Exotics Keeper Magazine - May 2024

STRIPES AND SPOTS

The African fat-tailed gecko is sometimes considered to be cared for identically to leopard geckos. Learn the differences between the two!

Tony Webb describes his experience with these fascinating invertebrates.

RED EYED TREE FROGS

The red-eyed tree frog is often found around permanent water pools, but what environment does it prefer and how can we replicate it?

An introduction to the Strophurus genus, which contains some of the most beautiful lizards on the planet.

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MAGAZINE PUBLISHED BY

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Hastingwood Road

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Print ISSN: 2634-4714

Digital ISSN: 2634-4689

EDITORIAL:

Thomas Marriott

DESIGN: Scott Giarnese

Amy Mather

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Front cover: Sulawesi centipede

(Scolopendra subspinipes piceoflava)

Lauren Suryanata/Shutterstock.com

Right: Red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidryas) Kurit afshen/Shutterstock.com

02 06 24 02 EXOTICS NEWS

The latest from the world of exotic pet keeping.

06 STRIPES AND SPOTS AFRICAN FATTAILED GECKOS IN CAPTIVITY

Learn the difference between fat tail and leopard gecko care.

14 SPECIES SPOTLIGHT

Focus on the wonderful world of exotic pets. This month it’s the Blueberry Hermit Crabs (Coenobita purpureus).

16 FLASHBACK FEATURE: NEVER-ENDING TREASURE

Sustainability in the exotic pet trade.

24 LOVE AT FIRST BITE: CENTIPEDE HUSBANDRY

Tony Webb describes his experience with these fascinating invertebrates.

Did you know...? 32 42 51

32 IN THE WILD: RED-EYED TREE FROGS

Commonly kept, but how do they behave in the wild?

42AB-STRO-LUTELY FABULOUS

An introduction to the Strophurus genus.

51 KEEPER BASICS: Enrichment Ideas

58 FASCINATING FACT

EXOTICS NEWS

The latest from the world of exotic animals

Silent screamers: defence technique discovered in Brazilian frogs

Researchers in Brazil have documented the first recorded incidence of a new amphibian behaviour.

Small clay robber frogs (Haddadus binotatus) observed in the leaf litter of the forest floor were seen throwing back their heads with their mouths opened wide. The research team couldn’t hear any sound being emitted until they used high-frequency audio recorders and detected a high frequency ‘scream’.

This is known as ‘defensive ultrasound’ and is a response to the presence of predators. Researchers at Brazil’s State University of Campinas believe it could be used either to scare off their attacker or to attract another animal to attack the predator.

While frogs are known to produce loud sounds, often defensively, this is the first confirmed observation of ultrasonic sound.

While the frequency of the sound is too

high to be detected by the human ear, the noise would be deafeningly loud to potential other animals at a frequency of seven kilohertz to 44 kilohertz.

Haddadus binotatus are endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic forest and remain small, with the larger females reaching only 64mm in snout to vent length, making the volume of sound produced even more impressive.

Recorded on two occasions by the team of scientists, the new observation provides a fascinating new insight into a previously unknown defensive behaviour exhibited by frogs.

Major breakthrough protects native Australian lizards against invasive cane toads

Initially introduced to Australian sugar cane farms in the 1930s to combat an invasive beetle problem, the unforeseen resilience of the South American cane toad has seen it spread across the country.

Highly poisonous, cane toads have wreaked havoc by killing native species, including monitor lizards and crocodiles, that have no evolutionary ability to recognise the interlopers as a danger.

Scientists from Macquerie University in Sydney have made a major breakthrough in tackling the issue after a new study with monitor lizards (also known as goannas).

Focusing on areas currently free from cane toads, researchers have exposed monitor lizards to small, young cane toads, capable of making the lizards sick, but not killing them. This leads them to recognise the toads as a dangerous food source and avoid them.

Dr Georgia Ward-Fear, Lead Researcher of the study and Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Macquarie University, said: “When apex predators like goannas eat an adult cane toad, they die quickly and painfully - and when they disappear, it affects the whole food web.”

Dr Ward-Fear describes the experiment as “a form of ecological immunisation”, a preventative measure against quickly dwindling numbers of monitor lizards.

The team tracked the lizards involved in the study that were located in control areas that were about to be invaded by cane toads. Results showed that populations of lizards that hadn’t been exposed to the ‘taster toads’ reduced by up to 94 per cent when the adult toads arrived, while the population that underwent the trial saw populations range from 35 per cent to 140 per cent of pre-invasion levels afterward.

It is hoped that the study can pave the way for a new approach to dealing with invasive species such as cane toads, where eradication is unrealistic but their continued impact is devastating.

New virus could offer hope against Chytrid threat to amphibians

Researchers from the University of California have found a virus that may be a weapon against the devastating effects of the Chytrid fungus on amphibian species worldwide.

Frog and toad populations around the world have seen drastic decline, and even extinction, due to the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis fungus that grows on their skin. The knock-on effect of the crisis has seen other predator species, such as snakes, suffer due to a loss of prey.

Amid global efforts to find a solution to the spread of the

fungus, a new hope has emerged in the form of a virus that infects and kills the fungus. If the virus can be engineered to target the fungus, it could end one of the biggest threats to amphibian species.

When studying different strains of the fungus, researchers noticed a virus within it. The virus only occurs in certain strains of the fungus, but those infected appear to be weakened, producing fewer spores.

While the research is still in its early phases, the potential uses of the newly-found virus against the devastating fungus is an exciting step towards safeguarding some of the world’s most vulnerable species against their biggest threat.

New gecko species described in Thailand

A team of researchers have observed and described a new species of bent-toed gecko in the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group in Phuket island in Thailand.

The new find quite literally fell from the sky when it dropped from a tree onto the scientists during the 2022 expedition. After observing more individuals, they were able to

The gecko lives in the canopy level, unlike the other ground-dwelling species of bent-toed gecko, and has a prehensile tail, allowing it to grab onto branches.

The species is named after the ancient name of Phuket island which means ‘cape’. The females reach 64.5mm in snout to vent length and are a dark brown colour with gold coloured limbs.

Spotted softshell turtle numbers boosted in Vietnam

Despite only being described as a distinct species in 2019, the spotted softshell turtle (Pelodiscus variegatus) is already Critically Endangered, but a recent population release is offering new hope.

The turtles are seen as a delicacy throughout its range in China and Southeast Asia, with many being hunted and collected for food, as well as experiencing vast habitat loss.

These challenges prompted scientists to trial the release of 50 captive-bred hatchlings into a lake in northern Vietnam in December 2023. The endeavour has boosted numbers and has prompted the planning of further releases in other areas.

The species has a distinctive orange underside with black spots, and the batch of turtles in the first release were

ON THE WEB

collected from wet markets in Vietnam. After being raised at a conservation breeding facility at Vietnam’s Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, they re-entered the wild, providing new hopes for the embattled species.

The research team are keen to repeat the success, but also to boost the number of spotted softshell turtles in captivity across Europe and Southeast Asia to ensure a steady supply of individuals that can be released.

The team has also made a proposal for the species to be included on the ICUN Red List to recognise the threats to its existence.

With remarkably little known about the species, there is still much to learn about how the turtles can best be protected, however the successful commencement of the rewilding project is a promising beginning.

Written by Isabelle Thom

Websites | Social media | Published research

Each month we highlight a favourite website or social media page

THIS MONTH IT’S: TRAFFIC

Every exotics keeper should familiarize themselves with the disingenuous actions of the illegal wildlife trade. Illegal wildlife trafficking threatens biodiversity, as well as the continuity and reputation of responsible exotics keeping. By learning more about unscrupulous trade, keepers can make more informed, ethical decisions.

www.traffic.org/about-us/illegal-wildlife-trade/

©Marc Vaillant

STRIPES AND SPOTS

African fat-tailed geckos in captivity.

The African fat-tailed gecko is one of the most popular pet lizard species. As an Eublepharid gecko with a strong morphological likeness to the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) it is no wonder that these animals are often compared to one another. Whilst they both share a myriad of traits that make them well-suited to captivity, there are also some crucial differences. Let’s take a closer look…

African fat-tailed geckos

The African fat-tailed gecko has a reasonably wide distribution throughout West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They inhabit mostly dry woodlands and savannahs. Because of this, different populations can be found at different elevations across their range. Despite occupying countries best known for their tropical climes, African fat-tailed geckos exist further inland/north, where forests merge into arid landscapes.

The name Hemitheconyx caudicinctus gives us some clues to the species’ appearance with “caudal” meaning “tail” and “cinctus” meaning belted or banded. Most fat-tailed geckos are various shades of brown with subtle banding across their entire body. Some individuals will have more distinct patterning and it is not uncommon to find animals with striking white patterns (including stripes and teardrop shapes down their back and tail). Hobbyists have concentrated breeding efforts on these more eye-catching

individuals and now the most common phenotype seen within herpetoculture is the “striped” fat-tailed gecko. Currently, only one other species of “African fat-tailed” gecko is recognized. This is Hemitheconyx taylori, the “Ethiopian” fat-tailed gecko. These animals are notoriously hard to breed and therefore, not frequently seen in captivity. Other geckos from other genera are sometimes dubbed “fat-tailed” (Diplodactylus, Thecadactylus, Eublepharis) but these are not found in Africa.

Marc Vaillant is an Amateur Wildlife Photographer living in

Mali. He told Exotics Keeper Magazine “African fat-tailed geckos, at least the ones that I have encountered, are typically 50/50 stripes or no stripes. They are active almost exclusively in dry conditions. Evenings that you would consider poor for herping are typically best for finding fat-tailed geckos. It is possible to find numerous animals in a single evening if it has been hot and dry. Searching amongst rocky outcrops, with not too much forest is typically best for finding these lizards. I have also only encountered them at night and would suggest that they are strictly nocturnal.” BAHALWAN/Shutterstock.com

African fat-tailed geckos in captivity

African fat-tailed geckos require hot and (reasonably) dry conditions to thrive. Unlike leopard geckos, they are not subject to intense monsoons and therefore require far more static conditions in their enclosures. A regionalized “hot spot” of 35℃ should build a perfectly suitable ambient temperature gradient of 30℃ - 24℃. Temperatures can (and perhaps should) drop slightly to 18 – 20℃ at night. Whilst this is not typical of the weather in Mali, which can reach peaks over 50℃, it does offer a more amicable environment for the lizards that would usually burrow to avoid the extreme central African sun. Humidity should be kept at a steady 50% with only very occasional spikes in humidity. This makes it extra important to include a “moist” hide, especially if the gecko is preparing to shed.

Because African fat-tailed geckos prefer it dry, these animals are well-suited to a bioactive enclosure. However, it is not easy to replicate the exact microhabitats these animals inhabit. A rocky surface with clay substrate and tall, live grasses in a hot enclosure can provide a challenge to maintain in a bioactive setup, but equally awkward to clean frequently in a non-bioactive setup.

Careful consideration should be placed on the choice of clean-up crew. Arid isopods of the Porcellio genus and springtails are likely to be most successful. However, these should be replaced if the gecko inevitably eats them. Cork bark, leaf litter, and a well-draining arid substrate such as ProRep Desert Life (mixed with two parts gravel and rocks) make a perfect environment. If the keeper wishes to include live grasses or plants, a drainage layer will also be needed.

African fat-tailed geckos have been observed utilizing existing animal burrows. This may inspire “hide” opportunities. Although depth is limited in a terrarium, a cork tunnel part submerged in a thick layer of substrate and leaves makes a fantastic alternative.

Parallels between fat-tails and leopard geckos

Comparing two morphologically similar animals that are broadly related (in the same family), but exist on completely different continents can be problematic. Researching animal husbandry only within the context of captivity may also lead to mistakes.

A wild Mali locality African fat tailed gecko ©Marc Vaillant

A wild Mali locality African fat tailed gecko ©Marc Vaillant

CatherineScarlett/Shutterstock.com

For example, we now know that leopard geckos benefit from drastic spikes in humidity, that each subspecies requires slightly different environmental conditions and that loamy-clay soil from floodplains is their natural substrate. None of these aspects apply to fat-tailed geckos who prefer a drier, more three-dimensional set-up with large-particle substratum. However, there are some notable similarities between the two:

Both African fat-tailed geckos and leopard geckos have fat-storing tails, an adaptation that allows them to thrive in regions where prey may be scarce for at least part of the year. These tails may also be used as a defence mechanism by simulating a “false” head that can be

dropped if a predator attacks. However, wild fat-tailed geckos and leopard geckos rarely have tails as large as their captive counterparts. This may suggest some level of overfeeding that is balanced by the animals’ ability to retain fat effectively.

Both species also produce temperature-determined sex ratio bias in their reproductive strategy. In the case of fattailed geckos, if the incubation temperatures are low (2428℃), the offspring produced will be predominately female. Higher temperatures (31 - 32℃) produce mostly males, while temperatures in the middle will usually produce mixed sexes of almost equal ratio. This has allowed breeders to fast-track their efforts to establish the species in captivity.

Stripes

Milan Zygmunt/Shutterstock.com

Differences between fat-tailed geckos and leopard geckos

According to existing literature, African fat-tailed geckos are reasonably territorial in the wild. Research and field observations state that leopard geckos will often share humid burrows and establish territories within proximity to one another, whereas African fattailed geckos are far more defensive of their shelter. Therefore, whilst most leopard geckos are housed individually and a solitary keeping method seems to be the most effective for most keepers, they are more

tolerable to cohabitation than African fat-tailed geckos. This also bleeds into breeding practices, as African fat-tailed geckos probably require more attention and surveillance during the coupling process.

As previously mentioned, African fat-tailed geckos inhabit arid areas on forest edges. Whilst vegetation is typically dry, it is not completely scarce. Tall grasses, leaf litter, broad-leaved plants and aloes can all be utilized in a “natural” fat-tailed gecko enclosure, whereas published accounts of leopard gecko habitats describe derelict human-inhabited areas, covered in aggregates with

Stripes and Spots

occasional succulents growing throughout. In practice, these are two very different environments.

Will the African fat-tailed gecko ever reach the popularity of leopard geckos?

According to our survey results, leopard geckos are over 20 times more popular than African fat-tailed geckos. In the 00s African fat-tailed geckos were imported from West Africa in large numbers and bred reasonably successfully. However, over time their

popularity diminished and as many hobbyists turned their attention towards a newly emerging leopard gecko morph market, the humble African fat-tailed gecko became less prevalent in the reptile-keeping hobby. Nowadays, breeders of African fat-tailed geckos are producing striking morphs, whilst keepers are even more educated on the correct husbandry practices for these fantastic lizards. Whilst it’s difficult to escape the comparison between the large-bodied Eublepharids in a captive context, the African fat-tailed gecko is certainly deserving of independent recognition as one of the best pet geckos available.

SPECIES SPOTLIGHT

The wonderful world of exotic animals

Blueberry Hermit Crabs (Coenobita purpureus)

The blueberry hermit crab comes from Southern Japanese islands where it is also known as the Okinawan blueberry hermit crab. This range extends throughout South East Asia and down to Malaysia. Named for its vibrant blue colouration, this species can also bleed into purples and reds. Youngsters are typically beige or cream, becoming more vibrant with age.

Prospective keepers should be wary of other hermit crabs incorrectly listed and priced as the more expensive and desirable C. purpureus. This is because many other species can come in blue and purple pigmented varieties.

To simulate their natural environment, humidity should be maintained between 70-80%, with a temperature maximum of 30°C. Maintaining humidity is easily done with a substrate of coir and sand, which will also allow digging and burrowing when kept at a ‘sandcastle’ consistency.

Known to be shell-hoppers, these crabs should be supplied with a choice of housing to swap and change. Experienced keepers suggest oval-shaped openings as they are best suited to their body type. They are known to be quite active and inquisitive creatures, which adds to their charm. C. purpureus should not be housed with other species.

They are generally omnivorous and fresh healthy foods should keep them happy and vibrant. Feeding commercial hermit crab food, as well as non-citrus fruits, select vegetables, nuts and brine shrimp as treats, should give the crab a well-rounded diet.

These crabs have been observed in their natural habitat alongside other hermit species utilising plastic waste items such as bottlecaps for housing, which highlights both the rampant global pollution issue but also the adaptability of some species to their changing environments.

Richard Cook/Shutterstock.com

NutriRep™ is a complete calcium, vitamin & mineral balancing supplement with D3. It can be dusted onto all food sources including insects, meats & vegetables. No other supplement is required.

FLASHBACK FEATURE

Colombia is home to over 750 species of frog. It is the second most frog-rich country in the world. Sadly, however, many of these face significant threats from deforestation, disease, and climate change. In the case of poison frogs (Dendrobatids), illegal harvesting of highly localised populations adds another pressure to these already vulnerable amphibians. Sadly, without any legal means to regulate the trade of wildlife in South America, ‘smuggling’ is rife.

With higher risk comes higher rewards and in rural communities where money is scarce, these rewards are incredibly enticing. In a bid to combat the illegal smuggling of animals for the pet trade, Ivan Lozano Ortega established Tesoros de Colombia (Treasures of Colombia), a sustainable frog farm in Cundinamarca, Central Colombia. They produce thousands of frogs a year, spanning seven different species including Phyllobates terribilis, Phyllobates bicolor, Phyllobates aurotaenia, Dendrobates auratus, Dendrobates truncatus, Oophaga histrionica and Oophaga lehmanni. With some of these frogs on the brink of extinction, Tesoros has managed to produce a sustainable captive population that can help fulfil international demand for these animals. In doing so, the value of wild-caught (in this case, smuggled) frogs is lessened. Furthermore, international hobbyists can research animals in captivity without affecting wild populations and effective husbandry guidelines can be shared with zoological institutions and in-situ conservation efforts.

In the beginning…

Ivan is the Founder and General Manager of Tesoros de Colombia. His passion was ignited after an incident involving the seizure of hundreds of endangered frogs. Ivan told Exotics Keeper Magazine: “I was working as head of the Bogotá Wildlife Rescue Centre in Colombia in 1998 and out of nowhere, over just a couple of weeks, we received several groups of poison frogs confiscated at the local International Airport. The numbers were around 500 Oophaga histrionica and almost 250 Oophaga lehmanni that came in very bad shape due to the conditions in which they were packed. As this centre was designed to tend to the local wildlife traffic (mostly birds, primates and turtles that arrived in small numbers), it was an enormous challenge to deal with these quantities (although we soon learned this was normal for international smuggling!) After studying Endangered Species Management at Durrell Wildlife Conservation Centre in Jersey, UK, I decided that something practical should be done to stop the probable extinction of frog species which are heavily overexploited for the international illegal trade. Frog farming was the

Phyllobates terribilis

Dirk Ercken/Shutterstock.com

best way considering that Colombia had regulations for farming other species like caimans and iguanas.”

Ivan applied for permits in 2005 and began Tesoros de Colombia by exporting only one species in 2012, Dendrobates truncatus. Over the years, the selection of animals he was working with slowly grew and the operation became much larger. Although the breeding facility has technically been operational for 11 years now, establishing ‘Tesoros’ was not without its challenges. Colombia has a blanket ban on exporting any wild-caught animals for the international pet trade, which means that the institution must navigate various legal tightropes as it grew. “It took us almost 10 years to get all

the licenses” adds Ivan. “That’s not to mention the hundreds of thousands of dollars in loans to be able to export the first 7 species licensed. The main obstacle was the lack of interest and permanent interference of some environmental authorities in our country. Sadly, they misunderstood the concepts of sustainability and bio commerce and they struggled to apply the regulations developed for reptiles to amphibians.”

One of the major drivers in the illegal harvesting of poison frogs is their variability. Dendrobatids are some of the most colourful animals on the planet and within most species, each population can have entirely different colouration and patterns. Research suggests that this variability is closely

entwined with the toxicity of the frog.

For example, if several islands have the same species of frog, but one island has significantly fewer predators, the frogs will not require such intense aposematic colours to warn of their toxicity. In regions with denser vegetation, there may also be a higher requirement to exhibit bright colours, either as a warning or to defend territories easier. Sadly, this variability means that whilst an entire species may not be at risk of overexploitation, the unique ‘locale’ that exhibits desirable colouration could be. Some locales may be afforded more protection based on country borders, or simply remoteness of their location, whilst others are at the mercy of poachers.

Ivan continued: “The more localities

involved in legal biocommerce the more localities protected from smuggling. Our objective is that only legal animals will be allowed in the international hobby to make it completely sustainable. This way, wild populations in different parts of the country are less desirable to be collected and smuggled as the demand is satisfied. We were granted a new license from the national authorities to collect and develop the breeding and husbandry guidelines for several species of Amereega, Andinobates and Oophaga sylvatica among others. Again, we had to wait four years to get the national permits. Once again, we are facing difficulties from these regional authorities for collecting the parental stock even though we must give them back the exact number of animals collected once they breed and a percentage of all the annual production for restocking.”

Conservation and research

As well as breeding thousands of frogs for the international pet trade, Tesoros de Colombia has had major success in its conservation and research initiatives. The facility, which sits in the low Andean Forests, is surrounded by land which contains over 160 species of vertebrates, some of which are endangered. Profits made by Tesoros are also being invested in purchasing land on the Pacific coast of Colombia to protect Oophaga sylvatica, a species of frog which is in grave danger of

deforestation. This habitat protection will, by collateral, support 400+ species of vertebrates.

“We have given to the Colombian governments the husbandry and breeding guidelines for seven Colombian endangered species of native and endemic frogs” Ivan added. “We have dominated the USA market and we aim to do the same worldwide. We hope that in less than two years, all frogs that are exported from Colombia are only sourced from Tesoros de Colombia's farm which should stop the smuggling for good. As we are working and supporting a network of international institutions such as zoos and aquariums and private hobbyists, the number of frogs legally bred worldwide is now meeting the global demand. This is the result of combining biocommerce with education of the international hobby. This is also being supported by our in-situ research initiatives.”

“We can now protect all the species we breed as we offer a better option of healthy and legal frogs that replace the stressed wild-caught ones at lower prices. However, we must also consider the huge loans that we still have, as well as running a facility that has an enormous number of regulations. We have five authorities doing the followup and we pay for our well-established staff of experts (including lawyers that work 24/7) in finding the best way to keep amphibians with the highest standards of welfare.”

Tesoros are now funding part of

the research of the herpetological group of Universidad de la Amazonia (UNIAMAZONIA) in Caquetá and Putumayo and research on Oophaga sylvatica genetics and conservation led by UNIVALLE University. Although the institution is directly linked to the exotic pet trade, the research that is being conducted because of one herpetoculturist’s optimistic vision now has far-reaching implications. By inspiring new herpetologists and facilitating cutting-edge research, the exotic pet market that ignited the trade of wild-caught animals may become the resolution for much larger-scale threats such as deforestation and disease transmission.

The future of Tesoros

When Tesoros was first founded, Ivan had hoped that the project would provide a tool capable of funding large-scale restocking programmes. Even though all the frogs that are collected from the wild as ‘parents’ must be returned to the wild, the captive-bred juveniles cannot currently be released. Naturally, Ivan keeps records of genetics for each animal and therefore a genetically diverse population could theoretically be reintroduced, but legal barriers have so far prevented this part of the plan.

“This is the most difficult aspect to work with” explains Ivan. “We learned the hard way that the national regulations that guide biocommerce are not followed by some regional environmental authorities in Colombia and even though we have offered

Ivan Lozano

hundreds of frogs since 2011 and provided funding for the scientific follow-up of the restocking programs, we haven't received any positive response yet. As compensation, the regional authorities can ask for money payments instead of restocking animals as the law lets them decide. The problem is that even after paying the compensations, we have offered to release the frogs voluntarily to cover all costs and they are not interested. This is very frustrating as they are the only ones that can release animals in the wild here. Due to this, we had to change our conservation efforts and started to design community-based conservation projects while we are not currently able to do any releases.”

As well as purchasing land to help protect native amphibians, Ivan provides educational research across the world. This includes dozens of workshops and lectures across many different countries, providing grants to herpetology students and working with local communities to establish eco-tourism projects to help protect various Dendrobatids. “We have a lot of exciting community projects happening at the moment” added Ivan. “In Valle del Cauca, we are helping the community to establish an ecotourism project that will benefit them and protect the habitat of Andinobates bombetes. In Tolima, we are supporting the coffee-producing community to enhance the quality of their coffee and help them export it to get them better prices and avoid the destruction of the forest which is the habitat of two endangered endemic species Andinobates doriswansonae and Andinobates tolimensis. In Caldas, we have offered to start an ecological restoration program of the high Andean Forest involving the private land of the community (who gets paid for doing it), surrounding a national park where Andinobates daleswansonii is only distributed in the world. Finally, In Nariño, we are helping a local NGO and the community in education programs directed to protect Oophaga sylvatica from extinction.”

The tail end

Keepers across the world can continue to support the work of Tesoros in many ways. Firstly, and perhaps

most importantly, avoid wild-caught animals unless there is significant justification to source them, or they are coming from a sustainable farm. Nowadays there are hundreds of varieties of frogs available to exotics keepers from captive bred supply. Unless an experienced breeder is planning on establishing a brand-new project, wild-caught animals should be less desirable than their captive-bred counterparts. All Dendrobatids are protected under CITES and there are very few countries of origin that permit any export of these frogs, so new keepers should be vigilant to where their animals have come from. Secondly, supporting the sustainable breeding of animals by either sourcing from institutions such as Tesoros or even breeding animals at home. The keeper should be careful to avoid inbreeding to contribute better genetics to a captive population, but even novice herpetoculturists can become very successful in breeding poison frogs with the right level of care and dedication. If the breeder publishes their findings and contributes to educational resources, this is even more beneficial. Finally, eco-tourism can play a major role in protecting the wild habitats of poison frogs. Many ‘smugglers’ are simply trying to earn an income to feed their families and by supporting individuals in a way that incentives the protection of populations and habitats, tourists can have a major impact on conservation. Many herpetologists will work closely with local communities to provide “Dendrobatid tours”. These are extremely rewarding for any herpetology enthusiast and provide incredible educational value.

Ivan concluded: “I would love to see more people follow in our footsteps, but it is extremely difficult for anyone else to set up a sustainable frog farm here in Colombia. Because of this, we have registered a private foundation in the USA called Active Conservation Alliance that will help Tesoros support similar projects in Colombia and several other Latin American countries. Only a deep passion for conservation can drive such a difficult and expensive endeavour. I am so proud of everything we have accomplished. I never thought this idea could be this big and transcendent for conservation, for my team and all our friends and supporters worldwide.”

Phyllobates aurotaenia

Dirk Ercken/Shutterstock.com

ENDANGERED SPECIES BREAKDOWN

Harlequin poison frog

Oophaga histrionica

This critically endangered species is found in the Choco rainforest on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Three species have been distinguished from this species since 2018, meaning its true geographic range could be much smaller than initially thought. This amplifies the need for protection as the rich primary forest it requires to live is being destroyed at an alarming rate. Histrionica is a large species of Oophaga and exhibits various banding and splodge patterns in yellow to red across each locality.

reptiles4all/Shutterstock.com

Lehmann’s poison frog

Oophaga lehmanni

Once thought to belong synonymous with O. histrionica, the Lehmann’s poison frog shares a similar distribution across the Choco rainforest. In fact, crossbreeding between the two species is common and has even led to the description of an entirely new species O. anchicayensis. They are similar in appearance to histrionica but they are less variable in their patterns and possess bright white toe tips.

Golden poison frog

Phyllobates terribilis

The golden poison frog is the most toxic animal on Earth. A true ‘dart frog’ its toxins are capable of killing humans, giving it its other common name the ‘terrible’ poison frog. This is a highly variable species. Almost all animals possess uniform vibrant colouration but this spans from intense yellows to mint greens and deep oranges. Some morphs also have black feet, which can lead them to be mistaken for their close relative, the black-legged poison frog. Both species face similar threats of deforestation.

Black-legged poison frog

Pyllobates bicolor

This is one of only two species of frogs used to poison darts. It is closely related to P. terribilis and has a similar level of toxicity. Although the frogs lose their toxicity in captivity, there have been recorded human fatalities in their native range attributed to this frog. They are an endangered species found in the lowland forests of the Choco along the San Juan River. This species has been harvested for some time and was one of the first Dendrobatids to be bred in a zoological institution at Stuttgart Zoo in 1977.

Dirk Ercken/Shutterstock.com

Dirk Ercken/Shutterstock.com

Dirk Ercken/Shutterstock.com

Cauca poison frog Andinobates bombetes

This species is found in extremely fragmented areas of the Andean cloud forests. This habitat fragmentation, particularly at high altitudes where populations may have been isolated for many years, means they are at a

very high risk of extinction. Although these regions are less appealing for agricultural development, the species is listed as threatened. In small, isolated populations, illegal harvesting poses a larger threat. Diseases can also wipe out entire populations. Some diseases such as Chytrid also seem to have more disastrous effects at higher altitudes.

This is the largest of all Oophaga species. Its Spanish name ‘diablito’ means ‘devil’ due to its toxicity and hellish colouration. Unlike other species of Dendrobatid, Diablito can survive in moderately degraded areas. It can be found across quite a large

distribution of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Choco region. However, population declines in Ecuador have encouraged IUCN researchers to list the species as ‘Near Threatened’. This species is also likely to be a species complex, meaning there could be more subspecies to be identified in the future. It is therefore, vitally important that habitats are protected sooner rather than later.

Diablito Oophaga sylvatica

Dirk Ercken/Shutterstock.com

Dirk Ercken/Shutterstock.com

LOVE AT FIRST BITE: CENTIPEDE HUSBANDRY

By Tony Webb

Centipedes are rarely the first choice for a new exotics keeper. Remarkably adept at escaping and often capable of inflicting a nasty bite, they perhaps represent a slightly more advanced sector of invertebrate keeping. However, their fearsome hunting strategies, bizarre anatomy and striking colouration makes them an extremely compelling animal to keep at home. The following article explores Tony Webb, of Venomous Vision’s experience with these fascinating invertebrates.

History and Experience

I've been dealing with centipedes for many years now, from my early days working at Croydon Reptiles to now keeping and selling them full time for several years. They can be the stuff of nightmares for many, but in equal measure they're fascinating to keep and we're still learning so much about their venom and its capabilities of helping in the medical world.

They come in all sizes and colours from the giants of the Amazon capable of exceeding 12 inches long to the defensive species from Asia that are the most widely available and frequently kept. Smaller species

of centipedes are also commonly available such as Scolopendra polymorpha, the desert tiger centipede that reaches just 6 inches in length.

Centipedes are venomous - they have two front modified legs called forcipules that help to deliver a painful venomous bite depending on the species. The effects of the venom can vary greatly with the Asian species (such as Scolopendra dehaani, Scolopendra subspinipes and Scolopendra hardwickei) delivering the worst of all centipede bites. These invertebrates are not to be free handled as bites can and do lead to hospitalisation

from 24 hours to 3 days. Bites and symptoms vary from individual to individual but by not handling reduces the risk greatly. Despite their venom, keepers do not require a DWAL (Dangerous Wild Animals Licence) to keep them.

We've watched over the last few years how centipede keeping in the hobby has really grown here in the UK, with so many different species more readily available you really are spoilt for choice and there is something to suit everyone. Probably the most widely kept is Scolopendra dehaani, the Giant Vietnamese

centipede. With its bright yellow legs, red antenna and dark coco brown colour, it’s been a favourite in the hobby for some time and certainly one of the most affordable species available. That being said, it doesn't make for the best species to keep, despite its impressive size.

Vietnamese giant centipedes are fast, very defensive, and have an extremely painful bite I haven't experienced this first hand just yet despite dealing with 1000s of individuals, but it's a numbers game and it'll come up eventually of that I'm sure, but for those who've taken the plunge in getting this species here's how to care for your new centipede.

Nynke van Holten/Shutterstock.com

Lauren Suryanata/Shutterstock.com

100% NATURAL PEST CONTROL

TAURRUS® is a living organism (predatory mite) that is a natural enemy of the snake mite (Ophionyssus natricis).

TAURRUS® mite predators are very small, measuring less than 1mm as adults. They are able to live for several weeks and reproduce in the areas where they find their prey. Despite its small size, the TAURRUS® predator acts aggressively and is able to attack and kill preys 3 to 4 times larger than itself.

Once released, the microscopic predators will actively seek and consume parasites. Once eliminated, the predators disappear naturally. The mode of action requires several days. After introduction of TAURRUS®, pest populations should be monitored: at first it will stabilize, and then gradually decline. In heavy infestations, several releases may be needed to eradicate all parasites.

Enclosure

The Vietnamese giant centipede can be kept in a 45x45x45cm glass enclosure. The height is extra important as you must have at least the same length of the centipede in height available above the surface (after adding substrate) as it will try to climb and escape.

The basic principles for this enclosure also applies to all species of centipede great and small. They need to be escape proof as I have had countless phone calls from people who have either lost their centipede or have taken the centipede home, only to find out that their enclosure is entirely unsuitable.

Ideally your centipede enclosure should be made of glass (but not always the case) as this will prevent the centipede chewing – yes, you read this right, chewing - it's way out of its enclosure if it's made from cheap plastic. Even a mesh lid can prove a problem if the mesh is too fine as the centipede will persistently chew its way out. This can prove a challenge as it’s important to provide good ventilation. Some species require reasonably high humidity levels but still need good ventilation to prevent any build-up of mould. This will assist in keeping them in general good health and help to avoid any problems such as mycosis which is generally caused by too much humidity or an excessively damp enclosure. Mycosis attacks the legs and body of the centipede resulting in limb loss, and even killing the centipede.

We use a double door system for our enclosures. We have centipede escape proof enclosures that have a top opening glass lid and one sliding glass panel that acts a safety barrier from the main lid this double door system gives the keeper peace of mind that the centipede won't escape. It also has double grill ventilation one on the inside and one on the outside to prevent the centipede chewing out whilst giving good air flow.

You can use tall brapblast boxes 5.8liter for small individuals these are a hard plastic they can't chew out of and you can put air holes in the top using a drill or a soldering iron.

I've seen tall RUBS (Really Useful Boxes) used for Scolopendra sp. giant white leg and Amazon giant centipedes. These are very deep and we've seen keepers house centipedes long-term in these with no escapees. Personally, I don't recommend them as there is a slight gap at the top they can squeeze through. No additional lighting is required either as they can and do find bright light unpleasant and will hide.

Substrate

Substrate can be made from a topsoil and sand mixture. The depth of the substrate should be the same depth as the length of the centipede. If the centipede is four inches long, then the substrate should be four inches deep, and you can increase this as the centipede grows. Pieces of cork bark can be used for hides to make your centipede feel safe and secure when it's not burrowed down. You can also add leaf litter to make it look more natural.

reptiles4all/Shutterstock.com

Water should be available at all times, so a small water dish will be required. It is also recommended to add moss into the enclosure above the substrate. Centipedes will drink off this and it will help to retain humidity levels above 70%. Try to plan the enclosure to have half damp and the other half drier, this will allow your centipede to choose its own comfort zone. Remember, the substrate should be damp to the touch but not saturated with water.

Feeding

You can feed you giant centipede on a variety of different foods depending on the size. babies can feed on pre killed crickets or meal worms once or twice a week, larger individuals can feed on large crickets, locusts dubia roaches, defrosted rodents, kidney or heart once every 7-8 days. A wide variety of other feeder insects can also be supplied to ensure a varied diet. Uneaten food stuffs should be removed as soon as possible to maintain good hygiene standards.

When entering the enclosure to clean or move the centipede, always use tongs to ensure a good distance between the keeper and the animal. Do not become complacent with the animal, just because the job itself seems simple or straightforward.

Heating

The Vietnamese giant centipede requires temperatures of around 24-28℃. Heating the enclosure is simple and perhaps best done with a heat mat on one side or at the back of the enclosure. The keeper should aim to heat above the substrate, which will maintain temperatures whilst allowing the centipede to dig down into cooler surroundings should it wish to do so. Never put the heat mat underneath, as the centipede will avoid digging to

keep away from the heat and become stressed. Ensure you use thermostat as well safety for the centipede and the keeper as well.

Moulting

Centipedes, like spiders and scorpions, need to moult to grow. The centipede will go off and refuse food and will hide away at this time. Do not disturb the centipede during this process and make sure all live food is removed 24 hours after feeding when the centipede is moulting. Tt is during this time that the centipede is at its most vulnerable and a bite from a cricket can damage and even kill the centipede.

The centipede will dull in colour and look faded, its head plate will become concaved, and it will moult out of its old exoskeleton, appearing a milky white colour. Do not remove the old skin, it will eat this to help it recover more quickly. Seven days after the centipede has completed moulting, it will now be safe for you to feed and for the centipede to engage in eating once more.

Centipedes are fascinating creatures they come in variety of sizes and colours, and they have different temperature and humidity requirements so always ask and seek advice as once size does not necessarily fit all.

Special Thanks

Exotics Keeper Magazine would like to give a special thanks to Tony Webb of Venomous Visions (www. venomousvisions.co.uk) and Nick Wadham of BugBytes Magazine for their generous contribution of this article.

Exotics Keeper Magazine is an official sponsor of Invert Shows UK where readers can familiarise themselves with the world of invertebrate keeping.

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Commonly kept, but how do they behave in the wild?

In the Wild: Red-Eyed Tree Frogs

The red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidryas) is a very common species of tropical Anuran distributed from the south coast of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico right through to northern Colombia. This species is perhaps best known from Costa Rica, where its strikingly beautiful appearance has made it a poster boy for the country’s ecotourism industry.

“In the Wild” is a monthly recurring feature that focuses on in-situ observations of popular pet species and discusses the recreation of their habitats in a captive setting. It is important to note that these are snapshot observations designed to inspire husbandry, rather than direct it.

Across different populations, red-eyed tree frogs have distinctly different morphology. Within Costa Rica alone, animals on the Caribbean coast have vibrant blue flanks that extend down the leg whereas the animals on the Pacific coast have more discreet orange flanks. In Panama, animals on the mainland can exhibit bluepurple flanks, whereas the individuals just a few miles offshore on Bocas del Toro barely have any colouration on their flanks at all.

The brightly coloured red-eyed tree frogs in captivity today have likely come from Panamanian mainland populations. Currently, all Central American Agalychnis (A. callidryas, A. moreletti, A. spurrelli, A. lemur, A. annae, A. altator and A. Terranova) are listed under CITES Appendix 2. However, with so many keepers working with these iconic species, red-eyed tree frogs remain the most popular of all the Phyllomedusidae (leaf frogs) family and the second most popular arboreal frog.

In the Wild: Red-Eyed Tree Frogs

Finding the frogs

Finding red-eyed tree frogs is a reasonably straightforward process: visit a lowland area of tropical forest in Caribbean Costa Rica or Panama, find a permanent shallow water source surrounded by trees and look up.

Red-eyed tree frogs are incredibly good at adapting to anthropogenic change. I have found them deep in primary rainforest and marooned on trees in the centre of holiday resorts overhanging flooded compost heaps. Their calls are very loud and as they occupy trees in open areas near

breeding pools, the call carries a good distance.   Red-eyed tree frogs are also highly visible as unlike other members of the Phyllomedusidae family, they do not occupy the tallest areas in the canopy. Instead, they sit between three to five meters off the ground, close to the breeding pond, but away from predators. Their brightly coloured flanks and enormous red eyes are thought to be used to startle potential predators, providing them with some defence when tucked away under a leaf at the end of a reasonably exposed branch.

An eco lodge where red-eyed tree frogs can be found iacomino FRiMAGES/Shutterstock.com

In the Wild: Red-Eyed Tree Frogs

Habitat

In my experience, most specimens of A. callidryas I have seen have been perched on (and perpendicular to) branches (around 2-3 inches in diameter) and most individuals were male. Of course, this makes sense given that the males will be calling from exposed areas to attract a mate. Sometimes referred to as “leaf” frogs, A callidryas will also tuck itself into an inconspicuous green ball against a broad leaf. I am unaware of any studies into the flora preferences of these frogs, but tall reeds, broad-leaved trees and other foliage that grows several meters above the ground and overhangs water is likely to be used. They rely on their camouflage as their primary defence, as opposed to other popular tree frogs such as Trachycephalus sp. or Litoria sp. which may find a hole in a tree trunk to reside within.

One thing that these frogs do not frequently encounter in the wild is

substrate. Unlike the coir-based, artificial backgrounds used in terrariums, tree bark does not leave residue or corrode when touched. Furthermore, red-eyed tree frogs do not visit the ground willingly.

In Central America, it rains a lot. Short, sharp bursts of tropical storms incite breeding activity amongst red-eyed tree frogs. These downpours can occur multiple times over a 24-hour period and last for anywhere from 20 minutes to several hours. Lowland rainforests do not experience “mist” or “fog” like cloud forests do.

In Central America, the days can be extremely hot. At night, temperatures drop slightly without the pounding IR-A from the sun, but broadly, ambient temperatures remain high. Across the red-eyed tree frog’s range, seasonality is broadly split into a wet season and dry season. Interestingly, these seasons alternate between the Pacific

and Caribbean coasts. Some areas also experience four seasons made up of two "wet" and two "dry". In the northern regions of the red-eyed tree frog’s range, it can go for days or weeks without any rain, followed by torrential downpours every day for months. Red-eyed tree frogs can also be found surprisingly close to the coast. Providing they have a permanent freshwater source to congregate around and reasonable protection from ocean winds, they can thrive. In Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge in Costa Rica, it is possible to find these frogs a stone's throw away from the beach.

Needless to say, implementing the climatic variables that A. callidryas experiences in the wild into the terrarium is difficult at best and potentially harmful at worst. They are extremely hardy and adaptable amphibians and therefore, finding a happy medium is likely to be the route forward for their captive care.

Caribbean morph of the red-eyed tree frog in Costa Rica Suprovat Mondal/Shutterstock.com

In the Wild: Red-Eyed Tree Frogs

Creating the perfect terrarium

It is very difficult to define the “perfect” enclosure based on wild observations, but there are a few suggestions that I think should be considered.

Firstly, the taller the enclosure, the better. Red-eyed tree frogs are often housed in beautifully decorated and densely planted 45x45x60 glass terrariums as standard. For White's tree frogs (Litoria caerulia), this may be appropriate as that species is often found tucked away in humid microclimates in otherwise semi-tropical landscapes. However, red-eyed tree frogs are active year-round and explore comparatively large areas around the water’s edge. When they do wish to hide, they do not seek refuge in cracks or crevices, instead, they rely on camouflage whilst inhabiting exposed areas. I would consider a well-planted 45x45x90 (or larger) glass paludarium to be the perfect fit. The water area does not need to be deep or fancy. Filling it with a few large stones and letting the water fill the area around them will prevent the risk of drowning and mimic a rocky pool whilst removing the need for loose substrate.

For the background, instead of using artificial foam with coir pressed into it, I would suggest using a sheet of bark. Both Exo-Terra and ZooMed produce these artificial

cork backgrounds. Using the background as an artificial “tree trunk”, mixed-sized branches can be secured into it and should be positioned to face outwards (almost horizontally). A variety of different-diameter perches would be preferable.

Finally, the enclosure should be well-planted with broadleaved plants. These could be fixed into the background (or into a small land area at the base of the paludarium) to grow outwards, so the leaves intersperse between the branches and overhang the water area.

Lighting and heating should be as recommended by most hobbyists. A warm and humid +/- 26°C at 80% humidity. This can be achieved with a heat mat attached to the side of the terrarium alongside a Ferguson Zone 1 T5 Bulb. However, a more appropriate suggestion would be to use a spot bulb or ceramic heat emitter and allow the “basking” spot to reach 30-32°C. In a tall paludarium, a strong gradient can be achieved. It is important to monitor the temperature of the coolest and the warmest parts of the enclosure to ensure that there are adequate microclimates for the frogs to inhabit.

LED lighting will be required to encourage strong plant growth. Staggering the switching on and off of electrical

components so that LED’s are turned on first, followed by UVB around 1 hour later and the spot bulb one hour after that (and switched off in the opposite order) will mimic sunrise and sunset.

In a paludarium, it is possible to install a filter that runs the water back up to the top of the enclosure and is ejected from numerous nozzles. These types of filters

are often marketed towards turtle keepers, but they offer an affordable way of creating heavy rain for frogs too. Instead of running the water through a makeshift stream, let it splash the leaves and branches. By disconnecting the nozzle, the keeper can manually turn the rain off. Of course, misting systems are also a great option if the keeper can invest in a good-quality unit such as MistKing, which can produce heavy droplets as well as fine mist.

The red eyed tree frog is an iconic photography subject Rudmer Zwerver/Shutterstock.com

You Little Ripper!

An Introduction to the Strophurus Genus.

The Strophurus genus contains some of the most beautiful lizards on the planet. These tiny Australian geckos, with their considerate movements, delicate frame and striking colour contrasts, are mesmerizing reptiles. Some members of the genus are adorned with spines, while others have evolved highly specialized plantmimicking camouflage. It is for these reasons that the common names “spiny-tailed” and “phasmid” have been used to categorise the 20+ species of Strophurus. Whilst still reasonably rare in the hobby, increased breeding success has allowed more keepers to obtain these unique animals through legal channels, making the pooling of information on the care and keeping of spiny-tailed geckos more important than ever.

An important note to begin

All species of Strophurus are endemic to Australia, a country that has never permitted the export of wildlife. This makes the introduction of new species into European markets highly problematic. However, for many years, a select few breeders have produced small numbers of niche Australian species, including Strophurus geckos, and growing success in keeping and breeding several species, has increased their availability. This means that acquiring

animals legally and more ethically has become far easier. It is for this reason that articles and information on their care and keeping should be shared to ensure that high welfare standards are met.

The species most seen in the hobby are the Northern spiny-tailed gecko (S. ciliaris) and the golden spiny-tailed gecko (S. taenicauda). These are produced regularly as captive-bred animals in both Europe and the US. Keepers

Northern spiny-tailed gecko (Strophurus ciliaris) reptiles4all/Shutterstock.com

should always be critical of the source of other species that are not so frequently bred, particularly if sourcing adult specimens at a high asking price. Choosing to ignore unscrupulous actions or justifying it with the sentiment of “if I don’t buy this animal, someone else will” facilitates the continuation of the illegal wildlife trade.

The Strophurus genus

There are currently 21 species in the Strophurus genus. They inhabit a wide range of microhabitats but are typically found in arid, semi-arid and subtropical shrubland regions stretching from the West coast of Western Australia, over the “top end” and across most of northeast Australia except the Cape York Peninsula.

These geckos occupy spinifex tussocks, savannah grasses and other low-lying shrubs. In these regions environmental conditions can be harsh, often exceeding 40℃ and dropping below 15℃. Tropical storms can bring intense downpours and seasonal droughts can halt rain for weeks on end. Even the UVI readings in Western Australia are

some of the highest in the world. Of course, each species will face very different environmental challenges, but their deceivingly delicate disposition is well adapted to volatile weather conditions.

Perhaps the most famous aspect of Strophurus behaviour is their defence strategy. All members of the genus can produce a highly adhesive liquid from their tails and project this up to 50cm towards antagonists. This allows them to retain their position camouflaged within spinifex grass, rather than escaping into shelter like more terrestrial lizards. This unique defence method has only evolved twice in Gekkota. The chameleon geckos (Eurodactylodes sp.) of New Caledonia (also members of the Diplodactylidae family) are the only other reptiles that use this sticky liquid as a defence.

The largest of the Strophurus geckos is the Northern spinytailed gecko. Females of this species can reach up to 9cm (SVL), with their tails measuring a further 8cm. The smallest is the Jewelled gecko (Strophurus elderi), which measures around 4cm (SVL) with their tails measuring another 5cm.

Ab-stro-lutely Fabulous

Eastern spiny-tailed gecko (Strophurus intermedius) reptiles4all/Shutterstock.com

Spiny-tailed geckos

(S. krisalys, S. ciliaris, S. wellingtonae, S. taenicauda, S. williamsi, S. intermedius, S. rankini, S. spinigerus)

The spiny-tailed geckos are certainly the most readily available and arguably the most striking of the Strophurus genus. These species are characterized by small, spine-like scales that run in two paired rows down the animals’ tails. These spines contrast in colour (although are often a vibrant yellow or orange in most species) and are most prominent in S. ciliaris and S. wellingtonae The spines also indicate where the animals’ glands for discharging their defensive liquid are. This, combined with a brightly coloured mouth interior for gape posturing, makes for a fearsome display should the spiny-tailed lizard feel threatened.

The most striking of the spiny-tailed geckos is the golden spiny-tailed gecko (S. taenicauda). This species is adorned with dalmatian-like spots, a vivid dorsal stripe stretching down the animal’s tail and variable, yet often vibrant red, eye colouration. The golden spiny-tailed gecko gets its scientific name from taenia meaning “band” and cauda meaning “tail”. There are also three subspecies of S. taenicauda, each found in a different locality in Queensland.

Spiny-tailed geckos generally inhabit arid regions covered with spinifex. Kluge et al have divided the Strophorus genus into scansorial (adapted to climbing)

and graminoculous (adapted to inhabiting grass) groups based on their phenetic traits. The spiny-tailed geckos are scanso-arboreal as most species are adept climbers and some will climb trees. Therefore, these lizards require height in their vivaria and a wide array of sturdy branches.

Although all species occupy similar habitats, the environmental conditions experienced by S. ciliaris in Kakadu, are extremely different to that of S. assimilis in South Australia. Even within species, the more northern populations of the eastern spiny-tailed gecko (S.williamsi) will undoubtedly experience different climatic conditions to the southern populations. This makes them reasonably hardy captives providing a spectrum of microclimates and gradients are available. Spikes in humidity, fluctuations in temperature and appropriate UVI are likely to be essential for the welfare of these animals.

Phasmid/Lined geckos

(S. jeanae, S. horneri, S. taeniatus, S. michaelseni)

There are four species of phasmid or lined geckos in the Strophurus genus. “Phasmid” refers to the act of mimicking leaves or flora. These geckos have a similar build to other members of the genus but have evolved remarkable patterning to camouflage into the grasses they occupy. Their lateral lines break up their outline against thin grass stalks, allowing them to blend in seamlessly with the vast savannah scrub of inland Australia.

Western spiny tailed gecko (Strophurus strophurus) reptiles4all/Shutterstock.com

The most widespread of the phasmid geckos is S. jeanae which inhabits Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Colloquially known as the “southern phasmid gecko” (despite occupying the northern half of Australia), this gecko is well adapted to a variety of habitats. However, there are several highly localised species within this group.

The robust striped gecko (Strophurus michaelseni) has a far smaller range, occupying only the central coast and interior areas of Western Australia. As the name suggests, this is one of the bulkier species of striped gecko. The thick spinifex grass of the central coast region makes for the perfect home for this larger variety of Strophurus. Unlike S.

jeanae this species does not have quite as perfect stripes, instead the pattern is broken down the lateral flanks and even some spots can be seen.

The slightest of the phasmid geckos is the Northern phasmid gecko (S. taeniatus). This animal is truly bizarre and showcases the group’s incredible ability to mimic foliage. It has an elongate body, thin limbs and bold yellow, grey and brown stripes running from the preocular scales to the tip of the tail. It would be difficult for the species to appear any more like a blade of spinifex grass and still biologically function. Being so fragile, they move mostly within grasses to hunt flying insects at night.

Northern spiny-tailed gecko (Strophurus ciliaris)

The Others

(S. trux, S. elderi, S. congoo)

The most recently described of any Strophurus species is the golden-eyed gecko (S. trux). Only discovered in a tiny region of Queensland in 2017, it is perhaps the least studied of all the Strophurus species. According to Gibson (2002) “The specific epithet "trux" is Latin for wild, savage, harsh and pitiless, including instruments of human savagery, and also of the scene of such cruelty (Lewis & Short 1879; Glare 1982). This name was chosen in reference to the only location known for Strophurus trux sp. nov. It is in the proximity of the "Marlborough stretch", a section of the old Bruce Highway in central Queensland with notoriety as a wild and dangerous place in the 1960s and 1970s because of a series of murders and shootings.”

The jewelled gecko (Strophurus elderi) is a unique species of Strophurus in that it does not have a spiny tail, nor does it have lined patterns. It is considered a graminoculous species, although it will typically hide beneath spinifex tussocks and hunt in and around the tussock at night. Therefore, they can be frequently spotted on the ground exhibiting terrestrial behaviours. To the author’s knowledge, this species

has yet to be bred in captivity by private hobbyists and is not available within the hobby. Therefore, keepers that encounter an opportunity to obtain this species should be extremely cautious that the animal has not been smuggled from its home range. Despite an enormous range and a “Least Concern” listing on the IUCN RedList, supporting the unregulated removal of animals from the wild, whether directly or indirectly, can seriously harm native ecosystems.

The Congoo gecko (Strophurus congoo) is perhaps the most unusual of the Strophurus genus. Described in 2016, it is unlike other members of the genus, the Congoo gecko lacks enlarged tubercles, is typically very drab in colouration and is found exclusively in Eucalypt forests.

The name “Congoo” is in honour of Mr Tom Congoo, the elder of the lands in which the gecko was first discovered. Currently, this species is known only from a very small pocket of woodland in North Queensland.

Care and keeping

The most popular species within the trade, is the Northern spiny-tailed gecko. Several breeders in Europe are working with this species, which produces eggs year-round (every 3

The Jewelled gecko (Strophurus elderi) reptiles4all/Shutterstock.com

weeks). The northern spiny tailed gecko can also produce clutches of up to 10 eggs. Therefore, improvements in husbandry and more accessible information on captive breeding has allowed for S. ciliaris to become reasonably well established in private herpetoculture. This, has almost certainly reduced the amount of trafficked specimens over the many years that northern spiny tailed geckos have been available.

Many keepers of this species opt for a 45x45x45cm glass terrarium with natural substrate, dry wood and rock hides. However, a 60x45x60cm terrarium, densely filled with thin branches and arid grasses, with a red sand substrate is more appropriate. Some rocks can be positioned to create a hide if the gecko feels particularly vulnerable or the terrarium is in a busy room, but creating a calm environment for the animal to perch within the foliage is far more naturalistic. In fact, there are many parallels that can be drawn between Strophurus and chameleon care. This general décor is appropriate for the entire genus, although temperature, humidity and UVI should be tailored to each individual species. Some species will also exhibit more nocturnal/diurnal behaviours and even within species, keepers often report individual personalities amongst their spiny-tailed geckos.

As previously mentioned, a wide range of microclimates and gradients are crucial. High temperatures should be contrasted with significant drops and low humidity should be contrasted with heavy spraying once a week and a light misting every other day. An ambient daily temperature gradient of 28℃ (bottom) - 32℃ (top) with a drop to 19 - 22℃ at night is a good way of simulating wild conditions, whilst removing the extremes. During winter, temperatures should drop by around 5℃. A strong UVI of 3 at the top of the vivarium, that gradually decreases to 2 at the bottom/beneath the thick branches/ grasses will also allow the spiny tailed gecko to traverse the enclosure to fit its requirements.

Conclusion

It may come as a surprise that spiny-tailed geckos and other Strophurus species are relatively uncommon in captivity. However, it is probably also a blessing that only a handful of these beautiful species ever made it into the trade. Now they are within the hobby, their proliferation in the hands of dedicated breeders is making Strophurus geckos a realistic prospect for a range of experienced keepers.

Enrichment is the pinnacle of animal husbandry.

Enrichment is a broad term used to describe ways in which a keeper can “enrich” the life of their animals. These methods can be used to stretch an animals cognitive ability, enable an animal to enact wild behaviours, allow an animal to explore its senses, provide opportunities for hunting or foraging behaviours and much, much more. To keep things nice and easy, Exotics Keeper Magazine has listed some inspiring ideas for keepers to practice with their animals. Enrichment methods arise through creativity, but the following ideas can help get the ball rolling…

Carnivorous Feeding Strategies

Scent trails

Scent trails are the zoological gold standard for enrichment. A huge variety of species are responsive to scent trails and therefore, will pursue potential prey across their enclosure in search of a meal even if when that meal arrives, it is already dead. Scent trails encourage exercise not just of the body, but of the mind and senses. By simply dragging a frozed thawed rodent, fish, chick or any vertebrate prey item across the enclosure, it prompts

the predator to seek out the item before it has visual confirmation that it is there. This is an extremely important aspect of predator physiology and something that is very easy to replicate at home.

Nest feeding

There are multiple ways of recreating a ‘nest’ for species that would typically raid them, such as Colubrids and Iguanids. For snake species used to rats, feeding several pinkie mice in a small tub/hide and placing it either

Royal pythons will use climbing opportunities when given the chance Photohobbiest/Shutterstock.com

below the substrate or in an elevated position can simulate this. This will prompt natural foraging behaviours and is also a brilliant way to get some snakes feeding in a more organic way. Of course, each individual snake will have a slightly different temperament when it comes to feeding, but removing the animal from its enclosure, creating a scent trail and hiding a ‘nest’ is ideal for more adventurous snakes.

Hanging weaver nest

Many zoos use hanging weaver nest birdboxes and place insects or treats in them for a whole host of species. Arboreal monitor lizards can really benefit from having to think strategically about getting to the prey item. This enrichment method can be used with a whole host of food items relevant to the animal. Quail eggs and chicks make for an authentic experience, but large insects can be equally as enriching.

Mealworm/worm dispensers

There are loads of excellent enrichment ideas that span all taxa. For example, dog puzzle boards can be manipulated by clever species to get to a treat. Parrots, monitors and small mammals would certainly have the cognitive ability to solve these puzzles. However, for more conventional pet species, various brands create mealworm dishes that slowly release the feeder insects over time. This

replicates wild conditions where there is no structure to the availability of food.

Irregular feeding patterns

Those who only keep one, or a couple of animals can ensure greater levels of enrichment by using an irregular feeding pattern. Many of us do this anyway, but once a keeper is confident in how much they should be feeding their animal and how responsive that animal is, breaking up mealtimes is a much more natural way of feeding. Combine this with a huge spectrum of different feeder insects and we can provide dietary enrichment in some of the simplest ways.

Tree-feeding royal pythons

Male royal pythons (Python regius) are at least semiarboreal by nature. Not only is their diet comprised of up to 70% nestling birds, but field research suggests that males are most found in trees. Young specimens (shorter than 70cm in length) have a diet comprised of almost entirely nestling and hatchling birds. In captivity, we should be replicating that behaviour as best we can by placing food items or using tongs at high vantage points in the vivarium. Bringing royal pythons out to climb frames or even trees on sunny days is majorly beneficial. Keep in mind that chicks are extremely fatty, so while they would feed on these in the wild, a mixed diet is recommended.

A small amount of running water can create a more dynamic habitat Thanes Pruttivanichakul/Shutterstock.com

Herbivorous Feeding Strategies

Spreading fruit formulas

In the wild, ripened and decomposing fruit will turn from ripe to mush very quickly. The hot temperatures, heavy rains and sometimes violent storms means that most fruit that is replicated by commercial formulas such as Blue River Diets is spread across the forest and geckos and other frugivorous animals have to search for it. Try simulating this in captivity by moving the feeding bowl around the enclosure. Alternatively, try spreading different flavours of the formula in different parts of the enclosure to encourage foraging behaviour (and maybe learn a little more about your animal’s preferred taste). This can be messy, so this is best tried before a deep clean.

Let it grow

This can apply to both plants and animals. For herbivorous animals, having an edible plant in the enclosure that is just out of reach of the animal can be an excellent way of replicating seasonality. As the plant grows, it becomes available and once it has been eaten, it will take some extra time before it grows and becomes available once again.

The same can be applied to livefoods. If a silkworm metamorphises into a moth, or a calci-worm into a soldier fly, or a morioworm into a beetle, the nutrient composition may diminish but the hunting opportunities grow. Most insectivorous species will hunt flying insects and they must do this quickly and strategically. Letting the occasional grub take to the skies will have your animal thinking of new ways to catch its meal.

Seasonally available forage

It is easy to fall into a pattern when preparing a beloved pet’s morning salad. However, this probably doesn’t replicate the wild and it may also mean some vital nutrients are being missed over an extended period of time. Even a thoroughly planned weekly schedule of different fruits, veg and plants does not account for the seasonal fluctuations a species encounters in the wild which may also have a direct impact on their health. For example, a greater amount of high calcium shoots may help breeding animals develop healthier eggs, whilst a sudden influx in fruits and berries may give a species an added energy boost at important times in the year. Therefore, it may be beneficial to create an annual feeding planner, as well as a weekly one. A clear distinction between the summer and winter months may be beneficial to the species being fed and give the animal something to anticipate each year.

Tactile Enrichment

Snake climbing boards

Most snakes enjoy at least a bit of climbing. Dedicated keepers have long been creating ‘climbing boards’ with a sheet of wood and protruding dowels to allow snakes to navigate their way vertically up the structure. These sheets can be placed horizontally too, which prompts the snake to navigate through the dowels towards the other side. Those that are DIY minded can attach ProRep texturing compound, as well as sealants with coir, sand and various other substrates to make the board as interesting as possible. Tunnels, boxes and scent trails can be utilised to make an entire playground for the snake. This can provide

Tortoises and turtles can have hours of fun with novel objects MATHILDE.LR/Shutterstock.com

hours of entertainment for both the snake and the keeper and also build DIY skills without the pressure of it needing to be perfect. The more inconsistent, the better!

Brush stations

Brush stations offer a valuable resource far beyond the outright adorable behaviour they bring out in our tortoises. Brush stations can be created by utilising thick-bristled brushes attached to either the side of an enclosure/pen or by adding several brushes to a frame for the tortoise to walk through (almost like a drive-thru car wash). They work in a similar way to a car wash, providing tactile enrichment whilst also giving the shell a good scrub at the animal’s discretion. Brush stations can also provide great enrichment opportunities for other species, giving them an unusual surface to explore or scratch against.

Mixed substrate

We tend to assign certain substrates to certain species. When setting up an enclosure, this is usually for good reason and a staple choice is always recommended. However, species such as tortoises can benefit from a range of additional tactile elements to their substrate including slate, stones, mosses, sandy areas, edible bedding, and more. Other species might find some great enrichment in the form of leaflitter, seed pods or loose sphagnum moss.

Moving water

For aquatic, semi-aquatic, or just any species that encounters water in their enclosure, pumps and jet streams can be used to add movement. The keeper can get creative, and some filters come equipped with specific nozzles to create a cascade effect. These are simply secured to the side of the tank to create an instant water feature, which turtles, lizards and frogs will frequently investigate and interact with. In fully aquatic environments, air stones can be added to oxygenate the water and provide some bubbles for the animal to chase. Jet stream units can be installed within the water to simulate water movement. As most pet turtle species will inhabit ponds or lakes, this unit does not need to create a current, but instead mimic the natural movements of a large body of water.

Novel objects

Many reptiles are more inquisitive than you may think, and the inclusion of novel objects can provide a lot of fun for both the keeper and the kept. Appropriately sized cork tubes, brightly coloured stones, artificial plants and novelty décor can be introduced periodically and rotated over time. Items that float in aquatic terraria, such as ping pong balls, are great. Shiny objects, scent-filled objects and unique climbing opportunities are great for terrestrial enclosures. It might be a step away from the natural enrichment that most reptiles would receive in the wild, but it does provide some excellent mental stimulation.

FASCINATING FACT

Ophiophobia

Op hiophobia, a fear of snakes, is thought to affect 1 in 3 people. Despite only around 2% of the world’s population being officially diagnosed with ophiophobia, it remains in the top three most common fears.