Zootecnica International - English edition - 11 November - 2019

Zootecnica International – November 2019 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

The dilemma of optimizing welfare outcomes and minimizing interventions for beak management in turkeys in Germany Management steps for ensuring gut health in layers Practical views on global meat chicken nutrition

11 2019

PALLET CARGO PALLET CARGO

PALLET CARGO

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HYGIENIC DURABLE HYGIENIC DURABLE PLASTIC PALLETPLASTIC 1200x800 PALLET 1200x800 Dimensions: Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

HYGIENIC DURABLE ® ® PLASTIC PALLET 1200x800

Dimensions: Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

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Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

Load capacity Load capacity Static: 4.500 kg Static: 4.500 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg In rack: 750 kg In rack: 750 kg Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)

Load capacity Static: 4.500 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg In rack: 750 kg Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)

Temperature range: Temperature range: in use: -20°C up to +60°C in use: -20°C up to +60°C cleaning: up to +100°C cleaning: up to +100°C

Temperature range: in use: -20°C up to +60°C cleaning: up to +100°C

CHARACTERISTICS: CHARACTERISTICS:

CHARACTERISTICS:

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• Standard colour: grey • Impact-resistant raw materials • Food-grade approved raw material ( • Easy to clean & dry • UV and bad weather resistant

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The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

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EDITORIAL Today business has become a global affair. The possibility to obtain success no longer depends on power alone, but rather on the capacity to interpret the overall situation. Looking back at recent events, plans and appointments for the near future seem to be fostering particular concern for the future of the European Community considering the critical economic situation.

For many of us, it is sometimes rather difficult to comprehend exactly what is specifically “European�. Representative of the leading business schools in Europe often face the same query discussing whether a European system of management will be necessary or possible in the future.

The desire to insure a competitive edge for European enterprise is certainly legitimate, but it would be a serious error to generate protectionist policies on the basis of long-standing cultural traditions.

An analysis of the events in the last decades should make it clear that history cannot supply us with definitive solutions. Rather, it should be considered a rich anthology of ideas and suggestions for all fields of activity. Europe will have an important role if it succeeds in interpreting its historical wealth in a global context, because communications, interrelations and interactions are the keystones of today’s world.

Image: Fotolia - Š Minerva Studio

SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 8 REPORTAGE Sicily - the star protagonist of 38th Festa FACCO............................................. 10

FIELD REPORT

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First-ever report of antimicrobial case across U.S. broiler chickens and turkeys........................................................................... 12

DOSSIER Science unveils new pathway to broiler chicken growth performance............... 14

FOCUS The dilemma of optimizing welfare outcomes and minimizing interventions for beak management in turkeys in Germany....................................................... 18

MARKETING

38

Changing patterns of global egg trade between 2006 and 2016....................... 24

TECHNICAL COLUMN What is good chick quality?........................................................................... 30 Current trends in litter management................................................................ 34

MANAGEMENT Management steps for ensuring gut health in layers........................................ 38

NUTRITION

44

Practical views on global meat chicken nutrition.............................................. 44 Effects of feed presentation on growth performance and gut health of turkeys................................................................................ 48

VETERINARY SCIENCE A diagnostic lab perspective.......................................................................... 52 Research provides new understanding of ILT vaccines.................................... 58

MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 60 EVENTS................................................................................................... 63 INTERNET GUIDE................................................................................ 64

WORLDWIDE NEWS

VICTAM and VIV join forces to fuel growth in the Asian market

©Bulkinside

International trade show organisers behind VIV and VICTAM are combining their events planned for Bangkok, Thailand, in the early part of 2020.

This new partnership unites arrangements relating to the Animal Feed and Grain Industries Show VICTAM Asia in March 2020 and the VIV Health & Nutrition Asia Trade Fair and Forum originally planned to take place in Bangkok in January 2020.

Both events will be co-located at Bangkok’s BITEC exhibition grounds on 24-26 March 2020 as VICTAM Asia and Animal Health & Nutrition, by VICTAM and VIV.

“The discussions leading up to the partnership agreement have shown clearly that both organisations share a firm belief in the growth prospects offered by the Asian market,” comments Heiko M. Stutzinger, Director VIV worldwide and Managing Director VNU Exhibitions Asia-Pacific. “Our own activities in Asia have gained significantly in importance over the past few years and we view the partnership for the March 2020 Bangkok event as a major next step in better serving the region.”

Strong brands combined in a single event

Feed technology now with added ingredients

“Presenting the shows as parallel platforms at the same time within the same venue is a great way to bring together two strong brands for the Asia market, in an integrated format so that the visitor experiences them as a single event,” says Sebas van den Ende, General Manager of VICTAM International b.v. “It is certainly a much more convenient concept for the industry than the original plan of staging them separately in Bangkok, only months apart.”

Stutzinger adds, “Both partners also share the view that we want to do more in serving Asia’s feed and animal protein industries by jointly developing business opportunities within the segments of feed ingredients and additives, recognising that they comprise a fast-growing category within the Feed to Food supply chain. VIV has already made significant progress by including animal health more centrally in our events for animal protein industries. The focus in this case has been on medication

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- worldwide news -

WORLDWIDE NEWS

and pharmaceutical ingredients with their related products and services.

Many of these are applied to animals through the feed, of course. VIV’s own perspective sees animal health alongside nutrition as twin pillars supporting the further sustainable growth of the production in Asia of meat, eggs, fish and milk.”

“It must surely help that we are doing this in Asia. Looking around the Asian region there are many more examples of integrations operating both feed mills and farms than in other parts of the world. VICTAM Asia and Animal Health & Nutrition, by VICTAM and VIV, has an expanded profile in feed manufacturing and farm production that will suit the interests of integrated companies.”

Bigger show Sebas van den Ende at VICTAM International predicts that the newly combined Bangkok event will attract more visitors as well as having a larger footprint in March 2020 by having exhibits and conferences on health and nutrition side by side with the displays and seminars about feed manufacturing technology.

“It is a better deal for everyone,” Mr. van den Ende remarks. “All under one roof you will find the latest information and systems for processing feed and grain, the application of the processed materials to animal nutrition and the connections to animal health.”

“VICTAM is formally constituted in The Netherlands with the status of a not-for-profit Foundation to do good for the animal feed industry. The agreement to put VICTAM Asia 2020 together with VIV Health & Nutrition Asia fits that objective because we believe the industry will be happy about it. Almost 20 years ago there was an occasion in Europe when VICTAM and VIV events had to be combined at the last minute due to an animal disease crisis. The market at the time reacted well to that combination with no negative comments.

I think we will see a similarly positive industry response to amalgamating our Bangkok shows in 2020.”

29 JANUARY / 1 FEBRUARY 2020

IN 2020 THE ITALIAN POULTRY INDUSTRY MEETS IN VERONA

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

SPACE 2019: a great success SPACE 2019 took place from 10 to 13 September at the Rennes Exhibition Centre, in France. This thirty-third edition was a great success and boasted a cheerful and positive atmosphere. All the participants came in “project mode” to partake in the four days of “Planet Livestock”. This was a sign of the relatively stable economic situation of our livestock sectors, thanks to a slightly more favourable business climate.

SPACE 2019 brought together 1,400 exhibitors from 42 countries, and 105,318 visitors, including 14,706 international visitors from 122 countries. The international attendance, up 2%, reflects the global dimension of this edition. This Expo was marked by the participation of many delegations who came to the great livestock region of Western France to find information on developing animal production in their countries: Russia with its national agency for the development of organic agriculture; China, with a delegation led by the Vice-Governor of Shandong Province; Kazakhstan with its Vice-Minister of Agriculture and its Ambassador to France; and many more. It is also important to point out the participation of many delegations from Africa, the continent in the spotlight this year: Senegal, Cameroon, Nigeria, Mali, Guinea Conakry and Côte d’Ivoire all came to SPACE with very specific objectives of promoting livestock development in their countries.

This edition was also dedicated to the climate. Farmers are already largely engaged in efforts to combat climate change, and this was clearly demonstrated at the Espace for the Future, with its theme “Climate-Friendly Practices and Technologies”. A wide range of pragmatic and financially viable solutions for greenhouse gas reduction, energy production and energy efficient systems in livestock buildings were presented at the Espace for the Future.

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

SPACE 2019 once again showcased innovation in livestock farming thanks to 46 Innov’SPACE winners and four Top Choice awards. Sustainability, health excellence and animal welfare, digital technology and improved working conditions were the main areas addressed by these new products.

All these themes were addressed in depth at the nearly hundred conferences and debates on the agenda this year. The full and varied programme makes SPACE an absolutely unique venue for sharing knowledge geared towards promoting and developing agriculture.

The animal presentations were also very successful this year, with 560 cattle (out of 1,500 candidates) of 13 different breeds, and 180 sheep. Thanks to the variety of breeds present, SPACE promotes genetics at the national and international levels by showcasing these animals and their breeders. The breeds in the spotlight were Salers for beef breeds, and Pie Rouge for dairy breeds.

For the first time, the SPACE organised a European Pie Rouge Challenge, with 45 elite animals from France, Belgium and Germany. The Genomic Elite auction, the only one in Europe with 31 lots of seven different breeds, including the Limousine breed returning this year, was also very popular. The highest bid was €8,600. The 33rd SPACE organisers were also happy to announce an exciting European Prim’Holstein challenge coming in 2022.

The official visit in the presence of Didier Guillaume, Minister of Agriculture and Food, as well as Loïg Chesnais-Girard, President of the Brittany Region, provided an opportunity for various stakeholders in the livestock sector to express their expectations regarding the future orientations of our agriculture, which is going through a period of transition. During the four-day event, SPACE facilitates interactions and networking in its mission to help farmers cope with the changes occurring in the livestock sectors.

SPACE opened its doors to aquaculture this year by organising two conferences on the topic, as well as a tour of a fish farm, and by clearly identifying companies offering solutions for this sector. Given the success of this initiative, a special area featuring stands dedicated to fish farming will be set up at SPACE 2020.

SPACE 2020 will be back 15 to 18 September at the Rennes Exhibition Centre, in France.

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COMPANY NEWS

Cobb launches redesigned website with enhanced customer support tools Highlighting its customer-centric approach to innovation, Cobb-Vantress recently launched the new and improved cobb-vantress.com. The website, which serves Cobb’s customers globally, brings together Cobb’s industry-leading products with its commitment to technical services in an interactive, user-friendly approach. of global marketing. “We’ve been accelerating genetic progress every year for the last 104 years. It’s part of our history and the way we operate as an organization today. Our website reflects that by documenting our history while also sharing company news so customers and partners can stay up to date on our progress.”

For those interested in meat quality, Cobb has compiled resources for customers to attain better uniformity, less trim and more saleable yield, including processing tips and information on the company’s competitive advantages.

Redesigned Cobb-Vantress website.

“Cobb is the world’s leading pedigree broiler breeding company — a position we attained by putting our customers and their needs first,” said Trevor Gies, North America senior marketing manager. “We expanded our online resources, streamlined our customer support tools, and brought forward our passion for broiler breeding stock in a number of ways.”

Visitors to the site can see Cobb’s unprecedented commitment to research and development firsthand.

The redesigned and expanded resources page provides everything from product information and white papers to videos and technically

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focused articles. Because the resource library covers a broad range of industry topics, an added search function was integrated to allow customers to quickly find relevant information on a given subject.

For customers who can’t find the exact answer to their questions or need additional support, Cobb also enhanced the contact functionality on the site. Now, visitors can send questions directly to Cobb’s experienced World Technical Service team, regional leads, sales personnel and more through the website.

“Innovation is nothing new for Cobb,” said Roger Vessell, senior director

- company news -

Additionally, the new website features an enhanced careers page for workers who are passionate about helping to feed the world. Interested individuals can review available positions by region or by the various sectors where Cobb provides employment — from transportation to production and professional roles to internships.

Once complete, the new and improved website will be available in 13 languages.

Explore the site at: cobb-vantress.com and stay tuned for additional features and multimedia content.

COMPANY NEWS

Managing Director Michiel Peters leaves Moba

DACS Ventilation Systems - efficiency and advanced simplicity DACS ventilation systems provide unique airflow patterns throughout the floor space, thus creating optimum climate for the birds to perform.

Moba announces that Michiel Peters, managing director Moba, will leave the company at his own request on November 1, 2019, after leading Moba for six years.

Michiel Peters: “In May of this year, I shared my intention to step down from my position at Moba with our shareholder TBG Europe. We have agreed that I will stay until November 1, 2019 so that we have time to find a successor. That process is well underway.

The mixing of warm room air with incoming air ensures excellent bedding and welfare scores and reduces the heat consumption by 50% compared to other ventilation systems.

All functions managed by the ACS6 climate and production controller.

We have realized excellent progress with Moba. It has been an intensive period in which turnover and profit of Moba have grown substantially, and the foundation of the company has been prepared for further growth.

We developed a strategic plan, further professionalized key processes, and stepped up our innovation effort on product, system and data level. With the acquisition of Pelbo we have expanded our customer offering and added a source of business growth. The modernization and expansion of our main location in Barneveld nears completion as new facilities will be opened this and next year.

In short, Moba is well positioned to continue to develop in a sound manner in the coming years. The time is right to transfer the leadership of the company to my successor.”

Shareholder TBG Europe regrets but respects Michiel Peters’ decision and is grateful to him for his contribution to the successful development of Moba. “Under the leadership of Michiel, Moba has succeeded in growing substantially, and built a platform for further innovation and growth. We thank Michiel for what he has done for Moba and will continue with his successor on the chosen path.” +45 75771922 l mail@dacs.dk I www.dacs.dk

For more information: www.moba.net

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REPORTAGE

Festa Facco 2019 – the whole FINCO family.

Sicily – the star protagonist of 38th Festa FACCO

“Only a genuine connection to our worlds and to our people makes us global.”

On Friday August 30th, the traditional Facco corporate party, which this year celebrated its 38th year, was retold through the story of an extraordinary region, namely Sicily, where Facco has had a presence since the late 60s and where the company has developed relationships and important projects with all the poultry industry people in the area.

La Festa Facco As is the tradition, every year the Facco festival is dedicated to a country or a region in which the company operates. The concept being to share and explore the characteristics and peculiarities of that region, one over the 70 countries in which Facco operates, and to gather all those people together in order to collaborate in a joyous occasion.

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- reportage -

So this year the focus was all on Sicily, because in this region poultry farming has historically played a key role for Facco.

“Each year we focus on a country or a region – stated company president Massimo Finco – where Facco over time has taken root. We want to communicate to everyone the concept that we are not here just to sell something to someone, but over time we seek to become good traveling

REPORTAGE

A glimpse of the great Sicilian theme in the company’s headquarters.

companions for people within the poultry industry, and to have respect for so many people, we need therefore to know and understand their customs, traditions, and their wishes and needs. To have for them the answers they seek, the attention, the sensitivity and the kindness they deserve. So this party must also help to open communication channels, create bridges and give us awareness that we, here in our Marsango headquarters, are nobodies if we are not connected to our global world.”

An effervescent evening, full of surprises and danceable music with the group, Sicily in our Heart delighting attendees with typical songs, music and tales of a land rich in history. It was a setting characterized with the local flavour of citrus fruits, dried fruit and spices all presented on trolleys carts and followed by a majolica gift to the Facco people as a souvenir of the evening. A Photo booth for a themed photo and, not to forget the children who had a dedicated inflatable area and child’s make-up area.

Obviously all Sicilian menus are a journey of flavours, from citrus to traditional pasta, from arancini to caponata, to desserts, all in a blaze of imagination and colours thanks to the participants of the themed cake competition. The party ended with songs and dances in the traditional joy of achievement now indispensable within the company coupled with time to award the winners of drawing competitions for children and cake making for adults, with many gifts to surprise all the “grand” family Facco.

The focus of president Massimo during his speech, in which he reflected on the issue of generational change, was to highlight what his company and some of their customers and suppliers are going through: “The challenge we have is represented by the delicate and precious connection between old and young, between competent and innovator, between creative and operative. The ability to make it work requires attention, dedication and trust in our people, always transmitting the values that ​​ have accompanied us on the journey, knowing how to renew and strengthen them over time.”

On stage with him were three generations of the Finco family, all involved in the company, demonstrating a positive symbol of the importance of direct involvement coupled with the great enthusiasm and energy at all age groups.

At the event there were about 500 guests including the Facco staff with their families, collaborators and suppliers, along with some customers, in particular the Laversa family, also represented by three generations, Quaresima, Brunello and Martelli, in a sort, as one might say, of twinning between Sicily and Veneto, where the common ingredient is always eggs, people and family, united by professional values, values which have made these longlived relationships possible.

- november 2019 -

Source: Facco Press

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FIELD REPORT

Survey construction used to obtain the antibiotic usage results in the report involved the assistance from the National Chicken Council and the National Turkey Federation, who also assisted in encouraging member participation.

USDA:APHIS:VS:CEAH was also included in the process and provided valuable input into the survey design and served as official auditors of the data, analysis and reporting.

By U.S. Poultry & Egg Association.

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First-ever report of antimicrobial case across U.S. broiler chickens and turkeys U.S. Poultry & Egg Association announces the release of the U.S. poultry industry’s first-ever report quantifying antimicrobial use on broiler chicken and turkey farms. The new report shows dramatic reductions of turkey and broiler chicken antimicrobial use over a five-year timeframe. As part of its commitment to the transparency and sustainability of a safe food supply, the poultry industry aims to strike a balance between keeping poultry flocks healthy and the responsible use of antimicrobials, especially those medically important to human health.

- field report -

FIELD REPORT

Under the research direction of Dr. Randall Singer, DVM, PhD, of Mindwalk Consulting Group, LLC, this report represents a five-year set of data collected from 2013 to 2017 regarding the use of antimicrobials in U.S. broiler chickens and turkeys throughout their lifetime, from hatchery to day of harvest.

It was prepared through a systematic collection of onfarm antimicrobial use data to capture the disease indications and routes of administration through which antimicrobials were given to the poultry.

Given several key differences among broiler chickens and turkeys – namely differences in weight, life span, susceptibility to lifetime illness and the number of effective medical therapies available – the data from broiler chickens and turkeys should neither be combined nor compared.

Key changes among broiler chickens over the fiveyear period show: • Broiler chickens receiving antimicrobials in the hatchery decreased from 93% to 17%.

• Hatchery gentamicin use decreased approximately 74%.

• Medically important in-feed antimicrobial use in broiler chickens decreased by as much as 95%. For example: tetracycline 95%, virginiamycin 60%.

• Medically important water-soluble antimicrobial use in broiler chickens decreased by as much as 72%. For example: penicillin 21%, tetracycline 47%, sulfonamide 72%.

• There was a documented shift to the use of antimicrobial drugs that are not considered medically important to humans (e.g., avilamycin and bacitracin BMD).

Key changes among turkeys over the five-year period show: • Turkeys receiving antimicrobials in the hatchery decreased from 96% to 41%.

• Hatchery gentamicin use decreased approximately 42%.

• Medically important in-feed antimicrobial use in turkeys decreased: tetracycline 67%.

• Medically important water-soluble antimicrobial use decreased substantially. For example: penicillin 42%, tetracycline 28%, lincomycin 46%, neomycin 49%, erythromycin 65%.

Antimicrobial use among broiler chickens and turkeys decreased dramatically between 2013 and 2017, and there are a couple of key explanations for this: • Changes in FDA regulations, which were fully implemented in January 2017, effectively eliminated the use of medically important antimicrobials for production purposes and placed all medically important antimicrobials administered in the feed or water of poultry under veterinary supervision.

• A continued focus by poultry companies on disease prevention, thereby reducing the need for antimicrobials.

• Improved record-keeping of all antimicrobial administrations, which is a key component of antimicrobial stewardship.

Furthermore, the broiler chicken and turkey industries have increased the production of animals raised without antimicrobials.

Participation in this effort was entirely voluntary. The poultry industry recognized the importance of this work and responded. The 2017 data in this report represent more than 7.5 billion chickens and 160 million turkeys.

USPOULTRY Vice President of Research, Dr. John Glisson, DVM, MAM, PhD, affirms, “This research is the first step in determining how antimicrobials are used in the entire poultry production system of the U.S., and to succeed, we need participation from the majority of companies. We couldn’t be more pleased with the response of the poultry industry.”

Glisson cautions, though, that there are still serious bird illnesses (e.g., necrotic enteritis, gangrenous dermatitis and colibacillosis) for which the poultry industry has few effective interventions. And when birds get sick from these diseases, they must receive therapy. He confirms that “driving good antimicrobial stewardship in poultry, as opposed to simple documentation of reduced use, is our end goal for the best outcomes for both the people and the poultry.”

Moving forward in 2019, Dr. Singer will continue the annual collection of data from the broiler chicken and turkey industries and will begin collecting data from the U.S. Table egg industry. Glisson anticipates this new data will provide greater clarity about antimicrobial use in individual flocks, stating, “We expect even more detailed data on flock antimicrobial usage and record-keeping in the years ahead, which thoroughly supports USPOULTRY efforts to ensure proper stewardship of medications.”

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DOSSIER

Science unveils new pathway to broiler chicken growth performance A new tool has emerged for broiler chicken operations seeking new ways to optimize results while keeping aligned with a full range of the latest organic, raised without antibiotics (RWA) and conventional market opportunities.

New study results showcased at the Poultry Science Association annual meeting, in Montreal, add to a growing body of science showing the unique potential offered by ‘Yeast Bioactives’ – a new form of feed technology pioneered and introduced by Canadian Bio-Systems (CBS Inc.).

“We are very pleased with the results we are seeing with this new feed technology,” says producer Mike Edwards of Edwards Family Organics near Millbank, Ont., a family-run farm that includes the broiler chicken operation where

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- dossier -

DOSSIER

the trial was conducted. “It’s a new tool that has become a valuable part of our overall production approach – in particular, helping us to lower our bacterial challenges and promote better broiler gut health. We are seeing less issues. We are achieving significant improvements in growth performance. It’s exciting to have a tool like this come into the marketplace that is eligible for use in organic.”

Expanding the toolbox for chicken farmers Yeast Bioactives technology, launched in late 2018, is a yeast-based innovation designed for use as a feed supplement in diets for poultry, swine and ruminants. The technology features enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast carbohydrates that offer advantages over conventional yeast cell wall supplements – the enzymatic hydrolyzation process makes the yeast carbohydrates more soluble and thus more effective.

Yeast Bioactives offers benefits as an enhanced yeast technology supporting an optimal environment for animal wellness, performance and related productivity, says Paul Garvey, Poultry Sales Manager with CBS Inc. It also offers benefits as a grain management technology, helping to mitigate a number of potential threats that can undermine feed quality, animal performance, animal health and food safety. As a bio-based feed ingredient, it is the type of solution favored not only on-farm but also by major retailers and by consumers.

“The poultry industry has the potential to continue as one of the most progressive and successful sectors in agriculture, but as it continues to diversify and evolve there is a strong need for new options in the toolbox at the producer level, particularly for operations targeting reduction or replacement of antimicrobial use,” says Garvey. “The results we’re seeing with Yeast Bioactives on commercial broiler farms point to this as a very effective option to support highly productive and sustainable operations across all types of production.”

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DOSSIER

Helping meet today’s new expectations Edwards Family Organics is an early adopter of the Yeast Bioactives technology via Maxi-Nutrio ®, which received approval for use in certified organic production in 2018 and has seen steady adoption in all forms of poultry operations. Mike and Krista Edwards, who have a young family with three children, were one of four applicant families approved as a new entrant to the industry in 2017, under the Chicken Farmers of Ontario’s New Entrant Program.

Their relatively new broiler chicken operation is certified organic and places on average 17,500 chicks. Mike is also Manager of Nutritional Services at Jones Feed Mills Ltd. and has over a decade of experience working in the feed and nutrition business, including with a specific fo-

The trial involved a total of 16,320 newly hatched Ross 708 broiler chicks. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with a commercially available Yeast Bioactives product (Maxi-Nutrio) on performance and health of broiler chickens raised under a commercial organic production system. A subsample of 360 birds were randomly selected and placed in 18 identical floor pens with 20 birds / pen for a 28 day feeding study.

The experimental pens, which provided 966 cm2 per bird of floor space, were located within the barn and were fitted with individual feeders and waterers. Birds were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments with or without Maxi-Nutrio supplementation (one without, one step-down dose and one full dose). Results showed clear

“Yeast Bioactives technology, launched in late 2018, is a yeast-based innovation designed for use as a feed supplement in diets for poultry, swine and ruminants. The technology features enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast carbohydrates that offer advantages over conventional yeast cell wall supplements – the enzymatic hydrolyzation process makes the yeast carbohydrates more soluble and thus more effective”

cus on poultry production including supporting organic producers with the Yorkshire Valley Farms group.

“Yeast Bioactives technology fits well with the unique challenges of operating under certified organic requirements,” says Edwards. “Our operation along with others using it in our organic producer association are now getting results comparable to conventional producers.

A number of our producers are actually producing well ahead of the provincial averages for conventional production.”

Organic results meet or exceed conventional The trial results unveiled at the Poultry Science Association meeting confirm advantages that the Edwards’ farm and other early adopters have seen over the past several months, while providing valuable information on dosage response, he says. “The trial data will help us drill down to the optimal rates we want to use.”

16

growth performance advantages with Maxi-Nutrio supplementation, with the most pronounced beneficial effects observed in the full dose treatment (1 kg/tonne).

Feed technology built for the future “Even with the inherent stressors of an organic system, the results shown during the trial were very strong,” says Rob Patterson, CBS Inc. Technical Director. “With the rising popularity of organic and RWA approaches, and the overall shift in production approaches toward a preference for bio-based solutions, we see the adoption of this type of enhanced yeast feed technology continuing to expand. It’s an important part of our portfolio of CBS Inc. Feed Science Platforms.”

CBS Inc. is an innovation-focused company that researches, develops and manufactures a wide range of bio-based products used in feed, food and industrial applications.

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The dilemma of optimizing welfare outcomes and minimizing interventions for beak management in turkeys in Germany Hartmut Meyer Moorgut Kartzfehn von Kameke GmbH & Co. KG, 26219 Boesel, Germany. (hartmut.meyer@kartzfehn.de).

18

Germany wants to play a leading role in Europe in animal welfare issues: Fundamental changes have been made to husbandry systems during recent years. Since 2002, animal welfare has been enshrined as a state goal in the German Basic Law and has therefore become a binding guideline for government action and regulations in the German welfare act.

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Animal welfare has increasingly become a matter of particular interest to society. In surveys, 85 percent of the people questioned agree that animal protection should be enhanced. Based on general European and German directives the amendment of the German Animal Welfare Act came into force in 2013. With the change to the Animal Welfare Act, producers will be under stricter obligations to ensure that animal welfare is guaranteed.

Livestock farmers will be obliged to establish an inspection system and take even greater care to safeguard the well-being of their animals.

Animal welfare indicators will be used to evaluate the state of the animals.

Due to this trend the German turkey industry is also highly in focus of politics, media, NGO´s, supermarket chains and finally consumers. There are a lot of challenges for the German turkey growers today, because welfare has become one of the main topics in Germany´s civil society.

Hence pressure on authorities leads to more regulations and controls. This situation leads to more regulations not just by law, but also by higher levels of requirements in voluntary agreements for husbandry of turkeys, and more strict supermarket specifications. One tool of these kind of formalities are the German voluntary agreement rules on turkey growing.

The German voluntary agreement rules (so called “Bundeseckwerte”), which were worked out and signed by the turkey industry, state authorities, welfare groups, scientists and vets in 2013 are the base for turkey farmers and gives detailed determinations on commercial turkey management.

This voluntary agreement brochure contents all determinations of management standards, stocking density, climate control, health plan, expert knowledge and education etc. It also includes the description for the need for providing manipulable engagement materials and barn enrichment to turkeys to prevent them from feather pecking and cannibalism.

On the other hand one of the most intense issue with highest priority which is in discussion is the ban of beak treatment of day-old-poults in the hatchery.

There are several welfare working groups which are organized by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) or by the Lower Saxony Ministry of Agriculture (ML). Besides improving welfare standards

- november 2019 -

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FOCUS

the plan is to avoid or ban all “non-curative” operations in animals like beak trimming. Since 2017 Table laying hens don´t get any beak treatment anymore in Germany.

In Lower Saxony, which is the German federal state with the highest turkey population, the federal state government proclaimed a decree to ban beak trimming in turkeys starting from the beginning of 2019. This decree has not been implemented, yet.

According to the German welfare law beak trimming per se is not permitted. However the German turkey farmer gets a special approval to order beak trimming for his poults in the hatchery, because due to practical experi-

A lot of research work has been carried out to evaluate if there is any method to grow turkeys without beak treatment. Many ideas have been tested: More attractive engagement material, stocking density, feeding, lighting, additives to feed and water etc. Until today no solution could be found yet. Feather pecking and cannibalism with high mortality rates and intensive injuries occurred in a lot of investigations with turkeys which were not beak trimmed.

Keeping manipulable engagement materials attractive (as it is compulsory in the voluntary agreement) is challenging, because turkeys lose interest after a while quiet

“Animal welfare has increasingly become a matter of particular interest to society. In surveys, 85 percent of the people questioned agree that animal protection should be enhanced. Based on general European and German directives the amendment of the German Animal Welfare Act came into force in 2013. With the change to the Animal Welfare Act, producers will be under stricter obligations to ensure that animal welfare is guaranteed”

ences and scientific findings on feather pecking and cannibalism he can attest that this treatment is “indispensable” to prevent his turkeys from serious injuries.

Because of this “declaration of indispensability” the hatchery is allowed to do the beak trimming for poults with trained stuff. There is only the infrared method permitted, and only one third of the upper beak maximum (from tip to nostrils) is allowed to be affected. At the end of the growing period the distance between upper and lower beak should not be more than 3mm.

often. Long lasting attractiveness can be observed for example with hay within baskets or with old articles of clothing like jeans. But finally it does not solve the pecking problem.

One example of searching for highly attractive materials to keep turkeys busy and prevent them from pecking were two tests which were conducted on the Moorgut Kartzfehn research farm with non-beak trimmed BUT 6 males and a supplementation of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) which were alive.

Table 1 – Larvae as engagement material for turkeys (144 days).

Trtmt

BT*

Larvae

LW (kg)

DWG (g)

FCR

Mortality (%) (1)

Birds in hospital % (2)

Total (%) (1) +( 2)

1

No

3 x / day

22.06

153

2.63

15.15

26.77

41.92

2

No

1 x / day

22.17

154

2.62

9.09

18.18

27.27

3

No

2 x week

21.76

151

2.69

11.62

23.23

34.85

4

No

No

21.73

151

2.75

12.63

22.22

34.85

5

Yes

No

21.86

152

2.69

3.79

6.44

10.23

*Beak treatment.

20

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Additional engagement materials

Roosting and hide away areas and equipment

• • • •

• • • •

Zip ties Pecking blocks Hay, straw baskets etc.

Camouflage net Roosting platforms Veranda etc.

Feeding and feed additives

Lighting

• • • •

• • • • • •

Probiotics Reduction of protein Gut health additives etc.

Group size and stocking density • etc.

The aim of this study was whether turkeys can be prevented from feather pecking if they receive insect larvae alive and how to keep these larvae attractive if feather pecking occurs. The insect larvae were provided to the turkeys within extra feeders or by distributing them onto the litter. Legally the larvae can be provided only alive to commercial turkeys as a material for engagement.

As there were no significant differences between treatments in the first trial in trial No 2 there was a significant

Light source (i.e. LED) Light colour Areas of bright and dimmed light Light reduction Dark curtains or flaps etc.

higher rate of mortality and injured birds in the hospital pen in non-beak trimmed turkeys (Table 1). Compared beak trimmed males (treatment 5) to non-beak trimmed males of treatment 1 mortality was 3.99 times higher in non-beak trimmed birds and birds in hospital pen 4.15 times higher. There was no effect of providing larvae as an engagement to prevent turkeys from pecking. A similar eating behavior as in trial 1 could be observed. After a learning process in the beginning of the growing period

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the project period the turkey growers themselves had to present at least four times their results and experiences to different groups which were not part of the networking expert group.

The group of experts tried to provide particular guidance on what should be borne in mind on partial solutions, for instance, should be taken forward as verifiable interim steps. Case-by-case recommendations, knowledge transfer and regular evaluations provided an important foundation.

In total 19 turkey flocks with 450.000 males and females ( BUT6 and TP7), thereof 62.000 were not beak trimmed, were tested during the networking turkey project “Minimizing feather pecking and cannibalism in turkeys” which was financially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL).

Different measures were carried out as single or combined treatments the larvae became highly attractive until 14/15 weeks of age. After getting matured the males were losing almost interest to search for larvae. To keep larvae attractive they were put into special feeders.

Experience and findings: • Despite of excellent management and above-average barn enrichment and engagement serious feather pecking could be observed in non-beak trimmed turkeys.

Key points of the Animal Welfare Initiative Due to this dilemma: Beak trimming not permitted – Need for declaration of indispensability–High pressure on ban of break trimming – Serious injuries in research work with non-beak trimmed turkeys, the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) introduced a campaign on “new ways to improve animal welfare”. One of the key elements of this “Minding Animals Initiative” was to bring together a group of experts: turkey growers, actors from industry, scientists and authority members to conduct different investigations on possibilities to grow non-beak trimmed turkeys.

The project with six turkey farmers from different locations in Germany was executed over a period of two years and finished at the end of September 2018.

The BMEL offered a number of different financial assistance options to support different ideas and proposals which were worked out in compulsory 2-days-networking-meetings which had to be carried out regularly. During

22

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• Mortality rates in beak trimmed males and females varied between 3.0 to 8.0 percent and in non-beak trimmed groups between 3.3 and 16.6 percent.

• Occurrence of attacks without any indication and often with high unexpectedness.

• Very fast occurrence of serious and drastic lesions in non-beak trimmed turkeys.

• Higher condemnation rates in non-beak trimmed groups.

• Causes of problems could not be identified in any case.

• Higher rate of euthanasia in non-beak trimmed groups and higher mental load on growers.

• Tremendous reduction of lighting intensity (below 4 Lux) could reduce the pecking problem. (However, the voluntary agreement rules indicate 20 Lux as a minimum standard. And: New buildings need to have 15 percent of window surface area calculated on the ground floor of the house. And: Most of the traditional turkey houses in Germany are open-curtain houses).

Conclusions and outlook:

FlexBelt® conveyor belt

Referring to the results and findings of the project “minimizing feather pecking and cannibalism in turkeys” and also to a written expert evaluation report which was parallel obtained by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture on this topic at the end of 2018, it is accepted that growing of non-beak trimmed turkeys is very risky at present. So beak trimming in turkey hatcheries in Germany is still possible as far as the growers provide their declarations of indispensability.

Flexible rods preserve egg quality during transport

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However, pressure on Germany´s turkey industry won´t be reduced as new projects on possibilities to grow turkeys without beak trimming are in preparation. A new deadline for the ban of beak trimming in turkeys have not been set, yet.

Unlimited extensions

Easy cleaning due to open construction

On the other hand a new debate came up recently. The question is (if day-old-poults needs still to be beak treated in the hatchery) how to assuage or release from pain in the beak tissue which is caused by infrared and inflammation? How can it be done technically feasible?

Are there any narcotic substances which are permitted?

There are more questions than answers.

From the Proceedings of the 13th Turkey Science and Production Conference

Check www.jpe.org for more information

Follow us on:

- november 2019 -

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MARKETING

Changing patterns of global egg trade between 2006 and 2016 Dynamics at continent and country level in detail – Part 2

While the analysis in Part 1 (Zootecnica International, October 2019) dealt with the continents and the leading countries in egg trade more general, the following chapter will analyze the dynamics in the continents at country level in more detail.

Europe is dominating global egg trade Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is Professor emeritus and Scientific Director of the Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Industry (wing) Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Germany.

24

As could be shown, Europe held a dominating position in global egg exports as well as in imports during the analysed decade. In 2016, the continent shared almost 61% in exports as well as in imports.

Between 2006 and 2016, European egg exports increased by 373,150 t or 44.7%. Table 7 shows that Poland had the highest absolute and relative increase with over 176,000 t or 304.9%. Its share in European egg exports grew from 6.9% in 2006 to 19.4% in 2016. The second highest absolute growth was to be found in the Netherlands with 72,521 t, followed

by Germany (+ 63,585 t) and Belarus (+ 14,514 t). In contrast to these four countries, Spain

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MARKETING

Table 7 – The ten leading European countries in egg exports in 2006 and 2016; data in t. (Source: FAO database; own calculations).

2006 Country

2016

Exports

Share (%)

Netherlands

277,205

33.2

Spain

149,206

17.9

Germany

92,370

Belgium Poland

Country

Exports

Share (%)

Netherlands

349,726

28.9

Poland

234,567

19.4

11.1

Germany

155,955

12.9

78,772

9.4

Belgium

89,543

7.4

57,938

6.9

Spain

77,375

6.4

France

35,116

4.2

Belarus

45,282

3.7

Belarus

30,714

3.7

France

37,220

3.1

Lithuania

15,679

1.9

Italy

24,594

2.0

Russian F.

13,685

1.6

Ukraine

33,518

1.9

Italy

10,109

1.2

Portugal

10,799

1.7

10 countries

760,794

91.1

10 countries

1,058,579

87.4

Europe

835,101

100.0

Europe

1,208,251

100.0

lost 71,831 t or 48.1% in exports in the analysed time period. While the country ranked in second place behind the Netherlands in 2006, it fell to the 5th rank in 2016, losing 11.5% of its former share because of Germany´s lower imports from 2012 on. It is also worth noting that Belarus

and Ukraine could strengthen their position in European egg exports.

In the analysed decade, European egg imports increased by 39.6%, about 5% less than the export growth. Germany´s imports grew by over 134,000 t or 43.8% despite the considerable increase of the domestic production by 70,000 t. The higher domestic demand because of an increase of the per capita consumption from 209 eggs in 2006 to 235 eggs in 2016 was the main reason for this development.

A similar dynamics can be observed in Russia. Imports grew considerably because of the constantly increasing per capita consumption from less than 260 eggs in 2006 to 295 eggs in 2016. Egg imports by the Netherlands fluctuated in the analysed time period. A peak was reached in 2013 with over 263,000 t. This level could not be maintained although in 2015 and 2016 shell eggs for further processing and egg products were exported to the USA. The regional concentration of egg imports in Europe is very high. The two leading countries, Germany and the

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Netherlands shared 56.3% of the total import volume in 2016, the ten leading countries 87.4% (Table 8).

Table 8 – The ten leading European countries in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t.(Source: FAO database; own calculations).

2006

2016

Country

Imports

Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%)

Germany

306,608

38.2

Netherlands

114,127

14.2

Germany

440,776

39.3

Netherlands

190,319

France

93,023

11.6

Russian F.

87,915

17.0 7.8

Un. Kingd.

40,988

5.1

France

59,935

5.3

Czech Rep.

38,735

4.8

Belgium

55,875

5.0

Belgium

36,196

4.5

Italy

40,949

3.7

Switzerland

28,913

3.6

Un. Kingd.

29,506

2.6

Austria

20,568

2.6

Switzerland

28,445

2.5

Denmark

20,417

2.5

Czech Rep.

25,876

2.3

Hungary

13,273

1.7

Austria

19,740

1.8

10 countries

712,848

88.8

10 countries

979,336

*87.4

Europe

802,601

100.0

Europe

1,120,820

100.0

reveals some remarkable developments (Table 9). In 2006, Turkey exported less than 12,000 t of shell eggs, sharing 4.2% of the total export volume of the continent.

In 2016, exports surpassed 289,000 t, equaling almost half of Asia´s export volume. This remarkable dynamics is a result of the implementation of highly-efficient production systems in vertically integrated companies. They were not only able to supply the domestic market but also to develop markets for the continuously growing surplus.

In 2016, Turkey ranked in second place behind the Netherlands regarding egg exports. Malaysia was able to expand its egg exports by almost 40,000 t or 61.6%. The export surplus was mainly targeted at Singapore. India´s export volume decreased by 22,754 t or 46.1%, a result of the growing domestic demand because of a sharp increase of the per capita consumption from 38 eggs in 2006 to 66 eggs in 2016.

A comparison of the composition and ranking of the ten leading Asian countries in egg exports in 2006 and 2016

Egg imports by Asian countries grew by 485,731 t or 170.5% (Table 10). The increase was about 50% higher than that of European countries. A comparison of the composition and ranking of the ten leading importing countries in 2006 and 2016 again reveals a remarkable dynamics. The composition of the four leading countries did not change, but their ranking did. Iraq jumped from fourth to first place with an absolute growth of the import volume by 244,640 t, a result of the Iraq war and the almost completely destroyed egg industry. Egg imports also grew considerably in Hong Kong, the United Arab Emirates and Singapore. In the three countries, demand grew much faster than domestic production.

Table 9 – The ten leading Asian countries in egg exports in 2006 and 2016; data in t. (Source: FAO database; own calculations).

Table 10 – The ten leading Asian countries in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t.(Source: FAO database; own calculations).

*Sum does not add because of rounding.

Asia´s growing production is reflected in higher trade shares It could be shown in Part 1 that Asian countries gained in importance in egg exports and imports. This dynamics reflects as well the increasing efficiency of the egg industry as the growing demand in an expanding middle class with a higher purchasing power.

2006 Country

Exports

2016 Share (%) Country

2006

Exports

Share (%)

Country

Imports

2016 Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%) 34.2

China

78,223

27.2

Turkey

289,364

49.9

Hong Kong

83,927

29.5

Iraq

263,878

Malaysia

64,695

22.5

Malaysia

104,529

18.0

Singapore

58,092

20.4

Hong Kong

150,008

19.5

India

49,070

17.1

China

98,478

17.0

UAE

28,545

10.0

Singapore

96,278

12.5

Iran

32,406

11.3

India

26,425

4.6

Iraq

19,238

6.8

UAE

71,275

9.2

S. Arabia

26,608

9.3

S. Arabia

12,730

2.2

Kuwait

12,753

4.5

Afghanistan

40,418

5.2

Turkey

11,990

4.2

Thailand

10,585

1.8

Oman

12,116

4.3

Qatar

29,451

3.8

Thailand

11,025

3.8

Oman

8,122

1.4

Tajikistan

10,401

3.7

Syria

16,845

2.2

Lebanon

3,428

1.2

UAE

6,115

1.1

Kazakhstan

9,499

3.3

Oman

16,239

2.1

Oman

2,026

0.7

Pakistan

5,671

1.0

Qatar

8,121

2.9

S. Arabia

16,193

2.1

Jordan

1,843

0.6

Kuwait

4,494

0.8

Macao

7,150

2.5

Macao

12,389

1.6

10 countries

281,314

*97.9

10 countries

566,513

*97.6

10 countries 249,842

*87.7

10 countries

712,974

*92.4

Asia

287,578

100.0

Asia

580,166

100.0

Asia

100.0

Asia

770,571

100.0

*Sum does not add because of rounding.

26

284,840

*Sum does not add because of rounding.

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MARKETING

The dynamics of egg exports and imports in Asia differed considerably from that in Europe. While the internal trade in Europe, especially among EU member countries, remained fairly stable with the exception of the changes in Eastern Europe, egg trade in Asia is developed very fast.

This is true as well for egg exports, where Turkey was the main winner, as for egg imports, where the political and economic instability in several countries and the growing demand because of the higher egg consumption in others resulted in a remarkable dynamics and the development of characteristic trade flows which will be analysed in Part 4.

Egg trade in the Americas was dominated by a few countries In 2016, countries of the Americas contributed only 7.8% to global egg exports and 6.1% to global imports. Besides Europe it was the only continent with production surpassing demand.

Between 2006 and 2016, egg exports increased by 82,631 t or 81.0% (Table 11). With the exception of the USA, exports of all other countries were of minor impor-

tance. In 2016, the USA shared 81.5% of the total export volume of the Americas, 9.0% more than in 2006.

In second place ranked Brazil with a share of 9.8%. The regional concentration was extremely high, for 99.9% of all exports were contributed by only 10 countries.

Table 11 – The ten leading countries of the Americas in egg exports in 2006 and 2016; data in t. (Source: FAO database; own calculations).

2006 Country

Exports

2016 Share (%) Country

Exports

Share (%)

USA

73,940

72.5

USA

150,368

81.5

Brazil

14,226

14.0

Brazil

18,145

9.8

Argentina

2,542

2.5

Canada

5,038

2.7

El Salvador

2,378

2.3

Costa Rica

3,240

1.8

Peru

2,268

2.2

Peru

2,580

1.4

Canada

2,059

2.0

Honduras

2,218

1.2

Costa Rica

1,875

1.8

Dom. Rep.

2,066

1.1

Panama

1,308

1.3

Panama

349

0.2

Guatemala

313

0.3

Colombia

194

0.1

Chile

312

0.3

Jamaica

189

0.1

10 countries 101,221

*99.3

10 countries

184,387

99.9

Americas

100.0

Americas

184,592

100.0

101,961

*Sum does not add because of rounding.

- november 2019 -

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MARKETING

Egg imports by countries of the Americas grew by 92,400 t or 136.7%. A detailed analysis of the dynamics between 2006 and 2016 reveals that Mexico´s imports increased by more than 49,500 t, a result of the various outbreaks of the Avian Influenza virus. Canada also increased its imports while those of the USA fluctuated considerably.

A peak was reached in 2015 with 54,945 t, almost 45,000 t higher than in the preceding year. The considerable growth was a result of the Avian Influenza outbreaks in the Midwest in 2015. Once the repopulation of the affected farms was completed, the export volume fell back to normal values (Table 12).

Table 12 – The ten leading countries of the Americas in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t. (Source: FAO database; own calculations).

2006 Country

Imports

2016 Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%)

Table 13 – The five leading African countries in egg exports in 2006 and 2016; data in t. (Source: FAO database; own calculations).

2006 Country Zimbabwe

Exports

2016 Share (%) Country

3,722

63.5

14,504

94.0

535

9.1

Nigeria

496

3.2

Zambia

507

8.7

Tunisia

126

0.8

Egypt

414

7.1

Tanzania

78

0.5

Kenya

218

3.6

Uganda

73

0.5

5 countries

5,396

*92.1

5 countries

15,277

99.0

World

5,860

100.0

World

15,424

100.0

*Sum does not add because of rounding.

tration in 2016 was lower than in 2006, indicating that a growing number of countries imported eggs to meet the domestic demand. With the exception of Libya all countries listed in Table 14 were located south of the Sahara.

21,894

32.4

Mexico

63,534

39.7

Mexico

13,685

20.2

Canada

47,679

29.8

Jamaica

4,619

6.8

USA

15,872

9.9

USA

3,719

5.5

Tr. a. Tobago

7,110

4.4

Tr. a.Tobago

3,156

4.7

Nicaragua

3,949

2.5

Nicaragua

2,582

3.8

Guyana

2,621

1.6

Honduras

2,562

3.8

Ecuador

2,600

1.6

El Salvador

2,432

3.6

El Salvador

2,409

1.5

Venezuela

2,172

3.2

Paraguay

2,312

1.4

Angola

20,076

41.9

0.8

Libya

5,589

11.5

Liberia

5,115

Congo D.R. Gambia Eswatina*

1,303

Congo Mauritania

2,030

3.0

10 countries

58,851

87.0

Americas

67,599

100.0

Jamaica

1,320

10 countries

149,406

*93.4

Americas

160,004

100.0

*Sum does not add because of rounding.

African countries played only a minor role in global egg trade African countries played only a minor role in global egg trade. In 2016, they shared 0.8% of the global export volume and 2.5% of the imports. Table 13 documents that the composition and ranking of the exporting countries changed considerably. South Africa ranked in an unchallenged first place in 2016, contributing 94% to the total exports. Obviously, egg farmers in South Africa were able to increase their production considerably and besides supplying the domestic market could export 14,500 t of shell eggs.

Egg imports of African countries only increased by 4,818 t or 10.0% in the analysed decade. The regional concen-

28

Share (%)

S. Africa

Canada

Ecuador

S. Africa

Exports

Table 14 – The ten leading African countries in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: FAO database; own calculations).

2006

Country

Imports

2016

Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%)

Mozambique

9,726

18.4

Libya

5,652

10.7

10.7

Sierra Leone

5,357

10.2

2,708

5.6

Gambia

4,288

8.1

2,406

5.0

Liberia

3,938

7.5

2.7

Eq. Guinea

2,733

5.2

1,146

2.4

Congo

2,471

4.7

1,111

2.3

Senegal

2,267

4.3

Nigeria

997

2.1

Djibuti

1,843

3.5

Algeria

920

1.9

Cong D.R.

1,445

2.7

10 countries

41,371

**86.3

10 countries

39,720

75.3

Africa

47,957

100.0

Africa

52,775

100.0

*Former Swaziland. **Sum does not add because of rounding.

Oceania – low population and peripheral location limited egg trade Although the volume of egg exports doubled between 2006 and 2016 and reached a volume of 2,444 t, Oceania contributed only 0.1% to the global egg trade. New Zealand ranked in first place with a share of 76.2% of Oceania´s export volume, followed by Fiji and Australia.

- marketing -

MARKETING

The data in Table 15 documents that egg imports of countries in Oceania only grew by 6.3%. While the imports of Australia fell by 360 t, New Caledonia´s import increased by 720 t or 1,500.0%. In total, the volume of traded eggs was very small, a consequence of the low population, the peripheral location and the long transportation distances. Australia would be able to produce larger amounts Table 15 – The five leading countries of Oceania in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: FAO database; own calculations).

2006

2016

Country

Imports

Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%)

Australia

789

35.1

Samoa

618

27.5

N. Caledonia

768

32.1

Australia

429

Fiji

541

17.9

24.1

Papua N. G.

219

Solomon Is.

9.2

61

2.7

Vanatu

208

Cook Is.

8.7

49

2.2

Cook Is.

176

7.4

5 countries

2,058

91.6

5 countries

1,800

75.3

Oceania

2,248

100.0

Oceania

2,390

100.0

of eggs based on domestic feed resources, but the long distances to major markets in East and Southeast Asia restrict such activities.

The main results of the first two parts of this analysis can be summarized as follows: • Only 2.7% of global egg production was traded in 2016. The fact that shell eggs cannot be deep-frozen limits transport distances.

• Global egg trade grew much faster than production, indicating that many countries were not able to meet the increasing demand by domestic production and the fact that eggs are becoming more and more attractive as a high-value protein source.

• European and Asian countries dominated global egg trade. In 2016, European countries contributed about 61% to global exports and imports, Asian countries shared 29.1% of the exports and 36.6% of the imports.

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29

TECHNICAL COLUMN

What is good chick quality?

When asking the question “What is good chick quality?�, the responses can be very different based on the person and their role. For instance, the hatchery manager would like to see maximum grade A chicks and good clean navel quality.

By Mark Foote, Hatchery Specialist Cobb Europe Ltd.

30

The broiler farm manager wants to see well-hydrated, active chicks and low mortality levels, whereas the veterinarian wants to see good active chicks, well-healed and infection free navels. The sexer wants late hatching chicks because they are easier to sex . Several measurement systems have been promoted in the literature to relate chick quality characterisitics to growth and performance potential.

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

1. Visual scoring systems relating to chick defects.

This method is highly subjective and although rapid and practiced in many hatcheries is a poor predictor of early chick mortality.

2. Chick weight as an indicator of 7-day weight and as a correlation to final weight. Although research indicates 7-day weight is a fair predictor of final broiler harvest weight, there is no agreement among research reports on using day-old chick weight to predict 7-day weight.

3. The Pasgar system evaluates reflex, navel closure, legs, beak and residual yolk abnormalities. These chick characterisitics appear to be reliable indictors of early chick mortality, but have not been proven useful for broiler performance predictions.

4. Measurements of chick length along with evaluating residual yolk and navel closure. This system promotes the evaluation of the residual yolk and navel region from a random sample of 50 chicks.

These factors are correlated with E. coli infection risk.

Chick length was also evaluated because it has a high correlation with broiler performance. In this way, early chick mortality and broiler performance can both be predicted.

Over the years, the poultry industry has tried to correlate incubation protocols or chick quality characteristics (navel quality, red hocks, feathering, bright eyes and tall, upright chicks) to 7-day mortality levels. In practice, most hatcheries have not been successful in relating these measurements to first week mortalities.

% MORTALITY OF FLOCK

An example of an early chick mortality pattern caused by omphalitis (yolk sac infection) is shown in Figure 1. This infection is challenging because it cannot be detected at the hatchery with visual inspection. In fact, chicks appear to be of good quality upon arrival at the farm.

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8 9 AGES IN DAYS

10

11

12

13

14

Figure 1 – An example of the daily percentages of chick mortality in a flock due to omphalitis.

The question at the hatchery still remains, “how can we predict 7-day mortality of hatching chicks?”

To address this question, a series of hatch window trials were conducted at Cobb to evaluate the effects of hatching times on 7-day early mortality. In each trial we recorded the number of chicks hatched at 12 hour intervals. At each time interval we separated the hatched chicks from the eggs that had not hatched but kept them in the hatcher until hatch pull. We weighed the groups of chicks and marked them separately at the broiler farm to record the 7-day weights and mortality levels.

Our data revealed the lowest mortality and highest 7-day weights were in the groups of chicks that hatched early in the hatch window (24 to 36 hours). Moreover, these groups had the lowest chick yield % (chick weight as a percentage of initial egg weight).

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 % chicks

chick weight 7 day weight 7 day ADG

chick yield (%)

7 day mort (%)

1.1

36h pre pull

19.5

43.7

169.2

17.9

67.9

24h pre pull

64.3

45.4

171.4

18.0

69.6

1.3

12h pre pull

15

47.0

164.7

16.8

71.4

2.9

pull

1.3

46.9

136.0

12.7

73

19.2

Figure 2: The impact of hatching times on 7-day weights and mortality.

First of all, it is important to note that you cannot hatch all the chicks at the same time and it is normal to see a hatch window of 24 to 30 hours from first chick to last chick.

Hatch time among eggs varies but is largely dependent on the rate of embryo development where higher incubation temperatures increase metabolism and promote increased embryonic development and lower temperatures reduce metabolism and delay embryonic development. For optimal hatch and chick quality, it is critical to maintain a uniform temperature and humidity across the incubator.

Therefore, we asked, does hatch time influence first week mortality numbers?

Since hatch time is related to incubation temperature, we used three different temperature profiles to incubate eggs and measured the impact of these temperatures on

- november 2019 -

31

TECHNICAL COLUMN

7-day mortality, chick yield and 7-day body weights. All the eggs were kept at eggshell temperatures of 100.0 °F for the first 10 days of incubation. After 10 days of incubation, eggs were split into 3 groups and incubated at one of 3 temperatures: 98.5 °F (low), 100.0 °F (normal) or 101.5 °F (high), and maintained at this temperature until transfer to the hatchers. All 3 groups were kept separate in 3 individual setters (4,800 eggs each) and all eggs had the same source flock to minimize variables associated with flock or breeder age.

As shown in Figure 3, high incubation temperatures resulted increased 7-day mortality and decreased body weights relative to normal incubation temperatures. At high incubation temperatures, chick yield was about 65% indicating too much egg weight loss and most likely resulted in dehydrated chicks (Photos 1 and 2). In this case, dehydration impacted weight gain and mortality.

180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50

% chick yield

7 day mortality

3.71

4 174

171

159

3

2

1.23 69.19

0.83 66.51

65.27

% Mortality

Weight (g) / % chick yield

7 day weight

1

0 98.5 °F (36.9 °C)

100 °F (37.8 °C)

101.5 °F (38.6 °C)

Incubation Temperature from 10 to 18d (transfer)

Figure 3 – Relationship between % chick yield, 7 day bodyweight and 7 day mortality.

Photo 1 – Dehydrated vs normal.

32

Photo 2 – Lethargic vs normal chick.

In the group of eggs incubated at low temperature (98.5 °F), the 7-day weight is the lowest and 7-day mortality is the highest. The chick yield percentage is also the highest in this group.

It appears that the low incubation temperature reduced metabolic rate and / or delayed development resulting in less absorption of the egg yolk sac. The high 7-day mortality may have been the result of infection susceptibility interacting with environmental stressors.

There are a variety of stressors that can impact newly hatched chicks before farm delivery. For example, temperatures too high in the hatcher, chilling or overheating in the chick processing, holding areas and transport or at the farm can elevate stress and the opportunity for infections. Symptoms of typical stress factors include seeing chicks ‘panting’ in boxes, ‘flat’ due to lack of ventilation / oxygen or ‘huddling’ (Photos 3 and 4). Other

Photo 3 – Chicks panting.

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

tion profile accordingly. The hatchery manager should achieve a chick yield % between 66 and 88 for short distance chick placements. For long distance placements, achieve a chick yield % between 68-70. The higher percentage chick yield will allow chick weight loss during transit while still arriving at the farm with the chick yield % close to the normal target of 66-68.

Conclusion In summary, the key points to chick quality are: • Adapt incubation profiles to achieve a setter weight loss of 11-13% by 18 days of incubation. Young flocks will have lower weight loss and older flocks more.

Photo 4 – Healthy chicks.

stresses, however, including cold draughts directed onto chicks either by fans in holding or wind blowing directly into the back of the truck can also slow weight gain and make chicks more susceptible to infection. Cloacal temperature can be used to evaluate chick condition. Normal cloacal temperature should be between 40.0 °C – 40.6 °C

• Achieve a chick yield % between 66-68 for short distance chick deliveries and 68-70 for long distance deliveries.

• Eliminate stress factors after the chicks have hatched i.e. overheating or lack of ventilation in the hatcher, environmental conditions in the chick processing, holding areas, in transit and at arrival at the farm.

“The broiler farm manager wants to see well-hydrated, active chicks and low mortality levels, whereas the veterinarian wants to see good active chicks, well-healed and infection free navels. The sexer wants late hatching chicks because they are easier to sex . Several measurement systems have been promoted in the literature to relate chick quality characterisitics to growth and performance potential”

for the first day. At 41.0 °C, chicks will start ‘panting’ which is an indication of heat related stress.

To reduce 7-day mortality, hatchery managers should focus on chick yield % and minimizing stress factors. The normal ‘rule of thumb’ is that a day-old chick should weigh two-thirds or 67% of the initial egg weight. To achieve this egg weight loss in the setter should be 11-13% by transfer. Chick yield percent is measured from the average weights of eggs and chicks obtained from individual flock sources, and is not focused on individual egg and chick weights.

The hatchery manager should be aware as to the amount of time a chick will be in transport and adjust incuba-

• Avoid overheating as is common with insufficient ventilation or chick boxes placed too close together with little air circulation.

• Avoid cold draughts that may be caused by holding room fans blowing onto chicks.

• Park delivery truck facing the prevailing winds so the chicks are not exposed during unloading.

• Cloaca temperatures – should be maintained between 40.0 °C – 40.6 °C at all times in the first day for chicks to maintain their comfort zone. At 41.0 °C, chicks will start ‘panting’ which is an indication of heat related stress.

- november 2019 -

33

ŠMAPI

TECHNICAL COLUMN

Current trends in litter management

Joseph Hess, Kenneth Macklin, Wilmer Pacheco, Ruediger Hauck and Wallace Berry Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, AL.

34

As much of the broiler industry transitions to antibiotic free production based on consumer demand, broiler house management is changing more substantially than it has for a number of years. Small tweaks in any system are easier to make than wholesale changes, and house management to ensure optimum production and bird health is adapting rapidly to the challenges put forth by this type of production system.

Traditionally in Alabama, growers placed pine shavings or peanut hulls after a complete cleanout, and then managed the used litter for six months to two years before another complete

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

cleanout was accomplished. Complete cleanouts once a year were and are still the normal pattern of litter management. Typically, four inches of litter are placed after a complete cleanout and may or may not be top dressed between flocks. Between flocks, caked litter is removed and the house allowed to rest prior to preparing for new chick placement.

Antibiotics typically used in broiler feeds fall into two categories. Some, but not all, anticoccidial feed additives are classified as antibiotics, while other antibiotics are fed at low levels to maintain healthy microbial populations in the bird’s intestines and are not absorbed into the body. Other products have been in development for some time to help maintain broiler intestinal health, and poultry companies switching to antibiotic free programs are including a number of alternative feed additives in broiler feeds to maintain broiler intestinal health. Despite this, the burden of controlling intestinal health now falls even more heavily on house management conditions as antibiotics are removed.

The poultry industry has been working closely with poultry growers for decades to improve litter quality through improvements in house management and health, and litter management becomes an even more important health management tool with antibiotic free systems than in standard commercial production. Increased downtime

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ŠMAPI

Antibiotic Free production

with antibiotic free systems allows disease causing organisms more time to die off before chicks are placed for the next flock.

Longer downtimes also allow time for other litter management techniques such as windrow composting to be performed. Conventional production in Auburn area normally placed chicks seven to 14 days after the previous flock went to market. Currently, most companies producing bird in some form of an antibiotic free program use downtimes ranging from 17 to 21 days. Density has

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- november 2019 -

35

TECHNICAL COLUMN

“Placing chicks on dry, warmed litter with ammonia controlled for the early part of the birds’ lives will help to protect the respiratory system through the birds’ most vulnerable period and also will reduce the early onset of footpad burns. Carefully-timed release of birds from brooding will insure that wet litter doesn’t occur in the brood end of the house. Good early house conditions also help foster a boost in immune function in young birds”

been decreased 10% in addition to increasing downtime to reduce pressure on the litter. Practical experience controlling Necrotic Enteritis has moved toward attention to detail in removing all cake. Early attempts to raise antibiotic free birds on used litter resulted in Necrotic Enteritis spread from the walls where some wet litter was left after caking out the house.

Growers now frequently cake the house shortly after the previous flock leaves. The litter is the tilled to further remove moisture. Repeated heating and ventilating of the houses during the downtime also insures adequate moisture removal prior to setting up for chicks. This last management technique is also helpful after windrow composting to remove ammonia and moisture after spreading the litter back out prior to chick placement.

Placing chicks on dry, warmed litter with ammonia controlled for the early part of the birds’ lives will help to pro-

36

tect the respiratory system through the birds’ most vulnerable period and also will reduce the early onset of footpad burns. Carefully-timed release of birds from brooding will insure that wet litter doesn’t occur in the brood end of the house. Good early house conditions also help foster a boost in immune function in young birds. In our area, release of birds brooding in a half-house brooding system typically occurs between 7 and 14 days – depending on season – with a release at 10 days being the most common approach. During this critical time in a flock’s life, delaying release can increase litter moisture in the brood end with little chance to remove that moisture for the remainder of the flock.

Throughout the life of the flock, continued emphasis on litter management will pay dividends in broiler health and growth. Maintaining litter depth, managing drinker systems and ventilation will promote good health when combined with vaccine programs and good nutritional

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

programs. Proper nipple height adjustment helps keep birds from spilling water into the litter.

Clean water lines will provide the birds with fresh water without bacterial contamination that can cause microbial health problems. In addition, clean water lines will insure the efficacy of any vaccines that may be given to broilers in addition to reducing leaking nipples. For growers with wells, occasional tests to verify bacterial and mineral levels in the water provided to birds will help to avoid subclinical disease and/or wet litter caused by mineral or bacterial contamination.

Ventilation management plays a central role in moisture control and economical ventilation is a must to keep litter dry to control ammonia through as much of the flock’s life as possible. Low ammonia concentrations in the air will avoid irritation of the birds’ airways, thus reducing respiratory diseases.

ly and externally. Beetles can spread disease through a house and farm if not controlled and can fly to neighboring farms as well. Broilers will eat litter beetles and pick up diseases directly from these pests. Along the same lines, rodents spread disease organisms in their droppings, which birds can and do eat. A well-maintained insect and rodent control program can help to avoid introducing diseases and food safety organisms into your flock.

U.S. consumers have expressed a desire for antibiotic free production of broilers and the broiler industry has responded as close to 50% of broiler companies have antibiotic free birds as a significant portion of their output.

House management techniques are changing to help maintain bird health and growers will be an important part of the effort to keep birds healthy in antibiotic free programs. Litter management has always been an important health tool for broilers and keeping litter dry and reducing ammonia emissions will gain enhanced importance with today’s management systems.

Coccidiosis control Litter management will also help to manage Coccidiosis in broilers if Coccidiosis vaccination programs are used. Coccidiosis can negatively influence growth and profitability if uncontrolled and the broiler industry has managed cocci closely for many decades for this reason. Cocci can also be a trigger for other intestinal health problems such as Necrotic Enteritis. For this reason, close control of Coccidiosis vaccine reactions will give cocci control and minimal intestinal health issues. Dry litter hampers cocci maturation and avoids increases in the amount to which birds are exposed above what is needed to foster immunity. In addition, many companies will have a liquid Coccidiosis control product on hand to treat birds if a strong Coccidiosis challenge is expected.

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How safe is your water?

Litter treatments remain an important tool to control ammonia early in the flock’s life, and this emphasis has not changed with antibiotic free production in our area. Most producers are applying a litter treatment prior to chick placement and levels are aimed at reducing ammonia levels beyond brooding.

Research at Auburn has examined the use of elemental sulfur as a feed through ammonia control product. Sulfur has shown promise as a way to reduce ammonia levels throughout the life of the flock. Litter beetle control can be a tool in controlling diseases in broiler production as litter beetles carry various bacteria and viruses both internal-

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- november 2019 -

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37

MANAGEMENT

Management steps for ensuring gut health in layers Gut health investigations and interventions in commercial pullets and layers have remained fairly basic over the extended history of the egg industry. To some extent gut health has not been a focus of commercial pullet and layer flocks unless the problem contributed to a significant mortality problem for a company of facility. Gut health has also been less of a focus in commercial egg production due to the fact that a large percentage of commercial egg production has been conducted in various styles of cage housing and therefore there has been less opportunity for gut health challenges as these flocks have limited fecal-oral exposure from hatch to depopulation. es to occur it is also easy to overlook gut health challenges in commercial layers because common indicators of subclinical and clinical gut health challenges, such as feed conversion, are not as closely monitored as they are within other sectors of the poultry industry.

Breed companies continue to make progress in flock efficiency and productivity and producers may find that maintaining gut health will be a critical component to exercising these bird’s genetic potential.

ŠKipster

Layer veterinarians, nutritionists, and flock service personnel will have to learn to adapt to investigation and interventions for gut health in variety of ways that may have never been explored before in layer operations.

Daniel Wilson, DVM Wilson Veterinary Co.

38

As live production operations move to newer styles of alternative housing of pullets and layers we will likely see increased gut health challenges in these flocks due primarily to the increase in access to fecal matter. In addition to the lower potential for GI diseas-

- management -

As our counterparts in the broiler and turkey industries already know, both subclinical and clinical gut health challenges can impact the health, welfare, and profitability of flocks. Investigation strategies, diagnostic testing, and gut health interventions can often be viewed as added costs, however, they should be evaluated as a potential return on investment opportunity to improve flock performance.

This presentation will briefly discuss approaches to gut health investigations and interventions currently available to pullets and layers.

MANAGEMENT

Field gut health investigation tools Production data Production data should be reviewed for accuracy of collection methodology and should be reviewed historically in flocks with data collected over time. Major categories of production data to review in relation to gut health challenges include: • Hen Day % Production; • Body Weight; • Case Weight (egg weight); • Feed Consumption; • Feed Conversion (if available);

problems can be overlooked due to poor lighting or farm staff not taking time to note manure conditions. In addition to the overall quality in reference to moisture content of the manure, the manure should be inspected closely for any of the following abnormalities: • Feed passage (undigested feed ingredient particles passing in fecal matter); • Intestinal sloughing (orange to red material present in manure); • Watery droppings; • Abnormally colored or textured droppings (foamy, pasty, butterscotch color, etc.).

• Water Consumption.

Live bird handling

Decreases in Hen Day %, lack of body weight gain or body weight loss, below expected egg weight and egg size averages, and unexpected changes in feed/water intake could be indicators of gut health challenges that could be occurring either in combination or as independent issues. These flocks must be investigated to rule out gut health as a potential cause of suboptimal performance.

Randomly selected live birds within the flock should be handled and inspected by production staff, flock management personnel, nutrition staff, and veterinarians to evaluate for external indicators of a gut health challenge including the following:

Manure evaluation

Although these notes will be subjective based on the person handling the birds they can be good indicators to further evaluate gut health issues.

Manure quality from flocks should be continuously evaluated by farm and production staff. Depending on the type of housing system the manure should be evaluated in one of several locations including: • Deep pit areas; • Scraper boards; • Manure belts; • Litter areas or outdoor access areas.

In the event a farm would like to look at fresh fecal matter it works best to place cardboard or other flat collection material underneath affected flocks just prior to a feeding time and leave these beneath the flock for 30-45 minutes to collect the fresh fecal matter. This method also allows the user to evaluate the moisture content and texture better than inspecting the manure collection areas in the house. This fresh fecal matter is also a high quality sample should it be needed for further investigation.

Manure can be difficult to evaluate in poor lighting and production staff are encouraged to use a high-quality flashlight to look for changes in manure conditions. Many

• Wet, stained, or dirty vent feathers; • Poor feather quality and condition; • Lack of body conditioning.

Mortality evaluation Mortality should be evaluated by a person trained in necropsy. Necropsy of mortality, even if mortality is not elevated relative to breed standards, can still be helpful to identify potential gut health challenges. Mortality can be found to have grossly visible lesions such as necrotic enteritis and can also be evaluated for trends of thin and under-conditioned birds. Other than grossly visible lesions mortality are generally not useful for interpretation of the overall gut health of a flock. Sacrifice birds or birds culled with other clinical signs offer a better opportunity to evaluate gut health. After death, the GI tract degrades very quickly and post-mortem changes can be confused with a GI problem (ballooning GI tracts, watery contents).

Sacrifice bird evaluation Sacrifice birds or selected cull birds are a major compo-

- november 2019 -

39

MANAGEMENT

nent of an investigation into gut health challenges. A minimum of 5 randomly selected birds are euthanized and evaluated by flock service personnel or a veterinarian.

Body condition including muscle, fat, and skeletal composition and health should be evaluated and scored when possible. Birds should remain on feed as close to possible to euthanasia to prevent artifacts of feed withdrawal from interfering with the evaluation. Sacrifice birds from unaffected flocks can be a helpful comparison to evaluate birds.

The GI tract should be opened from the crop to the distal end of the tract to inspect the quality of the GI lining in each section of the tract and to note any obvious gross lesions (i.e. crop mold, focal duodenal necrosis, necrotic enteritis). As the tract is opened in each section the integrity of the GI lining and the intestinal contents should be evaluated. Abnormalities that are worth noting on a gut health investigation are: • Unusual crop and gizzard contents;

asites, such as roundworms, and obtain a quantitative count that might identify the general burden of whatever parasite is identified.

Gastrointestinal scrapings Well-trained individuals can perform scrapings of different GI tract segments from sacrifice birds to evaluate for presence of abnormal GI flora, parasites, and to an extent assess the integrity of the GI lining microscopically.

Gut histopathology surveys Freshly sacrificed birds can be sampled for GI histopathology surveys. This method includes collecting fresh tissues from pre-determined locations in the GI tract into formalin for evaluation and scoring by a trained histopathologist. The pathologist can look for trends across multiple submissions by utilizing a scoring system and note any specific abnormalities which might represent a specific disease condition.

• Thin-walled GI tract; • Watery, mucous coated GI digesta;

Gut flora enumeration

• Watery to foamy contents;

Technical service laboratories offered by some companies offer various ways to assess GI flora by collection and analysis of fresh GI tracts. The bacterial flora of these GI tracts is enumerated in the technical service laboratory to determine the balance of typical GI flora such as E. coli, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, etc.

• Presence of orange to red mucous in the tract; • Undigested feed particles in the distal GI tract near the cloaca; • Visual identification of internal parasites (tapeworms, roundworms, etc.).

Viral GI diagnostics

Diagnostic methods for gut health investigation Coccidiosis oocyst counts Fresh fecal matter can be collected and submitted to technical services laboratories or university laboratories to obtain coccidiosis oocyst counts. This method is quantitative and can give an indicator as to the presence of cocci oocysts present and a general estimate of the amount of cycling that could be occurring a flock. A representative sample of the flock, although relatively small, can be a useful tool in determining if coccidiosis is contributing to subclinical gut health issues.

Internal parasite egg counts Similar to cocci oocyst counts, fresh fecal matter can be submitted to identify presence of other intestinal par-

40

In cases where most typical gut health challenges have been ruled out viral causes of gut health problems may be pursued. Layer flocks are routinely exposed to a variety of enteric GI viruses so interpretation of viral GI diagnostics in these cases can be difficult. Although less of a focus in caged birds, viral GI diseases will likely be found to be a significant contributor to the overall gut health of alternatively housed flocks with litter access. Samples for isolation and identification of GI viruses can be difficult to obtain and diagnostics can be expensive. Some of the more commonly used methods to obtain viral GI isolations include: • Submission of affected live birds to a diagnostic lab for direct sample collection; • Submission of fresh fecal matter from affected flocks; • Cloacal swabs of affected birds in a viral transport media;

- management -

MANAGEMENT

• Use of sentinel birds placed within the production system of affected flocks.

also be tested for mineral and pH balance to make sure they are not contributing to gut health challenges.

Ancillary aspects of gut health investigation

Intervention methods for gut health in pullets and layers

Nutrition changes: Production staff and veterinarians should work with nutritionists to make sure that major diet or ingredient changes do not correlate with a current gut health challenge.

Finished feed and ingredient quality: Production staff and veterinarians should work with nutritionists to make sure that a quality feed ingredient and finished feed testing program are set up and being conducted to rule out influence of poor quality feed ingredient sources and feed manufacturing.

Water quality: Drinking water should be routinely tested for all flocks to ensure that drinking water and drinking water lines are not contaminated with coliforms, E. coli, or other biofilm-forming bacterial growth. Samples should

Gut flora interventions When flocks are found to be in a state of dysbacteriosis some of the following products can be of value in restoring the proper GI flora and trending farms and flocks back to a more normal flora. These products can also be used on a continuous basis to help maintain and prevent abnormal shifts in gut flora and gut health problems. Each product has to be closely evaluated for scientific data, potential return on investment, and practical usage of the product.

• Prebiotics; • Probiotics; • Essential oils; • Phytogenic products.

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MANAGEMENT

Water sanitation can play an important role in maintaining normal flock flora. If flocks are consuming poorly sanitized water sources there is a higher likelihood flocks will trend to dysbacteriosis. Water sanitation should always be a high priority intervention method in gut health challenges.

Gut pH interventions When GI tract pH is maintained under more optimal conditions (<7 pH) the normal gut flora is more likely to be maintained, the gut is more likely to be efficient, and less prone to GI challenges. Drinking water acidification can be helpful in helping the bird maintain a proper gut pH and flora. If feasible, maintaining drinking water pH less than 7 can be a helpful intervention for gut health challenges.

Management interventions Facility maintenance: When possible, access to fecal matter by flocks should be limited as much as possible.

In existing cage systems this might include proper maintenance and routine cleaning of manure shields/curtains or proper maintenance and care of manure belts.

Litter and range management: In systems which provide access to litter or range areas careful care must be taken to manage these areas to prevent buildup of bacterial, viral, or parasite loads.

House downtime and sanitation: Although many pullet and layer flocks in the US are housed on multi-age facilities, use of extended downtime between flocks and cleaning and disinfection can be a useful tool in limiting exposure of replacement pullets and layers to reinfection with viral and bacterial challenges that are present in the facility.

ers has indicated that heat treatment of litter and or houses can reduce the impact of viral enteritis on future flocks housed in these facilities. Heating protocols can vary, and may be difficult to conduct during colder months, but generally if a house can be heated to above 90 °F for 5 or more days there is may be some reduction in the viral load present in the house. Higher temperatures or longer time periods may be more effective at reducing viral loads but are not practical to achieve in a cost efficient manner or in a way that will not damage equipment in the barn (i.e. water lines, electrical equipment).

Interventions for bacterial GI challenges Commercial layers are fairly limited in available treatment options, in particular with regards to antibiotic usage.

Bacitracin (BMD) products are available in the US and can be used in pullet and layer flocks without a Veterinary Feed Directive. Flocks that tend to respond to bacitracin use such as those with Focal Duodenal Necrosis (FDN) or Necrotic Enteritis also respond fairly well to pre- and probiotic products to help correct abnormal GI flora. Care must be taken when using any antibiotic protocol to make sure the use of the product does not affect the marketing of the egg products or create any negative effects on gut flora for the flock. Bacitracin use should be conducted in connection with pre or probiotic use to maintain a healthy gut flora following treatment of bacterial enteritis.

Interventions for viral GI challenges Autogenous vaccination: If viral causes of enteritis are routinely found that correlate with production challenges an autogenous vaccine can be created. This autogenous vaccine can be produced from virus isolations taken from clinical case submissions.

Whole house fumigation: Contract crews can be utilized to do higher intensity disinfection protocols such as whole house fumigation with formaldehyde. These products are applied by third-party personnel and employees are not permitted to return into the house until the house environment returns to below an accepTable OSHA threshold. Whole house formaldehyde application can be very effective at destroying hard to reach pathogens in areas that traditional disinfectants cannot penetrate.

Autogenous vaccine creation and use can be a costly process and has limitations due to autogenous vaccine regulations. Autogenous vaccines generally must be made in large serials and therefore usually constitute large orders to obtain the product. These autogenous serials have a limitation in which the product can be used.

Ideally autogenous vaccines should be administered in two separate doses, but it would be difficult to inject a commercial layer pullet with two doses of vaccine.

Whole house heating: Some viral causes of enteritis such as astrovirus and reovirus, are heat susceptible.

Research on Runting-Stunting Syndrome (RSS) in broil-

From the Proceeding of the Midwest Poultry Federation Convention

42

- management -

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Practical views on global meat chicken nutrition â&#x20AC;&#x201C; First part

R. Kleyn SPESFEED (Pty) Ltd., South Afric.

44

The global supply of poultry products will need to double by 2050 if we are to meet the aspiration of all people to be food secure. We will need to produce more poultry meat in the face of changing consumer perceptions and constrained resources.

Consumers expect this to be achieved in a sustainable manner. The industry has the skills to achieve this. Genotypes continue to improve; production methods and business models are evolving; and we have enhanced our knowledge of poultry health and nutrition. However, our industry will need to develop by offering alternative products and by changing or improving production methods. These changes will occur in the foreseeable future.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

The overarching consideration will be sustainability. The definition of sustainability is straightforward – sustainable systems should meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In practice, sustainability is a concept with multiple facets, namely environmental, social and economic. Measuring sustainability is difficult because it depends on which metric is chosen for use, and often it can only be accurately determined in hindsight.

Achieving alignment in one area often leads to failure in another, which is a challenge faced by broiler producers and legislators. For example, alternative production systems such as free-range and organic result in an apparent improvement in welfare, but at considerable cost to the environment.

There is a divide between global citizens. In developed countries, wealthy citizens consume poultry meat produced by ‘integrators’, delivered via well-developed supply chains, and sold through supermarkets and fast service restaurants. However, it is estimated that there are 2.5 billion people who depend on small farms for their livelihood and food security. These farmers have no access to supply chains, either for inputs or for the sale of product. Yet meat consumption is aspirational and poultry forms an important component of dietary protein supply. Most consumers desire access to cheap, safe animal protein, yet our industry is obliged to meet the changing consumer demands of more developed markets. Both market channels will need to be supplied in a sustainable way. Against this background, the primary focus of this paper is the nutritional interventions that can be applied to enable our industry to fulfil its mandate to ensure food security, sustainably.

Innovative drinking technology

Sustainability and demand Sustainability is neither a single entity, nor can we choose those aspects that suit our own particular beliefs. From an environmental viewpoint, sustainability impacts the entire poultry supply chain, causing pollution and ecological degradation. Social aspects of sustainability encompass both human and animal well-being. The compact of the five freedoms of welfare should be applied to all animals, while human health – including exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the well-being of poultry producers – needs to be considered.

Paradoxically, most consumers are more concerned about their own well-being through the consumption of ‘natural’ products than about animal welfare. The final and seminal aspect of sustainability is financial viability, which is the key enabler of all production systems.

From a nutritional perspective, all the objectives of sustainability should be aligned. The more efficiently chickens utilise feed, the more viable the feeding operation becomes, with a reduced carbon footprint through a lower demand for resources. Appropriate nutrition will also impact on bird welfare. The poultry industry believes that bird welfare and food safety are better when conventional systems are used, but this is not a view shared by wealthy consumers in the developed world. Public opinion is that ‘organic’ is natural, healthy and sustainable, and that use of medication and intensive farming is bad. Many of these beliefs are based on perception and misinformation, often created by the poultry industry itself, which has used ‘Hormone free’, ‘Drug free’ and ‘Free range’ as marketing slogans for decades. The danger of consumers imbibing harmful drug residues from eating poultry products,

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and the possible contribution of these drugs leading to an increase in drug-resistant bacteria, are more a perception than a reality. Regardless of the truth, failure to meet consumer demands will result in their rejection of our products. This happened in Norway, for example, where it was perceived that the use of ionophores was undesirable. The reduced demand for poultry meat ultimately led to the voluntary withdrawal of ionophores from all broiler diets.

2017) estimates that, if only one-third of the US broiler industry were to switch to the use of slower-growing breeds, an additional three million hectares/year of land would be required to grow the necessary feed ingredients, while, “large scale antibiotic-free production will increase the industry’s carbon footprint”. More affluent people tend to eat fewer grains and more meat and high-value foods.

The price of poultry substitutes, for example fish and beef, are likely to increase disproportionately, further fuelling demand for poultry. The poultry industry’s innovative approach to product development has also led to increased demand. A rising demand for poultry products with spe-

Alternative production systems place a higher burden on the environment than conventional systems. Petersen (in

Table 1 – A summary of the performance characteristics, carcass yield and N utilisation of Ross PM3 male broilers between 21 and 35 days of age fed with diets differing in CP (after Belloir et al., 2017).

190 (g/kg)

180 (g/kg)

170 (g/kg)

160 (g/kg)

150 (g/kg)

Gain (g) BWG

1479

1496

1494

1446

1478

Feed intake (g)

2430

2477

2472

2459

2528

FCR

1.64b

1.65b

1.65b

1.69a

1.71a

Breast meat (% BW)

20.1

20.2

20.8

20.5

19.5

Abdominal fat (% BW)

2.16b

2.30ab

2.45a

2.61a

2.51a

N retention efficiency %*

60.48

63.66

66.84

70.02

73.2

N excretion (g/kg BWG)*

19.36

17.24

15.12

13.00

10.88

Manure N (g N/kg DM)*

32.7

31.19

29.68

28.17

26.66

Litter moisture (%)*

46.17

44.97

43.77

42.57

41.27

Means within columns not sharing common superscripts (a, b) are significantly different (P<0.05).

Note*: These values were calculated from the published regression equations.

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- nutrition -

NUTRITION

cific quality and food safety attributes is likely, probably linked to increased levels of affluence. In essence, the poultry industry will be expected to produce increased quantities of different product types, sustainably, without access to some technologies it has used for decades, and still make profits. Improved growth performance and feed efficiency will have a greater impact on sustainability than any other factor. Avendaño (in 2017) state that the feed conversion ratio of broilers is improving by two to three points per annum. By simple calculation, a two-kilogram broiler, grown a decade from now, will require about 500 g less feed than it does today. This will reduce the environmental impact and make broiler production more financially robust. In short, chicken is the most sustainable meat option available.

Improved feed utilization The utilization of feed chemicals by the broiler relies on a complex web of ‘cross-feeding’. This involves the substrates contained in the diet, the birds’ endogenous enzymes, enzymes produced by the gut microflora, and the few exogenous enzymes added to the feed. The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) masks imbalances in the gut microflora to a certain extent, although we still do not fully understand their mode of action. In future, we will need to unravel the complexity of the relationship between the broiler, its GIT microflora, the diet being consumed and the additives used.

Improving nutrient utilization involves far more than simply enhancing dietary digestibility and some 400 kcal/kg of energy, 70% of phosphorus and between 10 and 20% of the essential amino acids in a typical broiler diet are not utilised. Indigestible substrates offer a resource to the nutritionist. Exogenous enzymes enhance digestion of substrates but also break down some of the anti-nutritional factors that occur in typical diets, rendering them harmless. This leads to reduced inflammation and enhanced nutrient uptake. In addition, enzymes prevent the nutrients that escape digestion from becoming a source of nutriment for the GIT microflora. A broiler with a healthy, well-functioning GIT and a sTable gut microflora will utilise its diet more effectively, resulting in enhanced digestibility.

A well-developed gizzard leads to improved energy utilization. Undigested nutrients represent a food source for the GIT microflora and may induce a shift to more proteolytic bacteria, which can lead to enteritis.

Protein Modern genotypes require more protein and less energy per unit of growth than their predecessors. The efficiency of utilization of protein is unlikely to change, but proportionally less protein will be used for maintenance purposes and more for protein-rich tissue production, such as breast meat. Future protein supplies will be more constrained than energy, which is likely to increase the cost of protein. However, the efficiency of broiler production will enable our industry to afford more expensive protein when compared to less efficient competitors.

High dietary crude protein (CP) levels in broiler diets place a burden on the environment. Broilers that consume high protein diets emit more nitrogen (N) and ammonia. Ammonia is emitted from the manure through the breakdown of undigested protein and uric acid. It is responsible for water pollution (eutrophication) and soil acidification. Legislators in Europe have placed limits on the levels of nitrogen allowed in poultry manure. Precise protein nutrition is beneficial to the sustainability of broiler meat production.

For example, avoid feeding ingredients that are refractory to digestion (heat damage) or retard gut health and increase disease challenge (inflation and immunity demand protein). Simply reducing dietary CP is a strategy that will have both economic and environmental outcomes. It involves the use of enzymes and crystalline amino acid, or perhaps a simple reduction in feed specifications. Alhotan and Pesti (in 2016) emphasize that it is important to meet the non-essential amino acid requirements. They demonstrate that requirements for growth and feed conversion differ, but that an ideal ratio between the amino acid level of the diet and its true protein content (TP) exists. Practically, dietary protein may be reduced to a point that impairs performance and loses opportunity.

Modern broilers are highly responsive to an increased level of dietary protein in terms of body weight, FCR and breast meat yield. This effect appears to be independent of dietary energy content.

End of first part.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Australian Poultry Science Symposium

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NUTRITION

C. Le Dain, P.C.A. Moquet MiXscience, Centre d’affaires Odyssée, ZAC Cicé Blossac, 35172 Bruz, France.

48

Effects of feed presentation on growth performance and gut health of turkeys Feed presentation is a central aspect of turkey nutrition that encompasses various parameters, e.g. the form, processing degree or particle size of the diet.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

The combined effect of such parameters bears considerable implications for the digestive health and growth performance of turkeys. This topic is very relevant to the economical profitability of turkey farming because turkeys are thought to be more prone to feed refusal than broilers. In the present paper the intricate relationship existing between feed presentation, growth performance and gut health of turkeys will be explored to provide recommendations to the professionals of the field. In addition, the relevance of additional developments in the era of feed presentation, e.g. wet or coarse diets will be discussed.

Feed form and growth performance of turkeys Important improvements in the growth performance of poultry species have been achieved in the recent decades as a result of continuous increases in the rate of feed intake. Feed intake of birds is, therefore, a major driver of overall growth performance. Feed intake is influ-

length) and, finally larger pellets for the reminder of the rearing period (4 mm diameter, 13-16 mm length; Hybrid, 2018). Crumble and pellets must, in addition, have a good durability (i.e.>90%, as measured with the Quick test) because the presence of fines degrades the feed intake of turkeys.

At the other end of the spectrum, over processing, e.g.

Kahl hardness > 3, may also degrade the feed intake of poultry, as exemplified in broilers by Nir and coworkers (1994). Feed producers operate, therefore, in a narrow interval between over and under processing when pelleting turkey diets. An excess in any direction may affect negatively the growth performance of birds.

Aforementioned parameters are pre-absorptive clues that influence the feed intake and, ultimately, the growth performance of turkeys. Another feed presentation parameter is feed particle size, which influences not only pre-, but also post-absorptive clues regulating the feed intake of birds. This parameter can be affected by the particle size reduction method (e.g. hammer or roller mill),

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Important improvements in the growth performance of poultry species have been achieved in the recent decades as a result of continuous increases in the rate of feed intake.

Feed intake of birds is, therefore, a major driver of overall growth performance. Feed intake is influenced by pre- and post-absorptive clues. Such clues are markedly influenced by feed presentationâ&#x20AC;?

enced by pre- and post-absorptive clues. Such clues are markedly influenced by feed presentation.

Birds have a complex beak that contains no less than ten bones and two mechanoreceptors, namely Merkel and Herbst corpuscles. The beak provides, therefore, birds with a very developed sense of touch. A series of classical studies conducted in the late 1990s has addressed the effect of feed form, processing and particle size on the growth performance of turkeys.

Results reported in such studies and internal trials have led turkey breeding companies to recommend using medium crumble during the 0-3 week period (2.3-3 mm), large crumbles in the 3-5 week period (3-4 mm), short pellets in the 5-6 week period (4 mm diameter, 6.4 mm

the grinding parameters (e.g. screen diameter or rollers opening distance) or, more simply, by feeding whole cereals. The positive effect of feeding coarse particles has been summarized by Amerah and coworkers (2007) in an authoritative review. These authors concluded, based on broiler research, that coarse particles improve gizzard development and antiperistaltic contractions (i.e. intestinal reflux; Sacranie et al., 2012).

In turkeys, intestinal reflux is thought to be regulated by changes in intraduodenal pressure and, to some extent, in endocrine regulation. Such mechanisms evoke those described in broilers by Kwakkel and Moquet (2013).

Coarse diets improve consistently the gastrointestinal tract development of broilers but their effects on nutrient

- november 2019 -

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NUTRITION

digestibility is inconsistent across studies; for review, see Amerah et al., 2007.

Transitions are, in addition, very critical periods in turkey rearing. It is, therefore, advised to not change multiple factors within one transition in order to avoid important drops in feed intake (e.g. feed + feeder types or formulation+ form; Hybrid, 2018). Aforementioned characteristics reflect general guidelines rather than universal solutions to achieve maximum growth performance of turkeys. Since the 1960s, the growth rate and feed intake of commercial turkey breeds has improved continuously as a results of genetic selection. Complex interactions are known to occur between feed formulation and feed processing and, consequently, feed presentation characteristics are difficult to standardize.

A constant collaboration between nutritionists and feed technologists is, therefore, required to express the maximum growth potential of modern turkey breeds. Such collaboration must be driven by field observations and performance data. This means that, in a poultry nutrition world wherein feed additives based strategies have an

50

increasing importance, the role of formulation and technological approaches should not be underestimated.

Particle size and gut health of turkeys In addition to a high rate of feed intake, an optimal gut health is essential in supporting the growth performance of farm animals, as highlighted recently by Celi and coworkers (2017). Feed form may also influence the gut health of poultry. Much of the evidences published on that topic originates, however, from broiler studies.

Hence, following references rely on broiler literature and we assume that observed effects can be extrapolated to turkeys.

Finely ground pelleted diets dissolve in the crop and pass very quickly the gizzard. This results in a poor gastrointestinal tract stimulation and in an impaired digestive functioning, e.g. lower acidic and enzymatic secretions).

As a consequence of a lack of mechanical stimulation of the gastric region, finely ground pelleted diets impair the barrier function of the gizzard. This results in skewed in-

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

testinal microbiota activity and, ultimately, in detrimental changes in intestinal morphology.

Such adverse effects can be prevented, in broilers, by feeding a more coarse - structural - diet. In addition, coarse diets are thought to have a positive influence on the protein efficiency of broilers by stimulating a complex nitrogen (N) recycling mechanism. Urinary N is refluxed from the cloaca to the ceca, where it is converted to microbial protein. It is hypothesized that coarse diets enhance a putative ileocecal reflux, thereby allowing the birds to digest microbial proteins.

The impact of feed form on the growth performance of turkeys has been confirmed by an internal trial conducted at the MiXscience research center. We compared the effect of grinding method (hammer vs roller mill) on the growth performance of turkeys fed pelleted diets. Our results indicate that feeding coarser diets (i.e. roller mill + pelleting) lowers significantly the FCR of turkeys at 105 d (-2 pts) and improves the gizzard weight (+34%; P<0.01). As a potential indicator of gut health, caecal droppings have been counted: this number was numerically lower in turkeys fed coarser diets (21 vs 13; ns). We suppose that roller-mill grinding contributes to a better gut health, thanks to a better gizzard development.

Some studies have shown that whole wheat may contribute to gut performance in broilers through the development of the GIT, especially the gizzard, and by increasing dietary nutrients absorption. A recent MiXscience trial has confirmed the benefit of whole wheat in complete feed for turkeys. The gizzard weight was significantly increased by the addition of whole wheat to a pelleted feed (+74%).

The whole wheat has also an indirect sanitary effect on the gut: it reduces the numbers of Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens in the intestinal tract of birds. Inclusion of whole wheat into the diet increased feed conversion efficiency in some studies, whereas others have not found any positive impact on feed efficiency.

In the MiXscience trial, there were no significant difference in bodyweight corrected FCR between turkeys fed with or without whole wheat.

Conclusion Feed presentation is a broad concept that includes the form (mash, pellets, crumble), processing degree (hardness, durability), particle size (fine or coarse) and hydration (dry or wet) of the diet. Such parameters interact with each other, i.e. a coarse pelleted diets will have a low durability. Feed presentation has a very important effect on the feed intake of turkeys and, consequently, on their growth performance.

Broiler research indicate, in addition, that feed presentation may influence the gut health of turkeys. Nowadays, nutritionists can modify the form, processing degree and structure of turkey diets to maximize the growth performance of birds. Additional research is required to assess the relevance of coarse diets in further improving the growth performance of turkeys.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 12th Turkey Science and Production Conference

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

A diagnostic lab perspective

Rebecca P. Wilkes DVM, PhD, DACVM (Virology and Bacteriology/Mycology) Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine.

52

Detection of infectious diseases can generally be broken down into detection of the pathogen or detection of the immune response to the pathogen. Despite which direction is chosen, there are multiple methods to use for detection.

This can create challenges, as there is no standardization of methods among diagnostic labs (except for NAHLN testing).

Results usually cannot be compared between labs because of the different methods, pathogen strains, etc. used. This is especially true for serological testing. Additionally, with the introduction of molecular methods, which are highly sensitive, we begin questioning the significance of a positive result.

Cultivation The focus of this study is pathogen detection. As mentioned, there are several methods that may be used to do this. The first method (and historically considered the gold standard

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

method) is cultivation, which is culture for bacteria/fungi and isolation for viruses. The important thing to consider for this method is the viability of the organism. If the clinical sample has not been handled properly, we will not detect the organism with this method. Additionally, if trying to culture a bacterium, it is important to let the lab know which organisms you are interested in detecting.

We use a special media for organisms like Mycoplasma.

Additionally, proper sample collection is important for culture. Detection of environmental contaminants/normal flora (microbiota) will not help you make the diagnosis.

The beauty of culture/isolation is that these methods are rather non-specific. You just need the right media (bacteria/fungi) or eggs/cell culture (virus) to detect organisms.

However, not all organisms can be grown in vitro or are difficult to cultivate, so a different method for detection would then be better. Also, virus isolation can take weeks to get a result and just like with bacteria, ID of the organism following cultivation requires additional steps, such as use of specific antibodies that bind to the virus or electron microscopy to visualize the virus.

of running the samples in the core facility. Unlike with cultivation, organisms do not need to remain viable for detection by EM. Like cultivation, the method is non-specific (can detect many different viruses). EM is commonly used to detect viruses associated with enteric disease.

EM is beneficial in this situation because these viruses are generally shed in high amounts (106 viral particles needed for detection by EM) and also many of these viruses are difficult to cultivate in vitro. However, molecular methods have/are replacing EM for detection of viruses.

Antigen detection

Electron microscopy (EM)

Antigen detection is detection of the pathogen by its antigens (usually protein). This method is generally specific because of the antibody used, particularly if a monoclonal antibody is used (binds to a specific epitope). If polyclonal antibodies are used, the antibodies may cross-react with unintended pathogens. However, the benefit of using polyclonal antibodies is there is less worry about missing the pathogen if, for example, there has been a change in the epitope that would bind a monoclonal antibody.

Another way to detect viruses is by electron microscopy. The availability of this method is declining. Many labs no longer offer EM because as the equipment has aged, labs do not have the funds to replace the machines and maintenance of the old equipment is too expensive. Some labs (such as the ADDL) now depend on university core facilities that have the electron microscope to run their diagnostic samples. This hampers turn-around time and can result in increased cost to the client to off-set costs

The pathogen needs not be viable for this method of detection. Methods for antigen detection include (but are not limited to) fluorescent antibody tests, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. In general, ELISAs are more commonly used for antibody detection rather than antigen detection, but one well know antigen ELISA is the BVDV ACE (antigen capture ELISA) for detection of PI animals.

The pros and cons of each antigen detection method will not be addressed.

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Genetic detection Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) involves repeated cycles of amplification of a targeted region of a pathogen’s genome. Primers (small pieces of complementary DNA) are designed to bind to the pathogen of interest (and theoretically nothing else). Therefore, this method will only find what you are specifically looking for in the sample (specific method).

These primers are also necessary for the reaction to occur because the DNA polymerase needs the primers to “prime” or start the DNA synthesis. The DNA polymerase will only produce complementary DNA strands, so if a pathogen is RNA (ie RNA virus), the genetic material must first be converted to DNA before PCR can take place (this is called RT (reverse transcription)-PCR). We include both a forward and reverse primer in the mix (DNA is double stranded-1 primer per strand). Free nucleotides (A,T,C,G) are included in the mix and are added by the polymerase to the primer ends for a growing strand of DNA that is complementary to the pathogen DNA. The reaction cycles include separation of the double stranded DNA in the sample (denaturation), binding of the primers to the complementary DNA strands of the pathogen

54

if present in the sample (annealing), and extension of the primers by the DNA polymerase (elongation). Each of these steps requires a different temperature, which is why the reaction is performed in the thermocycler (cycles between different temps). Amplification of a portion of the pathogen genome with each PCR cycle (amount of PCR product doubles with each cycle) results in the sensitivity of the method. Because of the exquisite sensitivity of the method, it is important for the lab to take the appropriate precautions and use adequate controls to prevent/detect contamination between samples to avoid reporting false-positive results.

Conventional PCR Conventional PCR has many names, including traditional PCR, gel-based PCR, and end-point PCR. Basically, this method is used to visualize the PCR product at the end of the run. With all the amplification that is done in the reaction, there is a great deal of product produced. So much in fact that it is visible on a gel. Based on where the primers are expected to bind the pathogen genome tells us how big of a product we expect to produce. We

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

include a DNA ladder on the gel to determine band size of the PCR product. Occasionally something unexpected happens, we amplify a non-specific product (not our intended pathogen) that is of the same size as our expected product. Therefore, ideally, we will use an additional method (such as sequencing) to confirm that our product is actually what we expect it to be. Sequencing will be further discussed below.

Real-time PCR This is a variation on conventional PCR. Instead of using a gel to detect the PCR product at the end of the reaction, we incorporate a fluorescent probe into the reaction to detect the product. This probe, when intact, does not produce fluorescence. The intact probe has a fluorescent tag on one end and a quencher on the other end. The quencher quenches the fluorescence. Like the primers, the probe is DNA that is complementary to the pathogen DNA. It is designed to bind to the pathogen DNA between the primers and it binds first. The addition of a probe to the PCR reaction increases test specificity because now there are 3 pieces of complementary DNA that have to bind the pathogen rather than just the 2 primers. When the polymerase extends from the primers, it chops up the probe as it reads through the sequence. This results in fluorescence (fluorescent tag is now separated from the quencher), which is detected by the system. Therefore, we can detect amplification in “real-time,” as the PCR product is being made. There is always some amount of probe that is not intact, and this will create some background fluorescence. The system subtracts this out by setting a baseline, and a threshold is determined for each sample (point at which the sample is considered positive). If there is lots of pathogen in the sample, there will be lots of probe binding with break down by the polymerase. This will results in an increase in fluorescence faster than if there is little pathogen in the sample, which will take longer for the fluorescence produced to meet the threshold. Obviously, if the pathogen is not in the sample, the probe will not be broken down, and we will only see background fluorescence in the reaction. The PCR cycle at which the fluorescence passes the threshold is called the threshold cycle (Ct). So, a lower Ct value represents more pathogen in the sample. Ct values over 35 are generally considered questionable/suspect (and may not be reproducible because this represents very small amount

of pathogen DNA in the sample). The importance put on a Ct value this high depends on what you are trying to determine with the test. For example, if the test is being used for surveillance in a clinically healthy group of animals, a Ct value ≥ 35 could be a significant finding.

One needs to consider the result in light of clinical signs and stage of infection. Detection of a pathogen does not necessarily mean the pathogen is the cause of the disease. It might be a contributor or an incidental finding. Although, in general, a low Ct value is a significant finding.

Real-time PCR can be used to determine copy number of a pathogen in a sample, but a standard curve is needed for this. This is not generally done in animal diagnostics.

Sequencing There are two main methods for sequencing. These are Sanger sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing.

Sanger sequencing has been around much longer and is used to sequence a PCR product-generally obtained by conventional PCR. This method also requires primers and is very useful if you know what you are looking for in the sample. It is commonly used to sequence genes/ portions of pathogens, and this is the most common sequencing method currently used in veterinary diagnostics.

Sequencing can be used to speciate bacteria that are difficult to speciate with biochemicals (or Maldi Tof) alone.

This method can also be used to differentiate infection from modified-live vaccine shedding or to differentiate disease caused by a vaccine versus a wild-type strain.

Once we obtain the sequence, we determine what the sequence is by using a government database of known sequences (BLAST-https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast. cgi) to compare our sequence. Sequencing is also useful for molecular epidemiology for outbreak tracing. To do this, we also use phylogenetic analysis to compare between multiple sequences.

Phylogenetic analysis Phylogenetic trees are used to evaluate how sequences are related (evolutionary relationships among a set of organisms). As sequencing has become more common in diagnostic labs, the need to compare sequences and to prepare and interpret phylogenetic trees has grown.

- november 2019 -

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

It is important to understand that there is no right/correct method or tree. The methods used only provide inferences. Some methods are considered more accurate than others, but several different methods are scientifically acceptable.

The key is producing a tree with clades that are reproducible. A clade is a group of organisms that includes a single ancestor and all of its descendants (for our purposes, closely related sequences). Reproducibility of the tree clades can be determined by using the bootstrap method, which estimates the probability of whether a split in the tree is correct (the probability that the members of a given clade are always members of that clade). This percentage (boostrap value) appears adjacent to the node and provides the support to the branch connecting to that node. The higher the number at the node, which represents the common ancestor of the clade, the better (want it to be ≥70% - means it showed up in 70+/100 iterations of the tree). We want a tree that is consistent with the data and most closely approximates what happened in the past (if we are concerned about evolution of the virus/bacteria). Another thing to evaluate on a phylogenetic tree is the branch length. Branch length represents the amount of change between an ancestor and its descendants (or for our purposes, the amount of nucleotide change). The longer the branch length, the greater the number of nucleotide changes. A key is provided with the tree-number of nucleotide changes per site. The majority of these nucleotide changes will be silent (no change to the amino acids/protein). So, branch length does not represent antigenic changes, just nucleotide changes.

Therefore, just because there are nucleotide changes resulting in a new clade of virus does not mean current vaccines are not protective. Antigenic changes must be evaluated by a different means.

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) This is the newest molecular technique to revolutionize medicine and diagnostics. This sequencing method varies from Sanger in that it does not require primers for the sequencing reaction and DNA strands are sequenced in parallel, not 1 single strand per reaction. So, theoretically, one could sequence all the nucleic acid in a given sample (this is called metagenomics, shot-gun sequencing, or deep sequencing). NGS is more widely used for sequencing genomes of bacteria or viruses that have been

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isolated from clinical samples or for sequencing human/ animal/plant genomes (whole genome sequencing-WGS) than for metagenomics. WGS is used by the FDA and state health departments to evaluate the genetic epidemiology of foodborne pathogen outbreaks. Evaluation of human genomes is leading to “precision medicine” that is tailored to an individual’s genetic composition. In the case of pathogen detection, metagenomics is very useful for detecting new organisms. The complication is determining if these “new” organisms are pathogens and responsible for the observed clinical disease. Additionally, because there is no need for primers for NGS, there is no need to request specific tests for all the organisms on your differential list. However, to do a true metagenomics run costs several hundred, up to $1000 dollars. The amount of pathogen DNA/RNA in a sample, particularly a tissue sample with lots of animal cells, is very small compared to the amount of animal nucleic acid.

Therefore, millions of sequencing reads are needed to find the pathogen. An approach to reduce costs with NGS is to incorporate PCR primers into the workflow.

This limits the method to detecting just those pathogens for which primers are included, but it significantly reduces the number of reads required to detect the pathogen, and therefore, reduces the cost. This approach also still allows detection of a large number of pathogens in a single sample, making it a highly useful technique for syndromic testing. Multiplex PCR assays are commonly used to detect multiple pathogens in a sample, but this method is limited to few targets. Also, unlike with NGS, no sequence data is obtained with PCR alone. That must be done through a sequencing reaction. NGS is useful because areas that we would have normally targeted with Sanger sequencing can now be incorporated into this test. So, it is one test and done-detect and characterize in a single test. Therefore, targeted NGS is like multiplex PCR on steroids with sequencing. Targeted NGS can be run in as few as 2 days once received by the lab. While I worked at UGA, we developed a panel for detection of pathogens in cows and small ruminants. We hope to incorporate this type of testing into the ADDL and develop additional panels.

From the Proceedings of the 2019 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

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Research provides new understanding of ILT vaccines USPOULTRY and the USPOULTRY Foundation announced the completion of a funded research project at the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware, in which researchers found a new understanding of Infectious Laryngotracheitis vaccines.

The research is part of the Associationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comprehensive research program encompassing all phases of poultry and egg production and processing.

Project #692: Modified Live Vaccines of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (Dr. Calvin L. Keeler, Jr., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware).

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In a recently completed research project, Dr. Calvin Keeler at the University of Delaware studied the virus subpopulations in an Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) vaccine to try to understand why these types of vaccines can appear to cause disease in some vaccinated flocks. He found that the non-pathogenic subpopulations located within CEO ILT vaccine spread poorly in chickens, which likely allows the more virulent subpopulations in the vaccine to spread and cause signs of the disease.

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a disease of great concern to the poultry industry.

- veterinary science -

This acute respiratory disease is caused by an avian Alpha Herpesvirus, Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV).

The poultry industry does not universally embrace the use of live-attenuated chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) vaccines to control Infectious Laryngotracheitis, because CEO ILT vaccines can exhibit significant pathogenicity in young birds, with an associated economic cost.

The observed pathogenicity of CEO ILT vaccines is inconsistent in the field, leading to a widely held belief that the illness seen in chickens following the use of CEO ILT vaccine results from improper administration

VETERINARY SCIENCE

and subsequent vaccine spread and back-passage.

Vaccine back-passage is the enhancement of vaccine virulence as it spreads bird-to-bird. Therefore, better understanding of the cause of severe vaccine reactions following the use of CEO ILT vaccines is an important industry need. CEO ILT vaccines have been shown to be a mixture of viruses with differing biological properties.

In this study, two of these subpopulations of virus from a commercial CEO ILT vaccine, designated UDCEOD2 and UDCEOD3, were found to be non-pathogenic in broiler chickens. The specific objective of this research was to characterize these ILTV strains exhibiting reduced pathogenicity. The viruses were found to lose viability upon passage in birds, embryonated eggs and in primary liver cell cultures. Two attempts were made to evaluate the dose and route of inoculation for vaccine studies. In both cases the titer of the virus was found to be too low to provide protection. Without the ability to establish immunity, experiments to evaluate the onset and duration of immunity were not possible. These highly attenuated strains of ILTV were passaged 20 times in birds. They did not increase

in pathogenicity and demonstrated a decreased ability to replicate. It was not possible to passage these viruses multiple times in either embryonated eggs or in liver cell tissue culture.

The results support the hypothesis that ILTV CEO vaccines do not revert to virulence upon passage in birds.

Highly attenuated strains of ILTV appear to have a limited ability to propagate in birds. Therefore, since vaccine stocks have been shown to be composed of a mixture of genetically related viruses exhibiting differences in pathogenicity, “reversion to virulence” may represent a competitive situation where more infectious (virulent) subpopulations in the CEO ILT vaccine outcompete those that are non-pathogenic and less able to replicate when improper vaccine administration allows vaccine spread and back-passage in the field.

A complete report, along with information on other Association research, may be obtained by going to USPOULTRY’s website, www.uspoultry.org.

Source: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association

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UPCOMING EVENTS 2020 January, 28 to 30 IPPE International Production & Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center 285 Andrew Young International Blvd NW Atlanta, Georgia USA For information please contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA USA Tel.: +1 770 4939401 Fax: +1 770 4939257 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexpo.org

February, 4 to 6 AGROFARM All-Russian Exhibition Centre (VVC Grounds), VDNH, Hall 75 Moscow, Russia For information please contact: Gennady Mindru Tel.: + 7 (495) 128 29 59 ext. 100 Email: g.mindru@dlg.org Irina Schved, VDNH Tel.: + 7 (495) 974 34 05 ext. 3829 Email: ishved@vdnh.ru International exhibitor service and stand rental: Anna Khomenko Tel.: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-20 Fax: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-23 Email: a.khomenko@ifw-expo.com

February, 16 to 19 31st Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium Sheraton on the Park, Sydney The University of Sydney, Australia For information please contact: Jo Ann Geist Tel.: +61 (0) 2 93511656 Email: jo-ann.geist@sydney.edu.au

March, 9 to 11

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Trade show & forum focusing on feed, pharma & genetics in the animal protein production Bitec, Bangkok, Thailand For information please contact: Panadda Kongma Head of competence center livestock Tel: +662 670-0900 Ext. 204 Email: panadda@vnuexhibitionsap.com Zhenja Antochin Event Manager Tel: +31 (0) 6 8379 9693 Email: zhenja.antochin@vnuexhibitions.com Bangkok International trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC) 88 Bangna-Trad Road, Bangna Prakanong, Bangkok 10260 Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2 726 1999

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March, 25 to 27 7th Mediterranean Poultry Summit Cordova, Spain

March, 17 to 19 49th annual Midwest Poultry Federation (MPF) Convention Minneapolis Convention Center Downtown Minneapolis,

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Minnesota, USA For information please contact: Lara Durben Email: ldurben@midwestpoultry.com Website: www.midwestpoultry.com

March, 18 to 20

August, 16 to 20 World's Poultry Congress 2020 Palais de Congrès, Paris, France For information please contact: Email: wpsafrance@wpsa.fr Website: www.wpcparis2020.com

ILDEX Vietnam 2020 The 8th International Livestock Exposition, Vietnam

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INTERNET GUIDE ABVista emea@abvista.com www.abvista.com Agritech agritech@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieri-belts.com Bayer HealthCare www.bayer.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed Headquarters info@carfed.ch www.carfed.ch Carfed Italian Branch info@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.com DSM Nutritional Products www.dsm.com Elanco www.elanco.com Eurosilos SIRP contatti@eurosilos.it www.eurosilos.it EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net Farmer Automatic info@farmerautomatic.de www.farmerautomatic.de FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it Fiera di Forlì info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com FierAgricola Verona info@veronafiere.it www.veronafiere.it Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com GI-OVO B.V. sales@gi-ovo.com www.gi-ovo.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway USA-sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/poultry-processing Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies sales@MSTegg.com www.MSTegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen BV info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info@reventa.de www.reventa.de Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.ska.it Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Tecnoclima tecnoclima@tecnoclimaspa.com www. tecnoclimaspa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com U.S. Poultry & Egg Association info@uspoultry.org www.uspoultry.org Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic info@vencomatic.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv@vnuexhibitions.com www.viv.net Vostermans ventilation@vostermans.com www.vostermans.com

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Cod. 0301104

Galvanized washer

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Cod. 0301116

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Cod. 0301101

Cod. 0301102

Cod. 0301103

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• The low cost, long term solution for your flocks • Easy to assemble and to remove • This slat must be screwed upon wooden beams having a minimum width of about 40 mm • One support is needed each 630 mm

Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

DRINKERS DRINKERS

DRINKERS FEEDERS FEEDERS

SLATS SLATS FEEDERS

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. GIORDANO reservesPOULTRY the right to PLAST modify S.p.A. products' reserves features the right and to data modify contained products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts in nothis liability catalogue, for errors andand/or acceptsomissions no liabilityinfor theerrors published and/or information omissions in the published information

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GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. reserves the right to modify products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts no liability for errors and/or omissions in the published information

GARDEN RAIN COVER

d. 0301117

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Cod. 0301117

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Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO 12023 - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. reserves the right to modify products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts no liability for errors and/or omissions in the published information

www.poultryplast.com

ARDEN COVER RAIN COVER

Dimensions: 1.150 x 630 mm Self-supporting Weight: 3,5 kg Load resistance: 200 kg/piece Material: polypropylene copolymer UV stabilized, resistant to high temperatures Standard colours: grey/black, white Shipping capacity: 2.700 pieces per 20 ft cnt

Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

Via Bernezzo, 47 Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 Y 12023 CARAGLIO12023 - Cuneo - Italy 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Galvanized washer Tel. +39 0171Anti-waste 61.97.15 Tel. +39 Bottom stabilizing bar Screw grid 0171 61.97.15 Cod. 0301116 81.75.81 Cod. 0301106 Fax +39 0171 Cod. 0301110 Fax +39 0171Cod. 81.75.81 Fax0301118 +39 0171 81.75.81 CM info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

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Cod. 0450002 ®

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• The low cost, long term • The solution low cost, for long your term flockssolution for your flocks • Easy to assemble and • Easy to remove to assemble and to remove • This slat must be screwed • This slat upon must wooden be screwed beams upon wooden beams having a minimum width having of about a minimum 40 mmwidth of about 40 mm • One support is needed • One each support 630 mm is needed each 630 mm

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0301116 d.Cod. 0301118

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Circumference: 130 cm/51” Depth: 7,5 cm/3” Feeder capacity: 20 kg/45 lbs Weight: 1,723 kg Standard packing: 20 cones per carton – 680x360x700 mm/ 26.80”x14.18”x27.55” 20 pans per carton – 450x450x580 mm/ 17.72”x17,72”x22.85” Shipping capacity: 2.100 units per 20 ft cnt

Lid Cone

Galvanized i-waste grid washer

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Cod. 0301001

ECONOMICAL SLAT

Cod. 0450002

Dimensions: 1.150 x 630 Dimensions: mm Self-supporting 1.150 x 630 mm Self-supporting ® Weight: 3,5 kg Weight: 3,5 kg Load resistance: 200 kg/piece Load resistance: 200 kg/piece Material: polypropylene Material: copolymer polypropylene UV stabilized, copolymer UV stabilized, professional. resistant to high temperatures resistant to high temperatures Standard colours: grey/black, Standardwhite colours: grey/black, white Shipping capacity: 2.700 Shipping piecescapacity: per 20 ft2.700 cnt pieces per 20 ft cnt

www.poultryplast.com

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meter: 45 cm/18” 51” umference: 130 cm/51” pth: 7,5 cm/3” 5der lbscapacity: 20 kg/45 lbs ght: 1,723 kg ndard packing: 80x360x700 cones per carton mm/– 680x360x700 mm/ 80”x14.18”x27.55” 0x450x580 pans per carton mm/– 450x450x580 mm/ 72”x17,72”x22.85” pping units per capacity: 20 ft cnt 2.100 units per 20 ft cnt waste, no esh water.

Cod. 0301102 od. 0301101

MANOLA - B

www.poultryplast.com

ANOLA - B

www.poultryplast.com

LINDAMATIC -LINDAMATIC 360 EGGS - 360 EGGS Cod. 0401001

®

®

LINDAMATIC - 360 EGGS

Cod. 0401001

Dimensions: 68x37xh.36 Dimensions: cm 68x37xh.36 cm Capacity: 360 eggs Capacity: 360 eggs Weight: 2,5 kg Weight: 2,5 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Shipping capacity: 800Shipping pieces +capacity: 24.000 800 egg trays pieces + 24.000 egg trays cartons per 20 ft cnt cartons per 20 ft cnt

®

Cod. 0401001 ®

Dimensions: 68x37xh.36 cm Capacity: 360 eggs Weight: 2,5 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Shipping capacity: 800 pieces + 24.000 egg trays cartons per 20 ft cnt

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GIORDANO, GIORDANO, thethe widest widest GIORDANO, the widest choice choice of plastic of plastic choice of plastic poultry poultry equipment. equipment.poultry equipment.

EGGS EGGS SYRINGES SYRINGES FOR FOR SYRINGES FOR TRANSPORT TRANSPORT VACCINATION VACCINATION VACCINATION All All purely purely professional. professional.

All purely professional.

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. GIORDANO reservesPOULTRY the right to PLAST modify S.p.A. products' reserves features the right and to data modify contained products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts in nothis liability catalogue, for errors andand/or acceptsomissions no liabilityinfor theerrors published and/or information omissions in the published information

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Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO 12023 - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

www.poultryplast.com

purely professional.

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www.poultryplast.com

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®

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. reserves the right to modify products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts no liability for errors and/or omissions in the published information

www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.comwww.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

Giordano Giordano Poultry Poultry PlastPlast S.p.A. S.p.A. Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

www.poultryplast.com

Via Bernezzo, Via Bernezzo, 47 ,12023 47 ,12023 CARAGLIO CARAGLIO - Cuneo Via - Cuneo Bernezzo, - Italy - Tel. Italy47 +39 Tel. ,12023 0171 +39 0171 CARAGLIO 61.97.15 61.97.15 Fax - Cuneo +39 Fax -0171 +39 Italy 0171 81.75.81 Tel. +39 81.75.81 0171 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 in

SPECHT is everywhere where hens are!

• Rearing in aviary system

• Layers in Varia-System

• Rearing in cages

• Group cage system (enriched cage)

L

ORIGINA

estock eco and liv friendly

ORIGINAL

• Feeding system

®

• Layer battery

• Egg belt

• Cage floor

POULTRY EQUIPMENT

GmbH & Co. KG

• Manure drying system

Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) Telefon +49 (0) 28 38 912-0 • Telefax +49 (0) 28 38 27 91 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de

• Egg collecting system