherhood in the nation. For example, we all have the right to use public transport, but it is also our fundamental duty not to harm it. Some important fundamental duties include:

• Respecting national symbols like the National Flag and National Anthem

• Safeguarding public property such as the public transport and the monuments

• Taking care of nature and the environment

Respecting the National Flag

Directive principles of state policy

Taking Care of the Environment

Directive principles are a set of instructions that the government should follow to ensure the well-being of people. Some of the important directive principles include:

• Every child up to the age of fourteen should get free and compulsory education.

• Protect and improve the environment for the well-being of the people.

• Safeguarding cultural and historical heritage for future generations.

Free Education up to Age Fourteen Protect All Wildlife Safeguarding: Keeping safe

Let's Practise - 1

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Name three fundamental rights given to every citizen by the Indian Constitution.

b. What are our fundamental duties? Give any two examples.

c. What are the Directive Principles of State Policy? Mention any one important directive principle.

Let’s Learn

Government

A government is a group of people that governs a country or state. It takes decisions, creates rules, and manages important matters to make sure the country runs smoothly. A fair government sets the same rules for everyone and treats everyone equally.

In India, which is a democratic country, people above 18 years of age elect their leaders by voting. The elected leaders take care of the states and the country for five years.

Union Government

The Union Government refers to the central government of a country. In India, the Union Government is responsible for governing the country and making decisions about important national issues.

The Union Government of India has three branches: the Executive, the Legislature, and the Judiciary, each with distinct roles and responsibilities in the governance of the country. It sits in the national capital, New Delhi.

Parliament

Parliament comprises the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha.

Union Government of India

The Parliament of India

President

The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India and the first citizen of the country. The President is elected by the elected members of the Parliament. The President’s role in India is mainly ceremonial, while the Prime Minister with their council of ministers has the governing power. As of December 2023, Smt. Droupadi Murmu is the President of India.

Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is the lower house of the Parliament. It is responsible for passing bills about finance, defence, and other issues. The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 552. At present, it has 543 members chosen directly by the people of India for five years Each member of the Lok Sabha is called the Member of Parliament (MP)..

Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of the Parliament. It is responsible for reviewing the bills passed by the Lok Sabha. It has 250 members chosen indirectly by members of the State Legislative Assemblies for six years.

Smt. Droupadi Murmu

Lok Sabha of India

Prime Minister

The Prime Minister is the head of the government of India and governs the country with their cabinet . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India and is usually the leader of the political party or the coalition that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha. As of December 2023, Shri Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India.

Let’s Learn

State Government

A State Government is responsible for governing the state. In India, each of the 28 states has its own state government. The governor and chief minister of a state together lead the State Government. They take care of things such as transport, security, healthcare, education, and other matters specific to that state. The State Government has three parts: the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.

Cabinet: Team of leaders who form the government of a country Coalition: Groups teaming up for a common goal Word Zone

Rajya Sabha of India

Shri Narendra Modi

State Government of Andhra Pradesh

Legislative Assembly

State Government of Telangana

The Vidhan Sabha, also called the Legislative Assembly, is a part of the state government in India. The members of a legislative assembly (MLAs) are elected by the people through voting. The Legislative Assembly is responsible for passing bills related to state issues, such as agriculture, education, health, security, etc.

Assembly

India has eight union territories. Delhi, Puducherry, and Jammu and Kashmir are the only union territories that have their own Legislative Assemblies. Fact Zone

Legislative

1. Answer the following questions.

a. How many members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are elected, and how?

b. How is the Prime Minister appointed? What are the main responsibilities of the Prime Minister?

c. What are the three parts of the state government?

Thinking Zone

If you were a leader in your school, what steps would you take to encourage students to actively participate in making decisions that affect everyone? How can this approach be similar to how citizens participate in the decision-making process in a country’s government?

Let’s Sum Up

A democracy gives its people the power to elect their leaders. A democratic government is of the people, by the people, and for the people.

The Preamble of the Constitution of India declares that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.

The citizens of India have both fundamental rights and duties. Directive Principles are a set of instructions that the government should follow to ensure the well-being of people.

The government is the governing body of a country or state. It takes decisions, creates rules, and manages important things to make sure the country runs smoothly.

The Union Government of India refers to the central government of our country and has three branches: the Executive, the Legislature, and the Judiciary.

Parliament has three parts: the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.

The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India and the first citizen of the country.

The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament. It is responsible for passing bills about matters concerning the country and the common people. The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament. It is responsible for reviewing the bills passed by the Lok Sabha.

The Prime Minister is the head of the executive of the Government of India and governs a country with their cabinet.

A State Government governs a state and takes care of issues specific to the state.

The Vidhan Sabha, also called the Legislative Assembly, is a part of the state governments in India. Its members are called MLAs.

Life Skills

Imagine you are elected as the class monitor. Your teacher asks you to make fair decisions for the entire class. How would you ensure that everyone in your class is treated equally, similar to how a government should treat its citizens fairly?

Maths:

If there are 38 students in your class, and you need a majority vote to choose a new classroom activity, how many students need to agree on the decision?

21st Century Skills

You and your classmates need to decide on a new rule for your classroom. How would you involve everyone in the decision-making process, ensuring that each student’s opinion is heard and considered? Think about how this process is just like how decisions are made by a government.

Extend Your Knowledge

India conducts massive general elections, where eligible citizens have the right to vote for their representatives. These elections are considered the largest democratic exercise in the whole world due to the sheer number of voters. That's why India is called the largest democracy in the world!

Tip for the Parent

Explain to your child the power of voting and why it is important to vote in general elections as citizens of India.

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Qutub Minar and Humayun’s Tomb

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