BM
• Spennende temaer
• Virkelige møter med mennesker i den engelsktalende verden • Et mylder av oppgaver
• Avvæpnende grammatikk • Lyd tatt på alvor
Crossroads er et læreverk i engelsk for 8.–10. trinn med følgende komponenter: Elevbok A og B, lydmateriell (CD-er), lærerveiledning og nettressurs. Elevbok A finnes også i digital og lettlest utgave. Crossroads er utviklet etter Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet 2006 og etter justert fagplan i engelsk 2013.
Crossroads
• Leseglede og fengende tekster
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Dette er Crossroads:
Møt menneskene, opplev kulturen og lær språket!
8|B www.fagbokforlaget.no ISBN 978-82-11-01522-8
,!7II2B1-abfcci!
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Crossroads Engelsk for ungdomstrinnet
8|B
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Crossroads Engelsk for ungdomstrinnet Elevbok • Bokmül
8|B
2
Copyright © 2006 by Fagbokforlaget Vigmostad & Bjørke AS All Rights Reserved 2. utgave / 1. opplag 2013 ISBN: 978-82-11-01522-8 Grafisk produksjon: John Grieg AS, Bergen Grafisk design: Sandvik Design Omslagsfoto: M. Taner Zefa / Scanpix (øverst), Howard Kingsnorth / Cultura / Getty Images (nederst) Omslagsdesign: Sandvik Design Illustrasjoner: Breakfast Design / Jens Grönberg, Paulina Mingiacchi Crossroads 8B er utviklet etter Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet 2006 og etter justert fagplan i engelsk 2013. Spørsmål om denne boken kan rettes til: Fagbokforlaget Kanalveien 51 5068 Bergen Tlf.: 55 38 88 00 Faks: 55 38 88 01 e-post: fagbokforlaget@fagbokforlaget.no www.fagbokforlaget.no Materialet er vernet etter åndsverkloven. Uten uttrykkelig samtykke er eksemplarfremstilling bare tillatt når det er hjemlet i lov eller avtale med Kopinor.
Contents
Enjoy Reading 7 Reading Fiction 8 Setting 8 Character 8 Plot 8 Narrator 8 Point of view 9
Reading Poetry 10
Rhyming poems 10 Poems without rhyme 11 Rhythm 12 Limericks 13
Poetry 14 A B C D E F G
I Should Have Studied 14 Do Not Stand at my Grave and Weep 15 I’m Glad I’m Me 16 Cat and Mouse 17 Birthday Wish 18 One Inch Tall 19 If I Could Catch a Rainbow 21
Short Stories 22
A The Hitchhiker 22 B Broken Wing 36
C D E F G H I J K
I’ve Got Gloria 40 The Song of the Syrup 48 The Lion’s Den 50 Who Needs an Aries Ape? 53 Eva and the Mayor 61 Two Faces to One Name 80 Boo! 84 Birdscrap 86 Losing the “Us” 94
Extracts from Novels 98
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone 98
Fairy Tales 101
A The Ugly Duckling 101 B The Elephant and the Monkey 106
News 110
Revealed: The Eight-year-old Girl who Saved Harry Potter 110
Cartoons 113
A The World of Disney 113 B Calvin and Hobbes 117 C Garfield 118
Word Quest 120
3
4
Grammatikk 129
Any, some og andre tilsvarende ord 160
Å lære engelsk 130 Å lære å lære 130 Å skrive en tekst 132 Å snakke engelsk 136 Hvis du mangler ord 136 Å lese engelsk 137 Formelt og uformelt språk 138 Ordbok 142 Fonetikk og intonasjon 146
Adjektiv – Adjectives 161
Substantiv – Nouns 149 Flertall 149 Utellelige substantiv 152 Uttale 153 Eieform (genitiv) 153
Pronomen – Pronouns 155 Personlig pronomen 155 Refleksive pronomen 156 It is, There is, There are 157
Spørsmål – Questions 159
Ved hjelp av spørrepronomen 159 Ved hjelp av be og have 159 Ved hjelp av hjelpeverbet do 159
Gradbøyning av adjektiver 162 Adjektiver med to stavelser 163 Uregelrett gradbøyning 163 Nasjonalitetsord 165
Verb – Verbs
166
Hovedverb 166 Regelrette og uregelrette verb 167 Hjelpeverb 168 Slik bruker vi hjelpeverbene 170 Samtidsformer 171 Halespørsmål 173 Aktiv og passiv 173 Infinitiv og ing-formen 174 Ing-form etter preposisjon 175 Modale hjelpeverb 175 Å uttrykke framtid 176 Presens og samtidsform 177 Samsvar mellom subjekt og verbal 178 Uregelrette verb 180
Adverb – Adverbs 185
Adverb som er dannet av adjektiv 185 Andre adverb 186 Gradbøyning 186 Uregelrett gradbøyning 186
Konjunksjoner – Conjunctions 188 Subjunksjoner – Subordinating conjunctions 188 Determinativer – Determiners 190 Eiendomsord – Possessives 192
Tekstbinding 203 Argumenterende tekster 205 Noen skriveregler 206 Stor forbokstav 206 Komma 206 Hermetegn 206
Målenheter 207
Lengde 207 Vekt 207 Volum 207 Temperatur 207
Pekeord – Demonstratives 193
Answer key 208
Tallord – Numerals 194
Wordlist 220
Grunntall – Ordensstall 194 Tallet 0 195 De fire regneartene 195
Preposisjoner – Prepositions 197
Noen vanlige tidspreposisjoner 197 Andre vanlige tidspreposisjoner 198 Stedspreposisjoner 200 Andre stedspreposisjoner 201
Photos and Illustrations 221 Acknowledgements 222
5
Enjoy Reading “You see things as they are and ask, ‘Why?’ I dream things as they never were and ask, ‘Why not?’ ” George Bernard Shaw
Dear Student!
You will need to learn a few standard words and expressions in order to discuss and write about fiction. We suggest that you study and try to become familiar with the following terms and ideas as soon as you can. They will make it easier for you to do the literary tasks in Crossroads 8B.
7
Reading Fiction Crossroads 8B 8
Setting
The setting of a story tells you where and when the story takes place. • Where does the story take place? In India? In a small village? In a city? • When does the story take place? In the present? In the 16th century? In the future?
Character
Enjoy Reading
A character is a person we read about, for example in a novel or a short story. There is at least one character in every story. Sometimes there are a number of characters, but most often the story has one or two main characters. When you are asked to describe a character, you should say everything you know about him or her: age, sex, what kind of person, rich or poor, black or white, Christian or Muslim, etc.
Plot
The plot is what happens in the story, what the story is about. For example: A Two poor sisters, who are struggling to survive in the city, move into the wilderness to become hunters and fishers. B An old Jew, who had survived the Holocaust during World War II, meets a young neo-Nazi and helps him realize that what he believes in is wrong.
Narrator
The narrator is the one who tells the story. It is not the writer. The writer is a real person. He or she creates a fictional person or a voice to tell the story. What the narrator says or does has nothing to do with the writer. Sometimes the narrator can be a little child or an animal. It is easy to understand that they have not written the book. They are just storytellers made up by the writer. Sometimes the narrator is the main character in the story, sometimes he or she is a minor character and sometimes the narrator does not take part in the story at all.
Point of view
n a r r a t o r
I we us
1st person
9
point of view /
1st person
narrative
narrator
3rd person point of view / 3rd person narrative
Text A
Freddy had been my friend since my fifteenth birthday three years ago. He had just moved into a house in the neighbourhood with his father and little sister. His mother was dead. Did I say house? It wasn’t really a house; it was more like a castle. I mean, 12 bedrooms, 4 living rooms and a 15-acre garden with two stables isn’t exactly the average standard for a house. He didn’t seem to have any friends, so I thought that inviting him to my birthday would be a nice opportunity for him to make some friends his own age. It was a smashing party. Dad bought some killer hamburgers in Sydney and we had a barbeque in our garden. Millennium burgers, they called them, since it was just three weeks after the start of the new millennium. We soon became close friends, Freddy and I, and we had a lot of fun together before the trouble started. At first I thought it was some kind of practical joke when the police came to arrest him …
Enjoy Reading
he she it they
Crossroads 8B
Sometimes the narrator is part of the story. He or she then uses pronouns like “I” and “we”. These stories have a 1st person point of view. If the narrator is not part of the story, he or she describes what happens to other characters and uses pronouns like “he”, “she”, “it” and “they”. These stories have a 3rd person point of view.
Text B Crossroads 8B 10
It was a dark and rainy night when they arrived at the cottage. After a quick evening meal in front of the fireplace, all three of them went to bed. Anna was the first to wake up. “What was that? What was that terrible sound?” A horrible scream made her gasp. Lisa and Francesca woke up as well. They looked very frightened. “Should we go outside and have a look,” Anna suggested. “It could be a person who needs help.” “Are you crazy,” Francesca replied. “It could be dangerous.” “What if there’s a maniac out there just waiting for us to come out?” “What do you say, Lisa?” “I don’t know, let’s call the police.” At the very same moment there was a violent knock on the door ...
Enjoy Reading
1 2 3 4 5 6
Is Text A a 1st or a 3rd person narrative? Describe the main character(s). What do we know about the setting? Is Text B above a 1st or a 3rd person narrative? Describe the main character(s). What do we know about the setting?
Reading Poetry
You have probably both read and written poetry in your own language and possibly in English, too. Poetry is not difficult. It is not only for poets. It is for you and me. Everyone can write a poem and learn to think about what it could mean.
Rhyming poems
I loved to drink buckets of tea Together with my Robert Lee But one day he left me in tears After being my man for ten years
Did you notice the rhyme pattern in the poem above? The last words of the first and second lines rhyme (tea + Lee) and so do the last words of the third and fourth lines (tears + years).
The pattern is therefore aa bb:
Let us change the poem a bit to get a different rhyme pattern – ab ab:
Poems without rhyme
Rhyme can be quite fun, but it is not absolutely necessary. There are many wonderful poems with no rhyme in them at all. You are so sweet I will never Forget The first time I saw You Tiptoeing in Your uncle’s green Garden Dressed in White
11
Enjoy Reading
I just loved to drink buckets of tea (a) Together with my Robert Bears (b) But one day he left little me (a) After being my man for ten years (b)
Crossroads 8B
I just loved to drink buckets of tea (a) Together with my Robert Lee (a) But one day he left me in tears (b) After being my man for ten years (b)
Crossroads 8B 12
1 Find a poem in Crossroads 8A or 8B. Is there a rhyme pattern in the poem? If so, write it down. Compare your work with your partner’s. Ask your teacher if you have got it right. 2 Write a short poem without any rhyme. Maybe you want to write about a member of your family. Try brainstorming some ideas first. Jot down a few things on a piece of paper. This will make it easier for you when you start writing your poem.
Rhythm
A syllable is a part of a word. Words consist of one or more syllables. Examples:
Enjoy Reading
• • • • • One syllable: boat, you, play, live, work • • • • • • • • Two syllables: mother, after, music, clever • • • • • • • • • Three syllables: serious, wonderful, Africa • • • • • • • • • • • • Four syllables: entertaining, decoration, education • • • • • • • • • • • • • • A man from California and his tiny little dog • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Went walking in the mountains when he fell and broke his arm • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The dog ran down and barked for help from good old Mister Clog • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Who followed him and carried back the poor man to his farm
The poem above has both rhyme and a fixed rhythm. All the four lines in this poem have 14 syllables and therefore the same rhythm.
A poem consists of one or more verses/stanzas. A verse/stanza is a group of lines forming a unit in a poem or song.
Pick up your pen and write a line Or two Send it to someone saying I Love you
}
Crossroads 8B
line
verse/stanza
Limericks
A sweet little girl from Provence (a) Was brought by a friend to a dance (a) She met a boy there (b) Who really did care (b) They married and moved out of France (a) The first, second and fifth lines have eight syllables whereas the third and fourth lines have five. Did you notice that limericks have a fixed rhyme pattern?
1 Count the syllables in each of the lines of the limerick above together with a partner. 2 Write a limerick together with a classmate or two. Brainstorm first and then discuss what you could write about. 3 Read your limerick to your group or to the whole class.
Enjoy Reading
Some poems, such as limericks, consist of stanzas with lines that do not have the same number of syllables:
13
Poetry A I Should Have Studied Crossroads 8B
Sometimes a short poem says it all … feel blue (US) – føle seg trist copy off (v) – kopiere flunk (v) – stryke (til en prøve)
I didn’t study for the test And now I’m feeling blue. I copied off your paper And I flunked it just like you.
14
Bruce Lansky
Enjoy Reading
1 Is there any rhyme in this poem? If so, what is the rhyme pattern? Discuss this with your partner. Is it a) abab or b) aabb or c) abcb 2 Write a short poem about school. Use the poem above as a model. 3 Translate the poem into Norwegian. 4 You did study for the test and you’re not feeling at all blue! Remove the negations and swap the negative words with positive ones. Title: “I’m Glad I Studied”. 5 Why do you think some students try to cheat at tests? Answer the question in three sentences.
B
Do Not Stand at my Grave and Weep
Do not stand at my grave and weep, I am not there, I do not sleep. I am a thousand winds that blow. I am the diamond glint on snow. I am the sunlight on ripened grain. I am the gentle autumn rain.
glint (s) – glitring, skinn ripened grain – modent korn hush (s) – stillhet swift (adj.) – rask
Do not stand at my grave and weep. I am not there, I do not sleep. Do not stand at my grave and cry. I am not there, I did not die! Mary Frye
1 What is the meaning of this poem? Discuss. 2 What do people normally do at a grave? Talk about this. 3 Do a drawing based on the poem. Show it to a partner and ask him or her to read the line or stanza that describes your drawing best. 4 According to the narrator of this poem, what happens to us when we die? 5 Write a short poem about where you believe we go and what happens to us when we are no longer alive.
15
Enjoy Reading
When you wake in the morning hush, I am the swift, uplifting rush Of quiet birds in circling flight. I am the soft starlight at night.
Crossroads 8B
A friend of Mary Frye had lost her mother, and she wrote this poem to comfort her in 1932. It was scribbled down on a brown paper shopping bag and was never meant to be published. However, people who read it passed it on to others, and over the years it has become a classic.
C
I’m Glad I’m Me It is important to believe in yourself. We are who we are.
Crossroads 8B
dye (v) – farge (hår) Sears (s) – amerikansk butikkjede
I don’t understand why everyone stares When I take off my clothes and dance down the stairs. Or when I stick carrots in both of my ears, Then dye my hair green and go shopping at Sears. If I were an angel, I’d tie-dye my wings!
16
Enjoy Reading
Why can’t folks accept me the way that I am? So what if I’m different and don’t act like them? I’m not going to change and be someone I’m not. I like who I am, and I’m all that I’ve got! Phil Bolsta
1 What is this poem about? Discuss with your partner. 2 Have you ever wanted to do something crazy? Make a list of the craziest things you have wanted to do. Tell your partner about them. 3 You and your partner have a list of crazy ideas you have wanted to do. Write a poem about it together. You may use the poem above as a model, but you can also make a completely different poem. Use rhyme if you want to. 4 Write the poem “I’m Glad I’m Me” with no contracted forms (see pages 138–139).
D Cat and Mouse A funny little poem about what cats and mice think of each other.
ill-bred (adj.) – uoppdragen
Crossroads 8B
The mouse, it’s said, Finds cats ill-bred. They make his stomach sicken. My cat thinks mice Are rather nice and taste a bit like chicken.
17
Eric Ode
3 Write a poem about something you love to eat. Perhaps you want to include where, why, or when you like to eat it. (See the 5 W’s + how on page 132.)
Enjoy Reading
1 What is the rhyme pattern in this poem? Write down your suggestion and tell your partner. Do you agree? If not, try to come to an agreement. Maybe you will need to have a look at page 10. 2 Jumble the words in the poem above and write a completely new one together with your partner. You may add a few words of your own.
E
Birthday Wish Think twice before you make a wish …
Crossroads 8B 18
come true – gå i oppfyllelse
When I turned eight I made a wish I thought was really great. I wished my birthday came each week A year’s too long to wait. Be careful when you make a wish, It may indeed come true. Although I’m just in second grade I’m almost forty-two!
Enjoy Reading
Diane ZuHone Shore
1 Do you like this poem? Why? Why not? Tell your partner. 2 How long is it since the narrator turned 8? Discuss. 3 Is there a fixed rhythm pattern in this poem? Count the syllables in each line and try to find a pattern. Discuss with your partner. Difficult? Ask your teacher for advice. 4 Do you think school children all over the world wish for the same things? How about children in poor countries? Jot down some key words and discuss with your partner. 5 Make three wishes. Write them down. Let your partner guess them one by one. He or she should ask questions like: Is it something to wear? Is it something you use in sport? You are only allowed to answer yes or no. 6 Write a story about someone who made a wish. How did it go?
F
One Inch Tall What would the world look like if you were only one inch tall? Read this poem and find out.
crumb (s) – smule flea (s) – loppe
Crossroads 8B
If you were only one inch tall, you’d ride a worm to school. The teardrop of a crying ant would be your swimming pool. A crumb of cake would be a feast And last you seven days at least, A flea would be a frightening beast If you were one inch tall.
19
Continues next page
Enjoy Reading
Crossroads 8B 20
beneath (adv.) – nedenfor fluff (s) – lo, dun thread (s) – tråd thimble (s) – fingerbøl stick of gum (s) – tyggegummiplate thumb (s) – tommel
If you were only one inch tall, you’d walk beneath the door, And it would take about a month to get down to the store. A bit of fluff would be your bed, You’d swing upon a spider’s thread, And wear a thimble on your head If you were one inch tall. You’d surf across the kitchen sink upon a stick of gum. You couldn’t hug your mama, you’d just have to hug her thumb. You’d run from people’s feet in fright, To move a pen would take all night, (This poem took fourteen years to write -’Cause I’m just one inch tall).
Enjoy Reading
Shel Silverstein
1 Read the first stanza of the poem to your partner. He or she will read the second stanza. The third one you can read together. 2 What is the rhyme pattern in this poem? Is it aa bb cc d, abc abc d, or aa bbb c? 3 Add a fourth stanza to this poem. Work together with your partner. 4 How many centimetres are there to one inch, two inches and five inches? Have a look at page 207. 5 Which words belong together? Group the words into pairs that have something in common. flea, crumb, thimble, gum, inch, spider, cake, finger, paper, seven, one, centimetre, stick, pen
G If I Could Catch a Rainbow What can we do for other people when they need us the most?
If I could take your troubles I would toss them in the sea But all these things I’m finding Are impossible for me ...
If I could build a mountain You could call your very own A place to find serenity A place to be alone ...
I cannot build a mountain Or catch a rainbow fair But let me be what I know best, A friend that’s always there.
serenity (s) – ro, fred toss (v) – kaste
1 Find the rhyme pattern in the poem together with a partner. 2 What is the poem about? Write down some suggestions and share them with a partner. 3 List all the main verbs and nouns in the poem. 4 Write a poem starting: “If I could stop all wars”. Write at least two stanzas. Find a suitable title for your poem.
21
Enjoy Reading
Sandra Lewis Pringle
Crossroads 8B
If I could catch a rainbow I would do it just for you And share with you its beauty On the days you’re feeling blue ...
BM
• Spennende temaer
• Virkelige møter med mennesker i den engelsktalende verden • Et mylder av oppgaver
• Avvæpnende grammatikk • Lyd tatt på alvor
Crossroads er et læreverk i engelsk for 8.–10. trinn med følgende komponenter: Elevbok A og B, lydmateriell (CD-er), lærerveiledning og nettressurs. Elevbok A finnes også i digital og lettlest utgave. Crossroads er utviklet etter Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet 2006 og etter justert fagplan i engelsk 2013.
Crossroads
• Leseglede og fengende tekster
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Dette er Crossroads:
Møt menneskene, opplev kulturen og lær språket!
8|B www.fagbokforlaget.no ISBN 978-82-11-01522-8
,!7II2B1-abfcci!
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Crossroads Engelsk for ungdomstrinnet
8|B