Group Norms
Intro to Human Body Systems
9/27/2023 1
Lesson 2: Human Bodies Welcome Question What is the coolest body part and why?
Welcome to Teen Talk
1.Respect 2.Communication 3.Curiosity 4.Privacy 5.Well-being
breathe in breathe out Agenda ✔ Opening Routine ❑ Intro to Body Systems ❑ Sexual Development ❑ Pelvic Anatomy ❑ Reproduction ❑ Closing Routine
Calming Strategies
1 2 3 4 5 6 ReviewOnly
Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Brain (control center) sends signals to all other body systems
• Can activate our survival response (fight, flight, or freeze)
• Nerves transmit information to/from our surroundings
• Controls movement (voluntary & automatic)
• Perceives sensations (like pain & pleasure)
Endocrine System
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, testes, ovaries…
• Produces hormones (chemical messengers) that influence other bodily functions:
• Regulating emotions
• Puberty changes
• Processes related to reproduction (ovulation, menstruation, sperm production)
Immune System
white blood cells, skin, lymph nodes, spleen…
• Heals the body and repairs damage from injury or illness
• Defends the body against harmful pathogens
• White blood cells attack and destroy germs to keep us healthy
Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• Filters toxins from bloodstream
• Removes liquid waste (urine)
• Vulnerable to urinary tract infections (UTIs) and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Digestive System
mouth, stomach, liver, intestines, rectum…
• Breaks down food to supply the body with energy
• Creates, stores, and removes solid waste (feces)
• Vulnerable to certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Reproductive System
uterus, ovaries, vagina, penis, testicles, prostate
• Enables sexual development, pleasure, and reproduction
• Hormones from the ovaries or testicles cause puberty changes
• Genitals contain nerve endings that contribute to orgasm
• Sperm and egg cells allow us to create new humans
9/27/2023 2
7 8 9 10 11 12 ReviewOnly
Human Bodies
No matter what our body looks like… humans are more SIMILAR than we are different!
Sexual and Reproductive Systems
What to Expect
• Discussing and labeling diagrams of human pelvic anatomy (internal & external genitals)
• Using medical terms
• Language is not perfect!
• But it makes healthcare more accessible…
Well-Being
Be mindful of yourself and others!
• Avoid assumptions, hurtful comments, and judgmental reactions
• Do what you need to feel safe and grounded – remember to breathe!
Let’s Take a Moment to…
Sexual
Systems
❑
9/27/2023 3
in breathe out
Anatomy
breathe
Pelvic
External
& Development
❑ Internal ❑
Growth
Sexual Development
and Puberty
❑ The Brain
&
13 14 15 16 17 18 ReviewOnly
Reproductive
Sexual Development
Why doesn’t everyone have the same sexual & reproductive system?
Sexual reproduction enables the survival of our species
Sexual pleasure facilitates emotional regulation and bonding
Sexual Development
How do our bodies develop different sexual & reproductive systems?
Primary sex characteristics develop before birth
Secondary sex characteristics develop during puberty
Sexual Development
Some of our most significant biological differences are established before we leave the womb…
1) Sex determination: the body’s “blueprint” for development
Sexual Development
Some of our most significant biological differences are established before we leave the womb…
2) Sex differentiation: the process of developing physical traits
Sex Assigned at Birth
Categorization of a newborn’s sexual and reproductive biology (mostly based on their external anatomy)
Some bodies align with the medical definition of “female” or “male”…
…and some bodies differ from these expected patterns
Endosex Intersex
Sex Assigned at Birth
Undifferentiated
9/27/2023 4
anatomy Endosex female Endosex male Intersex variations estrogen testosterone estrogen? testosterone? 19 20 21 22 23 24 ReviewOnly
Intersex Surgery
Why do you think surgery on intersex babies is no longer recommended?
Intersex Surgery
Why do you think this practice is no longer recommended?
• Lack of informed consent
• Medically unnecessary
• Human rights violation
Sex Assigned at Birth
• NO two human bodies look and function exactly the same!
• There is significant diversity in human anatomy, even among bodies given the same label
• Appreciate and respect human bodies
• Our body systems interact and collaborate in incredibly complex ways to maintain our health and body functions
The Brain and Puberty
The Brain
Our brain is the most complex organ in the entire human body!
It regulates the way our body acts in social-emotional and sexual situations…
The Brain and Puberty
At puberty, the brain activates a flood of sex hormones that cause various physical, mental, and emotional changes
9/27/2023 5
25 26 27 28 29 30 ReviewOnly
Puberty Changes
What are some common changes caused by estrogen and testosterone?
Puberty Changes
higher levels of estrogen
higher levels of testosterone
more breast tissue wider, more rounded hips
more body and facial hair deeper voice
Puberty Changes
gender-affirming hormone therapy can help to cause or prevent certain physical changes
more breast tissue wider, more rounded hips
more body and facial hair deeper voice
Puberty Changes
For most people, puberty is also when the body becomes fertile (able to get pregnant or get someone else pregnant)
Sexual & Reproductive Systems
Growth & Development
✔ Sexual Development
✔ The Brain and Puberty
9/27/2023 6
Pelvic Anatomy ❑ Internal ❑ External
31 32 33 34 35 36 ReviewOnly
Pelvic Anatomy
Remember
to BREATHE breathe in
Label each body part as we explore the anatomy diagrams together.
These are simple drawings of two common ways that human bodies may develop, often called the male body and the female body
Anatomy Terms
sperm cells
testicles
epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
Cowper’s glands
Sperm Cells
• Each sperm cell contains half the DNA needed to reproduce
• It’s one of the SMALLEST cells in the human body
Sperm Cells
urethra
bladder
penis
foreskin
scrotum
Anus
mons pubis
When do people start and stop making sperm?
sperm cell
• Roughly 525 billion sperm cells made in a lifetime!
sperm cell
37 38 39 40 41 42 ReviewOnly
9/27/2023 7
Keep in mind that every human body is unique! breathe out
Internal Pelvic Anatomy of Bodies Assigned Male
Sperm production begins during puberty and continues for the rest of a person’s life
Anatomy Assigned Male
We’re going to see anatomy diagrams on the next slide
3… 2… 1…
Anatomy Assigned Male
Anatomy Assigned Male
Produces sperm cells and hormones (such as testosterone)
Anatomy Assigned Male
Holds the testicles and helps to regulate their temperature
Anatomy Assigned Male
Where sperm cells mature and gain the ability to move independently
Anatomy Assigned Male
“Sperm highway” tubes that sperm cells travel through
9/27/2023 8
testicle testicle
testicle scrotum testicle scrotum
epididymis scrotum testicle testicle epididymis scrotum
epididymis scrotum testicle vas deferens testicle epididymis vas deferens scrotum
43 44 45 46 47 48
ReviewOnly
Anatomy Assigned Male
Anatomy Assigned Male
Makes
Anatomy Assigned Male
Anatomy Assigned Male
Besides semen, what 2 other body fluids come out of the urethra?
1) Semen (sperm cells + seminal fluid)
2) Urine (pee)
3) Pre-ejaculatory fluid (pre-cum)
Anatomy Assigned Male
Anatomy Assigned Male
9/27/2023 9
epididymis scrotum testicle seminal vesicle vas deferens seminal vesicle testicle epididymis vas deferens scrotum
fluid to nourish and protect sperm (contributes to semen)
Makes
epididymis scrotum testicle seminal vesicle vas deferens prostate gland seminal vesicle testicle epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scrotum
fluid to
sperm
to semen)
nourish and protect
(contributes
epididymis scrotum testicle urethra seminal vesicle vas deferens prostate gland urethra seminal vesicle testicle epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scrotum
fluids to leave the body…
Allows three different
urethral opening epididymis scrotum testicle urethra seminal vesicle vas deferens prostate gland
urethral opening epididymis scrotum testicle urethra seminal vesicle bladder vas deferens prostate gland urethra seminal vesicle bladder testicle epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scrotum Collects and stores urine (pee)
urethral opening epididymis scrotum testicle urethra seminal vesicle bladder vas deferens prostate gland penis penis urethra seminal vesicle bladder testicle epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scrotum
external organ
of spongy, erectile tissue 49 50 51 52 53 54 ReviewOnly
An
made
Anatomy Assigned Male
Makes
Anatomy Assigned Male
The
Anatomy Assigned Male
Where
9/27/2023 10
urethral opening epididymis scrotum testicle urethra Cowper’s gland seminal vesicle bladder vas deferens prostate gland penis penis urethra Cowper’s gland seminal vesicle bladder testicle epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scrotum
pre-ejaculatory fluid (clears the urethra before semen comes out)
urethral opening epididymis scrotum testicle urethra penis Cowper’s gland seminal vesicle bladder vas deferens prostate gland glans penis urethra Cowper’s gland seminal vesicle bladder testicle epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scrotum
tip of the penis
of sensitive nerve endings)
(contains thousands
anus urethral opening epididymis scrotum testicle urethra penis Cowper’s gland seminal vesicle bladder vas deferens prostate gland rectum penis urethra Cowper’s gland seminal vesicle bladder testicle epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scrotum
sphincters
Anatomy
Remember to BREATHE breathe in breathe out Anatomy Assigned
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings. 55 56 57 59 60 61 ReviewOnly
solid waste exits the body through muscular
External Pelvic
of Bodies Assigned Male
Male
Anatomy Assigned Male
Where solid waste exits the body (contains many sensitive nerve endings)
Anatomy Assigned Male
A pouch of sensitive skin holding the testicles
scrotum
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Male
Helps to regulate the temperature of the testicles
scrotum
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Male
The part of the penis that fills with blood during an erection
scrotum shaft
What is the main function of the scrotum?
anus
anus
Anatomy Assigned Male
Loose skin that covers the glans penis (may be removed via circumcision)
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Male
mons pubis
Protects the front of the pelvis (pubic hair grows here)
foreskin
scrotum shaft
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
foreskin
scrotum shaft
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
9/27/2023 11
62 63 64 65 66 67 ReviewOnly
Genital Diversity
Growth & Development
✔ Sexual Development
✔ The Brain and Puberty
Pelvic Anatomy
❑ Internal ❑ External
Anatomy Terms
egg cells
ovaries
Fallopian tubes
uterus
endometrium
cervix
bladder
urethra
Egg Cells
vagina
vulva
hymen
inner labia
outer labia
clitoris
anus
mons pubis
egg cell
• Each egg cell contains half the DNA needed to reproduce
• It’s one of the LARGEST cells in the human body
• Roughly 1-2 million egg cells made in a lifetime!
9/27/2023 12
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Take a Moment to… breathe in breathe out
Let’s
Sexual & Reproductive Systems
Internal Pelvic Anatomy of Bodies Assigned Female
69 70 71 72 73 74 ReviewOnly
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
We’re going to see anatomy diagrams on the next slide
3… 2… 1…
We’re going to see anatomy diagrams on the next slide
3… 2… 1…
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
Egg
Cells egg cell
When do people start and stop releasing eggs?
Ovulation begins during puberty and continues until menopause
Anatomy Assigned Female
ReviewOnly
9/27/2023 13
ovary ovary
Releases egg cells and hormones (such as estrogen)
Fallopian tube ovary ovary Fallopian tube “Egg highway” tubes that egg cells travel through after ovulation 75 76 77 78 79 80
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
Period Products
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
Besides menstrual fluid, what 2 other body fluids come out of the vagina?
1) Menstrual fluid (period blood)
2) Discharge (vagina is self cleaning!)
3) Arousal fluid (lubrication)
9/27/2023 14
Fallopian tube uterus ovary uterus ovary Fallopian tube The muscular organ
pregnancy
where a fetus can grow during
Fallopian tube endometrium uterus ovary uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube Blood-rich tissue that lines the uterus (it is shed during menstruation)
Fallopian tube endometrium uterus cervix ovary cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube Muscle at the bottom of the uterus (“gateway” between uterus and vagina)
vagina cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube Fallopian tube vagina endometrium uterus cervix ovary
(the “birth canal”) Fallopian tube vagina endometrium uterus cervix ovary
A strong, flexible pathway inside of the body
vagina cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube vaginal opening 81 82 83 85 86 87 ReviewOnly
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
Anatomy Assigned Female
What is the main function of the clitoris?
Anatomy Assigned Female
9/27/2023 15
Fallopian tube vagina endometrium uterus cervix ovary Collects and stores urine (pee) vagina cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube bladder vaginal opening
Fallopian tube vagina endometrium uterus cervix ovary Where urine (pee) is released urethra vagina cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube bladder vaginal opening urethral opening
urethra vagina cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube bladder Fallopian tube vagina endometrium uterus cervix ovary A sensitive organ made of spongy, erectile tissue vaginal opening urethral opening clitoris
Made for pleasure! (it contains over 10,000 sensitive nerve endings) urethra vagina cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube bladder vaginal opening urethral opening clitoris
Fallopian tube vagina endometrium uterus cervix ovary Where solid waste exits the body through muscular sphincters urethra vagina cervix uterus endometrium ovary Fallopian tube rectum bladder anus vaginal opening urethral opening clitoris External Pelvic Anatomy of Bodies Assigned Female 88 89 90 91 92 94 ReviewOnly
Remember to BREATHE breathe in breathe out
Anatomy Assigned Female
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Female
Where solid waste exits the body (contains many sensitive nerve endings)
Anatomy Assigned Female
Where menstrual fluid, discharge, and arousal fluid leave the body
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Female
Where urine (pee) leaves the body
vaginal opening
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Female
A thin piece of skin just inside the vaginal opening
urethral opening vaginal opening
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
urethral opening vaginal opening hymen
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
9/27/2023 16
95 96 97 98 99 100 ReviewOnly
Anatomy Assigned Female
Folds of skin that help protect the sensitive openings (they swell when aroused)
Anatomy Assigned Female
Folds of skin that help protect the sensitive openings (they grow pubic hair)
urethral opening
vaginal opening
inner labia
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Female
External glans of the clitoris (contains thousands of sensitive nerve endings)
urethral opening
vaginal opening
inner labia
outer labia
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Female
Skin that covers the glans clitoris
clitoral hood clitoris
clitoris
urethral opening
vaginal opening
inner labia
outer labia
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Female
mons pubis
Protects the front of the pelvis (pubic hair grows here)
clitoral hood clitoris
urethral opening
vaginal opening
inner labia
outer labia
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
urethral opening vaginal opening
inner labia
outer labia
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
Anatomy Assigned Female
mons pubis
vulva
External genitals (parts that are visible between the legs)
clitoral hood clitoris
urethral opening
vaginal opening
inner labia
outer labia
anus
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings.
9/27/2023 17
102 103 104 105 106 107
ReviewOnly
Genital Diversity
Sexual & Reproductive Systems Body Diversity
Growth & Development
✔ Sexual Development
✔ The Brain and Puberty
Pelvic Anatomy
✔ Internal
✔ External
Body Diversity
Every person’s body is unique to them
We all deserve to feel good in the body we have!
There may be social pressures for bodies to look a certain way or for people to use their bodies in certain ways…
These pressures can be misleading and unrealistic
Body Diversity
Every person’s body is unique to them
If our body parts aren’t working like they usually do, or if we are experiencing distress related to our body… talk with a medical provider.
9/27/2023 18
Every human body is unique! Please do not compare your body to these drawings. Let’s Take a Moment to… breathe in breathe out
109 110 111 112 113 114 ReviewOnly
Body Diversity
Anatomy Match-Up
Every person’s body is unique to them
It’s up to each person to care for their own body and to decide if, when, and how they want to use their body for sexual and/or reproductive purposes
Pregnancy “Ingredients”
What are the key elements or “ingredients” are needed to start and grow a pregnancy?
Using your diagrams and information about human bodies… match each body part with its description!
Human Reproduction
Pregnancy “Ingredients”
Three things must come together in the process of conception:
sperm cell egg cell uterus
Prenatal Development
Health
Recommendations: AVOID:
• Prenatal vitamins (w/ folic acid)
• Regular light exercise (stretching, walks)
• Healthy, balanced diet and staying hydrated (cravings are common –talk with a medical provider!)
• Drinking alcohol, doing drugs, and inhaling smoke (including vape)
• Certain foods (like raw fish, unpasteurized cheeses, caffeine) and medications (like some antibiotics and acne treatments)
• Intense physical activities (like rollercoasters, contact sports, heavy lifting)
A full-term pregnancy is about 37-40 weeks (divided into three trimesters)
37 – 40 weeks
3 Months 3 Months 3 Months
Let’s learn a bit about what happens during each trimester…
1st Trimester
MONTH 1
• After conception, cells continue to divide and multiply rapidly
Placenta and umbilical cord begin to form
• Heart, brain, and spinal cord begin to form
MONTH 2
• Facial features (eyes, nose, mouth, ears) and limbs (arms, hands, legs, feet) begin developing
Sex differentiation begins
MONTH 3
• Heartbeat can be heard with a fetal Doppler (ultrasound device) Fingers and toes grow longer, nails appear, and fetus can form a fist
2nd Trimester
MONTH 4
Skin is thin and transparent
• Fetus is developing movement, like smiling and sucking its thumb
Twins may reach for each other
MONTH 5
Fetus may react to light and sound
• Hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes begin to appear
Ovaries stop forming new egg cells
MONTH 6
• Fetus can startle and hiccup
Senses of smell and taste are functional
• Possible to survive outside of the womb if born prematurely (after 24 weeks)
3rd Trimester
MONTH 7
• Skin, hair, and eyes develop color
• Eyelids can open and close
• Testicles may descend into the scrotum
MONTH 8
Tremendous brain growth
• Fetus may turn upside-down in preparation for birth
Most organs are fully developed
MONTH 9+
• Fetus gains about ½ a pound per week as body fat increases
• Lungs are finally mature
ReviewOnly
Every 133 134 135 136 137 138
The Birth Process
9/27/2023 22
37 – 40 weeks 3 Months 3 Months 3 Months
37 – 40 weeks
Months 3 Months 3 Months
3
37 – 40 weeks
Months 3 Months 3 Months
3
vaginal birth or C-section (Cesarean) experience giving birth is different!
The Vaginal Birth Process
1) Contractions of the uterus and ab muscles
The Vaginal Birth Process
1) Contractions
2) Cervix dilates
3) Push out baby and placenta
Cesarean Birth Process
1) Anesthesia – epidural or spinal block
The Vaginal Birth Process
1) Contractions
2) Cervix dilates 10 centimeters
~4 inches
Cesarean Birth Process
If vaginal birth is not safe, not possible, or not desired… A Cesarean-section (C-section) may be performed
Cesarean Birth Process
1) Anesthesia
2) Two incisions
– first skin/muscle, then into uterus
9/27/2023 23
139 140 141 142 143 144 ReviewOnly
Cesarean Birth Process
1) Anesthesia
2) Two incisions
3) Surgeon removes baby and placenta
Family Diversity
Remember, there are LOTS of ways to form a family…
Fetal Flipbook
Cut out all 12 pages…
Lesson 2 Wrap-Up
Let’s Review!
• Describe the path of a sperm cell as it leaves the body (during ejaculation)
• Describe the path of an egg cell as it leaves the body (during menstruation)
…then staple to make a flipbook!
• What is “sex assigned at birth”?
Looking Forward Identities
Next class…
• Reflect on our own personal identities
• Discuss the importance of intersectionality
• Explore the components of gender and attraction
Self-Care Ideas: See how many push-ups you can do in 1 minute
Read for pleasure Cook something for your family (try a new recipe!)
9/27/2023 24
145 146 147 148 149 ReviewOnly
