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JUAN JOSÉ Và ZQUEZ CASABONA

Viceconsellero d’Educación, Cultura y Esportes d’o Gubierno d’Aragón

NIEUS LUZĂ?A DUESO Carta de despedida

A PLEVIA ENTRE AS BICIS Relato ganador d’o primer premio Nieus Lucía Dueso Lascorz

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HAUD SEMPER ERRAT FAMA

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BREUS D’A LUENGA

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NOTICIAS D’ARAGÓN

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INTRODUCCIÓN A L’ARAGONÉS N’O COLECHIO JULIÁN SANZ IBÁNEZ

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NIEUS LUZÍA DUESO, CARTA DE DESPEDIDA

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CHUANRALLA / CHANRUALLA. EL MITO DEL YETI EN EL PERINEU

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Charrando con... JUAN JOSÉ VÁZQUEZ CASABONA

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LENGUAS EN PELIGRO Y PROCESOS DE REVITALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA

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OS FILLOS DE LIR

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A PLEVIA ENTRE AS BICIS

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SCIENCIA Y TECNOLOCHÍA

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DISCOS, LIBROS

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A CHUGAR! A LEYER!


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O ESPIELLO

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s Que ye y feto una pplatera reluziente, s pper Labasar, Plandescún u Biadós. ,Ya te puéz amagá luego, perque chela.

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En casa de Garzés i eba, ixa maitinada, muita chent. Las mullers eban estau tres u cuatro días esforigando per toz es almarios replegando cazuelos, orteras, tajadors, bazions y caserolas, que ban fregar con leixiba de la colada y con tierra de las Cometas ta deixarlos reluzientes y limpios comopatenas. Ban fer la colada feba una semana ta tener trapos de cozina, zenisers, linzuelos y todas las amenisters a punto ta la matazilla que diban a fer ixe día, la brispa de San Antón de Chiner.

Y en el balle, qque yye balbo, sólo sientes el chuflare f des bulturnos. Y pper tóz .es barrancos, baixa’l chel, en candeletas. Cuan la niéu yye’stendida pper es ppicos y son blancas las costeras y es tozáls y asta’l chel s’agarrapiza’n g p es cantáls, tot tremola y s acorruca con el frío. . El imbierno fa la suya y per p l’Emprío p sper Igüerra, g pper Cherdal u pper es Plans. Es bulturnos embolican es camáls n y to’l balle paíx que plora con el río.

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En casa de Garzés aquel día se ban chuntar una trentena de personas. De la chen choben, las dos mozetas de casa, Rosa y Treseta, yeran mui bien paixidas y las dos altas, filás y a saber qué bien ateresadas. Rosa yera morena y teneba es güellos pardos, apaixidos a la miel uan la besa el sol que reluze como l’oro... Treseta yera rosa, con el pel claro, dorau como las espigas a punto de segare. Es suyos güellos yeran berdes, tirando a grisos, mui rufos.

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Atro misache, pincho y bien plantau, yera Quin de Chuambrunet. Yera roso, de pel liso y fino; teneba es güellos azuls, claros, grans y que se le’n rediban cuan miraba. O ESPIELLO


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Hombre de Mataire, Chanrualla, Yeti, Dan dan, Sasquatch, Chuchuna…distintos nombres, ta un mesmo mito que se repite per tot el mundo enlá.


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O ESPIELLO


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Juan Josรฉ Vรกzquez Casabona Viceconsellero dโ Educaciรณn, Cultura y Esportes dโ o Gubierno dโ Aragรณn Juan Josรฉ Vรกzquez Casabona ye o Viceconsellero dโ Educaciรณn, C u l t u r a y E s p o r t e s d โ o G u b i e rno dโ Aragรณn. Ha ocupau quantos cargos tecnicos y politicos relacionaus con lโ amostranza, a cultura y lโ arte. Como Viceconsellero de Cultura, se lโ ha visto asistindo y presidindo buena cosa dโ actos relacionaus con as Luengas dโ Aragรณn en os zaguers anyos. Agora, con lโ aprebaciรณn dโ a Lei de Luengas, tendrรก un papel encara mรกs important, enfilando o proceso de desenvolique dโ a mesma. -XDQ 3DEOR 0DUWtQH]

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