Assortment and quality Flowers cambodian + english 2024

Nomenclature = names of plants

Correct

plant names are important

§ All products must be listed with their scientific names (Latin)

§ រុក$%តិ(ងអស់.ត/វែត2ន4ក់េ6ះវទ;<=ស%អក?រ@Aំង

§ This requires a lot of product knowledge of naming flowers and plants

§ 9េហតុែដល>ម>រេ@យេយBងយល់ដឹងចFស់អំពីទំនិញលក់

§ Names include: េPQះរួមTន:

§ Genus = genus name = 1st name Bម.តកូល

§ Species = specific name = 2nd name Bមេ67ះ

§ Cultivars = breed / culture variety = 3rd name

§ េ67ះ%សំHស់ពណ៏នឹង.បេភទ

Nomenclature of plants

§ Latin or botanical name: based on how plants are flowering

§ េ6ះេដOមេឈO%អក?រ@Aងឬេ6ះេដOមេឈOកRSងែផRកវទ;<=ស: សUិតេVេលOរេបWប

§ According to hierarchical system

§ េ\ងAមលំ4ប់]Rក់^ប់េ67ះៃនរុក$%តិ

– Families UកមUគVWរ វងX

– Genera Uតកូល

– Species Zម

– Cultivars / trade names េ67ះ%សំHស់ពណ៏នឹង.បេភទ

– Sometimes synonyms are still in use

េពលខaះរុក$%តិbនេ67ះ.តកូលេ.ចOន2ន

§ Each product has an own product-code (VBN)

§ រុក$%តិនីមួយៗbនេលខកូដផលិតផលZgល់ខahន (VBN)

Hierarchy Latin names

§ Family Caryophyllaceae

§ Genus Dianthus, Gypsophylla

§ Species paniculata / elegans

§ Cultivars cultivars / ‘Million Stars’

Lucas Jansen

Different Types of chains

Traditional vs modern:

Breeder

Producer / grower

Transport

§ Exporter/wholesaler

Importing

Point of sale:

Breeder

Producer / grower

Transport

§ Exporter/ wholesaler

Transport

Distribution centre

Point of sales

Supermarkets, DIY stores, garden centre chains

Consumers

Flower production from all over the world

Air transport

Influences quality in the chain

Influences in the chain Productions facts included genetic characteristics

Definition Each flower / plant has different characteristics to start with (genetic)

The “quality of the producer” makes finally a product with the growing facts

Weather and availability

Breeders

Growers

Transport

Export company

Transport

Importer / Wholesalers / distribution centre

Shops (sales points)

Sales to consumers depends on: country, trends, traditions etc

Presentation

Pricing

Personnel

storage

The faster a product goes through the chain, the better it is. The more stable the cold chain in terms of temperature and humidity, the better it is.

In every part of chain flower food need to be added: from pre-treatment till consumer to make vase live longer.

For plants is pre-treatment sometimes necessary

Prevent damage, limit evaporation, influence shelf life.

Information and promotion

Prevent stress, transport damage and handling damage

Some products get special treatment before the go into the chain

Prevent Botrytis, among other things And other infections such as fungi, bacteria and viruses

Forward and backwards information: Specifications, claims, care stores and consumers etc

Measure = know

To improve sales and reduce

The supply chain of flowers

• Hygiene

• Treatment of crops

• Post-harvest treatment

• Conditioning

• Layout & design

• Flower and plant food

The Flower Food Chain Gives

50-60% longer vase life

Point of sale type = segments

§ Flower shop

§ Market

Garden centre

DIY store

Supermarket

Classification cut flowers

Top 5

Springblooming bulb flowers Summer Blooming Bulb Flowers Decoration leaf / cut foliage Forced schrubs "Summer" Flowers Exotic flowers

Main crops

Of these 3 ក"#ង

bunch and disbudded versions for:

• Rosa កុtប

• Chrysanthemum

• Dianthus

Gerbera

• Always 1 flower on 1 stem

• %.បេភទbនZ[ែតមួយកRSងZ[

Alstroemeria

• Always several flowers on 1 stem

• 9UបេភទTន78េUចBនក'ង78មួយេដBម

Bulb flowers

Spring flowering bulbs: !បេភទ&'ែដល+នឬស/េម1ម2រដូវ!ត/ក់

• Tulipa

• Hyacinthus

• Narcissus

• Hippeastrum

• Muscari

Summer-flowering bulbous plants: !បេភទ&'ែដល+នឬស/េម1ម2រដូវេ9:

• Dahlia

• Iris

• Gladiolus

• Lilium

• Ornithogalum

• Freesia

• Ranunculus

Lilium

Exotic flowers: Pretty much only imports

Exotic flowers annual share from greenhouse NL

Exotic flowers partly Dutch

and partly import

Forest schrubs: Forced Cut Flowers

Summer flowers from annuals

Summer flowers from annuals

Summer flowers from perennials

Summer flowers from perennials

Decorative foliage

Rosa Queen of flowers

The origin of Rosa

§ Scientific name is Rosa េPះវទgWhស+គ Rosa

§ Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere (Central Asia and Europe)

§ តំបន់@!សjតុៃនអឌlេmលnងេជBង (@សុីក.+ល

)

§ Temperate climate @!សjតុេp+

§ Natural flowering time from May to October

§ េពលេវqេចញ78ធមQ9តិពីែខឧស6ដល់ែខតុq

§ Use as a cut flower, dried flower, edible flower

§ េUបB978!ត់

§ Garden plant: climb, slate, trunk, shrub, stick, etc.

§

The multiplication

§ Inoculate !រប$%ត់ពូជ

§ Put +ក់ចូក./ងដី

§ Stenten ផ4ំបំែបកែមក

§ Tissue culture

§ Cuttings !រ!ត់

Breeding criteria

§ Color

§ Flower shape AងB% § Number of petals

§ Shelf life in number of days

§ Odor

§ Open up of flowers

Breeding criteria

§ Production: stems per m²:

ផលិតកម7៖

depending on growing conditions -.ស័យេល3លក4ខណ7លូត:ស់

Lighting need

Sensitivity to Botrytis

Transport

Operation Uបតិបត+ិ!រ

Assortment Rosa

Import Rosa

Productie depends on country and region

§ Holland: sea level

§ Kenia: 1500 – 2000 meter high

§ Ecuador: 2000 – 3000 meter high

§ The production and variety has influence on:

§ Size of buds § Growth rate / tempo

Opening of flowers

Import

§ Since 1993 the most imported cut flower

§ 78ែដលZំចូលេUចBនបំផុតÄំងពី|'ំ1993

§ Import season ALL YEAR round and was from midOctober to the end of May

§ !រZំ78ចូលÄមរដូវ!លនឹងTនរយះេពលេពញមួយ|'ំេÅមួយ|'ំនិង#ប់ពី~ក់ក.+លែខតុq

Prices of imported roses better than Dutch ones?

តៃមcែដលេធeB!រZំចូលTន6ពUបេសBរ9ងតៃមcេÇហូឡង់

Transport still the biggest problem:

Selection of cultivars more directly for certain countries

Import: difference in product

§ Main import countries: .បេទសBំចូលសំÜន់ៗ៖

Kenya and other African countries

េកន\៉ និងបá>.បេទសà=ហrិកេផ?ងេទWត។

§ mostly smaller flowers (larger in summer months)

§ Z[តូចៗäគេ.ចOន (ធំ%ងេVែខរដូវេã> )

§ Trend towards more large-flowered assortment

§ jរបេង[OតនិBRjរៃនjរេរWបលំ4ប់]Rក់េàយbនធំទូtយ

§ gentle cultivation at 18 - 20 C

§ jរ4ំដុះេVសីតុណåäព 18-20 អងpេស

§ lots of sun = light

§ .ពះàទិតÅេ.ចOន = ពនaឺ

§ nurseries of 30 ha plastic greenhouse or more

§ បណ>Sះកូនផgះកkçក់2aសgិក 30 ហិកA ឬេ.ចOន%ងេនះ។

§ now mountain range = bigger flowers

§ ឥឡ/វេនះAមជួរភRំ = Z[ធំ%ង

Import: difference in product

– Ecuador

§ High-altitude cultivation = larger flower

§ jរ4ំដុះខêស់ = Z[ធំ%ង

§ propagation at 16 - 18 C

§ jរបi[ត់ពូជេVសីតុណåäព ១៦-១៨ អងpេស

§ 10 weeks per cut

§ 10 ស2>ហ៍ស.bប់jរjត់

§ sometimes poor water absorption = marrow up = opening up

§ ជួនjលjរ.ស/បយកទឹកមិនលì = ខួរឆìឹងខRងេឡOង

§ Very much improved in the last 5 years

§ bនäព.បេសOរេឡOង\៉ងÜaំងកRSងរយៈេពល 5 ñRំចុងេ.jយេនះ។

Equador roses

Dutch roses compared to imports

§ Hollands / import in winter

§ ហូឡង់ / BំចូលកRSងរដូវរiរ

– Heavier lighting gives good quality

– ពន=ឺ?ន់ែតេ.ច3នផBល់នូវគុណFលG

– product enters the chain at a younger age

– ផលិតផលចូលក"#ងែខIសJKក់េLេពលេLតូច

– Cultivar dependent ពូជ

§ knob / stem ratio knob / សbb.ត េដOម

§ large-flowered Dutch + import

§ small-flowered = mostly import Z[តូច

– Grower-dependent = management

–

– Transport sensitivity

§ shaking damage

§ Packing collar

§ Sleeving / Unsleeving

Dutch roses compared to imports

§ Botrytis sensibility Uបេភទ

§ large-flowered roses more sensitive than small-flowered roses §

§ Lead time = shorter េពលេវqZំមុខ

§ Airline dependent

– 8 km altitude = 0.2 atmospheres, stem = 1 atmospheres stem is drained weight loss

– brittle crop ដំ.ំផុយ § Susceptibility to bacteria

– Pre treatment

Air transport

Cold chain strongly influences shelf life

Explanation of the degree hours model

§ Degree hour model is a formula that, in theory, can determine vase life.

§

– Optimal genetic shelf life

Calculate the number of degree hours with formula

§ Average Temp x Number of Hours

The result is to guarantee the shelf life of the cut flowers for a number of days

Example

§ A transport time of 144 hours at an average temperature of 12 degrees causes a temperature exposure of 1728 degree hours.

§ េពលេវHដឹកជJKLន 144 េM៉ងេOសីតុណQRព<មធTម 12 ដឺេVកបW9លឱTMនសីតុណQRព 1728 ដឺេVកេM៉ង។

– If, through a number of measures, the number of degree hours can be reduced to 700, the vase life of the flowers can easily be extended by two days.

– UបសិនេបBÄមរយៈវjន!រមួយចំនួនចំនួនេTងដឺេUក@ចUត`វdន!ត់បនíយដល 700

េZះជីវតរបស់7@ចUត`វdនពUងីកçង[យUសVលក',ងរយៈ

Temperature in a box

Preventing flowers from heating up

Ventilation is important

Transport that is too hot will cause crooked necks

How many movements does 1 rose make?

Equador rozen

Quality Rosa

§ Right maturity

§ pretreatment with anti-bacterial agents (max. 1 million bacteria per gram of stem)

§ !រព\]លមុន<មួយR.ក់$រVប_ំងនឹង]ក់េតរE (អតិបរM 1 Hន]ក់េតរEក./ងមួយV!មៃនេដaម)

§ vasculair blockage by bacteria

§ !រសbះសរៃសdមេ+យ]ក់េតរE

S-codes: app floribook

S-codes: app floribook

VBN specificaties

Various chains

Verschillende factoren hebben invloed op producten tijdens de afzetketens

Welke factor heeft invloed

Schakels in keten

Tijd/ opslag Temperatuur/ RV Voedingsketen Verpakken Handling Hygiëne Informatie Controle/ monitoring = data

Definitie Hoe sneller een product door de keten gaat hoe beter het is.

Hoe stabieler de koelketen qua temperatuur en luchtvochtigheid hoe beter het is.

Veredelaar

Kweker

Transport/ serviceprovider

Bloemenveiling/ importeur

Groothandel/ exporteur

cash&carry/ lijnrijder/ packers

Transport

Importerende

groothandel/ distributie/ depot

Type verkooppunt

Type consument

In iedere schakel van de keten moet voeding toegediend worden voor een optimale houdbaarheid.

Voorkomen schade, verdamping beperken, houdbaarheid beinvloeden

Minder stress, transportschade en handelingsschade voorkomen

Voorkomen o.a. Botrytis

En andere infecties als schimmels, bacteriën en virussen

Informatie doorgeven over verzorging, gebruik en toepassing door alle schakels in de keten.

Meten = weten

Transport damage

Damage due to transport

Residu on leaves

Combated mildew

Black or dark edges

§ Brown / black discolouration is normal with some red cultivars, but is enhanced by high light intensity in combination with cold on the bud!

§ jរែ.បពណ៌ពណ៌េARត/េô7គឺ%េរöងធម7A%មួយនឹងពូជZ[ពណ៏.កហមមួយចំនួន

ពនaក!

§ In other words, low button temperature and high light intensity

§

Internal quality Rosa

On delivery

A Length: 80 cm

Price: EUR 0.24

On delivery

B Length: 80 cm

Day 10

A

Length: 80 cm

Price: EUR 0.24

Shelf life: 17.0 days

Day 10

B

Length: 80 cm

Price: EUR 0,56

Shelf life: 8.0 days

Ripeness Rosa Ripeness Rosa

Cutting stages Rosa

Depends on:

Cultivar

Maturity

Cutting stage Rosa

Backgrounds opening

§ Flower is present in the smallest bud

§ 78Tនវត+TនេÇក',ងពនcកតូចបំផុត

§ Bud development Þ needed for flowering:

§ !រអភិវឌlន៍ពនcក

§ water Þ sucking up Þ cells come under tension Þ 7 x original bud weight Þ energy needed Þ extracted from the sugars in the petals

§ ទឹក Þ

§ Shortage of sugars: use spare source Þ starch grains in the petals Þ not observable Þ laboratory

§ With insufficient starch Þ no flowering

§ 9មួយនឹងេមìមិនUគប់Umន់ Þ មិនTន78

§ ß

§ roses cut too young weinig too little starch

§ 78កុqប!ត់ weinig

§ apart from ripened roses water too little starch

§

§ store too long at too high a temperature Þ flowers have to breathe and use sugars and starch Þ too little starch

Sorting or Roses

§ Uniform of ripeness stage

§ Bud size

§ Length of stems:

§ Stems a bunch:

Packaging

§ Packing: per bunch / container foil:!រេវចខñប់

– Presentation

– reduce evaporation

– Perforation edge reduced Botrytis

§ Import:!រZំចូល

– cardboard collar: ridges outside

– unequal / equal

– transport damage

– botrytis attack

– celophane / perforated foil

Perforated foil top edge

Influence on quality Rosa

§ Cultivar characteristics លកRណៈពូជ

§ Method of propagation វធីWhស+ៃន!រេôសZ ផXពeផöយ

§ Substrate on which it grows jZ oប់រងេពលែដលwដុះ

§ Climate @!សjតុ

§ Light intensity @ំងតង់សុីេតពនcឺ

§ Exposure !រប៉ះ~ល់

§ Growing height កមãស់ដុះ

§ Temperature during coolchain សីតុណÑ6ពក',ងអំឡ,ងេពលចុះUត9ក់

§ RV

§ Storage / cooling / harvest time កែនcងទុកែដលUត9ក់/េពលេវqUបមូលផល

§ Work meticulously / clean !រ[រលំអិត / !រ[រសំ@ត

A good quality check!

§ Damage caused by ……… ..

§ !រខូចnតបង8េឡBងេOយ ......... ..

§ Length differences

§ 6ពខុសUបែវង m'

§ Maturity

§ Attacks such

Vascular blockage by bacteria

Botrytis

Diseases

plagues

Other quality matters roses

§ Shelf life / test center

§ Shelf life / resources

§ Animal infestations

Vegetable infestations

Transport

Vascular blockage by bacteria

Work clean

What helps against bacteria?

§ Always use: េUបB 9និចñ ៖

– Clean vases, casks or containers

– សTäតថូឬធុងេ@យWäត

– Clean water ទឹកWäត

§ Always clean the stems for the part that enters the water:

§ ជូតសTäតេដBម9និចñសUTប់ែផ'កែដលចូលេÅក',ងទឹក ៖

– Take the leaves away យកសaឹកេចញពីេដOមZ[

– Remove thorns from roses only when necessary, for example to bind bouquets

– យកបBaេចញពីZ[កុtប

§ Put an antibacterial agent in the water: 4ក់äRក់iរ.បñំងេម េ^គេVកRSង ទឹក ៖

§ Chlorine pill or flower food &'ំChlorine ឬចំណីរបស់78

§ Always cut the flowers over a length of 3-4 cm ែតងែតjត់គល់Z[េលO .បែវង ៣-៤ ស.ម

§ Put the flowers directly in the water Oក់78ចូលេÅក',ងទឹក7Üល់

Nutrition chain cut flowers

Professional 2

Pre-treatment Prof. T-Bags of Professional 2 Professional 2 of 3 Glory + bladglans

Knife or scissor?

Effects bacteria on Roses

Only water or Water with flower food

With or without thorns?

Clean stem

Polluted stem

Leaving thorns or leaves on stems?

§ Always remove leaf

Leaving thorns in place

– Also gives strong bacterial growth

Thorns

§ Result wounds

§ Vegetable juice with sugars runs out of the wound

§ Wរjតុចិ^ñឹម

§ Sugars enter the water

§ The result is strong bacterial growth

§ The result: sleeping

Clean vases and containers

Correct cut, no frayed/curved

edge

The right concentration flower food

Cleaning vases + cut flower food

Tips for vases: glass is best

Botrytis rosa

The biggest problem: Botrytis

Botrytis + Detection

Plant infestation: Botrytis

What

is Botrytis? េតB Botrytis 9 អeី ?

– Mold that develops in a humid environment.

– ផ?ិតែដល

– Spores are in the air – េមេ^កផ?ិត

– Spores are deposited on flowers, leaves or stems.

– េមេ^កផ?ិត

– All products: flowers or plants.

–

– The softer a product, the more sensitive it becomes

Fungi: Mycelium

Botrytis mainly occurs in:

Condensation in (nonperforated) sleeves

Wet harvested product

Packaging getting hot

Damp wrapped flowers/plants

Temperature changes / condensation

Rising temperature

Wet sprayed product Tables that are damp

With almost all cut flowers + especially flowering plants

Control temperature and RH is most important

Dissolving/preventing botrytis?

§ Prevent moisture and work cleanly:

§ 8រBរកុំឱEFនសំេណ'ម

– Sufficient drying and airing during cultivation

– Blow product dry

– Do not pack/trade damp crop

§ Using Perforated Covers

§ Do not cover wet products / dry packing, "dry beating“

§

– RH in cold stores not too high (below 80%)

– RH

– RH not too high during transport (below 80%)

– RH

(េ%8ម 80%)

– Preventing temperature fluctuations

–

§ Condensation = moisture

§ condensation = សំេណ'ម

– Never spray flowers or plants with flowers or soft foliage with wet

–

Dissolving/preventing botrytis?

CLEAN + DRY WORK

§ Clearing the source/cause:

– Create Company Sweep Policies

– បេង[OតេHលនេ\2យទូលំទូtយរបស់.កមហ៊ុន

– Less Botrytis sensitive cultivars

– w[យUសVលនឹងជួយ!ត់បនíយេមេ

Spores Botrytis

A loupe can help you

§ To recognize Botrytis or other diseases it’s easy to use a simple loupe.

§ េដBម{ី[យUសVលក',ង!រេមBលេឃBញេមេ

>ល់ែតេយBងេUបBែកវពUងីកេដBម{ីេមBលw

§ It makes it more easy to see the small spots of spores

The biggest problem in the chain: Botrytis

§ Other names in Holland:

§ េ67ះ េផ?ង េទWត េV ហូឡង់៖

– Pokken, Peper, Smet, Smeul, Spikkel

§ Botrytis is a fungi:

§ Botrylis គឺ%េ67ះេមេ^គផ?ិត

§ The spores are in the air,

– specially in spaces with organic materials

When the temperature and humidity are good:

– germinate of the spore

§ It is on every flower or plant

§ It is on every part:

– flower stem, leaves

– How more soft, how more sensitive for Botrytis –

Botrytis is grows specially when:

– Condensation in cellophane

–

ចំqយទឹកេVកRSង.ក4សេវចខçប់Z[

– Heating in packaging

– កំេ•កRSងjរេវចខçប់

– When the product is wet cut and packaged

–

េVេពលែដលផលិតផល.ត/វ2នjត់េសOម និងខçប់

– When temperature is higher

–

េVេពលែដលសីតុណåäពខêស់%ង

– When humidity is to high

–

េVេពលែដលសំេណOមេឡOងខêស់។

– Changing of temperature

– jរZaស់ប>/រសីតុណåäព

– When product is sprayed with water

–

េVេពលែដលផលិតផល.ត/វ2ន2ញ់%មួយទឹក

Botrytis spores in the air

Botrytis solutions / prevent?

§ Take away the reason: !រទិញយកេhផbះ

– Make rules for cleaning and sweeping

បេង8BតចFប់សUTប់សTäត និង ជូតសTäត

– Sell products which are less sensitive for Botrytis

– លក់ផលិតផលែដលមិនសូវUបឈមមុខនឹងេមេ

Reduce wet products:

§ Enough heating in glasshouses: lower humidity

§

§ Enough fresh-dry air in glasshouses

§

§ Enough ventilation in glasshouses

§ FនខEល់េចញចូល%គប់%Sន់េkក#Tងផbះក./ក់

§ Not package wet products

§

§ Use perforated cellophane

§

§ Product always dry and not to tight

§

§ Give sealed cars enough ventilation or take away seal material

§

§ Humidity in cold stores not to high សំេណ'មេkក#Tងrង%តXក់មិនខcស់េទ

§ Humidity during transport not to high សំេណ'មក#TងអំឡTងេពលដឹកជ.d0នមិនខcស់េទ

§ Prevent changing of temperatures

– Condensation makes water in cellophanes – ចំrយទឹកLចេធK'េLយFនដំណក់ទឹកក#Tង%កWសេវចខ/ប់e^

§ Never spray flowers or plants with water

Perforation is better

Botrytis

Botrytis in Rosa

Growing spot or Botrytis?

§ Such dots can be caused by a cold night during cultivation.

§ ចំណុចែបបេនះ-ចប(^លមកពីយប់.តZក់កំឡ#ងេពលMំដុះ។

§ Always difficult such discussions and difficult to judge from a photo.

§ ?រពិFកbែបបេនះែតងែតពិTក

§ You should actually see Botrytis 'live' to be able to judge it properly.

§

§ In such cases it is best to put the flowers on the vase with a plastic bag around the affected bud. §

WZ?រលGបំផុតក"#ង?រMក់PេLេល3ថុZមួយនឹងថង់Pសmិចជុំវញេដ3មែដលរងផលប៉ះpល់។

§ This gives an RV of 100% and if it is botrytis, the small dots develop into true blemishes.

§

Quality items Rosa

Air transport:

At least 17 different links!

Total chain about 80 operations

Temperature in boxes

Botrytis Temperature and quality

Temperature and quality

Ripeness

Temperature and quality

curved stems during warm transport

Temperature and quality

Grown flowers: high temp in box

Thorn damaging

Tip damaging

Damaging by transport

Residu

Curved stems

Chrysanthemum

Assortment Chrysanthemum

§ Spay / Disbud Chrysanten: .បេភទchrysanthrmum

§ Santini typen: .បេភទ Santini

– small flower diameter no larger than 4 cm

– អង[ត់ផçិតZ[តូចមិនធំ%ង

– 6-8 flowering flowers per branch = stocky

– Z[ 6-8 Z[កRSងមួយ េដOមZ[

– branch length <58.5 cm = inspection code 55 – .បែវងZ[នីមួយ < 58.5

55

– landed on water 4ំេVកRSងដីែដលbនដក់ទឹក

– special assortmentnaar bloemvorm

– jរoត់លំ4ប់.ស(ប់Z[ពិេសស

§ production: glasshouse / outside / import

§ ផលិតកម7៖ ផgះកkçក់ / Üងេ.ã / Bំចូល

Disbud + Spray + santini

Disbud Spray

Assortment forms of flowers

Painted Chrysanthemum

Production info

Propagation

dash by specialized companies

Vegetative period: 16 - 18 days

§ perfect planning possible

លក2ណៈបេច6កេទស

Weight: ទំងន់

Sorting code refers to the average branch weight: 70% the same

§ ascending with 5 grams from 25 grams to 105 grams

Cutting stage depending on cultivar

Wooden bottom end makes it difficult to absorb water

S-codes bij chrysant

Landing regulations

No leaves at the bottom

Rust and miner fly

Feeding tips

Initial stage:

§ Later stage: spore pads first yellow / green later white and brown.

Claims by wet packaging

precoolen

Each box cool and dry ក./ងេកសB%VតLរែតVត<ក់នឹងសqrត

Gerbera

Gerbera assortment

§ By size: Äមទំហំ៖

– Large-flowered: 8 cm and larger – 78ធំ: 8 សង់ទីែម៉Uតនិងធំ9ង – Mini: 6 – 7.9

§ To flower shape: ទUមង់78៖

– Single-flowered 78ែតមួយ

– Double-flowered 78េទeរដង

– Spider-flowered = spider-flowered ងដូចពីង~ង

– With black heart

– Without ribbon flowers = New

Gerbera assortment

§ By colour: Äមពណ៌៖

A single color ពណ៌ែតមួយ

Bicolour Tនែតពីរពណ៌

Multicolor ពហុពណ៌ – With green or black heart

Dyed species

Gerbera assortment

Enkel, gevuld, spider, pompon, Germini (mini), maxi, micro

Gerbera

Sorting

§ Ripeness: stamen rings § 6ពទុំ Tនលំអង9រងeង់មូលដូចចិេ^ñ§ន

§ Floral diameter

– gerbera large-flowered = diameter 10.9 = code10

Gerbera

§ Length of stems

– shorter than 35 cm not in boxes

§ Always store boxes upside down

Packaging / transport Gerbera

Gerbera box with interior

Gerbera <មួយនឹងៃផbsងក./ង

Storing boxes upside down in cold stores and during transport

!ររក4ទុកVបអប់+ក់បtueសេOក./ងvងVត<ក់

Packaging / transport Gerbera on water

Gerbera

Ripeness of the flower: stamen rings 2-3 open is ok

Too ripe 2-3 rings is ok

Maturity should be the same

Pay attention to Gerbera

Quality problems at Gerbera

ប34គុណ8ព របស់

Gerbera

§ Botrytis: speckle / heart fungus / flower rot

§ Borytis(េមេ

§ Vascular blockage due to bacteria េធeBេ@យរលួយេដBម78េOយWរdក់េតរÖ

§ Chlorine stems at too high a concentration during pre-watering at the grower

§ កcរÖនTនកំ´ប់ខãស់េពកក',ងកំឡ,ងេពលេUWចទឹកមុនអ'កOំ

§ Length differences in box 6ពខុសm'ៃនUបែវងេÇក',ងUបអប់

§ Correct diameter អង8ត់ផñិតUតឹមUត`វ។

§ No heels មិនUត`វេ@យTន េជBង78េសQBរm'

§ No Grass Hearts មិនUត`វេ@យTនេ Qក',ងបណ+`ល78

§ Cooling: 2-5 degrees Uត9ក់: 2-5 ដឺេUក

§ Possibly outside cell due to moisture and therefore Botrytis

Botrytis Gerbera

Effect of Bacteria on Gerbera (Most Sensitive)

Bacterie steel

Difference / Similarity Bacterial or chlorine stem

Bacterial stem

Comes from within

Uniform brown over the entire length

When the bacteria content is high, the stem becomes soft or mushy

Chlorine stem

Is limited to the outside

Brown spots on part that has been in chlorine

Stem stays sturdy

Shelf life is poor, doomed

No more ornamental value

Shelf life remains good, no influence

Ornamental value of stem reduced

Shelf life gerbera

Gerbera

§ From 10 to 15 days ពី 10 េÅ 15 ៃថt។

§ Depends: production and season @Uស័យេលB៖

§ And: និង៖

– Provided it is fresh ផ+ល់ឱèwUសស់

– Provided that it is chlorinated ផ+ល់9កcរÖន

– Provided it is properly transported

– ផ+ល់ឱèwUត`វdនដឹកជ^_`នUតឹមUត`វ

– Provided that it is kept refrigerated

– ផ+ល់&wUត`វdនរកöទុកក',ងទូរទឹកកក

– Provided the vase and containers are clean

– ផ+ល់ថូ និងធុងWäត

– Provided that the preservative is in the water – ផ+ល់&WរjតុអភិរកXTនេÇក',ងទឹក។

Dianthus

Factsheet Dianthus

§ Herbaceous plant, smells like cloves

§ 9រុកR9តិេ QTនកcិនដូច78!cំពូ

§ Global Manufacturing ផលិតកមQសកល

– The Netherlands used to be very important

– Uបេទសហូឡង់jcប់TនWរៈសំnន់.ស់

– Now only seasonal in summer – autumn

§ Worldwide cut flower no. 3 after Rose and Chrysanthemum § 78!ត់ទូ>ំងពិភពេqក

§ Assortment:

– Caryophyllus Grp

§ Standard carnation = disbudded carnation

§ Spray carnation

– Barbatus = duizendschoon

Import vs Dutch carnations

§ Year-round imports mainly from: § !រZំចូលេពញមួយ|'ំ6គេUចBនមកពី៖ – Spain េអសF៉ញ

– Colombia (especially standard)

– Turkey (especially truss)

– Kenya េកនç៉

– Italy (mainly for local sales)

Morocco T៉រoុក

§ Netherlands:

– Seasonal from July/August - October

Assortment Dianthus disbudded / standard carnation

Assortment Dianthus tros / spray anjer

Dianthus Assortment barbatus = duizendschoon

Damage caused by Ethylene

Not pre-treated and finished flowering prematurely = shrinker

Dianthus

Dianthus not and pre-treated

Shrinkers

What is Ethylene?

§ Odourless and colourless gas

§ ឧសQ័នmQនកcិន

– Aging Gas ´ស#ស់

§ Plays a role in the fading of flowers

§ Gas is produced by:

– Flowers themselves

– Exhaust gases

Ripening fruit

§ The solution:

– Pre-treatment with STS

Pay attention to Dianthus purchasing

§ Grower's name

§ Country of production

§ Maturity

NL often more open

– Import often more in button

§ Pre-treatment with STS

§ Quality Issues: Botrytis + Trips

Uniformity

S-codes Dianthus

Quality problems at Dianthus

Botrytis

§ Length differences

§ Number of buds per flower unequal (for trusses)

) § Improper ripeness

§ Improper pre-treatment with STS

Botrytis spray Dianthus

Trips in Dianthus

Alstroemeria

At Alstroemeria

Purchasing pay attention to

§ Grower's name

Country of production

Maturity

§ Pre-treatment with gibberylins

to prevent yellowing of leaves

§ Quality Issues:

Botrytis + Thrips + yellow foliage + limp stems

S-codes Alstroemeria

• Length Vបែវង

• Number of stems per bunch

• ចំនួនេដaមក./ងមួយ]ច់

• Number of buds per branch

• ចំនួនB%ក./ងមួយេដaមB%

• Weight ទមqន់

• Maturity RពZស់ទុំ

Quality problems at Alstroemeria

§ Botrytis (leaf and flower)

§ េមេ គផXិត (សcឹក និង78 )

§ Length differences 6ពខុសm'ៃនUបែវង

§ Number of buds per flower uneven

§ ចំនួនៃន78ែដលTនក',ងមួយ78មិនេសQBm'

§ Firmness of stem = slack

§ 6ពរ¥ងTំៃនេដBម = 6ពយឺតç៉វ

§ Proper ripeness !រទុំUតឹមUត`វ

§ Proper pre-treatment with gibberellin

§ !រពgdលមុនឱèdនUតឹមUត`វ9មួយអរម៉ូនរុកR9តិ

§ Cooling: 2-5 degrees Uត9ក់: 2-5 ដឺេUក

Botrytis

Production Alstroemeria

§ The Netherlands (year-round out of the greenhouse)

§ Uបេទសហូឡង់ (េពញមួយ|'ំេចញពីផÜះក^ñក់)

– Often cut / supplied quite unripe – 9ញឹក

– Winter quality depends on grower

– គុណ6ពរដូវរ[@Uស័យេលBអ'កOំដុះ

§ Sometimes weak stems

§ Colombia

– Often more swollen, color-like buds

– 9ញឹកញយ

– Thicker stems

§ Ecuador

Kenya

Assortment Alstroemeria

Alstroemeria florinca cv

Alstroemeria ripeness

Pre-treatment solution: administering hormones

§ Pre-treatment agent: ]Jក់aរពbcល

Growth substances gibberellin

§

Other sensitive products for leaf yellowing:

Alstroemeria

Too few hormones cause rapid yellowing of the leaves

Bouvardia

Fact sheet Bouvardia

§ Flower shrub grows as a short-day plant

§ េដOមZ[ដុះ%រុក$%តិរយៈេពលខaី

– By means of darkening / lighting at the right time to get into bloom

– េ4យមេធ;2យៃនjរេធrOឱÅងងឹត / បំភaឺេVេពល.តឹម.ត/វេដOម¶ីេàយZ[រüក

§ Cultivation can be done as a chrysanthemum or as a rose

§ jរ4ំដុះàច.ត/វ2នេធrOដូច% chrysanthemum ឬ%Z[កុtប

– new cuttings every time (such as Chrysanthemum)

– jរjត់ថ7ី^ល់េពល (ដូច% Chrysanthemum)

– Always prune shrub and use for several years (such as rose) – ែតងែតjត់ែមកេឈO

§ Pre-treatment with RVB

§ Colors: Pink, Red, White + New Colors

§ Shelf life: 7-14 days

When purchasing Bouvardia, pay attention to

Cultivation method

Grower's name

Maturity

Quality Issues Bouvardia

§ Maturity 6ព#ស់ទុំ

§ Improperly pre-treated: !រពgdលមិនUតឹមUត`វ៖

– Consists mainly of liquefaction and bactericide – Tន9ចម{ងៃន

§ Leaf scorch (too high concentration)

§ !រដុតសcឹក (កំ´ប់ខãស់េពក)

§ No effect (too low concentration)

§ mQនផលប៉ះ~ល់ (កំ´ប់>បេពក)

§ Sensitive in combination with other flowers due to bacterial sensitivity

§ Tន6ព[យUសVលក',ង!ររួមផXំ9មួយ78េផXងេទóតេOយWរែត6ពែUបUបVលៃនdក់េតរÖ

§ Botrytis េមេ គផXិត

§ Whitefly ៃច

Whitefly

Cut flowers from bulbs, tubers

Starting questions

§ What is the difference between a bulb and tuber?

§ េតaអ~ី<Rពខុសp.រÄង

?

§ What is the difference between: េតaអ~ី<Rពខុសp.រÄង៖ – Flower bulb cultivation? = bulb production

Bulb flower cultivation? = flower from a bulb = hatchery

What is the difference between a bulb and tuber?

§ Bulb (onion) or tuber (potato)

Bulb flowers or flower bulbs?

§ Flower bulb cultivation:

– production of flower bulbs in which the flower is subordinate

§ Bulb flower cultivation:

– Production of flowers from bulbs or tubers – !រផលិតេមaមB%Aងអំពូលឬេមaម

– Often referred to as hatchery – <េរ|យៗេគេÑÖកែនDងRÅស់

Classification of assortment of bulbs and tubers

§ Spring Flowering:

§ Tulips

§ Narcissus

§ Hyacinthus

§ Special bulbous plants= extra

§ Muscari

§ Galanthus

§ Fritillaria

§ Crocus

§ Scilla

§ Summer

Flowering:

§Lilium §Aziatische §Oriental

§Longiflorum

§LA §OA

§LO §Freesia §Iris §Dahlia §Gladiolus §Nerine

Spring Flowering Bulb Flowers

Tulipa, Narcissus,

Hyacinthus

Take away flowers of Tulips on bulbfields

Cycle Spring Flowering Bulbs

§ Autumn planting October – December

§ Winter cold period for flower planting §

§ Spring Blooming: Harvesting or Heading

§ Grow bulbs to larger sizes + small ones §

§ Foliage dieback

§ Summer harvesting (June – July)

§ Store at the right temperature

§ Sale: dry bulb / hatchery (bulb flower growers)

Tulipa

Tulipa

Hyacinthus

Hyacinthus

Hyacinthus

Narcissus

Narcissus

Relationship bulb size - flower

§ Relation bulb size = sift size = circumference of the bulb

§ and weight flowers

– Show the relationship between the size of the dry bulbs and the final quality of the cut flowers / potted bulbs

Vase life determined by process from bulb to flower

§ Storage of the bulb

§ Floriculture: sand or clay

§ Mode of production: soil or water

Cutting stage

§ Storage of the flower

Preservative in the vase

Tulipa

Some facts about Tulipa

§ Origin: Turkey

§ UបភពេដBម៖

§ Early 15th ÄំងេដBមសតវតXទី 15

§ from Turkey to the Netherlands:

– For 400 years, the Netherlands has been known in the world for its tulips, clogs and windmills

tulips, clogs និង windmills Tulip mania

§ Tulip mania caused Dutch trade to run wild in the 16th century: once upon a time, 1 tulip bulb cost 21,000 euros § Tulip mania

Some facts about Tulipa

§ There are many hundreds of tulip cultivars

§ Mនពូជ ធូលីប<េVចaនAប់រយ

§ Separate assortments for: !រZត់Ö.ក់+ច់េ+យែឡកសVMប់៖ – Cut tulips ធូលីប

– Tulips in a pot

– Garden tulips

Tulips can be divided:

To flower shape

– By colour

Did

you know that some tulips?

§ Do you also have strong smells?

§ េតaអ.កMនកDិនsDំងែដរឬេទ?

§ Can you have multiple flowers on a stem? េតaអ.កfចMន

B%េVចaនេOេលaេដaម]នេទ?

§ Also be offered for the seed pods?

§ ក៏VតLវ]នផ9ល់ជូនសVMប់ Vpប់ពូជ?

Growing Tulipa

§ The growing of Tulips depends on:

§ !ររEកលូតHស់ៃន ធូលីបfVស័យេលa: – Cultivar ពូជ – Harvest stadium

– Temperature សីតុណQRព

§ Advantages of growing tulips:

§ អតíUបេçជន៍ៃន!ររÖកលូតqស់ របស់ធូលីប

– The flower is "alive" 78 "រស់"

– Natural look រូប ងធមQ9តិ

§ Requires technical knowledge for florists

§ >ម>រចំេណះដឹងបេចñកេទសសUTប់អ'កលក់78

Combinations bulb flowers in bouquets: tulip

+ daffodil

§ Tulips + Daffodils cause problems unless:

§ Tulips + Daffodils

– Or ឬ

§ the daffodils are not cut off

§ Daffodils

– Or ឬ

§ The daffodils are first cut and pre-watered

– Or ឬ

§ Special bulb flowers chrysal is used

Tulipa cultivars Flower shapes

Some Tulips

Fringed / crispa Tulips

Double Tulips

Parakeet Tulips

Lily-flowered tulips

French Tulips

Production of Tulipa

Cultivation methods influence quality

– Cultivation of bulbs in the southern hemisphere or France

– !រOំដុះេមBមេÇអឌlេmលnងត{`ងឬUបេទសd ំង

– Cultivation of bulbs on clay or sand

– !រOំដុះេមBមេÇេលBដីឥដ¨ឬដីខöច់

– Influences of storage bulbs

– Scaldnig method

Water Heating

Box heating

Open field cultivation

Waterbroei

§ Stacked for 3 weeks in a shed room at 12.5 degrees Celsius

Oក់ក',ងកែh^ñងេÇក',ងបនÜប់ែដលTនទឹកUសក់រយៈេពល

Then 3 weeks in the greenhouse at 20 degrees day and 16 degrees Celsius night temperature

ចុងេU!យុំេគUបមូលផលក',ងរយៈេពល៣ៃថt

Video water heating – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CI3uyKql3Uc

Scalding in crates

§ Bulbs planted in boxes

§ Boxes placed in greenhouse and there temperature to heat + water and light § Uបអប់Oក់េÇក',ងផÜះក^ñក់

§ Harvest when flower bud has color UបមូលផលេÇេពលែដលពនcក78Tនពណ៌

– Dependent on cultivar @Uស័យេលBពូជ – Season រដូវ

– Destination េmលេ

– Video crates heating: ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFl3tUyPR90

At Tulip Purchasing Watches

§ Grower's name

Maturity stage

§ 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5

Weight

Cultivation method

Pre treatment

Harvest

§ Method of supply via auction or directly; វធីWhស+ៃន!រផត់ផង់Äមរយៈ!រេដញៃថcឬេOយ

– Depends on weight @Uស័យេលBទមtន់

– 10 per bunch / 5 bunch per bundle or what customer wants

– 10 ក',ងមួយdច់ / 5

– Dry or on water (small layer)

– សtVតឬUត`វេÇេលBទឹក

– Sleeved or rolled in

§ Storage: 1- 2 0C

§ Shelf life 5-10

§ Nutrition prolongs vase life

Pre-treatment tulip with BVB Plus

§ Prevents leaf yellowing

§ 6រdរ6រេឡ4ងេលfងៃនសQឹក

§ Prevents stretching of the flowers

§ 6រdរ6រhតសនFឹងៃន&'

Quality aspects Tulipa

Rijpheid Tulipa

Rijpheid Tulipa

Tipper / water stems

Excessively high RH during scalding: RH

= does not evaporate well and gives tippers

Both stem and leaf tippers

Botrytis Tulipa

Tulipa

Ethylene damage Gives

blue discoloration

+ don't open properly

ផIល់=រែ;បពណ៌ពណ៌េខMវ + េបNកមិន

Oន;តឹម;តGវ។

Length growth Tulips

Hyacinthus

Did you know?

§ The origin of the hyacinth in the eastern part of the Mediterranean is

§ A single flower from a stem called a "nail"

§ Many hyacinths are used in a flower parade in April

§ Almost all Hyacinths have a very strong fragrance

§ The fragrance does not adversely affect the shelf life and brings a real harbinger of spring

§ There are many other/new colors available besides white, pink and blue.

Use Hyacinthus cv

§ Cut flower 78 !ត់

§ Potted bulb product 9ផលិតផលTនេមBម

– 1 or 3 per pot or Plant bowls = several per bowl

– ក',ងមួយេផBង

– Also multiflora types = Multiple stems from 1 bulb – Uបេភទ multiflora = េUចBនេដBមពី

§ Number of nails: ចំនួនUស>ប់78

– This is different for each cultivar គឺខុសm'សUTប់ពូជនីមួយៗ

– Depending on the chosen bulb size @Uស័យេលBទំហំៃនេមBមែដលdនេUជBសេរÖស

– Determines the price កំណត់តៃមc

– Indicates the heaviness of the truss ប[Ñញពី6ពធtន់របស់េដBម

§ Video production cut hyacinth:

§ https://youtu.be/8nFmOCkhVD0

April Flower Parade

Hyacinthus as a cut flower

Hyacinthus orientalis cultivars

Production of hyacinths on bulb field in April

Cutting off Hyacinthus

5 cm

Leaf remains attached to the

Better shelf life due to food in

Flowers get bigger

At Hyacinth Purchasing Watches

§ Grower's name

Maturity stage

Cultivation method

Uniformity

Quality aspects of Hyacinthus

Stages of ripeness cutHyacinth

Muscari

Narcissus

Narcissus Assortment

Assortment by flower shape

§ Some trumpet daffodils

§ Double daffodils

§ Slit crowned daffodils

§ Tazette (bunch) daffodils

§ Large-crowned daffodils

§ Small-crowned daffodils

§ Triandrus Daffodils

§ Cyclamineus daffodils

§ Jonquilla daffodils

§ Poeticus daffodils

§ Species, wild forms and wild hybrids

Supply Narcissus

§ Supply: november – mei: § !រផត់ផង់

§ Potted daffodil

§ cut flower with leaves !ត់789មួយសcឹក

§ cut flower without leaves on the outside: !ត់78េOយmQនសcឹកេÇnងេUp – (= pencil / plucker):

§ Import from: Zំចូលពី៖ – South of England (Guernsey and Jersey): pencils / pickers

(Guernsey និង Jersey):

Landing regulations

§ Cutting stage: ដំWក់!ល!ត់៖

– Minimally fully grown buds with skin burst

– ពនcកដុះលូតqស់ç៉ងតិចបំផុត9មួយនឹង!ររqកេដBម

§ Supply method: វធីxtស9ផèត់ផèង់៖

– Bunches of 10 stems in daffodil with leaves 10 េដBមេÇក',ង dច់

– Bunches of 10 or 20 for pickers dច់ 10 ឬ 20 សUTប់អ'កេរÖស

– bundled in bundles of 5 bunches ខñប់9dច់េ@យdន ៥ dច់

– Quantities may differ in direct purchasing បរMTណ@ចខុសm'ក',ង!រទិញេOយ7Üល់

– Delivered dry in a container

– pencils also dry in cardboard box

– batch supplied as "clean" = free of soil and sand parts

"

–

" = mQនដី

At Narcis

Purchasing pay attention to

Stages of maturity Narcissus

Common problems:

§ Leaf tips គនDឹះសDឹក

§ Crooked foot េដaមេ!ង

§ Do not open due to lying dry for a long time

§ េពលសqrតេOរយះេពលយូរ

§ Saving parties in connection with public holidays

§ !រសនnំពិធីជប់េល{ងéក់ទងនឹងៃថqឈប់សVMកxyរណៈ

§ Length differences Rពខុសp.ៃនVបែវង

§ Custody: !រទុកក./ងបនbប់Vត<ក់

– at 1-2 degrees Celsius

§ Shelf life:

– 8 –12 days (Daffodils Chrysal)

Bulb flowers

Lilium, Freesia, Iris, Zantedeschia, Allium,

Nerine, Hippeastrum, Gladiolus, Ranunculus,

Dahlia, Ornithogalum, Agapanthus, Gloriosa

Summer flowering bulbs

§ Planting spring (March – April)

§ Flowering period: June – October:

– depending on sex and cultivar

§ Harvesting bulbs in autumn (Oct – Nov) and then: jរ.បមូលផលអំពូលេVរដូវសaឹកេឈO.ជះ

– Either hatchery in (ំងកែនaងjរបi[ត់Aម

§ Production of cut flower or potted bulbs jរផលិតZ[jត់ឬេមOម

§ Many products can be grown all year round by means of temp. influenceផលិតផល%េ.ចOនàច.ត/វ2ន4ំដុះេពញមួយñRំេ4យេ.បOមេធ;2យៃនសីតុណåäព

– Either dry sales ឥទ©ិពល ៃនjរលក់េមOមZ[សwhត

§ consumers, parks, municipalities, etc. អRកេ.បO.2ស់ សួនចsរ<រ™រណះ

sale winter/spring)

– In other words, planting material

§ small bulbs that have to be replanted to get flowering bulbs §

Assortment of summer flowering bulbs

Lilium

Iris

Freesia

Nerine + Amarine

Zantedeschia (syn. Calla)

Allium

en nog veel meer:

Dahlia

Anemone

Gladiolus

Crocosmia

Agapanthus

Allium

Dahlia

Ornithogalum

Anemone

Ranunculus

Gladiolus

Iris

Gloriosa

Nerine en x Amarine

Lilium

Types of lilies

Lilium Longiflorum Grp

Lilium Asiatic Grp

Lilium Oriental Grp

Lilium

LA Grp

(longiflorum x Asian)

Nieuwste groep

Quality Problems Lilium

§ Lower 10 cm of the stem clean

§ VតLវសMçតេដaមí៉ងéបបំផុត 10 សង់ទីែម៉Vត

§ Bud desiccation !រ+ក់R.ក់$រេលaដំWំមុនេពលVចLត!ត់េដaមìីសMDប់សDឹក

§ Pegs B%កំពិត

§ Ripeness (too raw or too ripe) Rពទុំ

§ Yellow foliage

§ Weak branches

Dried stems

Small calyxes

§ Pale flower colour

Lily ripeness: Asian + Longiflorum

Lily ripeness: Oriental

Ripeness of flowers: Lilium

Botrytis Lilium

Yellow leaves and pegs lily

Other information Lilium

§ Supply: !រផèត់ផèង់

– Photo on box to give cultivar info

– +ក់រូបថតេOេលaVបអប់េដaមìីផ9ល់ព័ត៌Mនអំពីពូជ

– In summer also lilies from outside – េOរដូវេï9ក៏MនB%លីលីពីsងេVïVបេទលÜំចូលផងែដរ – Year-round cash – Mនរយះេពល

!ររក4ទុកេមaមែដលេOកែនDងែដលកកÄfចឱTេចញB%េOេពលWក៏]ន

(េពក) !ររក4ទុកយូរេពកÜំឱT]ត់បង់គុណRពៃនB%

Other information Lilium

§ Spheres from southern hemisphere (New Zealand, Chile etc)

§ ែស#៊រពីអឌ*េ,ល.ងត12ង (New Zealand, Chile etc)

– Better quality of flowers គុណ6ព789ន់ែត<បេស>រ

– More expensive ៃថABង

– Pre-treatment: chlorine pill and/or gibberlinen

– 9រពCDលេEយGHំ<,ប់កAរKន និង/ឬ gibberlinen

– Ethyleen េអធីលីន

§ Flowers produce reasonable Ethylene when opened

§ 78បេង8>តេអទីែឡនសមេហតុផលេTេពលេប>ក

§ Flowers are also sensitive to external Ethylene

§ 78 Uយ<សVល<ស2បយកេអទីែឡន.ងេ<Wែដរ

– Cooling at 1 – 2 degrees Celsius

– <តBក់េTសីតុណY6ព 1-2 អងZេស

Lack

of hormones

§ Hormone = gibberilins

អ័រម៉ូន = ហèីបេបរEលីន § Effect: yellowing leaves § VបសិទñRព៖ សDឹកេល|ង § Agents are naturally produced in plant roots:

Solution: Administer hormones

§ Pre-treatment agent:

]Jក់aរពbcល

Sensitive products:

ផលិតផលែដលaយDសmលរងេDnះ

Special food for bulb flowers

1. For bulb flowers such as:

§ Tulipa, Narcissus, Hyacinthus

§ Anemone, Iris, Freesia,

§ Zantedeschia, Gladiolus, § Ixia, Ornithogalum

Use clean vase or bucket

3. Put clean water in the vase with the bulb flower chrysal in the right concentration

The result is a longer vase life, sometimes 3-5 days longer

Bulb flower food results: test it yourself!

Freesia

Freesia kweker

Freesia

Structure of freesia flower

Top 5 Freesia assortiment:

Soleil, Versailles, Delta River, Ambassador, Serrada

§ To flower shape េ"#ទ%មង់)*

§ Single-flowered: )*េ+ល – at least 4 buttons -៉ងេ/ច1ស់ )*

§ Double-flowered: )*េទ3រដង – at least 3 buttons -៉ងេ/ច1ស់ )*

§ To fragrance េដ6ម7ីឱ:ក<ិន%កអូប

§ Scented Bនក<ិន%កអូប

§ Non-scented CDនក<ិន

§ By colour Eមពណ៌

§ Monochrome ម៉ូណូ%កIម

§ Bicolour ប៊Kកូល័រ

§ By use េMយេ%ប6

§ Pot plant រុកP#តិេផ6ង

§ Cut flower )* Sត់

At Freesia Purchasing Watches

§ Grower's name

§ Maturity stage

Weight

§ Cultivation

§ Quality Issues

Common damages and defects in Freesia

§ Bud desiccation !រOក់6'ក់[រេលBដំ.ំមុនេពលUច`ត!ត់េដBម{ីសTcប់សcឹក

§ Deviated / misshapen comb

§ Growth crack !របំែបក!រលូតqស់

§ Thumbs េដBមTន

§ Virus in flour

§ Too raw

§ Botrytis: dots េមេ

§ Yellow foliage សcឹកេល¶ង

§ Crooked stem េដBមេ!ង

§ Too much difference in length

§ Old stem remnant េដBម#ស់ែដលេÇសល់

§ Stem with day-night growth

= no problem

េដBមTន!រលូតqស់ េពលៃថt-យប់ = mQនបÉÑេទ។

Pre-treating effects

Freesia cv ‘Elegance’ day 9

Botrytis Freesia

Iris

Iris Assortment

Pre-treated iris

§ Voorbehandelde Iris: – with gibberilines: <មួយ gibberines – Counteract yellow foliage

– Flower bud opening

§ Cutting stage depends:

– of season and CV

§ Supply dry or on water

Effects of pre-treating Iris

Pre-treating effects

‘Iris’ cv ‘’Madonna & Blue Magic’ day 5

When exporting the Iris:

§ Pay attention to:

– Raw stage, opens quickly at higher temp.

– Only pre-treated Iris

Mនែត Iris

Common damages and defects in Iris

§ pale flowers

§ 'stapling' = flower stems without flour stapling' = េដNមQRេTយVWនេមX

Leaf tips

Botrytis

Water stems

Zantedeschia syn. Calla

Zantedeschia assortment

Sliming calla stems

Sliming a problem!?

§ Place flowers on Chlorine and little water.

§ +ក់B%ក./ងទឹកែដលMនកDរEនតិចតួច

–

Saturated stems slime faster

– េដaមែដលMនទឺកែឆçតនឹងេធ~aេfយ_ប់េល|ង

– Stems that have been cut back into the green can also be more likely to become slimy.

– េដaមែដលVតLវ]ន!ត់<ពណ៌ៃបតងវញក៏$យនឹង!Dយេh<សèមែដរ

§ Before placing in the vase, drain well and cut well.

§ មុននឹង+ក់ក./ងថូេÜះ VតLវបងQLរទឹកឱT]នxçត េហaយ!ត់ឱT]នលç។

§ Trim regularly and change water.

§ !ត់េដaមB%ឱT]នេទ{ងéត់ និងBDស់ប9Lរទឹក។

Sliming a problem!?

§ Remove mucus stems immediately as it is very contagious

§ យកេដaមេសDសេចញRDមៗ េVòះÄឆDងsDំងWស់

– (is in all probability the bacterial infection Erwinia).

– (គឺេOក./ងVបL]ប៊ûលីេតéំងអស់ៃន!រឆDងេមេAគ]ក់េតរE Erwinia)

§ There also seems to be a certain lactic acid formed which accelerates the process, but that is a matter for the scientists....

§ Ävក់ដូច<Mនfសុីតüក់ទិក<ក់Hក់មួយែដលVតLវ]នបេង%aតេឡaងែដលបេង%aនេលì†នដំេណaរ!រ ប៉ុែន9េÜះ<បuQ សVMប់អ.កវទ\xtស....

At Zantedeschia

Purchasing pay attention to

§ Grower's name

§ Maturity stage

1

§ Shaft pliability

§ Shape flowers ង78

§ Cultivation method / country

§ Pre treatment

§ Quality Issues

§ Uniformity

Pre-treating effects

Calla orange day 19

Hippeastrum syn. Amaryllis

Some facts about Hippeastrum

§ Origin: South and Central America and Caribbean

§ Hippeastrum belonged to together with Nerine to Amaryllidaceae

§ Hippeastrum

Amaryllidaceae

§ Flower is a symbol of pride and enchanting beauty § B%

§ Flower can be used "upside down / hanging“ § B%fចVតLវ]នេVបa

At Hippeastrum

Purchasing pay attention to

Grower's name

Maturity stage

1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5

Number of flower buds

Number of stems per bunch

Hippeastrum

Assortment Hippeastrum syn. Amaryllis

Large-flowered: double-flowered single

Other flower shapes

Trumpet

Small floral

Zomerbloemen assortiment en kwaliteit

Summer Flowers

§ What is a summer flower? េតB78រដូវេp+គឺ9អeី?

§ How is it possible that summer flowers are offered all year round? េតBw@ច

េÅរួចេOយរេបóប.ែដល78រដូវេp+Uត`វdនផ+ល់ជូនេពញមួយ|'ំ?

§ What are the main importing countries? េតBUបេទស.ែដលZំចូលសំnន់?

§ What percentage of flowers are imports? េតB!រZំចូល78 ប៉ុZQន6គរយ?

§ How many types of summer flowers are there??

§ េតB78រដូវេp+Tនប៉ុZQនUបេភទ??

– And growers? និងអ'កOំ?

§ What are summer flowers sensitive to??

§ េតB78រដូវេp+Tនអeីខcះ?

Test in webapp

1. Name 3 blue elongated summer flowers?

;ក់េ<=ះ&'រដូវេ9?ពណ៌េខDវចំនួន 3 ?

What summer flowers are yellow and fragrant?

េត1&'រដូវេ9?H+នពណ៌េលIងនិង!កអូប?

5. What is the flower of the month? េត1&'ែខអMី? 6. Which summer flower should be stored at a temperature of: 12-15 degrees Celsius ?

Which summer flower is spherical and brown

Which summer flower is available in December and red in color and chill at 6-8 degrees?

Which summer flower is pink, fragrant and elongated?

េត1&'រដូវេ9?មួយH+នពណ៌&'ឈូក

Summer flower production

§ Supply / production all year round: !រផត់ផង់ / ផលិតកមQេពញមួយ|'ំ

– Netherlands: ហូឡង់

§ From the greenhouse (seasonal or year-round) ពីផÜះក^ñក់

§ From plastic greenhouse

§ From rolling greenhouse

§ Open ground outdoors: spring, summer, autumn

§ ដីទំេនរេÇnងេUp

– Depending on sex/species

– Imports from

§ Kenya, Israel, Ecuador, Spain other countries

Production in greenhouse

Delphinium greenhouse

Delphinium outdoors

Propagation of summer flowers

§ Derived from annuals: dនមកពីUប#ំ|'ំ

– Propagation generative: seed !របន+ពូជ៖ Umប់

§ Derived from perennials: Umប់ ទទួលdនពីរុកR9តិែដលTន@យុេUចBន|'ំ

– Propagation !របន+ពូជ

§ Generative: Seed ជំZន់៖ ពូជ

§ Vegetative: cuttings, tearing, laying, etc បែនc : !ត់, បក, Oក់

§ Tissue culture វប{ធម៌9លិ!

§ Propagation method

– is interesting for grower, not for buyer

§ All products are herbaceous

– Soft in leaf and stem

– Susceptible to pests and diseases:

§ Especially Botrytis + bacteria

មិនែមនសUTប់អ'កទិញេទ។

Assortment of summer flowers

§ Dutch greenhouse products (sometimes periodically grown outdoors) / import: ផលិតផលផgះកkçក់របស់.បេទសហូឡង់ (ជួនjល.ត/វ2ន4ំដុះេVÜងេ.ã) /

– Eustoma, Tanacetum, Trachelium, Bouvardia, Zantedeschia etc ៖

§ Bulk products: ផលិតផលេ.ចOន

– Solidago, Alchemilla, Bupleurum, Gypsophylla, Helianthus etc ៖

– More exclusive products: ផលិតផលZ>ច់មុខបែនUមេទWត

– Celosia, Astilbe, Alchemilla, Convallaria, Hydrangea etc ៖

§ Filling materials: សb´រៈបំេពញ

– Solidago, Bupleurum, Gyps, Hypericum etc ៖

§ “Seasonal products": ផលិតផលAមរដូវ

– Paeonia, Sedum, Alchemilla. Kniphofia etc " ៖

§ Berry Materials: Hypericum

§ Flower base: Echinacea, Rudbeckia, Helianthus

§ Seed pods: Poppy, Physostegia, Asclepias Moby Dick, Physalis etc

§ Grasses: Cortaderia, Pennisetum, Setaria etc

§ Cut leaf materials of summer flowers: Hosta

Assortment of summer flowers

§ Color ពណ៌

§ Shape: Aង៖

– Spherical:

§ Craspedia, Papaver, Echinacea

– Elongated: ពនc`ត

§ Aconitum, Antirrhinum, Matthiola, Delphinium, Molucella

– Screen-shaped: ងេអUកង់៖

§ Trachelium, Asclepias, Achillea, Sedum

– Round: ជុំ

§ Helianthus, Leucanthemum, Callistephus,

§ Leafless products: ផលិតផលpoនសDឹក

– Agapanthus, Allium, Eremurus, Zantedeschia

§ Smell: កDិន

– Matthiola, Convallaria, Achillea, Molucella

Aconitum

Matthiola

Antirrhinum

Delphinium Elatum Grp

Delphinium Bella Donna Group

Alchemilla mollis

Ammi

Asclepias

Asclepias gonforicarpus

‘Moby Dick’

“Ballen van de Paus”

Astilbe

Bupleurum

Brassica oleracea

Callistephus

Carthamus

Celosia

Craspedia globosa

Convallaria

Cynara

Echinacea syn. Rudbeckia

Eryngium

Lisianthus Syn. Eustoma

Gypsophila

Helianthus

Hypericum

Lathyrus

Liatris

Limonium

vaste plant

Limonium

syn. Statice eenjarig

Lysimachia

Veronica

Blad verschil Lysimachia - Veronica

Molucella

Paeonia

Papaver somniferum

Phlox

Solidago

Scabiosa

Tanacetum syn. Matricaria

Trachelium

Ripeness of summer flowers

Peony maturity

Maturity stages of summer flowers: Too raw Ammi

and Lysimachia

Pre-treatment Summer Flowers

Influencing quality: Pre

treatment

• This happens immediately after harvest

• [េក1តេឡ1ងWZមៗប2^ប់ពី_រ!បមូលផល

• At the nursery េOេពលបណ?aះកូន

• Indispensable / prescribed for some products

• មិនbចខMះcន / េចញេវជfបgfស!+ប់ផលិតផលមួយចំនួន

• Purpose: េhលបំណង

•Maintaining quality throughout the chain

•_ររកiគុណWពេOទូkំងែខlសmMក់

• Products are then less sensitive to ...........

•េពលេ2ះផលិតផលមិនសូវmយ!សnលដល់...........

• Control auctions / laboratories / self-test methods

•!គប់!គង_រេដញៃថZ /

• New Resources Are Coming/Changing

• 6 different methods

• 6

Pre-treatment cut flowers

Pretreatment is method against Consequence

Bacterial sensitivity

Prevents vasodilation, against hanging flowers

Pre-treatment with Product

Bacteriedoder / chloorpil Rosa

Gerbera

Eustoma

All Summer flowerrs

Syringa and Viburnum

Water intake Better hydratering of the stem

Nutritional or hormone deficiency Against leaf yellowing

Reduce ethylene sensitivity

Water thinner (soap) and bacteria killer

Bouvardia and Hydrangea

Lelium + Alstroemria

Mixed bouquets Against growing of stems

Hormone treatment

Against bud drying

Minder #knopval#, verdroging en krimpen van bloemen

#STS#

Water intake after lying dry Flower continues to absorb water well Water thinner (soap)

Wound healing

Wound at the end of the stem remains open so that water absorption

Chloorpil

Tulipa

Iris

Dianthus

Delphinium

Aconitum

Tulipa + Freesia

Many summer flowers

Astilbe, out-door chrysanthemum

Flowers with woody lower ends like Solidago, Veronica, Aster etc

Helianthus

Pre-treatment mandatory or voluntary?

OVERZICHT 1: VOORBEHANDELING, RIJPHEIDSSTADIUM EN VERPAKKING PER PRODUCT

PRODUCTNAAM RIJPHEIDSSTADIUM 1

Achillea (m.u.v. hoofdscherm 2/3 open

filipendulina)

VOORBEHANDELING1 VERPAKKINGSVOORSCHRIFT FUST

verplicht vrijwillig stelen per bos bundelen inhoezen container /doos

Aluminiu msulfaat (3/4) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Achillea filipendulina hoofdscherm 2/3 open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Aconitum 2 - 3 bloemen open STS (1) en chloortablet*(11) -- 5 toegestaan toegestaan C

Agapanthus 1 bloem open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Ageratum hoofdscherm ¼ open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Alchemilla mollis 2/3 van de takbezetting open chloortablet* (11) 10 verplicht toegestaan C

Allium overig grootbloemig enkele bloemen open chloortablet* (11) -- 5 toegestaan toegestaan C/D

Allium overig kleinbloemig 1/3 van de bloem open chloortablet* (11) 10 verplicht toegestaan C

Allium sphaerocephalon 1/3 op kleur chloortablet* (11) -- 10 verplicht toegestaan C/D

Alpinia 1/3 van de bloem open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Amaranthus meeldraden zichtbaar chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Ammi majus 2/3 van het hoofdscherm open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Ammi visnage 1/3 van het hoofdscherm open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Anethum hoofdscherm volledig volgroeid chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Anigozanthos 1/3 van de bloemen open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Antirrhinum majus drie open bloemen chloortablet* (11) STS (1) 10 toegestaan verplicht C

Aquilegia enkele bloemen open STS (1) en chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Arum enkele bessen op kleur 10 toegestaan toegestaan D

Asclepias incarnata enkele bloemen open/ STS (1) en chloortablet* (11) 10 verplicht toegestaan C

Asclepias (niet A. incarnata) 2/3 van het hoofdscherm open STS (1) en chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Astilbe 2/3 van de tak open Chrysal Grow 20 (20) en Florisant 810 (21) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Astrantia major hoofdbloem volledig volgroeid chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Baccharis chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Boronia 2/3 van de bloem open chloortablet* (11) --

toegestaan toegestaan C

Pre-treatment mandatory or voluntary?

OVERZICHT 1: VOORBEHANDELING, RIJPHEIDSSTADIUM EN VERPAKKING PER PRODUCT

PRODUCTNAAM RIJPHEIDSSTADIUM 1

VOORBEHANDELING1 VERPAKKINGSVOORSCHRIFT FUST verplicht vrijwillig stelen per bos bundelen inhoezen container /doos

Myosotis enkele bloemen open chloortablet* (11) bos/10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Myrtus communis bloem enkele bloem open chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Nigella enkele bloemen open chloortablet* (11) bos/10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Oenothera bloemknop los chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Origanum 1/3 open chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Ornithogalum thyrsoides knop op kleur chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C overige Ornithogalum 0 – 1 bloem open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Papaver knop goed gezwollen chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Penstemon enkele bloemen open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Phlox knoppen gezwollen chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Physalis voldoende volgroeid chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C/D

Physostegia enkele knoppen op kleur STS (1) + 10 toegestaan toegestaan C en gezwollen chloortablet* (11)

Platycodon 1 bloem open chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Porceleinroos volledig op kleur chloortablet* (11) 5 toegestaan toegestaan C

Polianthes tuberosa enkele bloemen open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Rhododendron bloem knoppen volgroeid en kleurtonend chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Rudbeckia bloemblaadjes gestrekt chloortablet* (11) 5 verplicht toegestaan C

Salvia 1/3 van de bloemen open chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Sandersonia 2/3 van de bloemen open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan verplicht C/D

Saponaria 1 bloem open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Sarracenia volledig bloeiend chloortablet* (11) los toegestaan toegestaan D

Scabiosa enkele kroonblaadjes gestrekt chloortablet* (11) STS (1) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Sedum scherm kleurtonend chloortablet* (11) 5 toegestaan toegestaan C

Sidalcea 1 bloem open chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Siergras chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Stephanotis bloemen open los, 50 per zakje verplicht D

Tagetes bloem open chloortablet* (11) -- 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Tanacetum overige (excl. parthenium) hoofdscherm volgroeid en op kleur chloortablet* (11) 10 toegestaan toegestaan C

Pre-treatments for summer flowers:

- Preventing ethylene damage - Proper recovery took dry lying - Solving sugar deficiency

Damage caused by Ethylene in many summer flowers: Delphinium, Aconitum, Agapanthus

Ethylene sensitivity

Insufficient nutrition = sugars

To promote efflorescence, sugars are added to water in combination with bacteria killer

Product sheet – Chrysal Op Gyp

General

 Post harvest product for Gypsophylla.

 Special sugar type, very suitable for opening the Gypsophylla.

 Available in 25 kg bag.

Effects

 More and whiter flowers.

 Dissolves very easy and quickly. Clear solu on.

 Prolongs vase life of flowers.

 Enhances flower opening.

Applica ons

 Suitable for all types of tap water.

 For use by growers.

Savings

 Reduces flower wastage.

 Prolonged distribu on and sales period possible.

Usage

 Dosage: 50 gram per litre of water. Put the flowers in the post harvest solu on mix immediately a er harves ng. Do not hydrate first.

 Treatment me: depends on cut stage, temperature and desired opening level.

 The shelf life of the solu on depends on the addi onal ingredients in the Gyp treatment.

Recommenda ons

 Store dry under cool and dark condi ons, preferably between 5°C and 25°C.

 Shelf life: 18 months in sealed packaging and stored under the right condi ons.

 Residual solu ons may be drained into the sewer system.

Chrysal Gyp mix

For maximum effect of Chrysal Op Gyp, we recommend the Chrysal Gyp mix. This is a combina on of Op Gyp, Chrysal AVB and Chrysal RVB Clear (so water).

What do sugars do?

§ Energy source for the flower

§ Ensures transport reserves

– Improving transport conditions

Growth and bud development

Flowers open

Counteract brown flowers

Pure white flowers + larger

§ Always administer in combination with a bactericide!

Desiccation after dry lying / improving water absorption:

Effects of liquefaction: dark discoloration of the lower end of the stem

§ Air in vascular bundles block water absorption

§ ខèល់េÇក',ងបណ+,ំេដBម78 ំងដល់!រUស`បយកទឹក។

§ Solutions: ដំេ.ះUWយ៖

– Pre-treat with liquefaction

§ = soapy water: ពgdល9មួយ liquefaction = ទឹកWប៊ូ

– Putting flowers in ice-cold water

– Oក់78ក',ងទឹកUត9ក់

§ Air dissolves easily in cold water ខèល់[យរqយក',ងទឹកUត9ក់

§ Effect but not a problem: Uបសិទê6ពប៉ុែន+មិនTនបÉÑ

– Sometimes dark underside of the stem

Administer liquor at:

Flowers with woody underside: &'េopងេD6មេដ4មេឈ4

Astilbe

Carthamus

Chrysanten van buitenteelt

Bouvardia

Solidago / Solidaster

Veronica

Aster

Asclepias

etc

Wound healing in Helianthus

o Cause: rapid rapid growth makes water absorption more difficult o មូលេហតុ៖ !ររÖកលូតqស់ç៉ង|ប់រហ័សេធeBឱè!រUស`បយកទឹក!ន់ែតពិdក

o Prevention of wound tissue:

Adding Chlorine Pill to Water

o Crops: Helianthus

Pre-treatment against bacteria

Clean and polluted by bacteria

Internal longitudinal cross-section

Wood barrels

Waterstroom

Snijvlak

Effect of bacteria on Eustoma

Assortment of cut flowers: exotics

What are exotic imported flowers?

§ Native to tropical regions. MនេដaមកំេណaតេOតំបន់VតLពិច។

§ Mostly grown there now as well RគេVចaនលូតHស់េOទីេÜះឥឡLវេនះផងែដរ។

§ Some grown in the Netherlands:

Strelitzia

Anthurium

Cymbidium + some other orchids

§ Not in any other product group មិនMនេOក./ងVកមផលិតផលេផnងេទ{តេទ។

§ Many varieties have a very good shelf life

Supply

§ Period depending on production area

§ រយៈេពលRំដុះrDស័យេល4តំបន់ផលិតកមt

– Seasons and growing conditions

§ Period depending on cultivar

Pretty much only imports

Exotics from annual greenhouse NL

Phalaenopsis

Exotics: partly Dutch and partly import

Strelitzia Zantedeschia Heliconia

Exotics: mostly greenhouse NL sometimes import

Bouvardia

Acacia dealbata

§ Common name: Mimosa

§ Strongly scented flower ក"ិន%&'"ំង

§ Origin: *បភព

– Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania:

§ A. Dealbata is the most common type.

§ A. Dealbata គឺ0*បេភទទូេ4បំផុត។

§ Flowering time and supply:

§ េពលេវ;េចញ%& និង>រផ@ត់ផ@ង់

– December to March ែខធEFដល់ែខមីJ

§ Cultivation: Lime-poor and gravelrich soils of the French Riviera.

§ >រKំដុះ៖

§ Supplied in plastic bag ផ@ត់ផ@ង់កEUងថង់Q"សWិក

§ Care: 50-55°C. >រែថXំ: 50-55 ° C

§ Shelf life: ± 2 weeks Yយុ>លវដZជីវត៖ ± 2 សQ]

Ananas comosum

§ Common name: Pineapple plant

Origin: South America

Smoke from wood fire promotes bud formation

Nowadays with acetylene brought to premature flowering:

Anigozanthos

§ Kangeroo paw

§ Lots of cultivars:

§ 2 most common:

Flavidus- soft yellow Flavidus -

– Manglesii – red with green: Manglesii -

§ Many new species

§ Also as a potted plant

Anigozanthos cultivars

§ English name: Kangaroo paw

%ä<អង់េគaស: Kangaroo paw

§ Origin: Western Australia

§ Remains a rare plant

§ Delivery: From greenhouse from May to August, dried mainly in November/December

§ Care: Flowers opened at purchase

§ Shelf life: 3-4 weeks

Anthurium assortment

Chamelaucium uncinatum

§ English name: waxflower. េTDះ#VW

: waxflower

§ It is half a shrub. Yគឺ#េដ6មេឈ6\ក់ក1]ល។

§ Origin: Western Australia.

§ Cultivation: Subtropical regions, especially Israel. SរMំដុះ៖

§ Delivery: October-May.

§ Care: Sរែថ+ំ

water ± 40°C + shrub chrysal: ទឹក ± 40°C + shrub chrysal § Shelf life: 12-18 days.

§ Beware of flower moult

§ Use in bouquets.

Curcuma

Cymbidium (mini and large-flowered)

Strelitzia reginae

§ English name: Bird of paradise § េwxះZFvអង់េគ=ស: បកIីសួរ

§ Origin: South Africa, in 1773 in England

§ Cultivation: Lots on the Italian and French Riviera, Tenerife, Can Eil.

§ ?រMំដុះ៖

Riviera, Tenerife, Can Eil

§ Delivery: End of August until March, top from November

§ ?រដឹកជÇÉlន៖

§ Care: Flour must be opened when purchased, take out

§

§ Shelf life: 12-18 days -យុ?លេធ"3: 12-18

Heliconia

Many species:

Heliconia psittacorum

§ Perennial, can reach a height of 1.50m

§ bនàយុេ.ចOនñRំេហOយàចេឡOងដល់កមêស់ 1.50

§ Banana family %.បេភទ.គh<រេដOមេចក

§ Origin: .បភព

– Coast from Guyana to Brazil

– Cultivation: All areas with greenhouse cut flowers

–

– Delivery: Mainly from June to October –

– Care: Lower two bracts come out

– Shelf life: 8-14 days

Leucospermum cordifolium

Syn. L. nutans

Many species

Mainly orange and yellow

South Africa

Proteaceae

§ Family of dicotyledons, trees and shrubs

§ VកមVគrxរៃន dicotyledons េដaមេឈaនិង shrubs

§ Found in the Southern Hemisphere § រកេឃaញេOអឌ•េpលsងតìLង

§ Family has 62 genera (Protea, Banksia etc) and over 1000 species § MនVបេភទVគrxរ 62 ែហnន (Protea, Banksia

§ Flowers are usually hermaphroditic

§ The fruit is a nut, a tube fruit or a drupe

Protea cynaroides

§ Engelse naam: King Protea េPQះ9

: េសéច Protea

§ Origin: South Africa

§ Cultivation: Australia and southern Africa.

§ Delivery: Year-round, September-May summit

§ Care: 15-20°C !រែថ>ំ: 15-20 ° C

§ Shelf life: 3-4 weeks

Safari: mix different small exotic flowers

Leucadendron Safari Sunset

Nelumbo nucifera

§ nucifera = nut-bearing

§ Umប់ធុ^î9តិ

§ Family of water lilies UគVWរៃន78

§ Consists of 9 genera with 90 species

§

§ Origin: Tropical and subtropical Asia §

§ Cultivation: Harvested in nature in Egypt and the Far East, among others §

§ Delivery: All year round (dried)

§

§ Shelf life is very long

Rosehips = Rosa

Hypericum

Some things worth knowing

§ No. 11 in top 50 cut flowers េលខ 11 ក./ងកំពូល 50 B%!ត់

§ Over 200 million stems / year 200 Hនេដaម / _.ំ។

§ From season to year-round product

§ ពីរដូវ!លេhផលិតផលេពញមួយ_.ំ

§ From the Netherlands in autumn

§ ពីVបេទសហូឡង់ក./ងរដូវសDឹកេឈaVជះ – Outside, unfluffy, more voluminous

§ Many new colours on the market

§ បែន¶មេទ{ត

§ Not the flower but the berry

Import Hypericum

§ Zimbabwe and Ecuador in particular

§ ហn/ីម]េវ®

§ Fluff gives slender branches:

– Reduced transport costs Fluff

§ Very popular

§ High utility value:

Well suited for

Long shelf life

Assortment

§ crossbreeding = new colours

§ jរបi[ត់ពូជ = ពណ៌ថ7ី

§ 2 main series: Flair + Magic

§ េស៊រüសំÜន់

– Excellant Flair most famous

– Flair

– Pinky Flair Rises Flair

– Pinky Flair េកOនេឡOង

§ Color: ពណ៌

– From purple-brown, pink to honey color and green and from salmon to fire red

–

§ Cultivation method

– Big berries = Dolly Parton

– Small berries = Quality First

Assortment Hypericum

Quality and shelf life

§ Storage temp: 6 – 8 º Celsius

§ សីតុណÑ6ពផÜ,ក៖ ៦-៨ អងöេស

§ Preferably on water និយមេÇេលBទឹក

– Otherwise, leaf quality deteriorates quickly

– េបBមិនដូេ#'ះេទគុណ6ពសcឹក!ន់ែតç៉ប់យុឺនç៉ង|ប់រហ័ស

§ Shelf life 8 – 14 days @យុ!លៃនវេដ+ជីវត 8-14

§ Not susceptible to bacteria

– Branches cause pollution 78េផXងែដលTនេÇក',ងេដBមបង8ឱèTន!របំពុល – Removing the bottom sheet !រដកសនcឹកnងេU!មេចញ

§ Susceptible to rust: now more resistant cultivars

Sorting and arguing

§ Year-round supply

§ Top in autumn {នេDច4នេoរដូវសQឹក

§ Bunches of 5 or 10 pieces

§ Equipped with cover {ន6រេវចខVប់

§ Sort by:

Foliage materials / foliage / decorative greenery

In webapp zoeken op:

§ Decoratie blad en takken:

Latin or trade name?

§ Snakegrass = Equisetum

§ Salal = Gaultheria shallon

§ Leatherfern = Arachniodes

§ Lucky Bamboo = Dracaena sanderiana

§ Pistache = Pistacia

§ Steelgrass = Xanthorrhoea

§ Etc etc

Name

Color

Conifer green

Family: Poaceae = grasses

Cold sensitivity + family

Scented properties

Main Leaf Importers

Supply method

Origin: all over the world

Forest schrubs

Forced schrubs: Syringa vulgaris cultivars

Forced schrub: Viburnum opulus ‘Roseum’

Forced schrub: Forsythia x intermedia cultivars