■ Significance of Seal Risking in Petroleum Exploration
Petroleum Exploration
■ What’s New on the CSPG Website
■ What’s New on the CSPG Website
CSPG OFFICE
#160,540 - 5th Avenue SW
Calgary,Alberta,Canada T2P 0M2
Tel:403-264-5610 Fax:403-264-5898
Web:www.cspg.org
Office hours:Monday to Friday,8:30am to 4:00pm
Business Manager:Tim Howard
Email:tim.howard@cspg.org
Office Manager:Deanna Watkins
Email:deanna.watkins@cspg.org
Communications Manager:Jaimè Croft Larsen
Email:jaime.croftlarsen@cspg.org
Conventions Manager:Lori Humphrey-Clements
Email:lori.humphreyclements@cspg.org
Corporate Relations Manager:Kim MacLean
Email:kim.maclean@cspg.org
EDITORS/AUTHORS
Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office.Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month,two months prior to issue date. (e.g.,January 23 for the March issue).
To publish an article,the CSPG requires digital copies of the document.Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF format at 300 dpi.For additional information on manuscript preparation,refer to the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG Bulletin or contact the editor.
COORDINATING EDITOR & OPERATIONS
Jaimè Croft Larsen
CSPG
Tel:403-264-5610 Fax:403-264-5898
Email:jaime.croftlarsen@cspg.org
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Ben McKenzie
Tarheel Exploration
Tel:403-277-4496
Email:bjmck@telusplanet.net
ADVERTISING
Kim MacLean
Corporate Relations,CSPG
Tel:403-264-5610,Ext 205
Email:kim.maclean@cspg.org
Advertising inquiries should be directed to Kim MacLean.The deadline to reserve advertising space is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date.All advertising artwork should be sent directly to Kim MacLean.
The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July/August.
Advertisements,as well as inserts,mailed with the publication are paid advertisements.No endorsement or sponsorship by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists is implied.
The CSPG Rock Shop is an attractive and affordable way to target the CSPG readership. Spaces are sold at business card sizes (3.5” wide by 2” high).To reserve space or for more information,please contact Kim MacLean at 403-264-5610,ext.205.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher.
It is hard to believe that 2005 flew by so quickly.Volunteering as the 2005 Programs Director for the CSPG Executive team has proven to be a great opportunity to work with and meet other members of the CSPG.I have a great deal of respect and appreciation for the benefits that the numerous committees,whom I liaise to the CSPG Executive,provide to the membership.The immense efforts that the various volunteers provide to their committees,is truly impressive,and made the programs offered by the CSPG an enormous success again in 2005.
Until her return,I will be the Acting 2006 Programs Director for Memory Marshall, and am working in conjunction with Nadya Slemko Sandy,this year’s Assistant Programs Director.Our position serves to liaise between the technical committees and the CSPG Executive,and facilitate when new initiatives are being undertaken or new committees and sub-committees are being established or changed.Listed below is a brief review of the various highlights from 2005 and a discussion of the upcoming programs that will be hosted in 2006.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
The Education Committee has made great strides in offering an extensive curriculum of courses (15) and fieldtrips (6) over the course of the year,culminating around the 2006 annual convention.The committee aims to become a focal point forthe professional development ofthe CSPG membership by attracting quality instructors andoffering relevant course topics atreasonable prices.I encourage you to stay informed by visiting the Continuing Educationsection of the new CSPG website.
TECHNICAL DIVISIONS
The CSPG has eleven Technical Divisions, which offer frequent lunchtime and evening
seminars on areas of specific geological interest.Each division puts in a significant effort to bring in exciting and relevant speakers to each session.To learn about the different technical divisions and find a schedule of their upcoming talks,please refer to the CSPG website under “Events.”
TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS
The Technical Luncheon committee hosted nineteen talks during the 2004/2005 season on a wide variety of topics ranging from international to local topics and from highly technical to general interest.Also, the number of hits to our Web-Cast server has continued to grow steadily month to month,going from hundreds to thousands of hits per month.This web-based service allows members,who were unable to attend the talk,access to our presentations.
CONVENTIONS AND CONFERENCES
Our primary theme is to continue to collaborate and interact between the CSPG and other scientific and technical societies for conventions and conferences. The 2005 Annual Convention of the AAPG, jointly hosted by the CSPG,was a great success for all.The convention offered outstanding technical programs as well as entertaining social events.Equally impressive was the final Delegate count of 7,295 which was the largest convention that the AAPG has held since 1981 in San Francisco.We in the CSPG should all be proud of bringing the geological community to Calgary.
The 2006 convention will be a joint meeting of the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG),the Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (CSEG),and the Canadian Well Logging Society (CWLS).The convention theme will be “What”s Next? Where is Our Industry Heading?” and will be held May 15-18,2006.It will be the first time since 1998 that these three Societies have teamed up to present a joint convention.
As for conferences,our directive is to identify opportunities for thematic,topical mini-conferences,and to collaborate with other societies on joint conferences.The 2005 CSPG Gussow conference,“Coalbed Methane:Back to the Basics of Coal Geology” was a resounding success.Last year the conference was co-hosted with
THE CSPG GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES ITS CORPORATE MEMBERS:
THE CSPG GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES ITS CORPORATE MEMBERS:
ABU DHABI OIL CO., LTD. (JAPAN)
BAKER ATLAS
BG CANADA EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, INC.
BP CANADA ENERGY COMPANY
BURLINGTON RESOURCES CANADA LTD.
CALPINE CANADA
CANADIAN FOREST OIL LTD.
CONOCOPHILLIPS CANADA
CORE LABORATORIES CANADA LTD.
DEVON CANADA CORPORATION
DOMINION EXPLORATION CANADA LTD.
DUVERNAY OIL CORP.
ECL CANADA
geoLOGICsystems ltd.
GRIZZLY RESOURCES LTD.
HUNT OIL COMPANY OF CANADA, INC.
HUSKY ENERGY INC.
IHS
IMPERIAL OIL RESOURCES LIMITED
LARIO OIL & GAS COMPANY
MJ SYSTEMS
MURPHY OIL COMPANY LTD.
NCE RESOURCES GROUP INC.
NEXEN INC.
NORTHROCK RESOURCES LIMITED
PENN WEST PETROLEUM LTD.
PETRO-CANADA OIL AND GAS
PETROCRAFT PRODUCTS LTD.
PRIMEWEST ENERGY INC.
SAMSON CANADA
SHELL CANADA LIMITED
SPROULE ASSOCIATES LIMITED
STARPOINT ENERGY LTD.
SUNCOR ENERGY INC.
TALISMAN ENERGY INC.
TOTAL E&P CANADA LIMITED
WEATHERFORD
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
DATE: April 9-12,2006
EVENT: AAPG Annual Convention
LOCATION: Houston,Texas INFO: http://www.aapg.org
DATE: April 25-28,2006
EVENT: 15th Calgary Mining Forum LOCATION: Calgary,Alberta INFO: http://www.meg.calgary.ab.ca
DATE: May 6-7,2006
EVENT: Calgary Rock and Lapidary Club Gem,Mineral & Fossil Show LOCATION: Calgary,Alberta INFO: http://www.crlc.ca
The University of Calgary’s Department of Geology and Geophysics invites applications for a tenure-track Instructor position,commencing July 1,2006.
Candidates require a PhD in Geology and a strong and substantial record demonstrating teaching excellence.Duties will include instructing a variety of geology courses,instructing geology field school sections,and coordinating/instructing geology laboratory sections as required.Course assignments will depend on the area of expertise and will be designated by the Department Head.The typical teaching load for an Instructor is the equivalent of three half-courses in each of the Fall and Winter sessions.Public science educational outreach and scholarly activities are strongly encouraged.
Qualified applicants should submit a curriculum vitae,statement of teaching philosophy,and evidence of teaching ability (including teaching evaluations,if available) to the address below prior to the closingdate of May 1,2006. Applicants are also asked to arrange to have three confidential lettersof reference sent directly to:
Dr.R.J.Spencer,Assistant Head,Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Calgary,2500 University Drive N.W.,Calgary,AB T2N 1N4,Canada Fax:(403) 284-0074,Email:geoscience@ucalgary.ca
TheDepartment of Geology & Geophysics has more than 300 undergraduate majors and offers undergraduate B.Sc.degrees in Geology,Geology with a concentration in Petroleum Geology, Applied and Environmental Geology,and Geophysics.The department also participates in multidisciplinary programs in Earth Science,Environmental Science,and Natural Sciences.More information about the department can be found at http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca
All qualified candidates areencouraged to apply; however,Canadians and permanent residents will be given priority.
The University of Calgary respects, appreciates, and encourages diversity. Tosee all University of Calgaryacademic positions, please visit www.ucalgary.ca/hr/career
TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS
APRIL LUNCHEON
The history and future of investments in the Oil Sands
SPEAKER
Steve Paget First Energy
11:30 am Tuesday,April 4,2006
TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE CALGARY, ALBERTA
Please note:
The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm,Thursday,March 30th. Ticket price is $28.00 + GST.
As the deposits were first reported by the Cree in 1719 and documented by Peter Pond in 1778,the oil sands were the first petroleum resource discovered in western Canada.The first attempts to economically develop the oil sands came in 1922 with the Alcan Oil Company.The first commercially successful development followed forty-five
years later with the Great Canadian Oil Sands project in 1967.
Development of the oil sands has been influenced by the choices of those that own the leases;by provincial regulation;and by the conventional oil production curve in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.The early commitment of Suncor in 1963 to develop the oil sands was a critical factor,as was the decision of the Alberta Government to allow Suncor to proceed while temporarily shelving the Syncrude development.The end of conventional heavy oil growth in 1998 was the beginning of the increased rate of oil sands expansion now occurring in Alberta.
The geology of the oil sands is more heterogeneous than often supposed,and normal difficulties in pilot production caused by geological variance are magnified by investors’ expectations that these sands have little to no geological risk.The difference between the oil sands and most conventional oil and gas resources is that the oil sands
contain enough resources per acre to justify a full geologic assessment and a production pilot before full-scale economic development takes place.
The refining and upgrading processes that convert heavy crude and bitumen to light crude and products were pioneered in the United States in order to gain the maximum product yield from Canadian heavy crude and bitumen blends.Western Canada’s key refinery markets of Montana,Minnesota,and Chicago have converted almost entirely to the processing of heavy crude and bitumen. As the Canadian crude stream continues to become heavier,Producers are now expanding their markets in the United States and accessing new overseas markets.
In contrast,the oil shale resource in the United States is similar to the oil sands,but it has yet to be economically developed.A comparison of the development history of the two resources shows that oil shale development has been stalled by the failure
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AAPG Canada Region VOLUNTEERS WANTED!
The Canada Region of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) needs you. If you are a member of the AAPG and interested in volunteering, please consider how you can assist.
Members of the Canada Region are wanted to serve on various committees, and if you are an Active, Honorary, or Emeritus Member of the AAPG you are also eligible to take advantage of one or both of the opportunities below.
1) Call for Nominations for Delegates, 2) AAPG House of Delegates
The Canada Region is currently represented in the AAPG House of Delegates by thirteen Delegates from the Region, and there will be five vacancies in these 3-year positions for the coming term of office (2006-2009). There are also additional opportunities to serve as Alternate Delegates.
The House of Delegates of the AAPG is responsible for all legislative functions of the Association, within the scope of the AAPG’s Constitution and Bylaws. As a group, the HOD is an influential body and serving as a Delegate is a great way to get involved in the workings of the AAPG. Canadian Region Delegates also participate in the Executive Committee of the Region.
Interested? Want more information?
Want to submit your name – or that of another candidate?
Then for any of these opportunities please contact the following (as soon as possible before April 30, 2006): Bob Phelps, Secretary/Foreman bphelps@valiantenergy.ca 403-237-5163 or by mail: AAPG Canada Region c/o CSPG, 160 540 – 5th Avenue SW, Calgary, AB T2P0M2
APRIL LUNCHEON
Turbidite and linked shelf-margin deltaic processes at active and passive margins – controls on reservoir characterization
SPEAKER
Grant Wach
Dalhousie University,Halifax,Nova Scotia
11:30 am Tuesday,April 18,2006
TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE CALGARY, ALBERTA
Please note:
The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm,Thursday,April 13th. Ticket price is $28.00 + GST.
Linked depositional systems on active and passive margins provide a variety of opportunities for accumulation of reservoirquality sands,but preservation and continuity of these deposits can be problematic. Continuity of reservoir is subject to depositional and stratigraphic control,in addition to the inherent structural complexity of the margin,coupled with syntectonic activity.One can not always make a clear distinction between active and passive margin settings and associated depositional systems. For example,shelf margin deltas delivering sediment down-slope are largely absent offshore California – an active margin – where canyons are the primary delivery system.The Tanqua Karoo of South Africa was a basin associated with the Cape Fold Belt,an active margin setting,but there is evidence of shelf margin deltas linked to slope and basin floor fans.The area of Trinidad along the margin of the Caribbean Plate changed from a passive margin in the Cretaceous to an active margin in the Tertiary – a change that impacted the distribution and depositional style of the delta and fans,creating enigmatic sand bodies encased in shale.Passive margins are usually thought to be associated with large basinal catchment areas and shelf margin deltas, whereas active margins have narrow shelves and canyons.This may be the case for the Orinoco and Trinidad,while in contrast the Mississippi feeds the large Mississippi Canyon.
Studies of petroleum systems formed in depositional environments ranging from deltaic to deepwater fans,including examples from offshore West Africa,the Gulf of Mexico,South Africa,Trinidad,South America,and offshore Atlantic Canada,will illustrate reservoir complexities both on a
basin scale,and at the field scale.At the basin scale,seismic and well log data sets are used to discern the presence of reservoirquality rocks and to develop a stratigraphic framework to use for predicting reservoir where little data exists.At the field scale, the complex heterogeneities,i.e.,baffles and barriers,that may limit oil and gas production (reservoir performance) will be illustrated.
Our preferred approach is to integrate analogous outcrop and subsurface data with iterative studies that incorporate regional basin-scale parameters (e.g.,plate movements and provenance) down to the microprobe (e.g.,complex mineralogy and effective porosity).Shallow seismic analogs are used for understanding and characterizing deeper reservoirs that are poorly imaged in the seismic data.Seismic data from the shallow time interval has better resolution to provide the critical stratigraphic and architectural detail.Integration with analog outcrop studies increases our “resolution” of these deeper targets.Data and interpretations from outcrop studies provide a sense of scale for reservoir systems where only sparse data are available.
(Continued on Page 12...)
Figure 1.Active margin – Jurassic deepwater slope fans deposited along the margin of the southern Pacific along the coast of Chile.
Figure 2.Passive margin – Pliocene shelf margin deltaic sands that are analogs to the prolific petroleum reservoirs offshore Trinidad.
BIOGRAPHY
Grant Wach is Professor of Petroleum Geoscience,Department of Earth Sciences and Director of Energy,at Dalhousie University.Prior to his 2002 appointment at Dalhousie,he was Geoscience Research Associate at Texaco Upstream Technology (now Chevron) in Houston, Texas.At Texaco he was a specialist in deepwater depositional systems,reservoir characterization, sequence stratigraphy,clastic sedimentology,and core description for business units,operating affiliates,and partners worldwide.He has considerable exploration and commercialization experience in West Africa,the Far East,Americas, and Western Europe.
Grant began his petroleum industry career in 1979 with Syncrude.This provided a unique opportunity to spend several years working, literally,inside a complex oil reservoir.His undergraduate degree is from the University of Western Ontario,M.Sc.from the University of South Carolina,and D.Phil.from the University of Oxford.He has also worked for the Ontario Geological Survey and Exxon Production Research Company (now ExxonMobil).His publications and reports cover a broad spectrum of reservoir characterization,sedimentology,and sequence stratigraphy.He has lectured and led field seminars for universities and industry worldwide.
to complete a successful commercial oil shale project.This failure is largely the result of limited access to the most prospective oil shale leases,80% of which are held by the U.S.Federal Government.
Economic modeling of various oil sands projects shows that investors receive better returns from the sale of upgraded synthetic crude than from the production and sale of raw bitumen.As the former option significantly reduces price and market risk,producers have favored this option for almost all major projects in Western Canada.
The rise in long-term oil prices from approximately US$35/bbl to greater than US$50/bbl has,for the first time,added true economic rent to oil sands leases.The increase in lease value from a nominal value to an economic value has transformed the oil sands industry.
At Long Lake,Nexen and OPTI are investing in an asphaltene removal and gasification process that uses the heaviest part of the bitumen barrel for the energy requirements of the project,rather than natural gas.As with other industries,the oil sands industry is moving towards a more capital- and technology-intensive model to reduce its energy input per unit of output, and we expect more companies to follow the lead of the Long Lake project.
While we believe that some planned projects will be postponed in the next decade,the future of the oil sands is very bright.We expect oil sands output to grow from 1.15 million barrels per day in 2006 to 2.9 million barrels per day in 2015.
BIOGRAPHY
Steven Paget is currently Research Analyst, Energy at FirstEnergy Capital Corp.in Calgary. His research interests include oil sands production forecasting,market development and technology evaluation,coalbed methane forecasting,and Canadian offshore development evaluation.He was the co-author of “Coalbed Methane - A Seemingly Endless Source of Supply”in 2000,the first major report on Canadian coalbed methane published by an investment bank.Prior to joining FirstEnergy in 1998,Steven worked for Renaissance Energy Ltd.from 1996-1998. Steven received his B.A.(Ancient History and Archaeology) from the University of Calgary in 1994 and an M.A.(Classics) from the University of Toronto in 1996.
Elephant hunting heating up in the Great Basin
SPEAKER
Alan K.Chamberlain,Ph.D. Cedar Strat Corp.
11:30 am
WEDNESDAY, May 10,2006
TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE CALGARY, ALBERTA
Please note:
The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm,Friday,May 5th.
Ticket price is $28.00 + GST
The eastern Great Basin thrust belt provides an opportunity to explore for giant oil and gas fields.Thick,thermally mature,organic-rich, lacustrine oil shales deposited in the Mississippian Antler Basin flood plain in eastern Nevada are the source beds for the fifty million barrels of oil already produced in Nevada. Some of the oil migrated into the newly discovered giant oil field in central Utah. Karsted unconformities,stromatoporoid reefs, impact breccias,and sandstones make the eastern Great Basin Devonian reservoir rocks most favorable for giant accumulations.One Great Basin well in the Grant Canyon field of eastern Nevada flowed 4,000 barrels a day for ten years from these karsted carbonates.
Late Cretaceous thrusting created the compressional features of the prolific Canadian foothills,Utah/Wyoming thrust belt,the new central Utah oil field,and the eastern Great Basin thrust belt.
A deeply entrenched notion that discouraged exploration investment is that the north-south structural grain of the eastern Great Basin was caused by Tertiary extension that could have compromised seals on older,compressional structures.The newly discovered giant oil field on the eastern edge of the Great Basin provides an example of an intact compressional feature.Another example of an intact compressional feature is the Golden Gate fault fold 40 miles south southeast of the prolific Grant Canyon field and 120 miles north of Las Vegas.The Golden Gate fault fold is ten miles long and five miles wide and has more than five thousand feet of closure.It may have trapped billions of barrels of oil before it was breached by headward erosion of the Colorado River.New mapping reveals that no Tertiary extensional faults compromise the structure.Similar structures,along strike that have escaped erosion,likely contain billions of barrels of oil and trillions of cubic feet of gas
such as the newly discovered giant Utah oil field.Oil seeping from these giant fields is probably the source for the Great Basin commercial oil seep fields.However,old opinion and theories based on little or poor geologic mapping have obscured the true understanding of the eastern Great Basin geology for at least five decades.As a result, past oil exploration efforts in the eastern Great Basin based on old tectonic and depositional models have been disappointing.
BIOGRAPHY
Alan K.Chamberlain,Ph.D.,President of Cedar Strat Corp.(775) 237-5076.Alan K.Chamberlain received his B.A.and M.S.from Brigham Young University and his Ph.D.from Colorado School of Mines.His dissertation,Structural Geology and Devonian Stratigraphy of the Timpahute Range, Nevada,provides a new exploration model that could lead to significant discoveries in this frontier region.After he worked for Exxon,Gulf,Marathon, and Placid,he became president of Cedar Strat Corp.in 1984.Constrained by well data,measured sections,and new gravity surveys and geologic maps,Cedar Strat has identified 36 Great Basin structural plays similar to the giant discovery in central Utah.
MAY LUNCHEON
Enhancing biogenic methane production in coal beds: processes and potential
SPEAKER
Dr.Karen Budwill
Alberta Research Council
11:30 am
Tuesday,May 23,2006
TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE CALGARY, ALBERTA
Please note:
The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm,Thursday,May 18th. Ticket price is $28.00 + GST.
Geological and hydrogeological analyses of deep coal beds in Alberta suggest that microbial activity may be responsible for a large portion of the methane held within these coals.Indeed,it is suggested that ongoing biogenic methane production,or methanogenesis,is occurring in many deep
coal beds.The Alberta Research Council is developing technology that uses methanogenic consortia to enhance and increase coalbed methane (CBM) production.Since it is well known that many methanogens reduce CO 2 to methane,we are also investigating the in situ microbial conversion of geologicalstored CO2 in coal beds to methane.
The benefits of this microbial technology to CBM companies are numerous,including re-pressurization of low pressure CBM reservoirs,boosting methane generation in low gas content coals,and enhancing seam permeability in addition to increasing production yields.Enhanced CBM (ECBM) – involving the injection and storage of CO2 into deep coal seams – could improve both production rates and the ultimate recovery of CBM gas.The stored CO2 can be microbially converted to methane thereby increasing the overall production from primary CBM production and ECBM production.
This talk will review the microbial processes occurring in coal beds and the current state of the technology.Observed rates of production and methods to enhance the rates will be discussed.Expected field applications with potential biogenic methane production rates will be presented.
BIOGRAPHY
Dr.Karen Budwill is a microbiologist with the Carbon and Energy Management group within the Energy Division at the Alberta Research Council.She obtained her Ph.D.from the University of Alberta and worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Idaho prior to joining ARC.Her research focus at the universities was on methanogenesis and anaerobic microbial environments.She has been at ARC for ten years and has worked on microbially enhanced CBM at the ARC for the past five years.
Now available for import into ACCUMAP, GEOSCOUT and other applications
1) Mississippian Subcrops and Devonian Reef Edges - AB, NE BC, NT and SK
4) Colony/Sparky/Lloydminster Reservoir Trends - East-central Alberta
5) Bluesky-Dunlevy Reservoir Trends - NE BC
6) Triassic Halfway, Doig, Charlie Lake Siphon, Cecil, North Pine and Boundary Lake Reservoir Trends
- Peace River Arch, Alberta, NE BC
All edges are formatted as map features for use in Accumap and
ESRI Shape files for other programs.
For more information contact: Mike Sherwin 403-263-0594 email: mike@sherwingeological.com www.sherwingeological.com
DIVISION TALKS
JOINT EMERGING PETROLEUM RESOURCES DIVISION AND SEDIMENTOLOGY DIVISION
Gas shales – potential and role of organic matter in the Western Canada
Sedimentary
Basin
SPEAKER
Sharleen Ramos (AEUB - Coal and CBM Section)
12:00 Noon
Monday April 10,2006
Nexen Annex Theatre +15 Level, North of C-Train Platform 801 – 7th Avenue SW
Calgary, Alberta
The methane sorption capacity (storage capacity) of various potential gas shales found throughout the Phanerozoic in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin has been investigated.The strata studied include the Second White Specks,Belle Fourche, Dunvegan,Nordegg,Exshaw,and Duvernay. All strata vary geographically in organic matter abundance,kerogen type,and maturity,hence gas shale potential.For the combined data set,the amount of total organic carbon (TOC) is strongly related to methane sorption capacity (r2=0.78).The sorption capacity of a 23wt% TOC sample is 2 cc/g (66 scf/ton).The organic-rich samples show better correlation between TOC and methane sorption capacity and have higher sorption capacities than organic-lean samples.The low TOC shales are influenced by mineralogical differences and pore/moisture/maturity relationships.
Sorption capacity increases with maturation and increased microporosity of organic matter is associated with higher maturity shales as seen by the flattening of the isotherm curve.Methane sorption capacity and TOC abundance varies with kerogen type,nature,HI,kerogen isotopic composition,and depositional environment. Difficulties exist when attempting to determine the variation between methane sorption capacity and organic matter composition.However,it is noted that comparing samples of similar TOC and maturity,samples with more vitrinite (kerogen type III) have more sorption capacity.Exploration programs and future studies should consider the vertical and lateral changes in shale sequence as the
organic matter types can vary.Kerogen can be isolated to measure differences in sorption between different organic matter compositions.
BIOGRAPHY
Sharleen Ramos is currently working at the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board in the Coal and CBM Section,Geology and Reserves Group.She received her M.Sc.in Geology at the University of British Columbia working on the gas sorption potential of organic-rich mudrocks in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.Shepreviously worked at CBM Solutions Ltd.CBM and Shale Gas consulting and project work.
INFORMATION
Talks are free – don’t forget to bring your lunch! Coffee and donuts will be provided.
Emerging Petroleum Resources Division EPRD noon-hour talks do not require registration.Non-CSPG members are also welcome to attend.If you would liketo join our email distribution list,suggest a topic,or volunteer to present a talk,pleasesend a message to Michelle.Hawke@bp.com.
Sedimentology Division
If you are interested in joining the Sedimentology Division e-mail listing which currently provides luncheon reminders,or if you care to suggest a technical topic or present a talk to the division,please contact Scott Rose at (403) 875-7673 or scott.rose @cspgsedimentology.org.Lunch talks are sponsored by IHS Energy (www.ihsenergy.com) and Birch Mountain Resources Ltd. (www.birchmountain.com).
GEOMODELING DIVISION
Uncertainty and naturally fractured reservoir modeling: Do I have fractures? What kind do I have? How do I model them?
SPEAKER
Rolf V.Ackermann
Beicip Inc.,Houston,Texas
12:00 Noon
Wednesday,April 26,2006
ConocoPhillips Auditorium
3rd Floor- above Plus 15+ level 401 – 9th Ave SW Calgary, Alberta
Although most all reservoirs around the world contain natural fractures,not all are what are considered to be naturally fractured reservoirs.The definition of naturally fractured reservoirs can be based on a purely geological or a hybrid geoscience/engineering approach.Fractures may not make a quantifiable contribution to flow,or they may dominate reservoir performance.Often fractures are not
recognized as contributing to flow until relatively late in field life when problems such as water breakthrough and anomalous well communication may have negatively impacted the field development and planning.Thus,knowing whether a natural fracture network is present or not is an
Manager Geoscience Affairs
Reporting to the Director Internal Affairs and working closely with the Geoscience Liaison Group and related technical societies, this challenging position offers the incumbent the opportunity to make a difference in the Geoscience community by playing a key role in strengthening relations with, and enhancing benefits and services for APEGGA’s geoscience members and permit holders, as well as working with APEGGA staff on compliance and licensure.
Competitive candidates will have already attained a respected profile within the profession and displayed sound judgement, strong people, communication, presentation, priority management, organizational, and administrative skills, and the ability to build effective working relations with diverse stakeholders. Active participation on boards and committees and exposure to a regulatory environment would also be advantageous. The successful candidate is required to become registered with APEGGA.
Rewards of this Calgary-based position include competitive compensation and benefits, considerable independence, and the opportunity to make an important contribution to the geoscience professions. To explore this career opportunity, please forward a resume of your experience and accomplishments to Dr. Jerry Long at:
A.W. Fraser & Associates • PSA International
Canadian Western Bank Place
#2660, 10303 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 3N6
Telephone: (780) 428-8578 Fax: (780) 426-2933
E-mail: admin@awfraser.com
important consideration early in the life of a field.
Natural fractures have a number of different styles and forms.The two dominant types can be considered as diffuse fractures and fracture swarms.Diffuse fractures are those fractures one typically thinks of in outcrop: well behaved,regularly spaced,lithologically controlled,and acting as an evenly distributed permeability structure.Fracture swarms are somewhat larger features that may or may not occur periodically across the reservoir, while acting as massive fluid conduits when present.Fractures can also differ in their origins:compaction,tectonic,secondary deformation,or diagenetic.
The manner in which one models a fracture network is dependant on the data at hand.A very robust way to model a fractured reservoir is using a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) in concert with the fine-scale geological model,or with the simulation grid. There are many different types of input data that can be used,from borehole image logs and core,to azimuthal anisotropy and geomechanical data to build a DFN.However, reservoir and individual well performance data can also be used to constrain the fracture network.A thorough analysis of all the data available is perhaps the most important step. Calibration of the modeled fracture network to dynamic data is an important groundtruthing step.This is often done within a reservoir simulator,but is better done within the DFN itself,where individual fracture sets can be adjusted and the model tuned to match all observations available.
STRUCTURAL DIVISION
A comparison of two fault seal analysis techniques,case study from eastern Venezuela
SPEAKERS
Matthew Pachell,Craig Rankin, and Philip Farfan
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
12:00 Noon
Thursday,April 13,2006
Petro-Canada
West Tower, room 17B/C (17th floor)
150 – 6th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta
Analysis of an extensional fault array in a siliciclastic sequence from eastern Venezuela provides insight into the effectiveness of two fault seal analysis techniques:juxtaposition and the shale gouge ratio (SGR,Yielding et al.,1997).The trapping mechanism is a footwall three-way closure against a hard-linked extensional fault array.The fault throw,constrained by well logs and a 3D seismic survey,ranges up to 250 m and displaces a complex stratigraphy.Three stratigraphic horizons interpreted from the 3D volume and stratigraphic picks from three wells are used to build a faulted framework model in the TrapTester system.The modeled stratigraphy contains nine sands,eight of which are penetrated by two wells in the footwall block.Juxtaposition and SGR fault seal techniques are used to determine the relationship between sand-to-sand juxtaposition and the occurrence of oiland water-bearing sands.For the two sands in the upper reservoir section,the juxtaposition technique adequately explains the observed hydrocarbon occurrences and contacts.In the lower reservoir section,which contains seven sands, sand-to-sand juxtaposition occurs across oil-bearing sands,indicating sealing sand-tosand juxtaposition.These results indicate that the juxtaposition technique can overestimate the risk of fault seal failure and result in the under-prediction of hydrocarbon columns (HC).SGR was computed on the modeled fault using Vshale logs from each well and the fault throw.The minimum SGR values above the lowest known oil and the highest known water are tabulated to determine if there are any consistent relationships between reservoirs known to be sealing or leaking and their corresponding minimum SGR
values.The results show that for the sands containing oil (i.e.,sealing fault),the lowest SGR values are above 40% and for sands containing water (i.e.,leaking fault);the lowest SGR values lie below 33%.Using these relationships,we compare the predicted HC heights using the juxtaposition and SGR methods to the observed column heights.The results indicate that juxtaposition tends to underestimate HC heights whereas SGR may tend to overestimate HC heights.
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED
IN:
Pachell,M.A.,Rankin,C.,Farfan,P.,2004, A Comparison of Two Fault Seal Analysis Techniques,Case Study from Eastern Venezuela (abs):EAGE Proceedings on Fault and Top Seals,p.P-36.
BIOGRAPHY
Matt Pachell received his B.S.in Geology from Denison University in 1997 and his M.Sc.in Geology from Utah State University in 2000. After graduating,Matt joined Anadarko in Houston where he has worked on a variety of exploration projects including central
Oklahoma’s Deep Basin tight gas play and West Texas’Deep Delaware Basin resource play.Additionally,Matt spent several years as a structural geology specialist within Anadarko’s Corporate Geosciences team where he pursued his interests in fault seal and fracture characterization by working international exploration projects in Venezuela, Algeria,and Oman.Matt is currently a structural geologist with Anadarko’s Canadian Foothills Exploration Team.
INFORMATION
Talks are free;please bring your lunch.Goodies and drinks are provided by HEF Petrophysical Consulting,and the room is provided by PetroCanada.If you would like to be on the Structural Division e-mail list,or if you’d like to give a talk,please contact Elizabeth Atkinson at (403) 296-3694 or eatkinso@petrocanada.ca.
PALAEONTOLOGY DIVISION
Paleobiological controls on dolomitization and reservoir development in the Mississippian Midale Beds,Weyburn Oilfield, Southeastern Saskatchewan.
SPEAKER
A.D.Keswani and S.G.Pemberton(co-author)
Ichnology research Group, Dept.of Earth Sciences,University of Alberta
12:00 Noon Friday,April 7,2006
Room 1116-1118
Tower #1, Calgary Place 330 – 5th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta
Applications of ichnology represent a powerful tool useful for understanding origins of carbonate reservoirs in Mississippian Midale Beds of the Weyburn Oilfield.Due to virtual absence of body fossils,discrete trace fossils provide data that are instrumental in paleoenvironmental reconstructions of reservoir strata;and petrographic analyses of indiscrete bioturbate textures yield insights regarding paleobiological controls on dolomitization and origins of porosity.An integrated approach,utilizing both these aspects of the ichnologic record is beneficial for genetic modeling of dolomite reservoirs formed within upper Midale Beds.These substrates consist of dolomudstones characterized by a diverse trace fossil suite, including an abundance of Zoophycos,Planolites, Chondrites,some Helminthopsis,Asterosoma, Teichichnus,and Palaeophycus,and rare
Cruziana ichnofacies,representing fully marine offshore paleoenvironments.Such bioturbated muddy substrates developed in response to a major transgression that drowned previous restricted-lagoon deposits,and reworked skeletal deposits in basal lags,and produced bored hardgrounds at the unconformity surface.This flooding event is likely driven by differential subsidence related to ramp evolution.
Prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs are developed within bioturbated dolomudstones,which suggest organism-sediment interactions played a significant role in carbonate diagenesis and origins of porosity.Since bioturbation is inherently linked to widespread dolomitization of muddy substrates,genetic classification of textural heterogeneties provide a tool useful for understanding development of porosity in reservoir strata.Petrographic studies on such muddy substrates show nearly complete pelletization of micrite.Arrangements of fecal pellets define burrow-fabrics,consisting of concentric and tangential alignments,and abundance patterns range from clusteredinterpenetrating to homogenized textures.Such widespread reorganization of the micrite into fecal pellets,and re-arrangements in allochems highlight an important concept regarding paleobiological controls on carbonate diagenesis: biogenically derived textural modifications,and respective changes in distribution patterns of intergranular voids,facilitated percolation of Mgbearing fluids associated with dolomite formation,within otherwise impermeable muddy substrates.
Fluid flow within pelleted muds resulted in
intercrystalline porosity at reservoir scale. Furthermore,reservoir quality has been significantly enhanced by development of moldic porosity within such paleobiologically-influenced dolomites.Distribution patterns in moldic voids suggest percolation of leaching fluids in burrowfabrics,and dissolution of former skeletal arrangements derived in bioturbation.Such patterns reflect the morphological characteristics of original skeletal alignments,which indicates structural elements such as spreiten has enhanced connectivity of voids within burrowfabrics.Although such paleobiological controls influence porosity evolution and enhance permeability in muddy substrates,reservoir potential varies accordingly with destructive effects of compaction and late-stage diagenesis.
BIOGRAPHY
Arjun received a B.Sc.(hon) from the University of Ottawa,and an M.Sc.in geology from U of A.He is currently pursing his Ph.D.under supervision of Dr. George Pemberton at U of A.His research interests lie in the application of paleontology and paleoecology to petroleum geology.His Ph.D.thesis focuses on ichnology and sedimentology of ancient carbonates,and the roles of bioturbation on diagenesis,including paleobiological controls on dolomitization and reservoir development.
INFORMATION
This event is jointly presented by the Alberta Palaeontological Society,Mount Royal College and the CSPG Palaeontology Division.For information or to present a talk in the future please contact CSPG Paleo Division Chair Philip Benham at 403-6913343 or programs@ albertapaleo.org.Visit the APS website for confirmation of event times and
PALAEONTOLOGY DIVISION
Steller’s Sea Cow:Lesson from a recent megafaunal extinction?
SPEAKER
Paul K.Anderson
Emeritus Professor
of
University of Calgary
Zoology
7:30 PM Friday,April 21,2006
Mount Royal College Room B108
4825 Richard Road SW Calgary, Alberta
Sirenians originated in warm intertidal and subtidal waters of the Paleocene Tethys Sea colonized by algae and seagrasses.Through the Tertiary they diverged along three paths. Manatees (Trichidae),isolated in the fresh waters of the South American,adapted to diets of aquatic and shoreline vegetation (in particular floating meadows of true grasses in the Amazon). In the Caribbean,Dugongids remained marine, foraging primarily on seagrasses.).One dugongid branch,the.Halitherines,isolated on the west coast of Central America,took a radical tack, turning to large marine algae (kelps).The kelp diet led to loss of teeth,but opened the way for exploitation of coastal margins from California to Japan.Low temperatures and concentration in the rough waters of rocky shorelines led to large size,loss of diving ability,thick tough epidermis, and loss of phalanges (as pectorals took on the task of maintaining position in the surge zone). A kelp diet put sea cows into competition with sea urchins,but urchins were kept in check in the shallows by sea otters.At depths below those at which otters foraged the kelps evolved chemical defenses against urchin herbivory.
This balance worked for Hydrodamalis until human hunters appeared.Tied to the shoreline and unable to dive,seacows were vulnerable to aboriginal peoples,and they disappeared from the continental coasts leaving a relict population around Bering and Copper Islands,off Kamchatka.Their extinction was triggered by arrival of a floating wreck carrying the scurvyriddled survivors of Vitus Bering’s second Bering Strait expedition,including biologist George Steller who recorded his observations.News of the wealth of furs in northern waters,carried by the survivors,exposed the seacows’ last refuge to human hunting.There are two scenarios for this megafaunal extinction.A recent electronic publication by Turvey and Risley (soon to appear in print),demonstrates that the harvest of sea cows to supply the fur hunters could have been, by itself,sufficient to account for the final
extinction My alternative argument is that the episode should be examined in a community context:
(1) harvest of sea otters resulted in explosion of kelp-eating urchins into the shallows where the seacows fed,reducing the sea cow food supply.
(2) replacement of chemically unprotected shallowwater kelps by deep-water species with chemical defenses against herbivory sealed the sea-cow fate by substituting toxic forage.
It was reported that otters became scarce around the islands within 10 years.The last seacow was killed 20 years later.With Martin (2005),I think it important that we understand the full complex of factors leading to late Pleistocene extinctions. Examination of this historical episode in a community context may shed useful light on extinction in general and be pertinent to our response to the current extinction crisis (see www.http://massextinction.net).Paleontologists have much to contribute to our current and future decisions.
BIOGRAPHY
Paul Anderson is Professor of Zoology Emeritus,in the Dept.of Biology at the University of Calgary.His
career in biology grew out of boyhood in small New England towns surrounded by forested hills and a backyard bird feeder.It led to undergraduate specialization in vertebrate biology (Cornell) and graduate degrees from Tulane and the University of California (Berkeley) in herpetology.A sabbatical leave spent at James Cook University in Australia (1974) led to interest in sirenian biology and conservation and several years of field work on dugong ecology and behavior in Shark Bay,Western Australia.His thoughts regarding the factors leading to the extinction of Steller’s sea cow are based on this dugong experience.He has been a member of the Advisory Board;Acoustic Thermometry and Ocean Climate Marine Mammal Research Program,and has served as chairman of the Marine Mammals Committee of the American Society of Mammalogists.
INFORMATION
This event is jointly presented by the Alberta Palaeontological Society,Mount Royal College,and the CSPG Palaeontology Division.For information or to present a talk in the future please contact CSPG Paleo Division Chair Philip Benham at 403691-3343 or programs@ albertapaleo.org.Visit the APS website for confirmation of event times and upcoming speakers:http://www.albertapaleo.org/
September 3-10, 2006
CORE AND SAMPLE DIVISION
Core Storage Crunch: The impending squeeze for Alberta core storage space
Geological research and oil and gas exploration in Alberta have been greatly aided by the visionary establishment of the ERCB in 1938.Along with regulations that guided the drilling for hydrocarbons,ERCB regulations required the submission of logs, drilling and completion records,as well as core and drill cuttings obtained in the exploration process.The creation and maintenance of this material has given the Alberta geological community the most complete data set in the world to study subsurface geology.As a result,the subsurface stratigraphy of our basin is well documented,and many exploration plays have been drilled that would never have been developed without this data set.
With the sustained high level of drilling activity in Alberta since 1994,the available storage capacity for core and drill cuttings at the AEUB Core Research Centre is almost exhausted.At current rates of drilling the facility will be completely full within 5-7 years.In 2003 the CSPG,the AEUB,and various stakeholders studied numerous options,one of which was to cull core under strict criteria,and more specifically from the surface mine-able area only.This option is presently being carried out.A recommendation by the CSPG to
expand the centre’s storage capacity was deemed not feasible at the time but is still considered an option.
Stakeholder concern from across the geological community,including industry, academia,and government researchers has continued to be voiced to the CSPG, through the Core and Sample Division.
We feel the core and sample storage situation warrants intervention by the CSPG.We intend to continue to express our concerns to the AEUB and,if required, make a direct request to the Minister of Energy to provide additional funding to the AEUB for expansion of storage capacity for the Core Research Centre to accommodate ongoing core collection.
Please help us by allowing us to add your name and affiliation to our list of geoscientists supporting this initiative.You may add your name by emailing Doug Hayden,via haydengeo@telus.net
Please watch for future articles on this topic in the Reservoir to track our progress and learn of ways that you can lend your support.
Core Research Centre,Calgary,Alberta
A small portion of the core storage facility.
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Faulted contours
Isopachs
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New Unassigned Tops
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Shade between crossover
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Expanded GIS Functions
Bubble maps
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Log curves
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6TH ANNUAL LONG-TIME MEMBERS RECEPTION
6TH ANNUAL LONG-TIME MEMBERS RECEPTION – MAY 16, 2006
Have you been a member of the CSPG for 30+ years (since at least 1976)?
If so,keep an eye open for your invitation to the 6th Annual Long-Time Member’s Reception.The Long-Time Member’s Reception is a complimentary cocktail party organized exclusively for our more senior members,in appreciation of their long commitment to the Society.Attendance is by invitation only.
This year the reception will take place on Tuesday,May16 from 4:00 to 6:00 P.M.;and will be held,once again,at Rotary House on the Stampede Grounds.It will be held in conjunction with the CSPG Annual Convention,but you need not be registered for the Convention to attend the Long-Time Members Reception.Invitations will be sent out in mid-April.If you are a long-time member (30+ years) in good-standing,and have not received an invitation by May 1, please call Deanna Watkins at the CSPG office (403) 254-5610).She can verify your startdate,and make sure your name is included on the invitation list.Included with the invitation will be a list of all other invitees – you can look for your friend’s names and help us make sure no one is omitted.It also makes a great “cheat sheet” for the reception when you run into all those old acquaintances!
This event is gaining in popularity,and every year more people attend.We have lots of tasty
BY REGAN PALSGROVE,LONG-TIME MEMBERS RECEPTION CHAIR
hors d’oeuvres,a couple of a complimentary drink tickets,a cash bar,and door prizes for the members with the earliest start-dates.Last year,about 170 people attended.We have a short,informal agenda,which includes presentation of the Honourary Awards.This year the recipients will be Mr.Clayton Riddell and Mr.Gordon Williams.
For more information regarding this event, please contact Regan Palsgrove at Talisman Energy;phone (Tues.to Thurs.) 237-1423 or e-mail rpalsgrove@talisman-energy.com.
John Palsgrove,Regan Palsgrove,and Bill Ayrton
Jim Gray addressing his fellow long-time members after receiving his Honourary Membership.
Attendees of the 2004 Reception enjoying themselves.
Monica Meding and Peter Jones
ShortCourses!!
Application of Structural Geology in Prospecting in Thrusted and Extensional Terrain
Date: July 31-August 4, 2006
Location: Jackson Hole, Wyoming
Tuition: $1,295, AAPG members, $1,395, non-members (goes up to $1,395/1,495 after 7/02/06), includes course notes and refreshments, field trip transportation and box lunches on field trip days
Content: 3.4 CEU
Instructors: Charles Kluth, Consultant, Denver, CO; Ronald A. Nelson, Consultant, Cat Spring, TX
Who Should Attend
Geologists, geophysicists, engineers, and managers engaged in exploration and production projects in thrusted and extended terrain, who need an overview of structural trap shapes and modern structural techniques will benefit from this course.
Basic Well Log Analysis
Date: August 15-18, 2006
Location: Austin, Texas
Tuition: $995, AAPG members; $1,095, non-members (increases to $1,095/1,195 after 7/11/06); includes course notes, refreshments, and a copy of Basic Well Log Analysis by George Asquith and Daniel Krygowski, with Neil Hurley and Steve Henderson
Content: 2.8 CEU
Limit: 40
Instructors: George B. Asquith, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; Daniel A. Krygowski, Chevron, Houston, TX
Who Should Attend
Geologists, engineers, geophysicists, and other professionals with a need to understand the responses of common logging measurements to subsurface conditions, and become familiar with basic openhole well log interpretation techniques.
Summer School Opportunities with AAPG Education
FieldSeminar!!
Fluvial to Turbidite Reservoir Systems of SE Asia: High Resolution Exploration and Development Applications from Outcrop to Subsurface
Leaders: Paul Crevello, Petrex Asia Reservoir and Stratigraphy Group, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Howard Johnson, Imperial College, London, UK; John Clayburn, REPSOL, Madrid, Spain
Dates: July 19-28, 2006
Location: Begins in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, and ends in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Tuition: $3,350 USD (increases to $3,450 after 6/07/06), includes guidebook, lodging, transportation, overflight and field refreshments
Limit: 14
Content: 6.0 CEU
Who Should Attend
Exploration and development geologists, geophysicists, log analysts, reservoir engineers, and exploration and development managers who want a thorough working knowledge of productive clastic reservoirs developed in structurally complex basins.
Lewis & Clark GeoTour: Marias River to Gates of the Mountains, Montana
Leader: William Hansen, Jireh Consulting Services, Great Falls, MT
Dates: August 15-20, 2006
Location: Begins and ends in Great Falls, Montana
Tuition: $2,400 (increases to $2500 after 7/17/06), includes one day outfitted float trip and one day outfitted canoe trip on Missouri River, guided trips to the Great Falls of the Missouri, White Bear Island Portage Camp, Sacagawea Sulfur Springs, Marias River "decision" point, historic Fort Benton Missouri River steamboat wharf; Sun River Canyon of the Montana Front Range; admission to Lewis & Clark Interpretive Center, C. M. Russell Western Art Museum, Ulm Pishkun Buffalo Jump and Giant Springs State Parks; cruise boat trip through Lewis & Clark’s “Gates of the Mountains” canyon in the Montana Thrust Belt, lunches, transportation during Geotour, tips for boatmen and bus driver, guidebook and barbecue dinners during river trips.
Limit: 19
Content: 4.2 CEU
Who Should Attend
Lewis & Clark fans, geologists, geophysicists, spouses, and families interested in the geology that affected the Lewis & Clark Expedition in Montana. The Missouri River is a great river to float and canoe for beginners, the pace is leisurely, and many of the landscapes are unchanged in the past 200 years. Some moderate hiking will occur.
2006 CSPG CSEG CWLS JOINT CONVENTION
Registration is NOW OPEN! Registration for the following Field Trips and Short Courses are available on a first come,first serve basis. Please register early so you don’t miss out!
Information on these and other events are online at www.GEOconvention.org.
PRE CONVENTION FIELD TRIPS
Basin Formation and Inversion in a Strike-Slip Fault Zone,Salton Trough (Southern San Andreas Fault), California
Leaders: Alula Damte
Date: May 9 – 12,2006
Limit: 20 participants
Course Fee: $1,400 (Airfare to California not included)
Major Dolostone Reservoir Types, Outcrops And Subsurface Analogues
Western Canada:Distinct Types Or Continuum?
Leaders: Graham Davies & Jack Wendte
Date: May 11 – 12,2006
Limit: 25 participants
Course Fee: $800
Geological Walking Tour
- The Building Rocks of Calgary
Leaders: Bill Ayrton
Date: May 12,2006
Limit: 30 participants
Course Fee: $100
POST CONVENTION FIELD TRIPS
Savanna Creek,Alberta – A Fractured Carbonate Reservoir in a Complex Structural Setting.
Leaders: Thomas Kubli
Date: May 23,2006
Limit: 20 participants
Course Fee: $430.00
Geology of the Athabasca Oil Sands
Leaders: Mike Ranger & Murray Gingras
Date: May 23 – 25,2006
Limit: 18 participants Course Fee: $1,900.00
Upper Cretaceous Shelf and Shoreface Sandstones;Montana Outcrops and Alberta Basin Cores
Leaders: Peter Putnam & Derald Smith
Date: May 31 – June 2,2006
Limit: 17 participants
Course Fee: $1,275.00
PRE CONVENTION SHORT COURSES
Practical Applications of NMR in the WCSB
Instructor(s): Steve Ahloy,Glen Horel,Mike Gillen,Apostolos Kantzas (U.of C.)
Date: May 8,2006
Limit: 40 participants
Course Fee: $400.00
Tight Gas Reservoirs in the WCBS: A Core Review
Instructor(s):Brad Hayes
Date: May 9,2006
Limit: 18 participants
Course Fee: $540.00
Capillary Pressure Seminar
Instructor(s): David Patrick Murphy
Date: May 9,2006
Limit: 40 participants
Course Fee: $500.00
Mathematical Approaches to Structural Analysis
Instructor: William Jamison
Date: May 9 – 10,2006
Limit: 20 participants Course Fee: $750
Log – Core Integration
Instructor(s): John Nieto,David James, Ross McLean
Date: May 10,2006
Limit: 20 participants Course Fee: $500.00
Clastic Facies and Depositional Environments
Instructor: Bill Arnott
Date: May 10 – 12,2006
Limit: 16 to 20 participants
Course Fee: $1000
The Nature of Coal:Application and Interpretation of Coal Quality Parameters in CBM Prospecting
Instructor(s): David Marchioni and Judith Potter
Date: May 11,2006
Limit: 20 participants
Course Fee: $400.00
Acoustic Logging
Instructor(s): Denis Schmitt,Doug Patterson, John Walsh
Date: May 11,2006
Limit: 40 participants
Course Fee: $400.00
P: 403-266-8800
F: 403-266-8801
Email: rob@rjderkitt associates.com
ASSOCIATES
Evaluation of Shale Gas Reservoirs from Logs
Instructor(s): Bob Cluff
Date: May 11,2006
Limit: 40 participants
Course Fee: $500.00
Coal Bed Methane:An Integrated Approach to Reservoir
Characterization and Production
Instructor(s): Dr.Barry Ryan,Dr.Basim Farag, Charles Boyer,et al.
Date: May 12,2006
Limit: 40 participants
Course Fee: $500.00
With an aggressive and sustainable exploitation plan in place that will continue to contribute over 15% of the Company’s daily gas production, our client, a core Foothills development team, requires a business-focused, technically-proficient and self-starting professional for their role of:
SENIOR D DEVELOPMENT GEOLOGIST
Given the seniority of the position and the integral role that the Geologist will play within this multidisciplinary team, the preferred candidate will possess 15 or more years of successful oil and gas exploration and development experience, three to five years of which will have focused on the development and exploitation of properties within the structured stratigraphy of the Foothills (fold and thrust belt). Technically competent with the integration of seismic and geological data; conventional and horizontal drilling operations; carbonate sedimentology; petrophysical analysis; and, reservoir/production engineering principles, the preferred candidate will display an enthusiastic and participative attitude towards the achievement of his/her team’s goals and objectives of maximizing the area’s production. Flexible and adaptable, the individual will display exceptional interpersonal and communication skills and will also be willing to provide guidance/support to other members of his/her team.
The successful Geologist will be well versed in reservoir studies using wireline logs, rock work including carbonate facies analysis while being technically proficient and familiar with basin assessment, risk management, and play and prospect development techniques utilizing the latest interpretive software suites. Qualified candidates interested in exploiting their geological expertise through the integration of proactive stateof-the-art engineering principles and technologies are encouraged to communicate with Rob Derkitt in complete confidence by telephone at 266-8800 or by email to rob@ rjderkittassociates.com.
Geologic Interpretation of 3-D Seismic Data
Instructor(s): Dr.Bruce Hart
Date: May 11 – 12,2006
Limit: 30 participants
Course Fee: $600.00
An Overview of Exploration Risk and Uncertainty Analysis
Instructor(s): Jim Gouveia and Gary Citron
Date: May 12,2006
Limit: 40 participants Course Fee: $700
Stratigraphic Setting of Lower and Middle Triassic Strata,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
Instructor: James Dixon
Date: May 12,2006
Limit: 20 participants
Course Fee: $300
Shales:Seals,Leaks and Reservoirs in Petroleum Systems
Instructor(s): Andrew Aplin and Stephen Larter
Date: May 13 – 14,2006
Limit: 30 participants Course Fee: $700
POST CONVENTION SHORT COURSES
Practical Sequence Stratigraphy: Concepts and Applications
Instructor(s): Ashton Embry
Date: May 23 – 24,2006
Limit: 22 participants Course Fee: $600.00
FOR MORE INFORMATION,PLEASE CONTACT Dave Kisilevsky,Field Trip Chair,CSPG dkisilevsky@petrelrob.com
Elizabeth O’Neill,Short Course Co-Chair,CSPG eoneill@samson.com
Brian Glover,Short Course Co-Chair,CWLS bglover@petro-canada.ca
WHAT’S NEXT?
Where is the industry heading? 2006 CSPG CSEG CWLS Joint Convention c/o CSPG Office
160,540 – 5th Avenue SW Calgary,Alberta T2P 0M2
403.264.5610
403.264.5898 fax www.GEOconvention.org
Comprehensive Porosity Assessment - Porosity assessment shows the relationship between permeability and the relative abundance of intergranular/interparticle pores, moldic pores, and micropores. Presented on a porosity distribution diagram.
Grain Size Relationships - Subtle changes in grain size and grain size distribution reflect changes in the depositional environments of sandstones and impact reservoir quality. Only our analysis is based on measurement of a minimum of 300 grains.
Pore Size Assessment Of Carbonate Reservoirs - Investigates, documents, and interprets the relationship that exists between the size of moldic and interparticle pores and their effect on reservoir quality.
Cutoffs - A reservoir quality analysis should provide the parameters below which the rock cannot be considered reservoir. Through a series of crossplots we define the mechanisms that control reservoir quality and determine the minimum cut offs for a commercially viable reservoir.
Paragenesis - The sequence of events that acts on a carbonate or clastic reservoir rock has a strong effect on ultimate reservoir quality. Comprehensive paragenesis allows prediction and delineation of porosity trends.
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(...Continued from Page 5)
the Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas (CSUG),the Canadian Society for Coal Science and Organic Petrology (CSCOP) and the Society for Organic Petrology (TSOP).The theme of the conference focused on understanding the reservoir in CBM plays and,specifically,understanding the variations in geology in order to attain appropriate resource estimates and to make efficient development plans.
Although no Gussow Conference is planned for 2006,the Committee on Conventions has identified another exciting opportunity for CSPG members to share knowledge and ideas in 2006.The committee is planning to hold a one-day seminar with the theme “The Future Role of Petroleum Geologists in the Industry.” This seminar is still in the planning stages and more information will be released once details are finalized.
Finally,I thank all of the past and present volunteers of the various committees and sub-committees under the Programs portfolio for your continued efforts and enthusiasm.Without this commitment, our membership would not enjoy many of the professional benefits offered through our conventions,conferences,continuing education,technical luncheons,and technical seminars as they do today.
Doug Hamilton CSPG Executive Acting Program Director
(...Continued from Page 18)
BIOGRAPHY
Rolf Ackermann obtained a B.S.Geology from Dickinson College in 1992,an M.S.in Hydraulic Geomorphology from Rutgers University in 1994,and a Ph.D.in Structural Geology from Rutgers University in 1997.He has been involved with the modeling of subseismic structural objects for more than 10 years,in North Sea,North Atlantic,North American,and Middle Eastern oil provinces.He worked for Mobil/ExxonMobil from 1997-2003 as a researcher in fracture/subseismic fault static and dynamic modeling.Since 2003,he has been with Beicip Inc.as the Manager for Reservoir Modeling in the U.S.and Canada.
INFORMATION
There is no charge.Non-members of the CSPG are also welcome.Please bring your lunch. For details or to present a talk in the future, please contact David Garner at 403-233-3126, e-mail:David.Garner@ConocoPhillips.com or Peter Dankers at 403-770-0350,e-mail Peter.Dankers@divestco.com
SIGNIFICANCE OF SEAL RISKING IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
BY OLUFEMI A.JOKANOLA1,ANDREW C.APLIN,AND STEVE R.LARTER
ABSTRACT
Petroleum generation remains the rate-limiting factor in the formation of a petroleum system but competent seals and cap rocks are vital for commercial accumulations of petroleum in basins. Seals,cap rocks,and “bottle-necks”and the mechanisms of petroleum leakage are one of the least studied components of the petroleum system.Recent advances in research suggest that most seals are low permeability rock units (nanoDarcy – such as in mudstones) capable of holding specific column heights of petroleum over a given geological time interval;hence,petroleum accumulations and leakage should be modeled as a dynamic system rather than a static one.
INTRODUCTION:
Canadian exploration is looking beyond the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin to frontier basins such as the Beaufort Mackenzie and the East Coast.With wells costing tens of millions of dollars to drill,it is essential to minimize exploration risk.In these circumstances,exploration warrants a high tech,integrated science approach to all the facets of a successful prospect.
An effective seal is a key requirement for a petroleum play,and perhaps the least well understood.An assessment of seal integrity is thus a central part of the decision-making process in exploration.Consider Mukluk, perhaps the world’s most expensive dry hole. In an article in the January 2002 issue of New Scientist,Tim Burnhill retold the Mukluk story:
“In 1983,a consortium led by BP and ARCO drilled an exploratory well,called Mukluk,14 miles off the north coast of Alaska.They had to build an artificial island in the Arctic Ocean to do it.It cost $120 million.The huge investment was justified by play analyses suggesting that there was a giant field beneath the ocean floor holding as much as 10 billion barrels of oil.”
“Expectations in the oil industry were
sky high before the well had even cut ground.Anticipation had been fueled by a frenetic auction of leases that had seen the oil industry bid a total of $1.5 billion for prime exploration tracts,and also by the optimistic public pronouncements from oil company executives.BP geologists said Mukluk was one of the lowest-risk exploratory wells the company had ever drilled.”
“How wrong they were.The well found only a small amount of sub-standard oil and to this day remains the most expensive dry hole in the oil industry’s history.Although the geologists’ predictions were nearly all correct,there was one small but fatal flaw. The rocks that should have sealed the top of the field had failed.“We drilled in the right place,” said Richard Bray,a senior manager of Sohio (Standard Oil of Ohio), one of BP’s partners at Mukluk.“We were simply 30 million years too late.”
The story of the Mukluk and the comment made by Richard Bray is a classical example showing the significant contribution of seal risking in exploration and the consequence of its neglect.More recently,Leith and Fallick (1997) summarized data from the Norwegian sector of the North Sea showing that some evidence of petroleum leakage was found in over half the oilfields (Figure 1).Evidence of direct oil leakage was found in about 45% of the Cretaceous - Tertiary Chalk reservoirs while 38% of the Lower-Middle Jurassic sandstones also show similar evidence of leakage (Figure 2).
Mukluk and the North Sea data show that petroleum leakage is real and probably active in many other petroleum provinces of the world.Indeed,in many cases,simple stratigraphic considerations show that petroleum must have migrated through substantial thicknesses of mudstones in its
journey from source to prospect.We can’t have it both ways;if petroleum migrates through mudstones to the trap it can also leak through mudstones on top of the trap. Petroleum systems are dynamic,a concept at the heart of many of the Joint Industry Projects undertaken collaboratively by our groups in Calgary and Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK,including a 2.5 million dollar,six-year research programme on cap rocks.
PETROLEUM SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Petroleum systems analysis describes the genetic relationship between a particular pod of active source rock and the resulting petroleum.It studies the spatial and temporal relationships amongst the various elements and processes involved in the generation, migration,and accumulation of the petroleum resource in traps within the basin.These elements include the formation of source rocks,reservoir rocks,competent seals or cap rocks,and suitable traps.Some of the petroleum system processes include burial of source rocks by sufficient overburden;trap formation;primary and secondary migration, petroleum accumulation,preservation or inreservoir petroleum alteration processes, e.g.,biodegradation and leakage (Figure 3). These processes and elements must interplay in a sequential order in both time and space for the commercial accumulation of petroleum;for example,the trap should be in place before or during the process of petroleum generation.
SEALS, CAP ROCKS, AND “BOTTLE-NECKS”WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW DO THEY FUNCTION?
Seal analysis is one element of petroleum systems analysis.Although the very best seals are evaporites,most seals are finegrained sediments such as mudstones and chalks.They share the key characteristic of having small pores.Small pores have high
(Continued on Page 34...)
Figure 1.Cap Rock Leakage Report,Norwegian Oilfields
Figure 2.Cap Rock Leakage Reports by Plays,Norwegian Oilfields
(...Continued from Page 33)
capillary entry pressures which must be overcome for petroleum to enter.The required force or pressure is exerted by the buoyancy of a petroleum column,which builds until there is sufficient buoyant pressure to force petroleum into the pore. This is known as the seal capacity,or the maximum column height one might hope for in a prospect.Although the prediction of seal capacity ahead of drilling remains a research challenge,our own studies have shown that in clastic mudstones buried to similar effective stress,finer grained mudstones have smaller pores and thus function as better capillary seals.This in turn suggests that stratigraphic and sedimentological studies have a part to play in seal evaluation.
Leakage by flow through pores is known as capillary leakage.Seals can also leak as a result of hydraulic failure,which occurs when pore pressures approach the fracture pressure of the rock.High pore pressures,or overpressures,generally occur in the deeper parts of sedimentary basins,especially in rapidly deposited,mud-rich sections.High pore pressures in parts of the Beaufort Sea indicate that hydraulic seal failure is a risk that must be understood in that area.
Even if seals leak,traps will retain petroleum if they are charged at a rate equal to or greater than the leakage rate.The rate of leakage is a function of the seal’s thickness and permeability. Whilst silt-rich seals bleed petroleum on quite short geological timescales,highly compacted, clay-rich seals have nanoDarcy (one billionth of
a Darcy) permeabilities,which will retain petroleum for tens of millions of years,even if the charge is switched off.Also important is the nature of the petroleum,since gas will leak much faster than oil.The timing,volume,and phase of the charge,allied with the rate of leakage,must therefore be incorporated into more conventional,static concepts of seal analysis.
There is still much to learn.Some of our most recent research challenges the most basic premise of seal analysis,which is based on the notion that the pore system is water wet.We have shown experimentally (Figure 4) that when oil migrates into silt- and clay-rich rocks, the wetting state of the pores changes from water-wet to oil-wet.In this case,the petroleum no longer needs to overcome a capillary entry pressure before it moves from pore to pore. Rather,like water flowing in a water-wet system,petroleum simply flows according to Darcy’s Law.In this case,there is no capillary entry pressure for petroleum and seals are simply “bottle-necks”:places where petroleum relaxes on its way to the basin surface.
As the exploration focus shifts towards frontier basins,the development and application of reliable seal-risking tools should be an integral part of the exploration process. Although the classic,static approach to seal analysis is useful,we can and should do better. Recent R&D means that more sophisticated and quantitative tools are now available,which allow the petroleum system to be understood and modeled as what it is:a dynamic system where rates of charge and leakage define petroleum columns.
REFERENCES:
Armentrout,J M.,2000,The Quest for Energy - Rewarding Careers in Petroleum Exploration,American Association of Petroleum Geology,On-Line PowerPoint File.
Figure 3.Petroleum System – Elements and Processes (After Armentrout,2000)
Figure 4.Showing the ESEM analysis of Core chips from Smaccers core-flooding experiment.Observe the increase in the contact angle between fluid phases as the pore system is transformed from a water-wet (left plate) to an oil wet state (right plate) with increasing migration of oil through the pores (After Bennett et al.2004,Petroleum Geoscience)
Bennett,B.,Buckman J.O.,Bowler,B.F.J.,and Larter, S.R.,2004,Wettability alteration in petroleum systems: the role of polar non-hydrocarbons,Petroleum Geoscience, Volume 10,Number 3,pp.271-277.
Burnhill,Tim,2002,Wishing well:Far from reducing American dependence on foreign oil,drilling in one of the world’s few unspoilt wilderness may prove an expensive letdown.New Scientist,Jan.5,2002.
Leith,T.L.,and Fallick,A.E.,1997,Organic geochemistry of cap-rock hydrocarbons,Snorre Field,Norwegian North Sea,Seals traps and the petroleum system (Ed:R.C. Surdam),American Association of Petroleum Geology, Memoir,67,115-134.
Magoon,L.B and Dow,W.G.,1994,The petroleum system – from source to trap:The American Association of Petroleum Geologist,Memoir 60.3-24.
Spiess,Ben,2001,State Asset Secure with Phillips Merger, Anchorage Daily News,November 20,2001.
BIOGRAPHY
Olufemi Jokanola obtained a B.Sc.in Geology from Obafemi Awolowo University (Nigeria) and a M.Sc. in Petroleum Geochemistry from University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 2003.He is currently pursuing doctoral studies in Petroleum Geology at the University of Calgary with Steve Larter and Andrew Aplin (Newcastle).His research is in caprock petrophysics and geochemistry,pore pressure prediction,and modeling fluid transportation in mudstones.
Andrew Aplin obtained his Ph.D.from Imperial College in 1983.He was a Royal Society European Research Fellow between 1983 and 1984 before joining BP Research Centre as a Geochemist in 1984.He later joined the Newcastle Research Group,University of Newcastle upon Tyne,(U.K) in 1990 where he is currently the Professor of Petroleum Geoscience.His main research interests are fine-grained sediments and their role as cap rocks,vertical migration pathways,and reservoirs in the petroleum system.
Steve Larter is the Canada Research Chair in Petroleum Geology at the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Calgary in Canada,the J.B.Simpson Chair of Geology at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK),and codirector of the Alberta Ingenuity Centre for In Situ Energy.He is interested in the origin and clean production of heavy oils and tar-sand bitumen and in technologies for reduced- or zero-carbon emission recovery of fossil fuel energy.His current research interests include the nature of the deep biospheres of Earth and Mars and dating of petroleum reservoir charging.
The Petroleum Reservoir Group (PRG) is a newly esatblished research group in the Department of Geology and Geophysics and is also a part of the Alberta Ingenuity Center for In Situ Energy
(AICISE) in the University of Calgary.The group has experienced scientists,engineers,and technicians carrying out research,training highly qualified staff,and applying our research results to the solution of problems relating to petroleum production from reservoirs.While much of the work is applicable to practical activities related to sustainable energy production and the energy industries some of the research is of quite a fundamental nature with implications for life in the deep biosphere or even for life in other planets such as Mars.PRG has research programs ranging from classical organic geochemistry and biogeochemistry,petroleum reservoir geochemistry,reservoir engineering and compositional modelling of petroleum accumulations on geological and production timescales,biodegradation and heavy oil research, basin modeling,caprocks,shale gas,biogenic gas, and petroleum systems analysis software development.PRG has strong collaborative and cooperation agreements with petroleum geologists,geophysicists,and geochemists at Calgary,with the Newcastle Research Group (NRG),University of Newcastle upon Tyne,UK and the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). Together with the GSC,our laboratory facilities are linked through the Canada Analytical Facility of Energy and the Environment (CAFEE).
Special thanks to Marc Boulet and Vicki Bennett for facilitating the publication of this article.
Reducing Industry Risk
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Start exploring Saskatchewan’s subsurface through our technical publications, well information files, and the Subsurface Geological Laboratory, home of our core library. Examine quality geoscience data online, from the Geological Atlas of Saskatchewan to our annual Summary of Investigations, geological reports and annotated maps. We have the information you need to help you make the right decisions.
For more information, visit www.ir.gov.sk.ca or call (306) 787-2562.
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WHAT’S NEW ON THE CSPG WEBSITE?
BY ASTRID ARTS,ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS CHAIR
The CSPG launched a new website at www.cspg.org in January 2006.The new website was designed to be more userfriendly.It has an improved search engine and has even more information available to our membership.The plan is to continue expanding the website – making the webpage the best source for all CSPG-related information.The rebuild of our website would not have been possible without the generous support of Nexen.
The look of the website incorporates the new CSPG identity image that can be seen in full on the left side of the CSPG homepage.This new image was first seen at the CSPG booth at the 2005 AAPG convention and will soon be visible on all other CSPG material.With one graphic to tie all promotional material,the CSPG hopes that between our logo and this image you will recognize CSPG materials immediately.
WHAT’S NEW ON THE WEBSITE?
(and some old gems that you may not have known about!)
BULLETIN OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
The complete archive of the Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology is now available online to all CSPG Members.It can be accessed through the MEMBERSONLY portion of our website (MEMBERS > Member Login).The bulletin is available through two different portals:
The CSPG Bulletin collection at Datapages includes complete papers from 1953 to present.For more information on Datapages please visit www.aapg.org/ datasystems.
The CSPG Bulletin collection at GSW includes complete papers from our Millennium Collection (2000-present), and abstracts back to 1965.For more information on GeoScienceWorld please visit www.geoscienceworld.org.
WEBCAST ARCHIVE
CSPG Technical Luncheon Talks can now be viewed from the comfort of your own office (or home)! The CSPG offers webcasts of the CSPG bi-monthly Technical Luncheons.Each presentation is shot on Betacam video format,
encoded and delivered by streaming server through onlinetv inc.There are currently over 45 presentations in the archive dating back to 2002.This archive would not be possible without the ongoing support of our Technical Luncheon sponsor geoLOGIC systems ltd.
The Webcast Archive can be found under EVENTS > Technical Luncheons > Webcast Archive
EDUCATION FIELDTRIPS
The CSPG offers an integrated education program to help in the professional development of its membership.All education curricula are designed for professional members in various stages of their technical careers.The Education Committee has a full slate of fieldtrips available this year.Visit the Education portion of the website to see the full catalogue of trips.
JUMP IN! and Volunteer
The CSPG is a technical society run by volunteers.Without volunteers – the society would not be able to provide its members with the numerous programs it offers.Visit the volunteer section of the website to learn more about volunteer opportunities or just fill out the online volunteer sign-up form and Jump In!
Jump In! Jump In!
We would like to thank the following companies for hiring a SIFT student in 2005: Consider hiring one from the CSPG Student Industry Field Trip.
SIFT introduces bright young geoscience students from 31 Canadian universities to a unique immersion into the petroleum industry in Calgary. Students are available from mid-May to late August.
If you are interested in hiring a student, or if you would like more information please contact: Andrea Marsh
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