Ice Hockey Arena Milano-Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics Thesis [Section 6]

We start by calculating the transmissions loads loss, computing them for the opaque, transparent, and horizontal components (Table 12). Materials properties keep the same as before (Table 6).

For non-heated spaces (Table 13), we consider here the entrances setback as an intermediary non heated space. Dimensions of these walls are present in (Figure 79).

Table 13. Transmission loads’ loss to non heated spaces. Source: Authors

Heating up loads must be added considering a reference correction factor of 16 W/m² (example given in lecture) and the total Area of our building (Table 14).

WINTER DESIGN HEAT LOAD (ALL AIR SYSTEM)

Hence, we can calculate the total design winter heat load summing up the values found (Table 15).

WINTER DESIGN HEAT LOAD (ALL AIR SYSTEM)

Table 14. Heating Up additional loads. Source: Authors.

Table 15. Total winter design heat loads. Source: Authors.

With total Summer cooling and Winter heating loads, we proceed by calculating the total amount of power needed and by setting the minimum amount of power per heat pump in the system (Table 16).

authors.

According to the design conditions (Table 17), we can then calculate the air supply for temperature control for our Air Handling Units, calculating also separately the airflow rates of primary supply and recirculation (Table 18).

Table 16. Total summer and winter loads and number of heat pumps needed.

Table 17. Design conditions required by our use. Source: authors.

Table 18. Air supply for temperature control. Source: authors.

With the air supply need in hands , we can select which Air Handling Unit (AHU) to use in our building, considering the existence of 6 big vertical cores for air distribution. Table 19 sets the minimum requirements and shows how the AHU model was selected.

Table 19. AHU Cross Section Calculation and Choice. Source: authors

Table 20. Air Handling Unit Choice: FAST FM Series 614. Source: FAST FM Series Catalogue

Having the Air speed provided by the AHU, we can proceed and calculate the cross section area of the main branches of our building (Table 21). Dimensions are relatively big, that is why we opted for using a tunnel to supply the fresh air and remove the extract air. Also, for heating we intend to use the district heating from Forlanini and the an external source of Cooling.

Table 21. Ideal ducts cross section. Source: authors

TECHNICAL PLANS

WATER SUPPLY CALCULATION FOR THE TOILETS

To calculate the water supply dimensions, we used EN 803-6 to determine the Loading Units for each use and the demand for each pipe. We can then determine the main branches and stacks for supplying the toilet (Table 22). The schematic result is showed in Figure 81

WATER DRAINAGE CALCULATIONS

To calculate the drainage system, it was necessary to determine the needs in terms of discharging units (DU) and the frequency of use (f), for each main pipes and stacks. According to EN 12056-2, we determined the main diameters for black waters (Table 23) and for grey waters (Table 24) considering that we are using a sysetem II. Results are displayed in the schematic plan in Figure 81

Table 22. Water supply calculations for the toilet. Source: authors.

Table 23. Black water drainage calculations. Source: authors

Table 24. Grey water drainage calculations. Source: Authors.

Figure 81. Water drainage and supply schematic plan for the bathroom. Source: authors.

TECHNICAL AND BUILDING SERVICES PLAN

Figure 82. Technical and Building Service Spaces, -1 Floor. Source: authors.

TECHNICAL AND BUILDING SERVICES PLAN

Figure 83. Technical and Building Service Spaces, -2 Floor. Source: authors.

ENTRANCES AND CIRCULATION

Figure 84. Entrances and vertical circulation. Source: authors.

SHAFTS AND MAIN BSD BRANCHES ARRANGEMENT

Figure 85. All air system, fire fighting and water systems. Source: authors.

HVAC SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION

Figure 86. HVAC distribution across the floor. Source: authors.

FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM LAYOUT

Figure 87. Firefighting system distribution across the floor. Source: authors.

DESIGN OF THE ICE RINK PADS

Figure 88. Section and layout of the desired refrigeration system for the ice pad.

Source: authors.

Water collection

Air supply

Air Return

Cooling supply

District heating

Exhaust air

Fresh air supply

Rain water storage

Figure 89. Rain water collection and ventilation ducts arrangement in section. Source: authors.

VENTILATION AND WATER FLOW SCHEME

HVAC/MATERIALS DETAILS

SEATS VENTILATION

Figure 90. Seats ventilation detail. Source: authors.

FUNCTIONAL RING AND GALLERY VENTILATION

Figure 91. Functional ring and gallery ventilation detail. Source: authors.

VENTILATION ON REGULAR FLOORS

Figure 92. Ventilation on regular floors detail. Source: authors.

25. Materials description - Seats. Source: authors and manufacturers catalogues.

26. Materials description - Functions ring and gallery. Source: authors and manufacturers catalogues.

Table 27. Materials description - Regular slab. Source: authors and manufacturers catalogues.

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS FOR ARCHITECTURE

GENERAL MATERIALS PALETTE

The party of this project was based on 3 materialities: a translucent ETFE dome, a gallery covered with translucent FRP Sandwiches, and a Roof/Facade covered with perforated steel panels. For structures, we used a concrete-steel frame and for our seating system a steel based mechanical lift and telescopic system.

General Materials Pallete

Cable truss roof structure Stainless Steel cables and frames

Kotobuki Telescopic seatings Retractable seats in stainless steel frame, with floor in timber and PVC sheeting

Serapid Lift System Rigid chain system in steel

ETFE Cushions 3 ETFE layers inflated with air

FRP Sandwich for the gallery Translucent Fiber Reinforced Polymer sandwich with aluminum framing

Precast concrete beams Carbon C3 precast concrete structure Precast concrete seats Carbon C3 precast concrete structure

Steel-Concrete frame structure

Composite concrete roof covered with PV panels

Composite concrete roof covered with Perforated Steel panels

CLOSURES PALLETE

The designed of the closure was based on a transparency materiality, brought in place by the use of translucent covers (ETFE and FRP) and perforated steel panels on the facade, which protected our curtain wall. This arrangement allowed us to have a good lighting performance without compromissing the energetic one.

Curtain Wall

Sirio 50SG + Vlam Translucent

BIPV Mitsubishi PV-MLU255HC

ETFE Cushion Vector Foiltec Texlon® System

Translucent Skyroof Kallwall® Panel: 2-3/4”

Perforated Inox Steel Sheets

LCA ANALYSIS

EMBODIED CARBON BENCHMARK

After performing an LCA analysis over our building, with the use of the software OneClick LCA, we found a value of 445 kg of CO2/m² of construction. Although compared to general buildings in Italy (Table 10) in a Benchmarking approach, it is positioned in a D classes, it is likely that comparing to Arenas and Sports Hall, its performance would be between the expected range for a low carbon building.

Source:

Figure 93. OneClick LCA final result using as Benchmark the general constructions in Italy.

OneClick LCA..

LIFE CYCLE STAGE ASSESSEMENT

As the operational stage was not considered in this LCA Analysis (due to lack of more engineering analysis), most of the result shown below is due to the construction phase of our building. We can see that the most important component for Global warming kg of equivalent CO2 is, though, the production of the materials itself. This may be a result of the use of last longing materials (that require less maintenance and replacement), recyclable materials (that reduce the impact of the end of life) and local producers (which reduce the impact of transportation).

Figure 94. Global warming equivalent CO 2 Life cycle stages (operation excluded). Source: Authors.

Analysing the construction phase, we see that horizontal systems (slabs, ceilings, roofing decks, beams and roofs) are the major cause of our equivalent CO2 emissions. Vertical Structures are also relevant in this sense. Logically, the biggest volume of materials are also in these systems, but are also these systems that use the major part of CO2 emission villains: Concrete and Steel.

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS ASSESSMENT

Figure 95. Global warming equivalent CO 2 , by construction systems (operation excluded). Source: Authors.

MATERIALS ASSESSMENT

As anticipated, steel and metals play a major role on the primary emissions on our construction. It is though a recyclable material that could be reused in the end of its life time. Other villains, as the ready-mix and pre-cast concrete, although having proportionally less emissions, are hardly recycled and that influences its lifetime emissions. Important to notice that gypsum and glasses, although having much less volume in comparison, have significant emissions and are hardly recycled.

Figure 96. Global warming equivalent CO 2 , by materials (operation excluded). Source: Authors.

POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE

As shown clearly in Table 10, Steel and Concrete are the main contributors to our emissions results. Possible opportunities for enhancing the performance include using steel with higher degrees of recycled materials and using concrete with higher degrees of recycled binder and aggregates. This though, may have limited impact due to the structural resistance requirements and the loss of performance we have when using recycled concrete.

Other solutions may include only big design modifications, like using timber structures (which also may have legislation limitations for this use).

Figure 97. Bubble chart on global warming equivalent CO 2 by materials (operation excluded). Source: Authors.

WORKFLOW

Workflow

LOD 100

Conceptual

The model may be graphically represented with generic representation.

LOD 200

Approximate Geometry

The model element is represented as generic system with approximate quantities, size, shape, location and orientation

LOD 300

Precise Geometry

The model element is represented in a specific system, with accurate quantities, size, shape, location and orientation.

LOD 400

Fabrication

The model element is represented as a specific system, with accurate definition and detailing in dimension and instalation.

LADYBUG | LOD 100

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

Our project is located in a vast open space, without any boundaries or high buildings to cast shadows. With the help of LadyBug analysis, we were able to determine the highly hit areas on our roof with sunlight, allowing us to design the PV panels accordingly. The southern part is the most hit, as well as the central roof. However, having an ETFE Membrane, this helps in diffusing the light internally and not causing any direct sunlight or internal heat. The wind analysis helps as well to understand the outline and the flow of wind which will have a direct impact on our design, highlighting the exterior places to benefit from natural ventilation.

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

To perform further analysis studied throughout the thesis book, a typical plan has been chosen for the case study.

With the daylight Factor Analysis performed in the spaces with ETFE roofing, and glass roofing covering, it is possible to obtain the falso colour visualization as well as ISO Contour.

We notice the diffusion of light into our building and the average daylight factor which resulted in 5%. Following such results, changes have been made with the materials used, specifically in the gallery hall, as Glass with BPIV integrated has been substituted to Tempered Glass to achieve better comfort while maintaining natural luminance.

With the Active House anaylsis and calculations being performed, we were able to extract preliminary radar as first attempt of approach. Upon performing the analysis, we noticed certain modifications have to occur, specially in ENERGY radar as well as in ENVIRONMENTAL studies.

Following the first attempt analysis, certain changes have been made to our design, from increasing PV Panels on our roof and relying more on natural ventilation and light rather than artificial lighting; hence, less energy demand.