Professional Engineering Issue 3 2025

Front cover and spine

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Issue 3 • 2025 www.imeche.org I M PACT PRODUCTION

The rise of metamaterials COMMUNITY

CLIENT

Robots in the home EXPERTISE

Climate adaptation

Issue 3 • 2025 • www.imeche.org

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Contents VERSION

ISSUE THREE, 2025

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03 Welcome Interim chief executive Jo Passingham sets out IMechE’s three priorities 46 Your new AI colleagues Could synthetic engineers boost productivity and even help to tackle the industry skills gap?

52 The doctorbot will see you now Robots in the home could be the answer to the UK’s healthcare crisis – but robust risk assessment is needed first 58 The future of metamaterials They might sound like the stuff of science fiction, but metamaterials are having a moment 64 Weird engineering This omni-bodied brain allows its robot host to adapt to damage – even after losing a limb

I M PACT 05 Opener How origami-inspired metal folding could cut waste and reduce emissions 08 Workplace revolution The industrial humanoid robot designed to address staff shortages in the manufacturing sector 11 Five for the future Meet the engineers and researchers who are coming up with groundbreaking innovations 13 Blueprint A recent IMechE report looks at what engineering can do to make flying more sustainable

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15 In the spotlight Our series on IMechE members who are having a big impact profiles Nicole Pellizzon 18 IMechE and me What the Institution means to its members 21 Institution update President Matt Garside on the latest IMechE news 22 Your voice Readers have their say on key issues of the day 25 Institution news An update on IMechE HQ 27 Heritage The Titan Crane is a striking industrial monument

31 Climate change Key takeaways from IMechE’s conference on climate change adaptation and resilience 35 Marketing Why engineers need to take a methodical approach to getting their ideas out there 37 Intellectual property The law can be complex, but knowing how to protect your IP is crucial 39 3D printing How F1 teams use 3D printing to win the race between races 43 Derailments The new tools keeping trains on the track

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Welcome VERSION

WELCOME

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Passing the baton Interim CEO Jo Passingham on the three key priorities for making the Institution stronger and more relevant s many of you know, Dr Alice Bunn OBE stepped down as chief executive of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers at the end of September, after leading with vision and energy since July 2021. I want to thank Alice for her lasting impact.

Under her leadership, we gained a clearer strategy, stronger finances and a greater external profile. She was a tireless champion of diversity and inclusion, ensuring our Institution and the wider engineering community remain welcoming to all talents and perspectives. Her contributions will resonate for years to come.

As of 1 October, I have stepped into the role of interim chief executive, and I’m both excited and mindful of the responsibility this brings. My focus will be on continuing the momentum Alice has created, while also looking ahead to new opportunities to make our Institution even stronger and more relevant to the world of engineering.

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Looking ahead CLIENT

Our strategic plan will guide this work, shaped around three key priorities: l Strong financial foundations, so we can invest in our future with confidence. In recent years, we have operated beyond our means, but we are taking decisive action in 2025 to change that. We have streamlined our financial structures and reorganised to focus on efficiency and effectiveness. The pension buy-in has been another important step in creating stability for the future. l A healthy and inclusive culture, where collaboration and trust drive both performance and reputation. We are embedding our refreshed diversity and inclusion strategy into the Institution’s wider strategy. We’ve also

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

COVER IMAGE: INTUIGENCE.AI

is published by Think on behalf of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

PE, 65 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EH 020 3771 7200 EDITORIAL profeng@thinkpublishing.co.uk Editor: Amit Katwala Deputy editor: Joseph Flaig Sub-editor: Rebecca Dyer Group art director: Jes Stanfield Executive director: Jackie Scully Client engagement director: Kieran Paul tinyurl.com/PEmagazine

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launched a culture review to provide an independent and objective perspective on what is working well and where we can improve. l A willingness to embrace change, so we continue to evolve and remain relevant in a rapidly changing world.

Our operating model is evolving to challenge old ways of working and find more effective ways to deliver lasting impact.

Headquarters update Following the Trustee Board’s decision in September and a robust review by Council in October, a Special Meeting has been scheduled for 12pm GMT on Friday 5 December 2025. This important milestone marks the opening of the ballot on the proposed resolution regarding the future of the Institution’s headquarters. We have an opportunity to reimagine our future and how we serve members and the engineering profession. We need to create a headquarters that is accessible, sustainable and inspiring – a place where today’s and tomorrow’s engineers feel at home.

The Trustee Board has made a balanced, forward-looking recommendation aligned with the Institution’s strategy, sustainability and charitable purpose. You can find out how to register for the Special Meeting and secure your vote on the future of the Institution’s headquarters on page 25.

This is a moment of continuity and renewal. Passing the baton doesn’t mean starting over – it means building on what works, learning from what we’ve achieved and moving forward together. I’m looking forward to working with all of you – our members, partners and community – as we take the next steps in our shared mission of improving the world through engineering.

ADVERTISING 020 3771 7232 Commercial director: Michael Coulsey michael.coulsey@thinkpublishing.co.uk Senior commercial partnerships manager: Chris Barnard chris.barnard@thinkpublishing.co.uk Commercial partnerships manager: Leanne Rowley leanne.rowley@thinkpublishing.co.uk

Printed by: Acorn Web, Yorkshire

ABOUT IMECHE The Institution of Mechanical Engineers is the professional body overseeing the qualification and development of mechanical engineers. It has 115,000 members in 140 countries.

Visit imeche.org for more information about membership and its benefits, or email membership@imeche.org.uk.

Views expressed in Professional Engineering are not necessarily those of the Institution or its publishers.

~~:~~~ED

Interim chief executive: Jo Passingham President: Matt Garside CEng FIMechE MIET

Copyright: Think Publishing 2025

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IMechE is a registered charity in England and Wales number 206882

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Impact opener, 1

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IMPACT

The forces shaping engineering

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The Stilfold technique involves a combination of robotic tools

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BENDING THE RULES

Stilfold’s origami-inspired metal folding could slim down cars and drones

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or the uninitiated, origami can look like magic. Even if you try to follow along with every step, the graceful transformation of a flat piece of paper into a crane, a butterfly or a flower still has the power to amaze as the final fold is made.

What if that same grace could be brought to manufacturing?

That is the aim of Stilfold, a Swedish company that has developed an industrial origami manufacturing technology. Using bespoke software and a novel combination of hardware, the technique creates simple, smooth metal components

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that are much less ornate than their paper equivalents, but which offer manufacturers several advantages.

Chief among these is the chance to cut waste from manufacturing.

By folding along curved lines, the process – which has received patents in Europe and the US – is designed to make the most of simple starting materials.

The result, according to Stilfold, is weight reductions of up to 40%, an up to 70% reduction in required components and up to 20% lower material costs. By lowering the energy required, the process could also enable a

massive 75% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.

While those figures represent the best possible scenario, savings of any kind could appeal to a wide range of industries. Based near Stockholm, Stilfold says its technology could be well-suited for automotive applications, aerospace, energy and sustainable construction. Recent projects have included a research collaboration with Volvo exploring the Stilfold technique as an alternative to stamping and welding, an AIenhanced lightweight drone design and a scooter concept.

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The idea has been around since at least the 1980s, says Dr Mark Schenk, who did his PhD on origami and now works on morphing deployable structures at the University of Bristol, but “the challenge was actually doing the folding”.

One of the main constraints is the dexterity of the tools. The computer process needed to design the fold has been another challenge, especially working with curved lines. “If you take a flat piece of paper or sheet metal, you draw a single fold on it, you’ve got almost an infinity of solutions, infinity of options,” Schenk said.

By creating 3D shapes that fold along curved lines, Stilfold says its Stilware software can allow designers to optimise designs for strength, material use and sustainability. That design is then handed to a system of robotically controlled rollers and tools.

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Into the fold

Schenk says the new technique would be best suited for smallscale production as the cost of tooling becomes less important when there are tens of thousands of parts to make. Automotive manufacturing could nonetheless be one of the most promising sectors for adoption, he said.

While it is unlikely to replace manufacturing of the body work, it could be suited for individual components, bumpers or crash boxes that absorb energy.

The technique requires a complete ground-up design process, Schenk continued, which adds some constraints but also new options. Companies might choose to press a shape, for example,

40%

75%

is the predicted reduction in carbon dioxide emissions made possible via this technique

before doing final touches with the Stilfold technique. “It doesn’t replace existing manufacturing – it offers an alternative – but you have to design with that process in mind… that’s the trade-off.”

Complex creativity

Dozens of research projects have investigated the use of origami in everything from DNA nanotechnology to biomedical sensors, while origami-like techniques are being used in the design of deployable structures for satellites and spacecraft.

“Origami unlocks two basic aspects of mechanical and engineering research. One of them is shape and the other is mechanics,” says Dr Marcelo Dias, reader at the University of Edinburgh.

“One of the reasons why origami is so fascinating is that you take a material which is a flat sheet, and by locally manipulating the folds you can generate a three-dimensional shape that is extremely complex, and the level of complexity is down to how creative you can be with the arrangements of folds.

“But it’s known to be a very interesting mathematical problem for computation as well, because

is the potential weight reduction achieved by applying origami within manufacturing

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how many shapes can you get given certain constraints and the rules of folding? It turns out that this is a computationally very challenging problem.”

The “secret” for Stilfold is more than the idea, he said, but it is the ability to tell a robot how to fold the designs, with curved lines bringing more complexity and creating shapes that are not possible with straight lines, including ones that can approximate smooth surfaces with fewer folds.

“The mechanics that you impart from this curved fold origami allows you to have structures that are very simple but extremely rigid,” said Dias, who received his PhD in curved fold origami and problems related to the elasticity of thin sheets. One well-known example is the boxes used to serve chips at McDonald’s, he said, which use folding tabs for shape and rigidity.

The durability of folded parts will need to be monitored, he added. “These structures are going to be out in the market, subjected to whatever environmental stress conditions that they have to [face].

And every time you add a fold, you add a weak point in the material.”

Such a bold new technique might bring new considerations – but as tariffs, net zero goals, electricity prices and other factors put pressure on companies around the world, many businesses might be keen to explore it.

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WORKPLACE REVOLUTION O

ur cover story (page 46) looks at how AI engineers are coming to a workplace near you, but they’re not the only way the technology is changing industry. This is the HMND 01 Alpha, the UK’s first humanoid robot designed for industrial use. Built by robotics and AI start-up Humanoid, it’s designed to address the manufacturing industry’s staffing crisis, with more than 58,000 unfilled vacancies in the UK alone.

“Robots shouldn’t replace people; they should support them,” says Artem Sokolov, Humanoid’s founder. “After scaling my family’s manufacturing business, I saw firsthand the toll repetitive work took on employees, including my own grandparents. HMND 01 is built to fill the labour gaps, letting people focus on more meaningful work.”

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Five for the feature

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FIVE FOR THE FUTURE Meet the scientists and researchers improving the world through engineering.

For more, head to imeche.org/news

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Reading-based start-up Occuity has developed a handheld device to measure corneal thickness – a key step in diagnosing glaucoma – that works without touching the eye, removing the need for ultrasound and anaesthetising eye drops. The company won a 2025 award from the Royal Academy of Engineering.

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Engineers at the University of Chicago have developed a portable, handheld device that can quickly detect small traces of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) – also known as forever chemicals – in water. The device, which uses a unique sensor embedded on a chip, can detect PFAS at 250 parts per quadrillion.

IRON MADE

03 -

Researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities have developed a greener method of making iron that can be performed at room temperature.

It uses hydrogen gas plasma, which strips the oxygen atoms from iron ore, leaving pure iron and water vapour.

IF THE SHOE FITS

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04

Korean scientists have developed a method for making stretchable, conductive nanocomposites using vat photopolymerisation 3D printing. The team at Seoul National University of Science and Technology tested the method by creating a highly sensitive insole for a shoe to monitor pressure distribution in real time.

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BATTERY REVOLUTION

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A battery without cells could improve the range of electric vehicles by 50%, according to 24M Technologies. The MIT spinout uses sealed electrodes sandwiched together in a stack, instead of the traditional cell design in which they are housed inside metal cylinders.

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Blueprint VERSION

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TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FLIGHT

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A recent IMechE report assesses the future of aerospace, and how the industry can make flying greener and cleaner. Here are the key points ART

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here’s more awareness than ever about the environmental impact of flying. Aviation accounts for just 2.5% of global CO2 emissions, but demand is set to increase, driven by economic growth and population trends.

A recent IMechE green paper, Aero 2050: Flying More Sustainably, explores the routes towards decarbonisation and challenges on the way to net zero. It builds on a 2011 report, Aero 2075: Flying into a Bright Future?, and is intended as a living document, to be updated as technology and regulation develop.

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Greener alternatives The report predicts a future where aircraft are powered by a mix of fuels and propulsion systems, optimised for size, range and capacity. Urban air mobility vehicles are likely to be battery-electric, with hydrogen fuel cells providing alternatives. Small commuter aircraft carrying fewer than 19 passengers may combine batteryelectric and hydrogen fuel cell systems. A switch to high-speed rail, encouraged by policymakers, would have minimal impact on overall emissions, accounting for less than 5% of aviation CO2.

Regional aircraft, with 20 to 80 seats, are expected to operate on hydrogen or sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)-powered turboprops and turbofans, with a small subset using battery-electric systems. Short-

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range aircraft with 81 to 165 seats and propulsion system rather than will be predominantly powered simply accommodating kerosene in by advanced turbofans fuelled by the wings. Hydrogen storage may high-blend ratio SAF or hydrogen. be integrated within the fuselage Medium-range aircraft, flying or external pods, while distances up to nearly 3,800 distributed propulsion nautical miles, are a priority units, thinner highfor emissions reduction, aspect-ratio wings accounting for around and smart electrical of aviation’s 45% of aviation’s carbon systems will manage carbon footprint footprint. Long-haul, power distribution for originates from high-capacity aircraft will hybrid or fully electric medium-range flight. predominantly use advanced Maintenance aircraft turbofans running on SAF. processes will need Each propulsion technology to adapt to these new comes with challenges. Batteryarchitectures, balancing safety, electric aircraft need major energy performance and operational cost. density improvements, alongside sustainable sourcing of materials Funding challenge and responsible disposal. Hydrogen This will all require substantial systems need careful tank design, investment. The complexity, long high-performance fuel cells and timescales and technological risks reliable gas turbine operation. may limit private capital, making SAF must overcome technical government support vital. The UK limitations, while production must aerospace sector, with a turnover scale to meet demand, supported of £34bn in 2019, is a global leader. by sustainably generated electricity.

Recent government investments in green technologies, combined Industry adaptation with development strategies, can Certification and workforce help maintain the UK’s position development are equally crucial. at the forefront of sustainable New systems and fuels require aviation while signalling against intensive testing and certification climate change. programmes. Engineers will need updated academic and technical training for aircraft with different Head to imeche.org/policy-andarchitectures and energy systems. press to read the full report, Aircraft design itself will undergo entitled Aero 2050: Flying a transformation. Future airframes More Sustainably will be conceived around the fuel

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Connecting engineers, recognising success

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To another dimension

ART

In our next article showing the tremendous impact made by IMechE members, we speak to Nicole Pellizzon, an engineer exploring a pioneering new 3D-printing technique and the latest winner of the Speak Out for Engineering competition

Below: Pellizzon enjoying a sunset from the Glyptotek museum rooftop in Copenhagen

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hen Nicole Pellizzon first encountered tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing (AM), she Googled some words and watched some YouTube videos. Moments later, she knew she had found something special.

The objects being 3D-printed looked as though they were “appearing from nowhere”.

Pellizzon’s mind went to Star Trek and its iconic replicator machine, a box that could bring objects into existence – from a martini with two olives to a medical bandage – as if by magic.

By the time she flew to Denmark to witness a live demonstration, her mind was blown. Pellizzon knew exactly what her PhD would focus on, and decided to move from London to Copenhagen.

That was three years ago. In September 2025, she was crowned winner of IMechE’s Speak Out for Engineering competition after sharing the manufacturing method with engineers around the globe.

Lights, hologram, action

Pellizzon, 26, uses dental fillings to explain what she is studying at the Technical University of Denmark. First, a cavity is filled with a liquid resin. Then the dentist uses ultraviolet light to deliver energy that, in turn, solidifies the filling.

Unlike conventional AM, which builds up objects layer by layer, www.imeche.org

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ENGINEERS IN THE SPOTLIGHT ‘Imagine using this technology in hospitals. Instead of waiting for donors, you could print parts using stem cells’ tomographic volumetric AM relies on light to solidify objects inside a spinning test tube filled with liquid. So, if you were building a Lego castle, the entire building would appear at once, rather than rows of pieces rising up from the floor.

Pellizzon says this method of 3D printing can be exceptionally fast, creating objects within minutes or even seconds. It’s also compact, allowing it to be used when and where needed. A good example would be an audiologist printing a custom hearing aid

while a patient waits to try it out. Or an orthodontist printing aligners to straighten teeth, making sure the fit is just right.

To boldly go towards new frontiers

But the biggest potential impact of 3D printing with light, Pellizzon believes, falls within the realm of bioprinting. Although the technique is still speculative, she says printing organs or organ parts could prove doable.

“Imagine using this technology in hospitals. Instead of waiting for PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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Below: Pellizzon presenting at Solid Freeform Fabrication 2025 in Austin, Texas Inset: A sample print of Auguste Rodin’s The Thinker REPRO OP SUBS ART PRODUCTION CLIENT

donors and transplants, you could print parts using stem cells,” she explains. “Then you can let the cells grow further. Maybe one day it could be an entire organ.”

Without layer-by-layer construction, the cells experience fewer stresses during printing and ultimately have higher survival rates. If successful, printed organs might lead to less organ rejection.

However, there is a daunting list of challenges for engineers to solve before volumetric printing becomes viable. These range from limited light resolution to resin blurring, and from optical distortions (a spoon appearing to break in a glass of water) to scattering (an ice cube reflecting light in different patterns as it changes from liquid to solid). Then there is the complicated chemistry of the resins themselves.

“There are still a lot of problems for engineers to solve,” Pellizzon admits. “But that’s what makes it exciting. There’s always something to do.”

Series of serendipitous events Pellizzon has always loved a challenge. She remembers a particular primary school lesson in which she figured out how to use a sheet of paper to build a bridge capable of carrying the weight of a hundred pennies*.

As a teenager, together with her dad, she experimented with a cheap 3D printer, which never delivered the drone she’d set her heart on. Years later, at Imperial College London, Pellizzon entered and won a drone society competition, finally managing to print a working one.

But her path to engineering was by no means as straight as www.imeche.org

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Tomographic Reconstruc1 Tomographic Reconstruction qc n

the drone flies.

At the age of 14, she received a scholarship to study music at the Wells Cathedral School. If you’d asked her then what she wanted to be when she grew up, she would have said a concert pianist.

Engineering won out in the end, but even then, Pellizzon picked aeronautical engineering because it kept popping up in her research, largely thanks to university websites arranging their degrees in alphabetical order.

The drone competition she won happened to be sponsored

by Autodesk, which opened the door to her spending a few years at the company, exploring various manufacturing methods, before pursuing her doctoral studies.

A curiosity that burns bright

Pellizzon’s advice to young engineers is to keep an open mind and join organisations like IMechE. She has been a member since her student days and aims to become a chartered engineer.

For her, every event offers a chance to meet engineers who are working on fascinating projects.

‘There are still a lot of problems for engineers to solve. But that’s what makes it exciting. There’s always something to do’ Since moving to Denmark, Pellizzon has learned to knit and cook with unfamiliar ingredients.

She’s finding inspiration in exploring a new country and its culture – a refreshing way, she says, to reassess what she’s always considered “normal”.

From a tax form written in Danish to visiting a tourist site, she’s learning more about the world – and about herself.

“Always be open to new opportunities,” she concludes.

“They’ll come from the weirdest of places.” * The answer, in case you’re still thinking about it, is to corrugate the paper by folding it up repeatedly.

NOMIN AT E

To nominate an IMechE member making a difference, email profeng@ thinkpublishing.co.uk PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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IMECHE AND ME IMechE members reflect on how the Institution has helped them thrive

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“An honour, a career milestone and a morale boost”

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“It began with a career talk at a year 12 school career-planning event from an experienced engineer alumni,” says Marcus Tse CEng, a product risk manager at Siemens Healthineers. “His career journey, ambition and dedicated careers advice with me encouraged me to become a globally recognised, competent engineer. Throughout my university and career, I have always valued becoming a chartered engineer as a career milestone that I wanted to achieve since high school. My direct manager, who is a fellow of IMechE, had been supporting me by giving me advice and sponsored my application. Being a chartered engineer is an honour, a career milestone and a morale boost for me. Ever since I became chartered, my increased confidence has enabled me to communicate my opinions with subject matter experts effectively, and my credentials are recognised by colleagues across the globe, as well as external government authorities recognising that my outputs are trustworthy.”

CLIENT

“It has helped me stay ahead”

“A significant milestone in my career” “I was fascinated by how things worked from an early age,” says Karey Farmer IEng, an engineer at Mount Gay Distilleries in Barbados.

“I enjoyed dismantling machines just to see how they were built.

That curiosity eventually evolved into a passion for solving problems and improving systems, and engineering felt like the perfect path to turn that curiosity into practical solutions. I joined IMechE to benchmark my skills and experience against internationally recognised professional standards and connect with a global network of engineers committed to excellence. Achieving incorporated engineer status in August 2025 has been a significant milestone in my career, validating the knowledge, leadership and professional judgement I’ve developed through years of handson experience in the industry.”

“Being an active part of the Institution allows me to stay informed about industry advancements and align my career with the highest professional standards,” says Chipo Madzikwah, associate member and an asset engineer lineside at Network Rail. “My associate membership has been invaluable in expanding my professional network and providing access to cutting-edge industry knowledge, training and development opportunities. It has helped me stay ahead of best practices and innovative solutions, allowing me to grow as a professional and contribute more effectively to my role and the wider engineering community. The top benefits of my membership include access to a vast library of technical resources, professional development programmes, networking opportunities with experts in the field, and events that keep me connected to the latest trends and innovations in engineering.

Additionally, being part of a community that supports and recognises professional growth is incredibly rewarding.”

“It reinforces my professional branding” “In the company I started with, it was an expectation that engineers would seek chartership, and in a lot of companies this is tied into progression opportunities,” says

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Farzana Hampshire, an IMechE fellow and operations lead for AtkinsRéalis. “I was thankful that I went down this route as it provided me with the evidence to show that I was fully qualified, not just from an educational standpoint, but also from a professional and experience

point of view. It also highlighted the importance of non-technical skills such as people management and network development. I am now a fellow of the IMechE and feel really proud that I attained this level.

It gives a real sense of kudos and reinforces my professional branding.” www.imeche.org

IMechE renewal, 1

“There’s a huge amount of support available”

“It’s given me structure, guidance and opportunities” “I first joined as a student member while studying aeromechanical engineering at university,” says Cara Morrison CEng, a project manager at the National Manufacturing Institute Scotland. “It was a bit of a no-brainer – the membership was free, and it gave me access to an incredible range of resources including training, webinars and careers events. When I joined the graduate scheme at Meggitt, I became an associate member and enrolled on their monitored professional development scheme (MPDS).

The structure of the scheme helped me set clear goals and track my progress, with valuable feedback from my mentor along the way. Just over five years after graduating I achieved chartered engineer status – something I’m very proud of. It’s been a great way to demonstrate my professional competence and commitment. Being part of the IMechE has given me structure, guidance and opportunities. MPDS was especially valuable at the beginning of my career; the structure helped me plan my development and set objectives to work towards. I’ve also made the most of IMechE’s professional training, taking courses like Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Management of Risk – both incredibly useful.”

“I’d always intended to join an institution,” says David McCallum CEng, a principal engineer for BAE Systems. “The graduate scheme at Babcock was accredited by the IMechE so I was into that and gained IEng status in 2020. Since then, I worked through the career learning assessment (CLA) process as I only had a bachelor’s degree and successfully interviewed for CEng in July. The Institution has a wealth of experience, support and resources available for engineers of all levels so it’s been great to be a member.

There’s a huge amount of support available, which I was able to utilise when navigating the CLA process and eventually to CEng. It’s opened the door for me getting chartered, which I didn’t think was possible without going back to university.

The Institution has allowed me to develop a lot over the last two to five years. The resources are really extensive – the seminars, workshops and support available from mentors and engineers is really unmatched.”

RENEW YOUR MEMBERSHIP FOR 2026 STAY INFORMED WITH ENGINEERING INSIGHT Access the latest trends, innovations and expert analysis through Professional Engineering, PE Weekly and our sector-specific updates.

GROW YOUR CAREER Benefit from tailored support for professional registration and choose from more than 200 training courses, including new content in AI, hydrogen and thermodynamics. Enjoy up to 20% off events and training, plus £200 off IMechE training each year*. www.imeche.org

CONNECT WITH A GLOBAL NETWORK Join a vibrant community of more than 110,000 members worldwide, with opportunities to mentor, collaborate and learn from others through local events and international initiatives.

TAP INTO UNRIVALLED RESOURCES Use the world’s largest engineering library, with 75,000+ online resources, 35,000 print items and expert librarian support, accessed more than 350,000 times in 2024 alone.

ACCESS SUPPORT WHEN YOU NEED IT Our Support Network offers confidential help in difficult times, from financial assistance to practical and emotional support.

CELEBRATE ACHIEVEMENT AND RECOGNITION Gain visibility through our awards, which showcase innovation, research, professional excellence and the impact of dedicated volunteers.

RENEW BY 1 JANUARY 2026 TO AVOID A BREAK IN YOUR BENEFITS Renew now at imeche.org/renew or scan the QR code below. *T&Cs at imeche. org/mem200

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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91IPEOCT25109.pgs 07.11.2025 12:47

Clean + lean cable system:

Matt Garside column

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INSTITUTION UPDATE

By IMechE president Matt Garside

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his autumn marks an important moment of transition and renewal for the Institution. We begin by offering our sincere thanks to Alice Bunn for her leadership and dedication during her time as CEO. Her commitment to our mission and her tireless work on behalf of members has left a lasting mark. As Alice moves on, we are pleased to welcome Jo Passingham as our interim CEO. Jo brings a wealth of experience and a steady hand to guide the Institution through the months ahead.

Leadership changes often provide a moment to reflect, but they are also a time to look forward. Across the Institution, we are pressing ahead with several key initiatives that will shape our direction and strengthen the way we serve our members.

Headquarters update

A Special Meeting has been scheduled for 12pm GMT on Friday 5 December 2025, an important milestone that will open the member ballot on the future of the Institution's headquarters.

The Trustee Board has made a balanced, forward-looking recommendation that reflects our strategy, commitment to sustainability and charitable purpose. Trustees and Council are united in recommending that members vote for the resolution set out in the Special Meeting Notice. You can find out more about the meeting and how to vote on page 25.

We have a proud heritage spanning more than 175 years, and it would be remiss of me www.imeche.org

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Volunteers are at the heart of everything we do, and this code sets out the standards and behaviours we all commit to, in order to work together effectively and inclusively not to acknowledge the deep affection many members feel for our Birdcage Walk headquarters – it has been our home for generations. However, this decision is about looking forward: ensuring we have a headquarters that is fit for purpose and serves generations of engineers to come.

Another milestone reached recently is the approval of a new Volunteer Code of Conduct by the Trustee Board. Volunteers are at the heart of everything we do, and this code sets out the standards and behaviours we all commit to, in order to work together effectively and inclusively. All volunteers must sign up to the code as part of our ongoing commitment to professionalism and mutual respect.

Integrity and collaboration

We have also commissioned an independent culture review. This is a key step in strengthening our culture and ensuring our

day-to-day practices reflect the Institution’s values and behaviours.

With practical recommendations to make a real impact, we can build an Institution that achieves its goals while reflecting integrity and collaboration.

We are also excited to introduce Project K, a strategic initiative that focuses on better outcomes for members and society. We’re looking to deliver: l clearer accountabilities that simplify how we work; l stronger links between strategy and delivery; l better decisions shaped by diverse expertise; l and greater external focus.

Together, these developments point to an ambitious future, grounded in the values that unite us as an Institution. With strong leadership, clear priorities and an engaged membership, we are confident in our ability to navigate change and embrace the opportunities ahead.

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Got something to share with the IMechE community? Write to us at profeng@thinkpublishing.co.uk, using the subject line ‘Your Voice’

Global cooling SUBS ART PRODUCTION CLIENT

Not many readers might agree with me that, regardless of achieving zero carbon, we are already past the tipping point to climate disaster. I therefore urge this and other engineering institutions to campaign for urgent engineering efforts to actively cool the Earth.

Several methods are already known or under review. A recent contributor to ‘Your voice’ stated that if every house erected just one square metre of upward-facing aluminium foil, this would be enough to significantly reduce the Sun’s heating effect. I urge going much further and actively cooling the Earth by the use of highly reflective roof surfaces.

These would need to be of a textured nature so as not to dazzle pilots. They could be compulsory on new roofs while existing roofs could be treated with a reflective spray-on paint.

Back in the 1970s, I was involved in a roof insulation

project that finished with a brushed-on aluminium paint that would have had the required effect, so better should be easily available these days.

Money spent on such a project would be the best way of compensating low-income countries suffering from the warming generated by richer nations. International disputes might result from the possibility of a cooling Earth creating its own freak weather conditions. Success could allow a partial return to the oil-powered lifestyles so many of us have enjoyed in the past!

Denis W Oglesby, associate member

seems to substantially change the balance of the workforce.

With the ideas for improvement so often being sought from those already in the industry, might there be a recurring issue with survivorship bias?

The article highlights that engineering is the second most popular future profession for 13to 16-year-olds. As a start, perhaps as a profession we could find a way to survey those at university about why they did not pursue engineering and react accordingly to address the issues we find.

Ben Ravenscroft, CEng

Student survey

‘Engineering needs everyone’ in issue one of 2025 was the latest in a long line of articles highlighting the importance of diversity in our profession. However, nothing

Heavy metals

I must congratulate you all on your excellent article on nuclear fusion (issue two of 2025).

However, the author should be picked up on his units of weight.

While the weights of an aircraft carrier or fully loaded jumbo jet are highly descriptive, they are meaningless unless accompanied by the weight in tonnes. Only designers of those gigantic beasts would know what they weigh. We are all engineers and should be told in units we can all understand.

David Bruton, FIMechE

22 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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www.imeche.org

Your Voice, 1

i--~

100% of total annual road mileage (all relevant vehicles)

100%

Fossil fuel electrical generation

Battery electric

Affordable net zero

50%

Further to my letter suggesting a means of collecting feed stock for large-scale biofuel production (issue two of 2024), correspondence with various government ministries seems to me to show that they all confine themselves strictly within the limits of their subject, with numerous individual initiatives but no attempt to predict the overall effects of large-scale adoption of each within financial and timescale limitations and market forces.

It seems to me that something on the lines of the attached [see figure 1, right] should be produced and published for road transport, using the best available numbers for the shape of the curves. It would illustrate where we are now with road transport and the effect of various policies in the future. The horizontal top line of the chart represents 100% of the estimated total road mileage for all relevant vehicles in each year and the suggested types of curve would show the share of this mileage between fossil fuel and carbonneutral energy usage.

The financial constraints shaping the curves would include the direct additional infrastructure costs, etc. necessary for an increasing proportion of battery electric vehicles and/or the cost of developing a large-scale liquid fuel manufacturing plant, and the necessary extra renewable electricity generation, although the use of surplus renewable power in periods of low demand would reduce this requirement.

It seems to me that, however the curves are drawn, the largest

I

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I Plug in hybrid contribution

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www.imeche.org

1. Showing the shape of likely progress towards net zero in road transport

Taking into account the likely 20-year service life of existing liquid fuel vehicles and the potential for increasing the proportions of carbon neutral fuel.

Suggest that this type of chart should be reproduced with the best available numbers for the shape of the curves.

This would then provide a basis for assessment of all other factors, notably cost and timescale.

E J Hardaker BSc CEng

‘The largest contribution to progress towards net zero would always result from increasing the proportion of carbonneutral liquid fuel replacing fossil fuels’ contribution to progress towards net zero in the next five to 10 years would always result from increasing the proportion of carbon-neutral liquid fuel replacing fossil fuel. This seems to be an inevitable conclusion when you consider the average 20-year life of the existing fossil-fuel vehicles, which will be in the majority of many years.

John Hardaker

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91IPEOCT25111.pgs 11.11.2025 12:10

ACHIEVING PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION We offer a range of free membership and professional registration events in virtual or face-to-face format. With a wide range of topics covered, there is something for everyone.

Get registered Our professional registration events are for those seeking to become registered as EngTech, IEng, CEng or a Fellow with IMechE.We provide an overview of the application process and what happens after your application has been submitted.

Membership surgeries

Application workshops

Professional development

Membership surgeries provide more in-depth advice on becoming registered as EngTech, IEng, CEng or Fellow.

These 1-2-1 sessions are designed to give you more personalised guidance and support.

These workshops are an opportunity for you to receive guidance and support with your IEng or CEng application form and in preparing for your Professional Review Interview.

Receive specialist support with further events focusing on CPD, Career Learning Assessment, mentoring and more.

View our full membership and registration events listing

i imeche.org/application-help

~ mdm@imeche.org

MEMBER BENEFITS Career development and recognition

Engineering

• Stay updated with access to Professional Engineering, PE Weekly and our sector-specific updates

-

♦-

• Attend industry-relevant training aligned with the UK-SPEC

• Use globally recognised postnominals -AMIMechE, EngTech MIMechE, IEng MIMechE, CEng MIMechE, FIMechE

Making an impact • Help us to influence the government and highlight the importance of engineering in solving society's biggest challenges

• Plan, record and review your CPD use our on line Career Developer tool • Receive free support and advice from our Global Membership Development Team

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• Attend industry-leading events lectures, talks, conferences, webinars • Connect and network with members at local talks, visits and social events

• Engage with volunteering opportunities to inspire future engineers • Meet life's challenges with financial, emotional and practical support from our Support Network

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• Apply for awards and scholarships, and gain recognition for your achievements

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• Access over 75,000 ebooks and online journals • Postal loan service to members in the UK and Europe • Free professional enquiry service

Institution news

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A DEFINING MOMENT FOR OUR INSTITUTION: GET INVOLVED IN THE HQ PROGRAMME An important update on the Institution’s headquarters

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embers are invited to a Special Meeting that will help shape the Institution’s future.

Following the Trustee Board’s decision in September and a robust review by Council in October, the Special Meeting has been scheduled for 12pm GMT, Friday 5 December 2025. This important milestone will open the ballot on the proposed resolution on the Institution’s headquarters.

The vision for the future

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We have an opportunity to reimagine our future and how we serve members and the engineering profession. We need to create a headquarters that is accessible, sustainable and inspiring – a place where today’s and tomorrow’s engineers feel at home.

The Trustee Board has made a balanced, forward-looking recommendation aligned with the Institution’s strategy, sustainability and charitable purpose.

Trustees reviewed a wide range of evidence, including the Headquarters Sponsor Board’s business case, professional advice, member insight and previous HQ reviews. They carefully considered all risks and opportunities in line with our key success factors and institutional priorities.

Trustees and Council recommend voting FOR the resolution set out in the Special Meeting Notice, which outlines the next steps in delivering the long-term vision for the Institution’s headquarters.

“We have a proud heritage spanning more than 175 years, and it would be remiss of me not to acknowledge the deep affection many members feel for our Birdcage Walk headquarters – it has been our home for generations. However, this decision is about looking forward: ensuring we have a headquarters that is fit for purpose and serves generations of engineers to come,” said Matt Garside, president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Voting members

Corporate and Associate Members should by now have received their Special Meeting Notice by email, while printed packs have been sent by post to those without an email address. This Notice includes all the information needed to register for the Special Meeting, take part in the discussion and vote in the two-week ballot. l If you have not received your Notice or you have any questions, please email hqprogramme@imeche.org.

Register for the Special Meeting Date: Friday 5 December 2025 Time: 12pm GMT Location: Hybrid (HQ or Zoom) All IMechE members are welcome to join the Special Meeting to observe. However, only Corporate and Associate Members may participate and vote.

www.imeche.org

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Institution of

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Join the conversation Exclusively for members, and ahead of the Special Meeting and vote, the Institution is hosting a series of HQ Programme webinars.

These will help members explore the proposal in more detail and will be held across key time zones throughout November. The webinars will cover the background to the proposed resolution, the Trustee Board’s vision for the Institution’s future and what the next steps mean for members.

Members are encouraged to register in advance to secure their place. Scan the QR code or visit minomination.com/imechesm.

Each webinar will also be recorded and made available for those unable to attend live.

The Special Meeting will take place online and in person at the Headquarters Lecture Theatre, and will give members the opportunity to hear more about the proposed resolution and ask questions ahead of the vote.

Further information can be found at imeche.org/ hqprogramme.

Members can also email hqprogramme@imeche.org with any questions.

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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91IPEOCT25112.pgs 07.11.2025 12:58

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Heritage engineering

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THE TITAN CRANE A cantilever crane on the River Clyde is an impressive reminder of Scotland’s shipbuilding heritage

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ooming over Clydebank, the Titan Crane stands as one of Scotland’s most striking monuments to its industrial heritage. Built in 1907 by Sir William Arrol & Co, the electrically powered cantilever crane was among the first of its kind and became an indispensable tool in the heyday of shipbuilding on the River Clyde.

With a lifting capacity of 150 tonnes, it enabled the installation of heavy engines and armaments in the world-famous liners and naval vessels produced at the www.imeche.org

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John Brown & Company shipyard, including HMS Hood, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.

At almost 50 metres high and 800 tonnes in weight, the Titan was the biggest crane of its type ever built at the time of construction and survives as the sole remaining example on the Clyde. It has been preserved as a visitor attraction and a reminder of the skills and innovation that once defined the area. It was awarded an IMechE Engineering Heritage Award in 2012.

F UR T HE R R E A DING

Find out more about the Institution’s history at imeche.org/engineeringheritage-awards PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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BRIDGING THE ENGINEERING SKILLS GAP Addressing the UK’s engineering skills gap is a long-standing challenge that’s becoming increasingly urgent

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ccording to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the UK needs around 124,000 new engineers and technicians each year; however, we’re currently falling short by as many as 59,000 and, if trends continue, the deficit could reach a million workers by 2030.

The reasons behind this gap are multifaceted. Our engineering workforce is ageing – almost 15% are over 60, with nearly a fifth expected to retire within five years, according to reports from the Engineering Construction Industry Training Board and Manpower Engineering.

Diversity also remains a key issue, with women and minority groups still underrepresented in the sector. Meanwhile, the rate of technical progress is outpacing training, leaving companies struggling to meet the demand for appropriately skilled personnel. But perhaps the biggest issue – and the greatest opportunity – is that too few people are choosing engineering as a career in the first place.

Nurturing talent

For decades, AWE Nuclear Security Technologies has been working to turn this trend around. At the heart of the UK’s defence capability, AWE’s mission is to design and manufacture warheads and provide nuclear services to meet the needs of defence. Throughout its 75-year history, whether through apprenticeships, undergraduate and graduate programmes or mid-career pathways, AWE has been focused on inspiring the next

BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN

generation of scientists, engineers and technicians. AWE is home to a rich community of professionals in science and engineering.

The undergraduate and graduate programmes are where many of those journeys began. AWE supports students through its early-career defence STEM undergraduate sponsorship scheme and penultimateyear industry placement programme.

For graduates, the EVOLVE programme is a two-year journey designed to launch future leaders, innovators and change-makers, providing hands-on experience in their chosen pathway, whether it’s engineering, science, health and safety or project management.

Each participant is supported by a dedicated line manager and mentor throughout the programme, helping them turn their potential into purpose.

Apprenticeship opportunities

Not everyone takes the university route. AWE’s well-established apprenticeship programmes offer an alternative path, providing access to on- and off-the-job training across Levels 3 to 6. Starting in 1952 with just 10 recruits in mechanical trades, the programme has now trained more than 6,000 apprentices from the local and national areas.

The variety of opportunities has also increased, covering areas ranging from electronic and mechanical

AWE advertorial, 1

26% of current AWE engineers are ex-AWE apprentices, demonstrating that the skills developed through the programme create lasting careers.

Mid-career conversion

maintenance to precision machining and instrumentation. Currently, our 84 new apprentices – 47 of whom are in engineering – are supported by training instructors, pastoral care, workplace assessors and neurodiversity specialists. The programme’s success is evident:

And because careers don’t always follow a straight line, AWE created the Engineering Foundation Scheme, a pathway for people looking to change direction mid-career. It offers full-time roles for those without a formal engineering background while completing an engineering conversion course at Buckinghamshire New University. Previous participants in the 2023/24 scheme included a policeman, a chef, a postal worker, an IT salesperson and an

office administrator who joined the programme to pursue their longstanding interests in engineering.

The engineering skills gap won’t close overnight. But through targeted investment in people, partnerships and education, AWE is helping build the future workforce through the right mix of opportunity, mentorship and ambition.

l If you want to play your part

in delivering a secure future for all, learn more about AWE by visiting awe.co.uk

AtV I\/~VI~

NUCLEAR SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES

91IPEOCT25148.pgs 07.11.2025 13:22

#DesigningABetterWorld

Climate conference, 1

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EXPERTISE Sharing knowledge and experience

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Tom Austin-Morgan reports on an urgent gathering of experts trying to tackle humanity’s biggest challenge

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ENGINEERING RESILIENCE: FROM AMBITION TO ACTION he first day of IMechE’s Second International Conference on Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience set out a stark message: the time for planning has passed, and implementation must now take centre stage. Opening the conference, Toby Perkins MP, chair of the House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, warned that the UK’s infrastructure remains dangerously exposed to climate risks. He urged government and industry to treat adaptation as a national priority equal to emissions reduction, arguing that resilience “should be built into every investment decision”. Perkins www.imeche.org

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emphasised that cross-departmental coordination, independent scrutiny and private-sector engagement are essential if the UK is to move beyond piecemeal responses to extreme weather and environmental stress.

Roberta Boscolo, head of climate and energy at the World Meteorological Organization, underscored the pace of planetary change. She confirmed that 2024 was the hottest year on record, with temperatures exceeding 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Ocean heat and sea-level rise are accelerating sharply, undermining food security and progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Boscolo called for all adaptation planning to be guided by forwardlooking climate data rather than historical trends: “The risks of the future are not the risks of the past.”

Baroness Brown of Cambridge, chair of the UK Climate Change Committee’s Adaptation Committee, reinforced the urgency of delivery.

Despite a robust legal framework, she warned heat-related deaths could exceed 10,000 a year by mid-century.

Cross-sector approach

Adaptation, she argued, must be mainstreamed across all sectors, from planning and health to infrastructure, with clear targets, measurable outcomes and improved monitoring.

Carlos Ruiz-Garvia of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Adaptation Committee added that the world is heading for 2.8 to 3.3°C of warming by the end of the century. He called for engineers to play a stronger role in implementing national adaptation plans. “We are PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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91IPEOCT25114.pgs 07.11.2025 13:35

BETTER WHEN YOU'RE NOT ALONE.

M

ENTAL HEALTH matters to everyone, and we all need a helping hand sometimes. Even engineers who excel at problem-solving can struggle to shoulder their personal burdens or to support loved ones through their tough times.

According to a recent Lancet study, 50% of the global population experience mental health

difficulties during their lifetime.

These include anxiety, depression and stress, which quickly become overwhelming when juggling work or study demands.

For those trained to be selfreliant, asking for help can feel particularly difficult. At Support Network, we understand this particular engineering mindset and offer confidential mental

health services tailored to your needs. From providing counselling grants and finding local therapists to connecting you with specialist support-we'll help you tackle the challenges you can't solve alone.

Our team is here to support both you and your family members with your mental wellbeing, with all services provided at no cost as part of your IMechE membership.

TALK TO US TODAY If you or a family member needs mental health support. please get in touch. Call: 020 7304 6816 Text: 07552 669160 Email:supportnetwork@imeche.org To learn more about how we support members, visit www.imeche.org/support-network/how-we-help

SUPPORT NETWORK

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Climate conference, 2

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EXPERTISE Dr Tim Fox and Baroness Brown of Cambridge on stage at the event

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now moving from the what to the how,” he said, highlighting the need for innovation and private finance.

From Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Norihiro Kimura talked about bridging the adaptation finance gap. He said only 5% of the $387bn needed annually by 2030 has been financed, urging greater private sector involvement and citing Japan’s Subaru Initiative as an example.

Politics of uncertainty

CLIENT

Professor Lyla Mehta of the Institute of Development Studies challenged the engineering community to confront the “politics of uncertainty”. Drawing on research in India and Bangladesh, she argued that top-down adaptation often marginalises the communities it aims to protect. “Uncertainty cannot be managed like risk,” she said. “It must be lived with. And it can open opportunities for transformation.” She called for alliances between technical experts, social scientists and local actors for socially just adaptation.

Across the day, six themes emerged: the need for joined-up governance; investment in climate-resilient infrastructure; forward-looking data and science; fairer financing; locally led adaptation; and deeper integration between technical and social fields.

The second day shifted focus from policy to practice, from designing frameworks to delivering resilience.

Speakers from government, academia, industry and the energy sector examined how technical assessments, regulation and finance can turn ambition into measurable outcomes.

Dr Regina Asariotis, chief of policy and legislation at the UN Conference on Trade and Development, warned www.imeche.org

BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN

‘Uncertainty cannot be managed like risk. It must be lived with. And it can open opportunities for transformation’ that climate adaptation remains “chronically underfunded and structurally underprioritised”. She urged engineers to play a greater role in shaping standards, arguing that “we cannot afford to treat resilience as an optional add-on to development”.

She called for international policy alignment between infrastructure planning, trade and climate resilience.

Infrastructure resilience specialist Dr Guy Félio highlighted the role of local governments. “Cities are on the front line of climate impacts,” he said. Félio outlined how Canadian municipalities are adopting a risk-based asset management framework to integrate adaptation into investment cycles, to “plan for uncertainty without paralysis”.

Need for consistency

Céline Phillips, coordinator at the Multilateral Initiatives Unit, Europe and International at the French Agency for Ecological Transition (Ademe), argued that resilience policy must move beyond asset-by-asset approaches towards integrated network planning, supported by accessible data.

“We need consistency in the way we define, measure and report adaptation,” she said. Phillips called for a national standard for resilience performance, mirroring the success of net-zero benchmarking.

EDF Energy demonstrated how a major operator is embedding adaptation within one of the UK’s

most regulated industries. Katie Fish, climate change adaptation engineer, outlined the company’s framework for ensuring its nuclear assets remain resilient into the 22nd century.

Her colleague Jack Bauchop, natural hazards research engineer, detailed EDF’s use of ‘extreme value analysis’ to model meteorological and hydrological hazards. “We want to add value beyond numbers,” he said.

Martin Donohue, also an EDF climate change engineer, discussed how these assessments feed into site-level risk frameworks. Using Sizewell B as a pilot, EDF has integrated climate risk assessment into its long-term strategy.

Jonny Krzyzosiak, climate resilience lead at Mott MacDonald, presented PCRAM 2.0, a methodology for quantifying the financial value of resilience. “Resilience delivers value,” he said, “but unless we can measure it, those benefits are invisible to decision-makers.” He argued that policy should encourage investors to recognise resilience as a source of long-term return, not just a cost.

A consensus emerged: adaptation must become more data-driven, standardised and financially integrated, moving beyond rhetoric towards measurable, funded action. Engineers will be central to that transition, speakers agreed, translating science and policy intent into infrastructure that can endure the uncertainties of a changing planet.

Looking ahead, an industry-focused workshop following up on themes from the conference will take place at Brunel University on 26 March 2026, followed by an adaptation seminar in Japan from 6-8 September 2026 focusing on nuclear industry resilience.

FIND OU T MOR E For more information and to register for future conferences, visit imeche.org/events PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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91IPEOCT25115.pgs 07.11.2025 13:35

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Bringing together over 550 suppliers, from global giants to agile SM Es, the UK's leading trade show offers a complete view of the supply chain in one dynamic marketplace.

As the first major industrial event of the year, Southern Manufacturing & Electronics is your opportunity to stay ahead of the curve, connect with key partners, and drive projects forward, for a successful year of innovation and growth .

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Marketing expertise

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WHY MARKETING MATTERS

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Ros Conkie, engineer and author of The Marketing Machine, explains that yes, marketing does matter – even to mechanical engineers

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s an engineer, you’re trained to solve problems with logic, data and precision. But when it comes to marketing – whether that’s promoting a new product, building your consultancy or winning investment for a project – it can feel like stepping into unfamiliar territory.

Marketing is often presented as a creative exercise, full of slogans, campaigns and trends. For people used to tolerances, test data and structured processes, that can feel vague, unmeasurable and frustrating.

But the danger in ignoring marketing is that your best ideas might not get the attention they deserve.

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When marketing doesn’t make sense

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It’s not that you can’t do marketing – far from it. The problem is that marketing is rarely explained in a way that fits how you think and work.

If you’ve ever sat in a meeting where a marketing budget was signed off with no clear way to measure return, you’ll know how uncomfortable that feels. For someone who spends their career building systems that deliver predictable results, that kind of guesswork simply doesn’t sit right.

This isn’t just a mild irritation.

Poor marketing can hold you and your business back. A competitor with a weaker product but a stronger message can easily overtake you in the market.

And as you progress in your career, being able to articulate commercial value becomes just as important as technical excellence. If you can explain why a project matters in a way that directors, investors or clients understand, you’ll find it far easier to gain influence and win support.

Here’s the good news: marketing doesn’t have to be vague. Like any process, it can be broken down into stages, measured and improved. www.imeche.org

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didn’t buy because of a flashy campaign. They bought because the company finally had a process that connected technical excellence to customer needs.

An empowering tool

As you progress in your career, being able to articulate commercial value becomes just as important as technical excellence Start by mapping your customer journey: l Awareness – how do people first encounter you? l Engagement – what convinces them you are credible? l Conversion – how do you make it easy for them to choose you? l Retention – how do you keep them coming back and recommending you to others?

If you treat each stage as a component in a larger system – with clear inputs, outputs and measures of performance – marketing stops being a gamble. It becomes something you can design, refine and run, just like any other process.

One manufacturing company I worked with had excellent products but relied heavily on word of mouth.

Leads trickled in, but growth stalled.

By introducing a structured system to generate and nurture leads, they doubled their order pipeline in 18 months – without changing the product itself. However, customers

Once you start to see marketing as a system, you’ll find it less intimidating and far more empowering. You’ll gain confidence to engage in board-level conversations, explain the commercial impact of your work and ensure that your best ideas don’t stay on the drawing board, but reach the people who need them.

This isn’t about diluting your technical expertise. It’s about adding another professional tool to your kit: the ability to communicate value in a structured, measurable way.

You don’t need to fear marketing – you just need to treat it like engineering. If you can design a machine, you can design your growth.

And when you do, your ideas don’t just stay in the workshop. They make a real impact in the world.

l Ros Conkie (MEng)

is a chartered marketer and fellow of the Chartered Institute of Marketing. Originally trained as a mechanical engineer, she specialises in helping technical professionals apply systems thinking to marketing. She is the author of The Marketing Machine: How to Engineer a System That Drives Sales and Growth

LE A R N MOR E

IMechE offers a range of training courses on business and commercial skills. Find out more and book at imeche.org/trainingqualifications PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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IP expertise ~--i ■

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‘SOME COMPANIES TREAT NDAS LIKE CONFETTI’: HOW TO PROTECT YOUR IDEAS S

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o you’ve done the hard work – you’ve developed a new design that could make your company a lot of money. But how should you protect your intellectual property (IP)?

Find out at Understanding Intellectual Property for Engineers, an IMechE training course running in London on 19 May. Aimed at engineers and non-engineers of all levels, the session will cover essential rules for protecting your IP, the dangers of infringing third-party IP and guidance on what to say in negotiations. The course will be led by IP expert Donal O’Connell. Here are his five practical tips to start protecting your ideas.

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Take IP seriously

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Research shows that companies who take IP seriously – and who think about how they use IP to protect their innovation and creativity – outperform companies who don’t.

This doesn’t guarantee success, but it’ll give you a higher chance.

Prepare for a challenge

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Unfortunately, IP is complex. It has oddities and idiosyncrasies, which can be a hurdle, and is made up of different forms: patents, trademarks, copyright, designs – you name it. There are 20 to 30 forms, so first figure out which will apply in your case. Some of this complexity is because we are dealing with a branch of law that has been around for many years: patents and copyright from the Middle Ages, and trademarks from the end of the 18th century.

You’ve got to allocate time and energy to understanding it. There’s no shortcut, which makes it challenging.

If you’re an entrepreneur, time is one of the things you lack – and you’ve also got to think about your finances, your suppliers, your marketing. Just make sure that when you’re juggling, one of the balls you’re juggling is IP.

www.imeche.org

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Be smart with your spending

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IP can be expensive. Budgets are tight at a lot of start-up companies, so you’ve got to be smart with how you spend your money. In the early stage, can you rely more on unregistered forms of IP such as trade secrets, knowhow, unregistered trademarks or unregistered designs?

You’ve got to be really clever, using limited funds to protect your work. Unregistered forms of IP can’t do everything, but they certainly can help your business get through that early stage. Then, when your company grows and you have more funds, you can start thinking about allocating more money to this area.

Don’t forget your partners

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No company is an island: you are connected to others, including key suppliers and key collaboration parties. You might be collaborating with your local university. You may have distributors and customers.

These days, almost all agreements with partners will have a section on IP. These agreements, and the IP

provisions in these agreements, are defining your relationship with others in your ecosystem.

We see some early-stage companies treating some agreements, including NDAs (non-disclosure agreements), like confetti. No, no, no – that’s a legal agreement.

Treat IP as valuable property

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We often think about IP as being a legal issue, but it’s actually an asset class. It has some of the characteristics of other asset classes, including real estate and stock, with associated costs and value. I can license and sell my IP to you, for example.

With tangible assets, companies know they need to prevent people taking them and walking out the door. We need to think the same way about our IP.

LE A R N MOR E

IMechE’s Understanding Intellectual Property for Engineers course runs in London on 19 May 2026. Find out more and book at imeche.org/training-qualifications PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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91IPEOCT25117.pgs 07.11.2025 15:01

EVENTS CALENDAR JANUARY TO JUNE 2026 At our events, you'll gain the knowledge, connections and practical insights to grow your career and shape the future of engineering.

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Expertise F1 new, 1

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PRINTED FOR SPEED Why Formula One teams are using 3D printing to win the ‘race between races’

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or Formula One drivers, the race finishes as they pass the chequered flag. But for engineers, another race starts as soon as a Grand Prix ends. The ‘race between races’ to design, test and install incremental improvements is as fast-paced and competitive as the events themselves, with teams using cutting-edge technology to get ahead of the pack.

Today, additive manufacturing is a key part of that arsenal.

Wind tunnel testing of 3D-printed components was the first main application, says James Short, application engineer for industrial 3D printing specialist Stratasys, which works with F1 teams including Aston Martin Aramco and McLaren. www.imeche.org

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“The wind tunnel testing is to check all the aerodynamics for new designs, to make sure they‘re performing as they need them,” says Short, who spoke at a recent IMechE webinar on the topic alongside Aston Martin Aramco engineers.

“Traditionally, manufacturing wind tunnel test models can be very expensive and very slow. But in order to achieve extremely high surface finish, so you don‘t impact the way the air travels across your surface, that‘s where additive manufacturing – and specifically stereolithography (SLA) – lends its value because of its extremely high surface finish.

What they require from an additive manufacturing tool is that it‘s very smooth and very rigid.”

That capability has been provided by “quite basic” photopolymer materials, Short says, but new composite materials such as Somos PerFORM – also printed by the company’s Neo printers – can provide better rigidity and surface smoothness.

“They‘re able to produce these very large, very smooth wind tunnel test models, so it cuts down the cost and the labour involved,” Short says.

“With F1, they’re iterating so quickly that they need to have these tools produce as quickly as possible.”

Whether it is between races or between seasons, F1 teams are “always iterating”, adds Stratasys F1 account manager Shaun Cooper.

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Expertise F1 new, 2

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being able to turn around iterations as quickly as possible helps with that.”

That need for speed means teams always want “the best and the newest” technologies, he adds.

More recent uses include fused deposition modelling printers and thermoplastic materials for advanced tooling applications, such as producing mandrels for complex pipe work.

The wide range of applications has seen significant uptake of 3D printing technologies, Short says, with McLaren F1 using SLA technology to produce more than 9,000 components each year. “It’s integral to the entire start-to-finish design production workflow,” he says.

Some aerodynamics teams have sped up projects by 25-30% using advanced new printers, Cooper adds.

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Getting on track

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As with the wider automotive sector and other industries such as aerospace and defence, the Stratasys engineers say they are seeing a push for ‘end-use’ parts in the vehicles themselves. Made of polymers or elastomers, additively manufactured components can offer high-performance alternatives for low-volume parts.

Although Short is unable to mention specific parts being used in F1 due to competition between teams, he highlights 3D-printed air-intake manifolds used in Nascar.

The parts are suited for additive manufacturing because metal tooling would be “extremely costly” for a run of just 30 to 40 parts, he says.

“On the face of it, additive can appear to be quite expensive. We’re talking about very expensive systems and materials that are high cost. But the savings that these teams make in the turnaround of their production – being able to test parts in the wind tunnel far faster than they previously would have done – there’s an inherent cost saving there.

“And then by having the access to this – to a more advanced form of production where you don’t have to consider the constraints of traditional www.imeche.org

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‘By having access to a more advanced form of production, you’re able to produce more complex, more organic designs’ tooling or moulding – you’re really able to produce more complex, more organic designs. That then opens up weight savings, so you can produce parts that are lighter for the vehicle, and therefore your performance on the track goes up.”

The pace of the ‘race between races’ also spurs Stratasys to improve its technology, with introduction of new materials a major area of interest at F1 teams. “They’re constantly throwing us feedback, asking for new kinds of requirements that they want the materials to give them,” Cooper says. “Really high level, we will have a touch on all the teams.”

New materials

Short looks to a different industry for an example of how F1 might evolve.

Airbus now uses more than 4,000 parts made with Stratasys 3D printers per aircraft, he says.

“I see the same thing happening in the future with F1,” he says. “I can see a world where a significant percentage of the components on a vehicle are additively manufactured,

especially when we look at new materials that we bring into the market, like our silicone material, which allows people to produce O-rings and gaskets in very complex geometries.

“We have electronic housing materials that have ESD [electrostatic discharge] properties that mean you would then be able to produce extremely lightweight, bespoke component brackets, and that’s what we’ve seen Airbus really focus on, larger numbers of bespoke components. That’s where I think we’ll see F1 pushing in the future.

“Then really the limitation is the technology itself, and who knows where we’ll be in 10 years? There’s a world where we might be seeing printers that are hybrid models, where you’re able to produce an additive part and then combine it with a composite within the process. There’s a lot that could happen down the road.”

LE A R N MOR E

Whatever your industry, you can find in-depth IMechE webinars on a range of topics at imeche.org/webinar-hub PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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Expertise New

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HOW ENGINEERS HELP TRAINS STAY ON THE TRACKS New technology identifies high-risk areas for derailment. By Chris Stokel-Walker

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he partial derailment of a highspeed Avanti West Coast service in Cumbria in November was a shocking incident. Thankfully, however, none of the 86 passengers or crew members suffered serious injuries, with only four treated for minor injuries after the train collided with a landslide on the track at 80 miles per hour (129km/h).

Although the number of potentially high-risk train accidents (PHRTAs) has increased in the last three years, according to data released by the Office of Rail and Road just days before the incident, the numbers are decreasing over a longer trendline.

And of the 23 PHRTAs last year, only five were derailments, two of which involved passengers.

“We should not forget that rail is a very safe form of transport in comparison with most other modes, especially private cars,” says William Powrie, professor of geotechnical engineering at the University of Southampton.

Still, five derailments is more than none, and the rail industry and its engineers want to prevent all incidents. “It does need acting upon,” says Paul Allen, assistant director of the Institute of Railway Research at the University of Huddersfield. “If people had died as a consequence of that train fouling the adjacent running line, it might be a slightly different conversation.”

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Climate change impact

It is broadly accepted that the likelihood of this type of derailment is going up because of climate change-related weather making embankments unstable, Allen says.

One solution to that issue, he continues, is to “identify high-risk locations across the network and put mitigation in place at those specific locations”. Doing so is the www.imeche.org

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most cost-effective way of reducing the overall risk of a derailment due to a landslip, he says.

“We’re not going to be able to stop landslips,” Allen says, so mitigation is important. That can include better preparation of the area around tracks that are prone to landslips to stop anything getting on the track.

“Derailment prevention guards alongside the running rails on the track, and also guides on the bogies to prevent excessive lateral movement on the train” are two technologies that the UK could deploy more frequently,

allows Koiza’s system to determine when things need to be assessed by humans, freeing up time and staying more proactive across the whole network. “What we’re doing is we’re replacing some of the on-track workers with these devices that are the ‘eyes’ on the track.”

The key question is the extent to which those in authority believe action is needed, versus the outlay of doing so. “It would come down to a balance of cost and risk,” says Powrie.

“Derailments on the UK network are fortunately rare, and as we saw [this week] and in earlier incidents such as the Lambrigg West Coast derailment, the crashworthiness of modern trains is excellent.”

Targeted interventions

‘It would come down to a balance of cost and risk.

Derailments are rare and the crashworthiness of modern trains is excellent’ Powrie says, learning from Japan.

Other systems that could be adopted include fibreoptic early warning systems, which send automatic alerts if objects or mud falls on to the rails.

A similar technology is already in use on parts of the UK rail network, says Nick Koiza of Smart Component Technologies, which deploys sensors on the bearer and sleeper next to the rail.

“Every time a train goes over that particular area of track, what we do is we take measurements that provide an indication of the extent to which the track is moving,” he explains.

The scale of the movement

It’s for that reason he believes more work should be done on trains than on the tracks themselves. “Infrastructure modifications are expensive if applied over many kilometres, hence it is usually better to make improvements on the vehicles,” he says.

Powrie points out that British trains have already made major strides in crashworthiness in the last half-century, moving away from the slam-door stock. More targeted interventions where incidents have occurred – and are likely to occur – are the best way to spend while staying safe, he reckons. “We learn from these incidents and design new infrastructure and vehicles to be safer – but blanket, network-wide retrofit is often not feasible.”

LE A R N MOR E

Get the latest updates and news from the rail industry and many other sectors at imeche.org/news PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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91IPEOCT25154.pgs 10.11.2025 15:04

Optimising Compressed Gas Tanker Loading

A Seamless Process for Efficient Operations When it comes to the safe and efficient loading of compressed gases, attention to detail in planning and infrastructure is key. From understanding gas properties to selecting the right equipment, here's a closer look at the essentials for setting up a successful compressed gas tanker loading station.

Gas State and Transfer Conditions: The majority of compressed gas transfers occur in a liquid state, typically at -20°C and 20 barG. These standard conditions help streamline the design and functionality of the system, ensuring smooth operation from start to finish. It's also important to note that in Europe, all transfers are conducted at ground level, providing additional consistency across regions.

Loading Bay Design: The design of the loading bay plays a crucial role in facilitating safe and efficient operations.

• Rear-loading bays should position the tanker 400-S00mm from the kerb, with a bay width of 3500mm.

• Side-loading bays, on the other hand, require the tanker to be placed 1500mm from the kerb, with a wider bay of 5630mm to ensure easy operator access.

Standard Station Layout: Many loading stations utilize a double-sided meter skid, with loading arms positioned on both sides for maximum versatility. This setup ensures that the arms remain parked safely when not in use and minimizes any potential design-related issues during installation. ,ooi

Configurations for Tanker Loading: European compressed gas tankers typically utilise a B-Type rig configuration, with flexibility in connection points. Tanker connections can be positioned on the side, rear, or both, depending on specific operational needs. This adaptability allows for smooth integration into various facilities.

Typical Compressed Gas European B-Type Rig

Essential Design Features: Loading arms are critical components in the process, mounted on a sturdy galvanised steel standpost. These arms feature: • A spring balance cylinder for easy handling the tanker connections. It could be side or rear or both.

Rear Loading Bay Width

• A manual ball valve for flow control • Emergency release couplers to ensure safety during disconnection • Tanker connections (e.g., Weco screw coupling) For additional safety, Dry-Disconnect couplers can be used to eliminate the need for manual venting during disconnection, particularly in more specialised systems.

Loading Station Design Features

Side Loading Bay Width

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The Role of the Meter Skid: The meter skid is the heart of the loading system, ensuring precise measurement and preventing overfilling. Key components include: • Mass meters for accurate measurement • Control and emergency valves for safe operation • Pressure and temperature instruments, along with relief valves to manage system pressure • Batch controllers and electrical distribution panels for seamless operation The dimensions of the meter skid can vary, typically ranging from 5000mm to 12000mm, depending on the specifics of the facility and operational needs.

Innovationsin LNG Road Tanker Loading

Efficiency & Safety in LNG Road Tanker Stations The transition to cleaner energy sources has driven a significant increase in the demand for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). As a result, the efficient and safe loading of LNG road tankers is a critical consideration for energy companies and logistics operators worldwide.

This overview highlights the essential factors involved in setting up an LNG road tanker loading station, addressing key design and operational features that optimise efficiency and safety.

Optimising Space and Layout One of the first considerations when planning an LNG road tanker loading station is the amount of space required. A typical articulated LNG road tanker is approximately 2.4 metres wide and 16 metres long, including the tractor cab. However, variations exist depending on the type of tank and the location of the loading connections, whether they are at the rear or the side.

Rear Loading Bay Width

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Side Loading Bay Width

For maximum space efficiency, rear connections allow for double-sided loading islands, reducing the overall footprint of the station. In contrast, side-loaded tankers typically require singlesided connections, potentially increasing space requirements. Additionally, an important factor in the layout is the handling of Boil-off Gas (B.O.G.).

If the B.O.G. is to be recompressed and returned to storage or used for energy generation, metering skids must include an extra metre to track mass usage.

Key Features of a Loading Station A modern LNG loading station is designed with both operationalefficiency and safety in mind. A standard station features loading arms mounted on a galvanisedsteel standpcst with earthing provisions.

These arms facilitatethe seamless transfer of LNG and vapour return using specialised hardware, including: • Spring balance cylinders for controlled movement • Cold-resistant handles for safe operation in extreme conditions • Swivel joints with nitrogen (N2) purge systems to prevent freezing and ensure operational integrity • Breakaway couplers to prevent damage in case of accidental drive-away incidents

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The nitrogen purge system plays a crucial role in maintaining the reliability of the loading arms.

This system distributes N2 flow to each swivel joint and can be enhanced with monitoring sensors that detect inconsistencies, ensuring predictive maintenance.

Testing and Quality Assurance: A robust Factory Acceptance Test (FAT)ensures the station meets performance expectations before deployment. The standard FAT includes an ambient pressure test, with the option to simulate real-world conditions using liquid nitrogen testing. This additional step provides an extra layer of assurance that the system will operate reliably in actual LNG loading scenarios Metering and Flow Control: Efficient LNG transfer depends on precise metering and flow control systems. Depending on the specific requirements of the facility, loading stations may include: • Flow control skids, which integrate seamlessly with weighscale software to manage valve operations • Meter skids, ranging in length from 5,000mm to 12,000mm, depending on the facility's needs For stations where tankers are loaded on weighscales, a separate meter package may not be necessary. In such cases, the weighscale software communicates directly with the control skid to manage the loading process.

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The first generation of AI assistants is entering the engineering workplace. Developers say the tools will accelerate productivity and innovation, and even play a role in tackling the skills gap – but will the profession ever be the same again?

By Joseph Flaig

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ax is a mechanical engineer. Analysing technical information and industrial data to accelerate workflows, Max shares recommendations with colleagues via video call. Those hoping to bump into Max at the Christmas party will be disappointed, however, because – despite a knack for analysis and a realistic profile picture – Max isn’t real.

Created by Californian engineering software firm IntuigenceAI, Max is a ‘synthetic engineer’. The virtual assistant is part of a growing wave of AI agents that exist solely within software, but which could rapidly change the nature of work in many industries and even challenge notions of what it means to be an engineer.

Aimed at streamlining operations and boosting innovation, the new generation of workflow-focused tools joins the chatbots, machine-learning programs and generative design applications already used by engineering firms around the world. Designed to integrate with existing software from leading companies such as Microsoft, Autodesk and Siemens, the tools will liberate engineers from mundane and repetitive tasks, allowing them to focus on creative

46 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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and exciting work, developers claim.

But as the programs become more widespread – and capable – workers might have concerns about becoming mere ‘humans in the loop’. And with the skills gap continuing to put pressure on recruiters in the UK and around the world, companies might see these programs as a way to reduce staff. How will the profession evolve – and what will be its end point?

First-class education “First AI engineer launches July 15; tackles global workforce shortage” – that was the bold claim when IntuigenceAI announced its arrival on the world stage earlier this year.

Founded by former Microsoft global vice-president Moe Tanabian (below), the Berkeley company describes its software (home to Max, chemical engineer Aice and other upcoming virtual colleagues) as “the world’s first superintelligent AI-based engineer platform… designed as a multiplier for time-strapped human engineers”.

Like ChatGPT, the company’s synthetic engineers – also known as Intuigents – are trained on vast amounts of data, allowing them to understand and answer queries. But unlike OpenAI’s wide-

Californian firm IntuigenceAI has created workflow-focused synthetic engineers, aimed at streamlining operations and boosting innovation

ranging training data, covering everything from architecture to zoology, IntuigenceAI just uses engineering data. The company partnered with the University of California, Berkeley, for what Tanabian calls a “very focused” education to PhD level.

Given NCEES Professional Engineering exams in mechanical www.imeche.org

AI Engineers, 1

The synthetic engineers – known as Intuigents – are trained on vast amounts of engineering data, allowing them to understand and answer queries

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and chemical engineering (the US route to qualification), IntuigenceAI agents reportedly achieved a firsttime pass rate of 81%, which the company claims is eight times better than ChatGPT-4o and DeepSeek.

Designed for industrial environments, factories, refineries, and drilling and mining sites, Intuigents are aimed at addressing two main challenges. The first, Tanabian tells Professional Engineering, is that physical engineering sectors have been “historically underserved” by software, with operations at many companies relying on decadesold programs with outdated user interfaces. The second, he continues, is the convoluted systems of records found at many of those companies.

“Working with software is really challenging for engineers in these environments,” he says. “We wanted to change that – and the new advances in AI gave us that opportunity.”

Answering the call CLIENT

Using expertise in both software and industrial operations, the company developed a platform that combines a large language model, reasoning and agentic AI, working as both an ‘interactive AI whiteboard’ and a data assistant. Human engineers upload technical drawings and equipment manuals, while the system automatically pulls live data from industrial monitoring systems. The software breaks problems down into manageable tasks, assigns analysis to the synthetic engineers, then provides recommendations with ‘approval checkpoints’ for human verification.

In a demonstration shown by Tanabian, that person is Emily, an energy company process engineer tackling an efficiency issue with a heat exchanger. After signing in to the platform, she starts by uploading

The software breaks problems down into tasks, assigns analysis to synthetic engineers, then recommends ‘approval checkpoints’ relevant documents, including diagrams, manuals and maintenance records. The platform processes the files and connects with external systems for real-time sensor data.

After receiving a notification about a 20% efficiency drop from the heat exchanger, Emily explores the issue in the now-annotated diagrams before consulting Max and Aice in a video call. While the synthetic engineers’ windows just show static profile pictures for now, the dialogue – relevant and concise responses to specific questions – sounds natural, if a little flat, and it is easy to see how it could be matched up to real-time animated avatars.

Quick and easy consultations with human engineers in the field is a key selling point, Tanabian says. The company, backed by more than $10m in seed funding, has not publicised how much its software costs.

Along with the price, another question for prospective clients will be whether their in-house data is sufficiently mature. This could be an issue for UK businesses, many of which lag behind on digitalisation (see box, right).

But AI can actually accelerate this process, Tanabian claims. Where human data engineers once spent months cleaning and inputting operational data, engineering diagrams and other documentation into digital models, the CEO says

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his software, with integrated multimodels, can now provide a “data foundation” in minutes.

“That said, your factory, your plant or your construction site has to be instrumented with sensors. We rely on data coming in – the temperature for this heat exchanger, pressure for this compressor, flow rate for this pump,” he says. “Thankfully, most Fortune 1,000 companies that are in industrial operations have already instrumented with IoT [Internet of Things] sensors.”

Layering up While IntuigenceAI’s synthetic engineers grab the attention, they are far from the only AI assistants entering the industry. Email inboxes and tech websites are awash with new releases, with varied levels of sophistication and human-like interaction coded in.

Other products include PTC’s Arena AI Assistant and engineering ‘copilots’ from Leo AI and Ansys.

CAM Assist from London manufacturing software firm CloudNC is another example. Used at more than 1,000 machine shops around the world, the tool is an AI ‘layer’ added to CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) platforms such as Autodesk Fusion, Mastercam and Siemens NX. The software is designed to accelerate the CAM programming journey from CAD models to finished parts, providing machinists with strategies, workflows and machineready cutting toolpaths.

CloudNC’s bosses came from a metal 3D-printing background and were “frustrated” by the complexity of programming CNC (computer numerical control) machines, says chief technology officer Andy Cheadle (above). “The founders wanted to do for precision manufacturing – CNC machining, subtractive manufacturing – what can be done for 3D printing, which was that you upload the model and then it’s much simpler, with a number of simple operations, to actually get a manufactured part.”

The technology is mainly used for medium-batch and mediumwww.imeche.org

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‘AI research can help to improve the effectiveness of robotics/automation and reduce energy costs’

A winning strategy?

P Modern Industrial Strategy □

ublished in June this year, the

sets out the UK government’s vision for AI. “The superstar firms of 2035 will leverage AI,” the document says.

“The government is preparing for the prospect of transformative AI: business must do too.”

Making the most of its potential could be easier said than done, however. UK manufacturing persistently lags behind the global competition on digitalisation, a key enabler for AI deployment, while other sectors face their own challenges. “There’s a whole systems issue,” says IMechE education and skills policy lead Lydia Amarquaye, referring to aspects such as the high cost of electricity. “Some companies are not considering using the UK as a main manufacturing centre, and therefore the skill system isn’t

www.imeche.org

churning to bring the skills that are required because investment is low.”

AI could nonetheless play a big part in the Industrial Strategy’s research and development goals, she adds, depending on sufficient investment.

Advanced materials and battery development is likely to be dominated by generative AI, says the Alan Turing Institute’s Professor Adam Sobey.

He adds: “AI research can help to improve the effectiveness of robotics/ automation and reduce energy costs.

Management of large supply chains is already being shown to be an effective use of AI. We are also extremely strong in design, an area where we have been able to extract value even if we don’t manufacture the final products, and more investment should probably be made by government to explicitly support smart design. This is an area where AI has already seen success.”

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the workforce, team members and colleagues, is difficult if people are bringing different approaches. So the AI system brings a standardisation that allows people to collaborate more effectively.”

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complexity parts at UK aerospace, defence and automotive firms. The AI is designed to get programs 60-80% ready, Cheadle says, before a human takes over and adds their expertise.

Setting the standard

AI systems can also standardise techniques. “There are so many different ways CAM programming can be done,” Cheadle says, from the chosen material to the complexity of the model, the available cutting tools and the toolpaths. “Everyone brings their own approach – which is great, except in an environment where margins matter, throughput and deadlines etc. Being able to hand off work to other members of

Unlike some purely software-based companies, Cheadle says CloudNC is proud to “dog food” its own products, testing them in-house at its facility in Chelmsford, Essex. This approach ensures the AI is solving real problems that customers face, he says.

CloudNC’s CAM Assist tool works as The tool is designed to tackle two an AI ‘layer’ added to CAM platforms wider challenges. “There’s a scarcity in the workforce. People aren’t coming into the industry as fast ■ CAMAssisl as we need,” he says. “If you’ve offshored it, suddenly trying to stand up a skilled workforce is quite challenging.” Accelerating workflows could reduce the need for human engineers. CloudNC 6--says its software has also helped untrained staff get to grips with CAM programming by showing the process needed to generate toolpaths.

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Developers are keen to stress the ongoing importance of human judgement. The new 2.0 version of CAM Assist, for example, introduces more opportunities for human input throughout the process, rather than just at the end. Now users can provide feedback throughout the strategy generation process and review everything before the lengthy toolpath generation phase.

“What we tried to do is involve the human more in the understanding of the strategy, rather than just dumping a toolpath on them at the end of the process and saying, ‘There you go’,” Cheadle says. The aim is for a more nuanced relationship between human and AI, allowing engineers to focus on more complex tasks.

At IntuigenceAI, Tanabian claims the company’s platform could make every human engineer “at least an order of magnitude more productive”.

“At some point, we used to use a pencil and a drawing table and T rulers to draw diagrams. Now everyone uses AutoCAD. It’s impossible to not think of using AutoCAD for drawings – it’s the same thing. There were engineers who did not transition from pencil to AutoCAD. Don’t be one of those.”

A new skillset While CEOs at companies introducing AI assistants will inevitably project ever-increasing efficiencies and record-breaking profits, engineers might be forgiven for wondering about job security.

For years, bosses have claimed that increased automation and the hypothetical introduction of AI tools would not lead to smaller workforces. Now those tools are here, many of those same businesses are frustrated by a lack of available talent, raising the possibility that AI agents www.imeche.org

might be used to plug the skills gap. There is no consensus on such a contentious topic.

“It’s pretty clear that these machines are going to replace an awful lot of people,” says John R Williams, professor of information engineering at MIT. “Workflows will be the first thing to do, but it’s going to change business models.”

On the other hand, says Ben Hicks, professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Bristol, AI uptake is driving the recruitment of data scientists and other multidisciplinary experts. “Whether the headcount will reduce as a consequence of these tools, I don’t know,” he says.

“Most companies, I would suspect, imagine that the total headcount might well increase, but the nature of the roles will change.”

Pivot point AI is unlikely to solve all of the issues caused by the skills gap, says IMechE education and skills policy lead Lydia Amarquaye. “Where I think skills need to be developed is actually the understanding of the information being given from these AI tools, to then help make informed decisions.

We’re in a bit of a pivot point, so we need to understand what those skills are and what the tools are able to do.”

Those topics are at the forefront of discussions at the Alan Turing Institute, the national institute for data science and AI, based at the British Library in London. Turing’s data-centric engineering specialist Professor Adam Sobey says AI tools could reduce the need for engineers to do repetitive and simple tasks, making roles more attractive in the short term. Beyond that, they could augment the knowledge of young engineers, reducing some of the need for support from senior colleagues.

In the long term, however, Sobey says widespread deployment of AI software could “open up a new skills gap”. The institute hopes this could be filled by a new set of data-centric engineering skills for higher education. www.imeche.org

Left to right: John R Williams, Ben Hicks, Adam Sobey

‘I see more reliance on CPD and the need to upskill through life.

Technology is only going to move faster’

“We will need more engineers who have a better understanding of AI/machine learning and data science.

We already have a crammed syllabus and it is difficult to see how we add these skills,” Sobey says.

“I see a lot more reliance for engineers on CPD and the need to upskill through life. Technology is only going to move faster now.”

Prompt engineering That rapid pace of change could make it difficult for students and trainees to know what to focus on as they plan to enter the world of engineering.

Thankfully, the experts say, there are several areas to prioritise for future success in an AI-augmented industry.

“Most engineers would benefit from an increased understanding of statistics,” Sobey says. “It’s important that most engineers understand the limitations of AI/machine learning, and that they can see when it might be most beneficial to their workflow, rather than being experts in implementing it.”

‘Prompt engineering’, the ability to coax the best results out of AI tools by fine-tuning requests, is another key area of focus.

“If you prompt in three sentences, you’ll get one answer. If you prompt in 20 pages, you’re going to get a much

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better answer,” Williams says.

Critical thinking ability is another trait being sought out by firms, Amarquaye says.

“AI tools will give you so much information. But how does one use that information to make key decisions?”

A world with a billion engineers It is still early days in the AI revolution, and commentators are wary of committing to definite predictions of how far it will go.

Along with data maturity, challenges for companies will include the price of investment and the technology’s high energy use.

New capabilities will undoubtedly emerge as technologies mature, bringing their own challenges and opportunities. AI agents could be used to interview retiring engineers, for example, capturing that knowledge for the next generations.

Other opportunities for wider integration will arise as industrial robots become more capable.

However else the profession evolves, there is clear potential for increasingly advanced AI tools to multiply the capacity of human engineers to create a much larger hybrid workforce. “Imagine a world that has 1 billion engineers,” Tanabian suggests. “It’s going to be a much better world – in terms of building much more energyefficient machinery, dealing with the climate, dealing with easier and safer cities, roads, buildings.”

It is a tantalising prospect – and one that could soon be within reach.

FIND OU T MOR E Want more expert insight into AI and the future of engineering? Sign up for the Professional Engineering weekly newsletter for onlineonly interviews with industry leaders at imeche.org/news/ pe-magazine PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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The doctorbot will see you now

Can AI-enhanced robots solve the UK’s healthcare crisis? What role do engineers play? And what digital dangers lurk? A recent IMechE report takes a close look at regulating assistive robotics

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By Alex Eliseev hile writing a report on robots in healthcare, Professor Helen Meese’s thoughts time-travelled – speeding ahead to her retirement and shooting back to her days as a young engineer. “I’d like to think,” she says, “that if I make it to 70 or 80, I’ll have some machine that will help me stay in my home without becoming a burden to the NHS.” While contemplating the decades ahead, she also feels a tinge of sadness that she’s not just starting her career, facing the “incredible” challenge of “bringing machines together in ways we haven’t seen before”.

With the explosion of generative artificial intelligence (AI), along with engineering entering a new, multidisciplinary phase, Meese (right) believes this generation has the opportunity to redesign and reinvent the way robots help older adults live more independently, while relieving some of the pressure building up in the UK’s healthcare service.

When the professor’s thoughts settle back into the present, she is concerned with balancing the immense benefits of assistive robotics against the very real risks surrounding privacy, security and over-reliance on technology.

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with user protection,” states a recent IMechE report, Automating the Home, which cites Meese as its lead author.

The report delivers nine firm recommendations, but perhaps the most critical one is also the simplest: “Focus on patientcentred care”. In other words, design solutions for the people who need them – not for the sci-fi spectacle, but for the human.

Preventing a fall Most experts working in healthcare robotics didn’t need Lord Darzi to tell them the NHS was struggling. But in November 2024, he released a report concluding that “the NHS is in critical condition”, albeit with strong vital signs.

The report explored everything from cancer treatment to GP visits, but caring for the elderly has always been an important piece of the puzzle.

Falls and fractures account for more than 4 million bed days a year, costing the NHS some £2bn. According to the NHS, 30% of people aged 65 and above will fall at least once a year, rising to half of people aged 80 and above.

To make matters worse, says Meese, the UK, like many other countries, has a rapidly aging population, with older adults developing multiple long-term health conditions. This puts further strain on the NHS, which itself is aging as it treats more than a million patients each day.

To address this, the NHS is leaning into robotics.

The health service has an AI lab and, earlier this year, rolled out an AI tool designed to prevent up to 2,000 falls and hospital admissions each day.

The tool, an app that can predict falls with a claimed accuracy of 97%, is being used in more than 2 million patient home care visits a month. It checks things like blood pressure, heart rate and temperature, flagging signs of general health deterioration or illness. The NHS says the app is saving £1m a day.

Rise of the robots Robotics merged with manufacturing a long time ago, and few people at airports panic now when they see a Star Wars-looking droid cleaning

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the floor autonomously. Self-driving cars are advancing and, although you may not see them, porter robots are quietly moving through some hospitals, relieving nursing staff from having to deliver medical samples or dirty bed linen. Because hospitals are unpredictable, such robots typically use back corridors and elevators.

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Google “Tombot labrador” and you’ll meet an astonishingly realistic robotic dog, which can help older people manage stress, anxiety or loneliness. Non-human companions – such as robotic toy seals – have proven successful in therapeutic settings, with research ongoing into their ability to support dementia patients. For the elderly, knowing that the worst thing that can happen to your companion is a flat battery takes away the stress of owning a “pet”. Meanwhile, Intuition Robotics’ “chatty” ElliQ robot (a tabletop device) is already using AI to help combat loneliness and isolation.

A few more clicks and you’ll find Chinese company Unitree, which will sell you a humanoid robot for under £6,000. Universities around the world are exploring what robots are capable of and how they can be used as “team mates” around the home or at care facilities. Meese points to projects like JuBot, or the work of the Fraunhofer Institute as examples of “clever and interesting” research in assistive robotics, with a strong focus on physiotherapy and helping the elderly stay mobile.

“Technology can absolutely help bring the NHS out of the trauma ward,” says Meese, returning to Lord Darzi’s report. “But we must have guard rails in place.”

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AI changes the game Dr Ronnie Smith, a senior engineer at The National Robotarium, agrees – although he’d say we need to think carefully about how to “match care needs with robotic capability”.

Smith is an expert in assisted robotics for older adults, which was the subject of his PhD studies. He

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‘Technology shouldn’t be forced on people. We need to regulate for the AI we have today, which will set the foundation for robotics in healthcare’

says the arrival of generative AI and large language models has changed assistive robotics in two key ways: it’s given them perceptual powers like never before, and it’s turbo-charged their ability to communicate.

In the past, teaching a robot to understand its physical environment or enabling it to speak to humans meant creating data sets or language models from scratch. Today’s tech has opened the door to more capable models available “off the shelf”.

This, Smith explains, leads to a tension. To learn, the systems need data, which is often private and sensitive. The more data they have,

the better they can help. But the more data they hoover up, the more they intrude into the realms Meese’s report warns us about: privacy and security.

“People, or the end users, must have control over where their data goes,” says Smith. “Technology shouldn’t be forced on people. We need to regulate for the AI we have today, which will set the foundation for robotics in healthcare.”

Helping older adults make decisions about their privacy and digital dignity is important to the “network of care”, a term Smith uses that includes relatives, carers and health services. Managing data, as www.imeche.org

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Left: Robotic hands made

by Shadow Robot assist with mobility issues; right: Paro the seal was designed to help dementia patients

we do with mobile phones and similar devices, is a pressing issue for where robotics is today, he adds.

Telepresence robots (like ElliQ or the range from Temi) can be incredibly efficient at checking in on patients, relieving human carers from having to travel. They can navigate, gather information through cameras and microphones, and do some basic physical tasks. The catch is how to make these robots as useful as possible without forcing people to surrender their privacy.

Smith has experimented with solutions such as using motion sensors or Wi-Fi signals instead of intrusive cameras. But, he says, this is something engineers will have to wrestle with as robots become more capable. In future, companion humanoid robots could become the “interface for the smart home”, controlling the lights and predicting www.imeche.org

through powerful data-gathering when a human needs help getting something from the fridge. By that point, assuming robotics will advance to a point where machines are trusted to physically interact with humans, a solid foundation, as Smith puts it, of standards and regulations will be crucial.

“I’m yet to see a realistic, off-the-shelf companion robot I’d want to buy and put into my home,” he says. “We need to understand what the technology is.

Regulation should follow standards, which should follow user cases.”

Magic solution or marketing hype?

Rich Walker, a director at Shadow Robot (above), puts it bluntly: we must protect our brains from being hacked.

The idea of humanoid robots and their capabilities, he says, comes with a lot of hype and not enough understanding at the senior levels of companies investing or developing these technologies.

“I often think we’re automating the wrong problem,” Walker says. “Do we want to stem loneliness by having

people talking to people, or by having people talking to fake people? I go with people talking to people.”

Walker, who is also a director at EuRobotics and has helped Innovate UK with policy, is an advocate for approaching a problem from the right angle. “Don’t just say: ‘Let’s start a giant programme to build robots!’ As much as I’d love that, it would be a giant programme to build robots, not how we practically, effectively and efficiently solve a healthcare problem.”

Sometimes, Walker explains, a simple tabletop dishwasher, which means no bending down for its owner, is the “magic solution” that’s needed to help an elderly person live comfortably at home. “Wearable robots” like exoskeletons, he adds, are not often thought of as robotics, but can help older adults climb stairs or lift objects. He maintains that “often, the problems aren’t where you think they are”. A healthcare worker in Yorkshire may need help to shrink distances they cannot cover without a car, while their colleagues in London can cycle to visit patients.

To those who argue that there aren’t enough healthcare workers, Walker says: “Why do we never have a problem with there not being enough bankers?” His solutions require us to zoom out, to explore salaries and state budgets or ask whether houses are built in a way that supports mobility in later life. “There are unique challenges and systemic problems,” he says. “The system is brittle in parts. There’s sand in the wheels. And just looking at robots misses some of the big issues.”

Rules written in blood The IMechE report talks about collaboration between policymakers, healthcare professionals and the

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robotics industry as a key part of creating a robust regulatory framework. A way to see the bigger picture. Or, as Walker puts it: “How do we improve the quality of lives by making sure that the naked forces of capitalism aren’t spamming our planet with things that could kill us accidentally, just because they’d make more money that way?”

For inspiration, Walker points to the UK’s MOT system of checking whether vehicles are roadworthy every year they are on the roads.

Getting this right takes building a regulatory system, a culture and a process, he explains. And, of course, a clear understanding of which standards must be achieved for a vehicle to pass its MOT test.

Whether we are dealing with catastrophic mechanical failure on motorways or robots in people’s homes, Walker says that we should follow the approach of the railway industry, where accidents lead to iron-clad rules to avoid future accidents – we don’t want the rulebook to be “written in blood”.

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60 years of the Biomedical Division his year sees the 60th

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T anniversary of the formation □ of what would become the Biomedical Engineering Division (BmED) of IMechE. The BmED is one of eight divisions in the Institution and represents a growing community of engineers working in healthcare, medical technology and healthassociated industries.

With over 3,000 members of the Institution identifying as working in healthcare and biomedical engineering, it is one of the largest groups of chartered engineers in the sector, second only to our sister institution, the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM).

In early 1965, a small working party of engineers met to discuss

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their interests in medical engineering and, by autumn of that year, they had engaged with colleagues at the Royal College of Surgeons to identify collaboration opportunities and host a number of lectures on topics including orthopaedics and cryogenics.

Even though their request to form a new division within IMechE was declined in November of 1965, the founding members continued to meet regularly, bringing together experts from across engineering and medicine.

They even gained a sum of money from the James Clayton Prize committee for a Medical Engineering Fellowship to support engineers working in the sector. Their dedication paid off and the working party became

a full division in 1976 – something we will celebrate next year.

Today, our members work in fields ranging from bioinformatics and robotics to tissue engineering and rehabilitation, from medical imaging to disease diagnostics.

There are now more than 45 UK universities offering degrees in biomedical engineering and related fields, and a thriving industry turning over £30bn a year through a 150,000-strong workforce. We are thankful to those pioneers in IMechE, who recognised the importance of engineering in medicine and inspired others to go on to develop life-changing technologies.

Helen Meese, immediate past chair, Biomedical Engineering Division, IMechE

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Safe as houses Key guidelines

“Engineers are taught about ethical and responsible design,” he says.

“They create tests that are useful, sensible and regulatable.”

MechE’s Automating the Home report delves deeper into

I the regulatory framework around robotics in healthcare. □

Its lead author, Professor Helen Meese, worked closely with her research partners – the Universities of Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam, Loughborough and Nottingham Trent – for six months before publishing her findings. The following are the reports’ key recommendations:

Engineers carry the ethical torch While today’s risks may relate more to data and privacy, ethical decisionmaking is a thread that runs through the report’s recommendations.

“When you develop this technology,” says Smith. “Know what it will be used for. Focus on driving down the costs and create robots that solve specific problems in the home. Design with privacy in mind. To maximise acceptance, care robots should be provided as a tool under the control of the user, not forced on them.”

Meese agrees, urging transparency,

Establish comprehensive safety standards

detailed safety 01 Create rules made especially

for robots in home and care settings. Make sure there are laws or regulations that enforce these rules, and that standards are kept up to date.

Promote ethics and transparent use

‘Know what it will be used for.

Focus on driving down the costs and create robots that solve specific problems’ AUTOMATING

more research and vigilant TffEKOMEfEllY oversight. “I’m passionate about making sure we have access to this technology,” she says. “But I’m also very aware of the risks. We have to mitigate as much as we can.

That’s why we have standards and regulations. Engineers must work to these standards and regulations.”

She says companies like Boston Dynamics have cracked a lot of the mechanical engineering in robotics, but there is plenty of work ahead.

Hardware, software, electrical and biomechanical aspects are starting to combine in systems engineering, opening up exciting new career paths. And then there’s the challenge of releasing robots into “chaotic”, unpredictable environments such as homes or hospitals.

“The next 20 years is going to be incredible,” Meese says, her thoughts racing into the future again. “But we carry the responsibility to make sure that anything we do is for the patient.” www.imeche.org

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sure robots are 02 Make used fairly and openly: people should know how their data is used, give consent, not become too dependent on these machines and not be misled.

Focus on patient-centred care robots to different 03 Tailor needs (physical ability, language, preferences) and get feedback from patients about whether the robots are providing comfort, dignity and safety.

firms, and focus on solving current challenges (cost, human-robot interaction, scale) will accelerate progress.

Implement training and education programmes

both healthcare 06 Equip workers and the public with understanding about what robots can and can’t do, how to use them safely and effectively, and what risks exist.

Ensure interoperability and integration

sure robots can 07 Make work smoothly with

existing systems (other home devices, healthcare records, etc). Use common standards so robots don’t become isolated tech islands, but instead fit into the broader care ecosystem.

Monitor and evaluate impact

Enhance cybersecurity and data protection

feedback from 08 Collect users and staff, use

protections for data (how it’s collected, stored, shared) and for privacy.

testing across different real-world settings.

sure robots are built data to adjust designs and 04 Make and operated with strong deployment, and require

Support research and development

05

Allocate more money and effort into developing these assistive and social robots. Incentives (like grants), partnerships between public organisations and private

Regulatory compliance and oversight

sure robots comply 09 Make with international standards, subject them to certification and testing before they enter homes or care settings, and give oversight bodies real teeth.

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The future of metamaterials

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Once considered a sci-fi-style phenomenon, metamaterials are now very much on the agenda. But what are they, how can they be used and what is their future?

By Chris Stokel-Walker

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Rheon Labs is using soft, flexible metamaterials that stiffen upon impact to create armour and helmets for the sports sector

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etamaterials have spent two decades in the nowhere land between physics papers and sci-fi novellas. The technology – imbuing a 3D structure with a response or function that is not possible with conventional materials – seems impractical and its applications impossible. Metamaterials work due to the collective effect of ‘metaatom elements’, which interact with electromagnetic or acoustic waves including thermal and vibration energy in ways they ordinarily would not. Their mind-bending properties have made them sound like tomorrow’s technology for aeons.

But now metamaterials are cropping up in products we already use, and in the policy agendas of countries that see strategic value in controlling the next generation of materials engineering. Prior to 2010, fewer than 1,000 patent applications mentioning metamaterials were made each year. But in recent years, that figure has spiked to nearly 4,000.

The meta moment The reason for this is the increasingly common use of metamaterials in our everyday lives and products. In smartphones, metamaterials engineered with nanoscale patterns can precisely manipulate light waves instead of traditional camera lenses. In speakers, plastic lattices made of metamaterials are stripping away stray sound to make audio clearer.

And on rooftops, photonic films made of metamaterials are mirroring unwanted heat from the sun away from the planet.

Metamaterials are having a moment – and their future looks bright. But what exactly are they?

“Metamaterials are materials where the structure does the trick, and the

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trick is that it gives you properties you wouldn’t have in nature normally,” says Gianluca Memoli, an acoustics researcher and entrepreneur who straddles academia and industry.

Memoli runs Metasonixx, an audiofocused metamaterials firm, while also being associate professor in sound-based interactions at the University of Sussex.

The structures that give metamaterials their trickery are engineered to be shorter than the wavelength relevant to the problem, whether that’s light, sound or vibration, which is why “they require engineering and manufacturing at sub-wavelength level,” he says.

Metamaterials derive their properties not from their chemical composition, but from their internal structure. The way that metamaterials’ meta-atoms are arranged gives the material abilities greater than the sum of its constituent materials.

That engineering challenge – and how to ensure the UK benefits from its prime position to develop metamaterials – is the subject of a

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‘Metamaterials are materials where the structure does the trick, and the trick is that it gives you properties you wouldn’t have in nature normally’ new policy report from IMechE and the UK Metamaterials Network (UKMMN). The report sets out five buckets of work – from funding and skills to standards and scale-up – while highlighting examples of best practice already extant in manufacturing, health, sustainability, and the UK space and aviation sectors.

Moving from party tricks to products In consumer optics, researchers have demonstrated that flat ‘metalenses’ can compress conventional camera modules into hair-thin wafers patterned with nanoscale features.

The technology helps focus a range of wavelengths from a source over a large diameter, making images clearer while making lenses smaller.

In hi-fi speakers and other audio products, metamaterial absorption technology is being used to get rid of unwanted sound reflections and reduce distortion, providing better audio quality. Memoli’s Metasonixx builds soundproof panels of the type that can be used in offices as desk dividers, taking advantage of metamaterials’ properties in blocking out sound.

The sports sector has also adopted the tech wholeheartedly.

British start-up Rheon Labs has developed shear rate-dependent mechanical metamaterials that are naturally soft and flexible but stiffen rapidly upon impact – qualities that make them useful for flexible body armour and helmets for sports and motorbikes, as well as in clothing for rate-dependent tension control www.imeche.org

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such as sports bras, and vibration damping in Padel rackets.

That also extends to the medical sector. Osstec, a spinout from Imperial College London, is developing a new generation of knee replacement implants made from additively manufactured titanium lattices.

Osstec uses metamaterials designed to mimic the structure of human bone, leading to more reliable replacement joints to improve patient recovery.

Shape-morphing and multi-stable metamaterial implants are also being deployed in cardiac stents, allowing a small device to be implanted and then

‘Metamaterials can make products that exist today smaller, faster, using lower power, and they also breed a whole new generation of new products’ www.imeche.org

deployed to full size to unblock arteries.

These examples are far from exhaustive. The new IMechE report highlights dozens of academic advances, which has financiers interested in the sector. For investors, metamaterials are no longer a curiosity. “We are investors. We are in the business of making money,” says Conrad Burke, managing partner at MetaVC Partners, a USbased venture capital group that has backed a portfolio of around a dozen companies built on metamaterials.

“We believe that metamaterials is a really remarkable breakthrough area,” he says. “They can make products that exist today smaller, faster, using lower power, and they also breed a whole new generation of new products.

We’re excited about metamaterials because it has huge, broad-based applications in so many areas, in multibillion-dollar markets.”

Burke’s engagement with metamaterials is for good reason, and he’s blunt: “It is happening right now.”

Some of the companies he’s backing are already generating “millions and millions of revenues,” he says – proof

$10bn

The global market for metamaterials by 2030

$15bn

The global market for metamaterials by 2035

that the technology is already here and no longer hypothetical. But to take advantage of the opportunities requires what he describes as a familiar “cocktail” of risk appetite, access to capital and a support system that links universities to markets.

“That’s the cocktail that works here in Silicon Valley,” he says – and it can work for the UK too.

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The UK has plenty of pedigree in metamaterials. Burke points to Imperial College London’s Sir John Pendry as a field-defining figure – a “Galileo of metamaterials expertise” – and praises the UKMMN for coordinating universities across disciplines, with particular strength in acoustics.

“We see hotspots of metamaterials innovation in the US and in Asia.

But the UK, in terms of Europe, is really up there in my mind,” he says.

It’s not just single totemic figures that are leading the sector either: from 2018 to 2021, the UK was ranked as world-leading for research impact and quality based on field citation ratio, and fourth worldwide for research output from 2018 to 2022.

The UKMMN has more than 1,000 members from different backgrounds.

If there’s a limit for progress in metamaterials, it is in manufacturing.

Many photonic metasurfaces and mechanical lattices demand feature sizes measured in nanometres to tens of microns. That is doable in university labs, but takes investment to produce at the rate or cost needed by industry. The IMechE report says the UK needs multiscale production facilities and a workforce to meet expected demand.

“It’s not just the material,” says Memoli. “The base material that does the trick is the engineering and the design of it.” The shapes required are “non-trivial” and only recently manufacturable at the required scale.

“In my field, it wouldn’t be possible to have metamaterials without 3D printing,” he says. “As 3D printing became more and more easy to have in your lab, then you could do more structures.” Once tested at a small scale, it’s possible to move to mass

production techniques like injection moulding for acoustics, or established lithography flows for optics.”

Dr Tom Allen, a mechanical engineer at Manchester Metropolitan University, connects the technical to the regulatory aspect. Allen, who helped lead the IMechE research, believes that industry–academia partnerships are needed on grants alongside investment that takes designs from idea to scale-up.

“A key thing is embedding manufacturing in from the start,” he says. “So when you’re designing a metamaterial, you’re thinking about how you’re making it.”

The UK’s assets are significant: we have a top-tier research base, a cross-disciplinary UKMMN and early credibility from companies already making waves in this space.

And money is beginning to meet the moment. Earlier this year, the Henry Royce Institute announced £1m for metamaterials scale-up projects, and later the MetaHub has recently launched with nearly £20m of funding at the University of Exeter.

Burke’s advice from the investor side is to double down. “Now that you’ve secured funding, go back to Westminster and start shaking people down for even more,” he says. Doing so can turn what he calls the “plethora of innovation” in UK universities into a burgeoning industry.

Putting design first That industry relies on a simple design philosophy: use geometry alongside chemistry to get the behaviour you need. “What’s really useful about metamaterials isn’t necessarily that, like traditional materials, you say: ‘Steel is really good because it’s strong, or plastic is really good because we can mould it easily’,” says Burke. “We take our base

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UK global ranking for research impact and quality (2018-2021)

4th UK global ranking for research output (2018-2022)

Clockwise, from right: Helmet and kneepads created by startup Rheon Labs and one of its helmets undergoing tests

material, and then we change that into a metamaterial and design it for a very specific application.” That can make things smaller, more compact, lighter or able to expand in a certain way when pushed or pulled.

It’s in large part what makes metamaterials such an exciting innovation. And Memoli thinks the UK can and should own a significant chunk of the future. “I’ve been working in metamaterials now for 10 years,” he says. He believes this is “a UK story” worthy of pride.

“The UK recognised them first,” he explains. “We started using toplevel science first.” But he also worries that the UK risks “losing at the last 100 metres of the run” if the country www.imeche.org

Metamaterials, 3

‘We need brave people to start companies to sell the dream in a language that everyone can understand’ fails to bridge the gap between the lab and the market.

Capitalising on the imminent metamaterials boom requires calculated risk-taking, something that makes governments and researchers alike traditionally wary.

But they ought not to be, according www.imeche.org

to those closest to the industry.

“This is actually a great time to start a company,” says investor Burke.

However, as the IMechE report makes clear, people must take risks and push the technology forward to capitalise on opportunities.

The stakes are high. The global market value for metamaterials is projected to grow to more than $10bn by 2030 and $15bn by 2035 – and the UK could capitalise on that. Because metamaterials are the building blocks of products, they’re not a big-bang material seen by all and sundry.

“I think it’s going to be quite, quite subtle,” says Allen. “Metamaterials are almost a behind-the-scenes sort of technology.” But this makes them no

less important. “We need brave people to start companies trying to sell the dream in a language that everyone can understand,” says Memoli.

FIND OU T MOR E IMechE and the UKMMN have produced a report to raise the profile of metamaterials and highlight the opportunities they offer in different sectors, including healthcare, energy, aviation and space. The report launch will be hosted at One Birdcage Walk on 1 December. imeche.org PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

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The omni-bodied robot brain Chainsaws are no match for this adaptable AI, which can find multiple new ways to keep itself moving

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he robot would surely scream if it could. Unable to escape its human tormentor, the plucky quadruped is grabbed by its hind leg.

A snarling chainsaw descends as the machine’s lidar scanner helplessly whirs. Seconds later, the damage is clear – where once there were legs, there are now four plastic stubs, cut off just beneath the knee. For a moment, the robot turns in a circle – but then something miraculous happens. It works out how it needs to adapt, using large swings of its thigh joints. After eight seconds, it can scuttle away.

The attack on the dog-like device was a dramatic demonstration of the new ‘omni-bodied robot brain’ from Californian robotic intelligence firm Skild AI. Unlike most robotic control systems, which are optimised for specific machines with set ‘morphologies’ (structures and mechanics), the new brain was trained on 100,000 different bodies, spending a virtual millennia learning how to move and control a variety of devices.

Today, most AI controllers learn specific locomotion strategies for individual robots. “This is like memorising the answer to a test – great for passing, but unhelpful for learning how to arrive at the answer,” a Skild blog post says. “When the AI faces a situation it has never seen before, like jammed motors, broken limbs or a new body, the memorised solution is useless and the AI doesn’t know how to fix it.”

A bird-brained idea?

Instead of memorising solutions for one body, Skild’s system finds and applies strategies from a “whole multiverse” of virtual robots, allowing it to adapt. Other demonstrations by the company include a quadruped having one or both legs disabled, or all of them lengthened. In all cases, the robot appears unstable for a few seconds before turning frantic motions into purposeful movements.

Taking training from 100,000 robots and applying it in one unit is a significant challenge, says Dimitrios Kanoulas, professor of robotics at University College London, who was not involved in the

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work. “It’s a little bit crazy,” he says. “It’s like having one brain for you and a bird.”

With no nerve endings, the robots cannot feel damage but learn from failures. “Then it understands that, ‘OK, now I’m a different robot, and I will use a different morphology from my learned scheme’,” Kanoulas says.

Mighty morphing

The Skild website reveals a broad spectrum of potential applications, from security and inspection quadrupeds for dangerous environments to humanoid robots for in-home assistance and industrial work.

Such a system could be used “pretty much everywhere,” Kanoulas says, as “robots break very often”.

Machines with the omni-bodied brain could respond to damage like humans, quickly adjusting their actions to continue working before seeking repair if it gets worse. “What remains to OTHER WEIRD THINGS see now is if this is scalable, robust and WE LEARNED WHILE efficient,” he says. “Can I achieve a nice, MAKING THIS ISSUE: robust, efficient locomotion, let’s say, Hydrogen gas plasma with the same policy on 10 robots that has been used to make have different morphologies?” iron at room temps (p11) Control systems trained for specific 3D printing using light robots might perform a bit better in some paves way to Star Trek situations, but the Skild system could be replicator tech (p15) well-suited to companies that are rapidly developing and deploying new hardware, Metamaterials can controlling each new iteration regardless mimic the structure of of whether it has six legs, wheels or any human bones (p58) other number of new morphologies. www.imeche.org

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