Trosseddau Casineb Anabledd | Disability Hate Crime
Mae'r niwed a achosir gan brofiadau casineb yr un peth p'un a yw'r digwyddiad yn cael ei adrodd i'r heddlu neu beidio, ac a oes digon o dystiolaeth i erlyn neu beidio – o ganlyniad, mae'r canllaw hwn yn ymdrin ag effaith pob profiad casineb, p'un a yw'r heddlu neu asiantaethau eraill yn rhan ohono ai peidio.
Mae mewnwelediad o ymchwil academaidd a Chanolfan Cymorth Casineb Cymru yn dangos bod casineb anabledd yn cael ei dan-adrodd yn sylweddol.
Mae'n bosib y bydd pobl sydd ag hunaniaethau sy'n croestorri yn cael eu targedu am fwy nag un maes o'u nodweddion personol, er enghraifft oedran ac anabledd, neu anabledd a gordewdra.
Pam mae troseddau casineb anabledd yn digwydd?
Nid oes ateb pendant i'r cwestiwn hwn, a gall ddigwydd am amrywiaeth o resymau. Gall 'arallu' pobl mewn ffordd sy'n rhoi llai o werth iddynt mewn cymdeithas gyfrannu at ragfarn a gelyniaeth sy'n cael eu mynegi'n agored.
Mae ymchwil yn dangos y gall newidiadau ym marn cymdeithas ar bobl anabl, a thrafodaethau gwleidyddol, gynyddu'r tebygolrwydd y bydd rhywun yn profi casineb anabledd. Er enghraifft, mae naratifau cymdeithasol sy'n cyflwyno pobl anabl fel 'lloffwyr budd-daliadau' a 'thwyllwyr' yn normaleiddio'r cyhoedd yn herio pobl anabl i nodi'r rhai sy'n deilwng o les.
The harm caused by hateful experiences are the same whether the incident has been reported to the police (or not), and if enough evidence exists to prosecute (or not) – as a result, this guide covers the impact of all hateful experiences, irrespective of police or other agency involvement.
Insight from both academic research and the Wales Hate Support Centre shows that there is a significant amount of underreporting of disability hate.
People who have intersecting identities may be targeted for more than one area of their personal characteristics, for example age and disability, or disability and obesity.
Why
does disability hate crime happen?
There is no definitive answer to this question, and it may happen for a range of reasons. ‘Othering’ people in a way that gives them less value in society can contribute to prejudice and hostility expressed overtly.
Research shows that shifts in society’s views on disabled people, and political discourse, can increase the likelihood of someone experiencing disability hate. For example, societal narratives that pitch disabled people as ‘benefit scroungers’ and ‘frauds’ normalise the challenging of disabled people by the public to identify those worthy of welfare.
Mae patrymau tebyg i'w gweld yn ystod darbodaeth, pan fydd naratifau cymdeithasol ynghylch gordewdra yn awgrymu newidiadau a dewisiadau bywyd gwael. Daw hyn yn fwy cymhleth wrth ystyried anableddau anweledol a chanfyddiad 'salwch cyfreithlon'.
Sut olwg sydd ar Droseddau Casineb Anabledd?
Y ffurfiau mwyaf cyffredin ar droseddau casineb anabledd yw aflonyddu geiriol, bygythiadau, ymosodiadau corfforol a cham-drin rhywiol.
Pwy sy'n cyflawni casineb
anabledd?
Gall casineb tuag at anabledd gael ei dargedu gan ddieithriaid neu bobl maen nhw'n eu hadnabod; cymdogion neu ffrindiau. Gall targedu gan gymdogion fod yn ailadroddus ac yn hirdymor, gan waethygu a chynyddu dros amser.
Rydyn ni'n garcharorion yn ein cartref ein hunain oherwydd bob tro y byddwn ni'n mynd i mewn neu allan mae'r cymydog yn ein clywed ac yn dod allan i syllu arnom neu ein cam-drin yn eiriol. Mae gorbryder, ofn a gofid fy meibion mor uchel mae'n well ganddynt beidio â mynd i unman
Similar patterns can be seen during austerity, when societal narratives surrounding obesity suggest poor life changes and poor life choices. This becomes more complex when considering non-visible disabilities and the perception of ‘legitimised sickness’.
What does Disability Hate Crime look like?
The most common forms of disability hate crime are verbal harassment, threats, physical assaults and sexual abuse.
Who perpetrates disability hate?
Disability hate can be targeted by strangers or people known to them; neighbours or friends. Targeting from neighbours can be repeated and long term, escalating and worsening through time.
We’ve become prisoners in our own home because every time we go in or out the neighbour hears and so he comes out to stare or verbally abuse us. My sons’ anxiety and fear and distress is so high they would rather not go anywhere.
Gall troseddau casineb anabledd gan ffrindiau weithiau ddod o dan y categori ‘trosedd cyfaill’ – cyfeillgarwch ffug i gamfanteisio ar y dioddefwr er eu buddiannau personol neu ariannol eu hunain. Datgelodd canfyddiadau o astudiaeth ar drosedd cyfaill hefyd y gall troseddau casineb anabledd gynnwys camfanteisio ariannol, llosgi bwriadol a hyd yn oed llofruddiaeth. Mae pobl ag anableddau gwybyddol neu anableddau dysgu yn fwy tebygol o brofi trosedd cyfaill oherwydd 'syniad aneglur o gydsyniad a all eu harwain i weithredu yn erbyn eu lles eu hunain'.
Ble mae'n digwydd?
Gellir ei brofi ar-lein neu yn bersonol.
Mae wedi digwydd mewn meddygfa, mewn ardal barcio i bobl anabl, mewn amgylchedd gwaith neu yng nghartref rhywun.
Gall trafnidiaeth gyhoeddus hefyd fod yn lle ble all troseddau casineb anabledd ddigwydd.
Mae pobl anabl sy'n byw ar eu pennau eu hunain mewn ardaloedd difreintiedig yn fwy tebygol o brofi troseddau casineb anabledd.
Disability hate crime from friends can sometimes come into the category of ‘mate crime’ – counterfeit friendships to exploit the victim for their own personal or financial interests. Findings from a study on mate crime also revealed that disability hate crime can also involve financial exploitation, arson and even murder. People with cognitive impairments or learning disabilities are more likely to experience mate crime due to ‘blurry notions of consent which may lead them to act against their own welfare’.
Where does it happen?
It can be experienced online or inperson. It’s been known to happen in a GP surgery, in a disabled parking area, in a job environment or in someone’s home.
Public transport can also be a space where disability hate crime can happen.
Disabled people living in isolation in deprived areas are more likely to experience disability hate crime.
Effeithiau Casineb Anabledd
Mae ymchwil ynghylch troseddau casineb anabledd yn dangos bod yr effeithiau'n gymhleth i bobl anabl, ac yn cynnwys:
Lleihau'r profiad i deimlo eu bod yn gallu ymdopi ag ef yn well Teimlo'n ansicr a oedd yr hyn a ddigwyddodd yn 'drosedd casineb'.
Ofn dioddef o drosedd eto, a all eu harwain at ynysu cymdeithasol ac encilio rhag ymgysylltu â'r gymuned ac o bosib cuddio eu hunaniaeth er mwyn osgoi cael eu targedu. Amddifadu pobl anabl o’u hawl i annibyniaeth a diogelwch
Gall ofn profiadau ailadroddus hefyd arwain pobl anabl i ddatblygu strategaethau ar gyfer osgoi troseddau pellach, megis osgoi defnyddio trafnidiaeth gyhoeddus ar adegau penodol.
Gall effeithiau casineb at anabledd gynnwys gorbryder, straen, iselder, ofn, cywilydd, gwarth, unigedd, gwendid corfforol llethol, blinder a symptomau anabledd yn dwysáu.
Mewn rhai achosion, mae'r profiad casineb anabledd wedi gwaethygu problemau seicolegol a chorfforol megis trawiadau ar y galon, strociau a blinder.
Gall dioddefwyr casineb anabledd hefyd brofi effeithiau ariannol, er enghraifft gorfod defnyddio tacsi yn lle trafnidiaeth gyhoeddus er mwyn osgoi profiadau ailadroddus. Gall hyn achosi straen ariannol.
The impacts of Disability Hate
Research around disability hate crime shows that the impacts are complex for disabled people, and include;
Minimising the experience to feel better able to cope with it
Feeling uncertain about whether what happened to them is a ‘hate crime’. Fear of re-victimisation, which can lead them to social isolation and withdrawing from engaging with the community and may hide their identity to avoid being targeted. Depriving disabled people of their right to independence and safety
Fear of repeat experiences can also lead disabled people to developing strategies for avoiding further offences, such as avoiding using public transport at certain times.
Impacts of disability hate can include anxiety, stress, depression, fear, shame, humiliation, isolation, overwhelming physical weakness, tiredness and disability symptoms being intensified.
In some cases, the disability hate experience has worsened psychological and physical issues such as heart attacks, strokes and tiredness. Financial impacts can also be experienced by victims of disability hate, for example having to use a taxi rather than public transport to avoid repeat incidences, this can be financially draining.
Roedd y cyflawnwyr yn heidio yn
erbyn ni fel teulu, roedd e'n annifyr iawn. Aeth yn waeth ac yn waeth. Yn y diwedd fe
wnaethon ni roi ein henwau i lawr i gael ein symud o'r tŷ.
Rhwystrau i adrodd
Mae rhwystrau sylweddol i adrodd am droseddau casineb wedi'u hadrodd.
Gall tan-adrodd ddigwydd oherwydd ystod eang o resymau cymhleth. Er enghraifft, mae dioddefwyr troseddau casineb mewn ymchwil yn dweud wrthym fod rhwystrau'n cynnwys:
Asiantaethau eraill yn bod yn ansensitif i'r effeithiau a brofir, a theimlo eu bod yn cael eu tanseilio.
Ansensitifrwydd tuag at anabledd rhywun
Mae pobl ag anableddau anweladwy yn llai tebygol o adrodd am ddigwyddiadau oherwydd model meddygol anabledd a all ddylanwadu ar adnabod cam-drin.
These perpetrators were ganging up on us as a family, it was deeply upsetting. It got worse and worse. In the end we put our names down to be moved from the house
Barriers to reporting
There are significant reported barriers to reporting hate crime.
Under-reporting can happen due to a wide range of complex reasons. For example victims of hate crime in research tell us barriers include;
Other agencies being insensitive
Insensitivity towards someone’s disability
People with non-visible disabilities are less likely to report incidences due to the medical model of disability which can influence the identification of abuse.
Mae ymchwil academaidd hefyd yn dangos y gall hunaniaethau croestoriadol
ddylanwadu ar brofiadau o'r math hwn o gasineb. Er enghraifft, menywod gydag anableddau corfforol a stereoteipiau rhywedd, cyfeiriadedd rhywiol ac anabledd, anabledd dysgu a chrefydd.
Mae rhai rhwystrau eraill i adrodd am droseddau casineb yn y Ganolfan Cymorth Troseddau Casineb yn cynnwys:
Gall rhai o brofiadau’r dioddefwr fod yn is-droseddol a gadael amheuaeth a fydd gweithred wedi'i thargedu atynt yn cael ei chymryd o ddifrif.
Gall y drosedd casineb gael ei chyflawni gan rywun sy'n agos at y dioddefwr (fel gofalwr), gyda'r risg o golli cefnogaeth yn teimlo fel canlyniad i adrodd.
Gallai'r profiad fod yn cynyddu symptomau'r anabledd neu'r risg o iechyd meddwl gwael
Ansicrwydd a fydd yr heddlu neu asiantaethau eraill yn ei gymryd o ddifrif
Pobl o'u hamgylch yn 'lleihau'r' mater Diffyg ymddiriedaeth neu hyder yn yr heddlu.
Profiadau negyddol o wasanaethau a chymorth i bobl anabl.
Analluogrwydd i gysylltu ag asiantaethau neu wasanaethau cymorth oherwydd eu hamhariad a diffyg cymhorthion priodol/diffyg gallu i gyfathrebu
Cael eu cyflyru i anwybyddu'r hyn sy'n digwydd, yn hytrach nag ei herio. Ynysu cymdeithasol
Diffyg ymddiriedaeth oherwydd profiadau blaenorol gwael o adrodd am droseddau
Ofn bod yn ddioddefwr eto neu waethygu
In addition academic research also shows that intersecting identities can have an influence on experiences of this type of hate. For example, women with physical disabilities and gender stereotypes, sexual orientation and disability, learning disability and religion.
Some other barriers to reporting hate crime in the Hate Crime Support Centre include;
Some of the experiences by the victim can be sub-criminal and leave doubt that an action targeted at them will be taken seriously.
The hate crime may be perpetrated by someone close to the victim (such as a carer), with the risk of loss of support feeling like a consequence of reporting.
The experience may be increasing disability symptoms or risk of poor mental health
Unsure if the police or other agencies will take it seriously
‘Minimising’ of the issue by those around them
Mistrust or lack of confidence in the police.
Negative experiences of services and support for disabled people.
Inability to make contact with agencies or support services because of their impairment and lack of appropriate communication aids/ability·Being conditioned to ignore what is happening, rather than it be challenged.
Social isolation
Lack of trust due to previous poor experiences of reporting crime
Fear of repeat victimisation or escalation
Nid yw llawer o ddioddefwyr yn
gwybod beth sy'n cyfrif fel trosedd casineb anabledd na sut i adrodd amdani
Gall fod dryswch rhwng cam-drin
cyffredinol a throseddau casineb, yn
enwedig pan fydd yr elyniaeth yn gynnil
neu'n barhaus dros amser
Tybir ei fod yn drosedd casineb, yn
enwedig os cafodd adroddiadau
blaenorol eu hanwybyddu
Gall mecanweithiau adrodd fod yn anhygyrch
Gall dioddefwyr deimlo cywilydd, embaras neu wedi'u trawmateiddio, gan ei gwneud hi'n anodd codi llais
Gall profi casineb dros amser arwain at gredoau mewnol bod cam-drin o'r fath yn normal neu'n haeddiannol
Many victims don’t know what constitutes a disability hate crime or how to report it
There can be confusion between general abuse and hate crime, especially when the hostility is subtle or persistent over time
It’s presumed, especially if previous reports were dismissed
Reporting mechanisms can be inaccessible
Victims may feel ashamed, embarrassed or traumatised, making It hard to speak up
Long-term exposure to hate may lead to internalised beliefs that such abuse is normal or deserved
Adrodd am Droseddau
Casineb
Mae peth ymchwil yn dangos, er bod troseddau casineb anabledd yn cael eu tan-adrodd, fod yn well gan bobl anabl yn aml adrodd am ddigwyddiadau i wasanaethau Trydydd Parti megis llinellau cymorth ac elusennau.
Adrodd i’r Heddlu:
Gall unrhyw un sy'n profi neu sy'n dyst i drosedd casineb anabledd ei adrodd yn uniongyrchol i'r heddlu drwy ffonio 101 neu 999 mewn argyfwng neu lle mae perygl dybryd. Mae gan rhai heddluoedd opsiynau adrodd ar-lein.
Adrodd i Ganolfan Cymorth Casineb Cymru:
Mae Canolfan Cymorth Casineb Cymru yn wasanaeth arbenigol sy'n cael ei redeg gan yr elusen annibynnol Cymorth i Ddioddefwyr a'i ariannu gan Lywodraeth Cymru. P'un a yw rhywun sydd wedi profi casineb wedi adrodd i'r heddlu ai peidio, mae cymorth ar gael. Mae ystod eang o opsiynau hygyrchedd ar gael ac mae cymorth yn cynnwys diogelwch, cymorth a chysur ac eiriolaeth. Mae'r gwasanaeth wedi'i deilwra i anghenion pobl. Mae manylion cyswllt isod.
Reporting Hate Crime
Some research shows that whilst disability hate crime is under-reported, disabled people often prefer to report incidences to Third Party services such as helplines and charities.
Reporting to the Police:
Anyone who experiences or witnesses a disability hate crime can report it directly to the police by phoning 101 or 999 in an emergency or where there is immediate danger. Some police forces have online reporting options.
Reporting to the Wales Hate Support Centre:
The Wales Hate Support Centre is a specialist service run by the independent charity Victim Support and funded by Welsh Government. It doesn’t matter if someone experienced hate has reported it to the police or not, support is available. A wide range of accessibility options are available, and support includes safety, support and reassurance and advocacy. The service is tailored to people’s needs. Contact details are below.
Ynglŷn â Chanolfan
Cymorth
Casineb Cymru
Mae Canolfan Cymorth Casineb Cymru, wedi'i darparu gan Cymorth i Ddioddefwyr a'i hariannu gan Lywodraeth Cymru, yn wasanaeth cymorth arbenigol annibynnol i ddioddefwyr troseddau a digwyddiadau casineb.
Nid yw’r Gwasanaeth Cymorth yn barnu a does dim ots a ydych chi wedi cysylltu â’r heddlu ai peidio.
Mae'r gwasanaeth hefyd:
Yn Ganolfan Adrodd Trydydd Parti (gallant adrodd i'r Heddlu ar eich rhan)
Yn Canolbwyntio ar Ddioddefwyr – yn symud ar eich cyflymder chi, ac i’r cyfeiriad rydych chi am fynd
Wrth eich ochr, gan ddarparu cymorth a sicrwydd ar hyd y ffordd
Yn gallu cynnig arweiniad a chyngor ar eich hawliau, yn ogystal ag eirioli ar eich rhan i asiantaethau Heddlu, Tai ac eraill
Ar gael i bobl ifanc yn ogystal ag oedolion Gallwch gyrchu'r gwasanaeth yn annibynnol os ydych chi'n 13 oed neu'n hŷn, neu drwy riant neu ofalwr os ydych chi'n iau na hynny.
About the Wales Hate Support Centre
The Wales Hate Support Centre, delivered by Victim Support and funded by Welsh Government, is a confidential and independent specialist support service for victims of hate crime and incidences.
The Support Service is non-judgemental and it doesn’t matter if you’ve involved the police or not.
In addition, the service is;
A Third Party Reporting Centre (they can report to the Police on your behalf)
Victim Focused – moving at your pace and speed, and in the direction you want to go
By your side, providing support and reassurance along the way
Able to offer guidance and advice on your rights, in addition to advocating on your behalf to Police, Housing and other agencies
Available to support young people in addition to adults. You can access the service independently if you’re aged 13 or over, or through a parent or carer if you’re younger than that.
Mae'r gwasanaeth yn cael ei gefnogi gan Language Line, lle mae dros 200 o ieithoedd ar gael o ddechrau'r atgyfeiriad i Ganolfan Cymorth Casineb Cymru i ddiwedd y cymorth.
Mae Sign Live ar gael yn rhad ac am ddim i bobl sy'n defnyddio Iaith Arwyddion Prydain fel eu prif iaith.
Accessibility
The service is supported by Language Line, where over 200 languages are accessible from the start of the referral to the Wales Hate Support Centre to the end of support.
Sign Live is available free of charge for people who use British Sign Language as their primary language.
Ffoniwch ni am ddim ar 0300 30 31 982 24/7, 365 diwrnod y flwyddyn
Gwefan www.reporthate.victimsupport.org.uk
Defnyddiwch ein gwasanaeth Sgwrs Fyw 24/7: www.reporthate.victimsupport.org.uk E-bost hate.crimewales@victimsupport.org.uk
Gall sefydliadau partner atgyfeirio cleient trwy lenwi ffurflen atgyfeirio, e-bostiwch hate.crimewales@victimsupport.org.uk i gael copi
Gall opsiynau hygyrch eraill fod ar gael yn dibynnu ar anghenion y dioddefwyr, er enghraifft; ymweliadau personol, print bras, cyfathrebu drwy e-bost neu neges destun ac ati. www.reporthate.victimsupport.org.uk
Other accessible options may be available depending on the victims needs, for example; in-person visits, large print, communication via e-mail or text etc.
