Zootecnica International - English edition - 7/8 July-August- 2018

Zootecnica International – July/August 2018 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

A projection of the future dynamics in global egg production Dietary energy, digestible lysine and available phosphorus levels influence growth performance and carcass traits of broilers Comparison of four injection sites for Se bacterin vaccine in commercial pullets

7/8 2018

The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

EDITORIAL During the last 30 or 40 years poultry breeding in the world has reached levels of technology and pure dimensions for beyond the most optimistic forecasts of earlier days. If, on the one hand, the expansion of poultry sector has contributed to real improvements in nutrition, on the other hand it has also created a series of problems, which depend principally on the geographic concentration of the poultry industry.

One of the most debated of these problems today is the disposal of litter and manure wastes. Practically speaking, not a day goes by without finding this subject on the program of scientific congress, trade fair seminar or professional symposium.

The pressure of population growth makes it necessary to produce more food, and since the better part of food supplies come from the industrialized nations, producers are being forced to consider environment impact, above and beyond the task of offering competitive products and prices. Studies in the fields of genetic engineering, biotechnology, nutrition and animal health aim to improve performance and yield.

At the same time, these studies also address to reduce excess mineral content in droppings which, used as fertiliser, would otherwise raise the heavy metal contents of the soil above acceptable levels. In the leading poultry producing nations new techniques of composting, improved handling of liquid and solid wastes, and upgraded water purification systems for poultry farms and processing plants are being introduced to alleviate the pollution problem.

At this point, we should ask ourselves, without becoming pessimistic, whether the efforts being made will be sufficient to solve the problem. During the last few years, the sensibility of the public and the industry on this topic has undoubtedly grown and matured. The idea of de-concentration and expansion has been introduced at a number of symposia, and it is not so abstract as it might seem. The feasibility of a broader distribution of production, in harmony with the geographic diversity of national characteristics and resources, will have to be more carefully studied. The social and economic implications are clear. Once again man will have to express his real potential.

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A S ERVI CE OF

SUMMARY WORLD WIDE NEWS............................................................................ 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 8 VIV CHINA PREVIEW.......................................................................... 12 COMPANY FOCUS AZA INTERNATIONAL in China........................................................................ 16

REPORTAGE Solar energy systems ensure cost-efficiency....................................................... 18

DOSSIER

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Analysis of anti-Ascaridia galli antibody levels in egg yolk to detect parasite infection in commercial laying hens.............................. 20

MARKETING Turkey market review....................................................................................... 22 A projection of the future dynamics in global egg production.................................. 24

TECHNICAL COLUMN Red mite problem greatly reduced with Q-Perch.................................................. 28 Effect of initial body weight and body composition of TETRA-SL LL laying hens as related to the changes in their live weight, body fat content and egg production during the first egg-laying period........................................................ 30

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MANAGEMENT Biosecurity and surveillance in times of Avian Influenza........................................ 32 To feed or not to feed? That is the question......................................................... 36

NUTRITION Dietary energy, digestible lysine and available phosphorus levels influence growth performance and carcass traits of broilers.......................... 40 A fresh look at the mode of action of NSP enzymes, focussing on the gut microbiota and fermentation products................................... 42 Taking phytase superdosing from scientific concept to commercial application: a UK example............................................................ 46

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Ileal amino acids digestibility in response to increasing phytase dose or MCP levels in broilers............................................................... 50

VETERINARY Comparison of four injection sites for Se bacterin vaccine in commercial pullets...... 54 Research shows how Infectious Laryngotracheitis can spread from vaccinated flocks........................................................................... 58

MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 60 UPCOMING EVENTS........................................................................... 63 INTERNET GUIDE................................................................................ 64

WORLD WIDE NEWS

SPACE 2018 SPACE expo, to be held from September 11 to 14 at the Parc-Expo in Rennes, France, will confirm its status as a leading global expo for the livestock industry. Thanks to its location, the strong industry roots and its international reach, SPACE is the highlight international event for professionals across all areas of animal production, including poultry.

A space for generating quality discussions • A varied programme with more than 70 talks and symposium.

• A genuine job-search platform thanks to APECITA’S job service, which in 2017 featured 37 business, 200 vacancies and 311 meeting.

• International B2B meetings: 300 business meetings between exhibitors and international visitors.

The INNOV’SPACE event will allow exhibitors to promote their new products and services presented for the first time at a French Expo. Again this year, many will be submitting their applications to the multidisciplinary jury, who examine the submissions carefully to ensure that the products benefiting from the INNOV’SPACE label are true innovations on the market.

A showcase of business innovation and expertise for livestock farmers • Innov’Space rewards the sector’s latest technological innovations.

• 47 innovative products, items of equipment and services won this distinction in 2017. They were selected by a panel of independent experts.

• 83% of exhibitors describe SPACE as an ideal way to get the news out about their innovations.

• 89% of international visitors discovered techniques, products or equipment that they didn’t know about previously.

• A crossroads of innovation, dialogue and debate on animal production and related issues.

An essential, trend-setting space for the future • Looking ahead and thinking about tomorrow’s big issues for livestock farmers.

• Promoting progress in all livestock farming sectors.

• Finding new ideas to make livestock farmers’ working lives easier.

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SPACE 2017, key figures SPACE 2017 recorded a high number of exhibitors (1,443), including 498 international attendees from 41 countries. The French exhibition, in its 2017 edition, welcomed 114,653 visitors, including 101,624 French and 14,029 foreign visitors from 128 countries.

The continued large French visitorship and the steady increase in foreign visitors demonstrate the value of SPACE for livestock professionals. 84% of visitors agreed that SPACE helped them advance in their trade. 96% of French visitors stated that SPACE is an ideal place to discover the latest innovations in livestock farming.

For more information: SPACE Rue Maurice le Lannou – CS 54239 35042 Rennes Cedex, France Tel.: +33 (0)2 23 48 28 80 – Fax: +33 (0)2 23 48 28 81 Email: info@space.fr – Website: space.fr

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WORLD WIDE NEWS

New method for infectious bronchitis vaccine production funded Scientists at The Pirbright Institute have been awarded over £300,000 to develop a faster and more efficient method for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine production. The virus causes a poultry respiratory disease, which is the most economically important infectious disease affecting chickens in the UK. Infection with IBV reduces weight gain and egg production, in addition to making birds more susceptible to bacterial infections.

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£654 million to the global poultry industry. Increasing the speed and efficiency of IBV vaccine production is therefore key for reducing economic losses and welfare problems in chickens, as well as the risk to food security.

Source: The Pirbright Institute www.pirbright.ac.uk Errata Corrige In the May issue the article “The cost of mycoplasma infection in poultry” – pages 66-71 – was written and presented

by Chris Morrow PhD BVSc – Global, Technical & Marketing Manager - Bioproperties Pty Ltd.

IBV vaccine production The production of IBV vaccines currently involves the use of fertilised chicken eggs to grow the vaccine virus, a process, which has many disadvantages. Dr. Erica Bickerton and her team have been funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council to further their research into an alternative IBV vaccine production method.

Dr. Bickerton said: “We have identified a method to produce live vaccines in laboratory cell cultures, which enables large volumes of vaccine to be produced, in addition to the increased speed and efficiency that this technique provides.

This method is beneficial to the vaccine industry as well as the poultry industry as the number of eggs utilised in vaccine production can be reduced, which is an important consideration for our research as we strive to Reduce, Refine and Replace the use of animals in research.”

What funding implies to researchers The funding will enable the team to further develop this method to generate vaccines against IBV that can be produced in cell culture and to license these products to a commercial partner.

The team have also been awarded a Follow-on Fund Innovation Fellowship to support the training of a post-doctoral scientist who will contribute to the technical and commercial development of the project.

With an estimated 55 billion chickens produced worldwide per annum, including 5 billion for egg production, it has been estimated that every 10% reduction in IBV would be worth around

SALES

MANAGER

Primary Italian Company located in Lombardy, Northern Italy, manufacturing and exporting animal husbandry equipment is researching an area sales manager to implement its foreign sales.

Fluent English and another two languages are required together with availability to frequent travels to visit customers and participate to international trade shows.

Working place: Lombardy (Northern Italy).

Candidates are kindly requested to send a CV to: zootecnica@zootecnica.it.

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ŠUSDA

WORLD WIDE NEWS

The European Protein Plan: considerations and prospects Phil Hogan to launch a market report and the stakeholder survey linked to the European Protein Plan, first announced at the XXVIII FEFAC Congress in Cordoba.

The European compound feed industry represents the largest user of plant proteins grown in Europe and imported from third countries. FEFAC members look forward to providing their animal nutrition expertise and economic impact assessment throughout the survey period and during the planned thematic DG AGRI workshops.

FEFAC members will highlight the need for consistency across different EU policies, which directly and indirectly affect the EU protein supply, including the CAP “post 2020� framework, the current review of the EU policy on renewable energies (RED II), the Circular Economy package & EU Resource Efficiency agenda 2030.

FEFAC stresses the need to focus on the competitiveness of home grown plant protein sources in the market study, noting the importance of EU cereal and oilseeds production as the key source of vegetable proteins in EU feed use as highlighted in the new EU protein balance sheet. The nutritional expertise provided by the feed industry allows making the most resource efficient use of available protein sources responding to the physiological requirements of the EU farm animal population, minimizing nutrient losses. This has led to a decrease of crude protein levels on monogastric feed by app. 3% over the past

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two decades by improving the digestibility and quality of plant protein sources.

FEFAC considers additional research efforts are needed to raise both yields and protein quality of EU plant protein sources (amino-acid profile and anti-nutritional factors), including oilseeds. European research programs are crucial to increase the efficiency of protein production and consumption by farm animals (digestibility).

At the same time, FEFAC reminds all stakeholders on the need to set realistic targets for EU plant protein production as the EU will not become self-sufficient for its needs in protein-rich feed materials on the short or medium-term. In the interest of the sustainable development of European livestock farming, a comprehensive responsible protein supply chain framework needs to be developed to ensure that both imported protein-rich feed materials (mainly soybean meal) and home-grown protein sources are produced responsibly, meeting GAP, environmental and social standards. The FEFAC soy sourcing guidelines launched in 2015 in partnership with ITC, provide an independent benchmark system for famer-owned and other supply chain partner programs for the production and distribution of responsibly produced soy products.

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BREEDAZA The innovative rationing system

WORLD WIDE ! NEWS

Image: Fotolia - © Minerva Studio

NEW

FOR BROILER BREEDERS

Leader in pig & poultry equipment

I WANT

AZA!

AZA INTERNATIONAL has been working in the zootechnical sector for more than 50 years assuring high reliability and quality products at competitive prices.

Linear trough feeder for breeders suitable for 300 meters long systems with one single motor and loading point throughout the circuit.

Immediate and homogeneous feed distribution throughout the entire circuit.

Easy cleaning and no residual feed inside the trough.

Adjustable anti-cock grid.

FOR LAYERS AND PULLETS

THE MOST INNOVATIVE RANGE FOR POULTRY FEEDING : • Broilers • Pullets • Breeders • Layers • Cocks • Turkeys

• Quails • Ducks Pullets’ version

Linear trough feeder for layers and pullets.

Manufactured from sturdy light plastic material for easy winching.

The pullets’ version is equipped with a convenient midway drop designed for one day old chicks.

Cage version also available.

QUALITY MADE IN ITALY - july/august 2018 -

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AZA INTERNATIONAL S.r.l. - www.azainternational.it Via Roma 29, 24030 Medolago (BG) Italy - Phone +39 035 901240 - info@azainternational.it

COMPANY NEWS

Roxell’s pan feeder system: the ultimate alternative to beak treatments Jan Hoving from Zeewolde (NL) tested this Roxell solution at his rearing farm.

For him, the decision to use Natural Beak Smoothing was a simple matter of common sense.

As of 1 September 2018, the practice of performing beak treatments on chickens will be banned in the Netherlands. This painful and stressful procedure is a routinely used solution and aims to prevent feather pecking. However, the ban on beak treatments does nothing to prevent the damage caused by this behavior. Prevention is always better than cure. Roxell provides a great alternative that takes into account both the welfare of the animals and the economic realities of hatcheries and chicken farmers. Natural Beak Smoothing is a new product that can be purchased from Roxell.

“We have been using Roxell systems at our farm since 1999,” says Jan Hoving. “They’re high-quality products you can count on. Roxell doesn’t just put any old product on the market. A product like Natural Beak Smoothing is a meticulously thought-out solution to a real and current problem.”

“We tested Natural Beak Smoothing at my company. Our existing Vitoo feeder pans for the rearing period of broiler breeders were simply fitted with new bottom pans with a rough texture. Each time

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COMPANY NEWS

the chickens eat, their beaks rub against the rough texture.

As a result, the beak growth is controlled naturally and the chickens develop well-formed beaks. Chain feeder systems do not offer a replacement for the soon-to-be banned beak treatments. Roxell’s pan feeder systems for breeders, on the other hand, do have an answer to this problem. If you want to eliminate painful treatments and feather pecking, the choice is obvious.”

The financial aspects of Roxell’s Natural Beak Smoothing “While we were testing Natural Beak Smoothing, certain questions began to arise such as: ’How long will the bottom pan last?’, ’How long will the rough texture stay sharp?’ and ’Are the textured pans easy to clean?’ In the course of this testing period, both Roxell and I gained answers to these questions. After 2 years, I have not noticed any reduction in the sharpness of the bottom pans. Roxell even claims that the bottom pans will remain effective for at least 10 years. Natural Beak Smoothing also doesn’t require any major investments.

It seems to be financially advantageous, even on the long term. And cleaning the textured pan wasn’t an issue either.”

Learning the language of chickens Jan Hoving set up a farm in 1984 and built his first rearing house 15 years later. When asked how he learned his trade, he replies: “I learned the language of chickens. By learning their language, I mean that I invested in systems that were adapted to the natural behavior of chickens. I also want my systems to be easy to control, so I can, for example, adjust the temperature of the houses and see how the chickens react. I fine-tune certain parameters until the conditions are optimal.

I’ve learned that this precise management is crucial for obtaining good results.”

A future with more people Jan Hoving is an entrepreneur who is always looking to the future. In 2014, he bought a broiler breeder company in Groningen, in the north of the Netherlands. He also has other plans for investment and expansion. However, one of the biggest challenges remains finding people who want to learn the trade and develop the same level of passion that Jan has for the business.

Plenty of opportunity, therefore, for people who want to learn the language of chickens.

Miamys Poultry Company from Tunisia choosing Jamesway multi-stage machines Miamys Poultry Company from Tunis, Tunisia will be purchasing Jamesway Multi-Stage machines for their upcoming hatchery project. The contract was signed, with some ceremony, at the Canadian Embassy in Tunisia with Canadian Trade Commissioner, Philippe Armengau, in attendance.

Jamesway is proud to be adding another country to their list of over 180 international clients.

The large Tunisian company has been involved with breeder, turkey and layer production and will be expanding with this new hatchery. The decision to use Jamesway was solidified after a successful visit to Poland where the Miamys Team was able to tour the Cedrob Hatchery, the largest hatchery in the world and an enthusiastic Jamesway client. Along with a complete line of setters and hatchers, the Tunisian operation will also feature some of Jamesway’s Automatic Hatchery equipment and Hatchcom Data Retrieval System.

From left to right: Front Row: Mahmoud Daadouch, Owner of Miamys Poultry Company - Arend Kuperas, Director of Sales for EMEA Regions.

Back row: Philippe Armengau, Canadian Trade Commissioner for Tunisia - Ahmed El Bayoumi, Area Sales Manager for Africa and the Middle East

For more information: Jamesway Incubator Company Inc. Tel.: +1 519 624 4646 ext. 1240 - Fax: +1 519 624 5803 Email: service@jamesway.com

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COMPANY NEWS

Aviagen European Technical Managers’ Meeting Aviagen® recently hosted its annual European Technical Managers’ Meeting (ETMM) in Sevilla, Spain.

This assembly of Aviagen’s European Technical Service Managers’ provided an invaluable platform to exchange in-depth information regarding customer support, management advice, markets and products to ensure continued quality customer service.

Not only do the managers learn from one another, but they offer insight that is critical to strategic product development decisions to Aviagen’s research and development (R&D) to help customers optimize their performance and productivity, while meeting ever-evolving market requirements.

Growing team demonstrates “global reach, local touch” Aviagen’s team of 40 European technical service managers has almost doubled in the past eight years. The team embodies Aviagen’s “global reach, local touch” business approach, as its growth reflects the widening popularity of Aviagen brands across the continent, as well as the Aviagen commitment to expand its level of personal service to promote the success of local customers.

ETMM featured two-way engagements The three-day meeting explored areas critical to optimum bird health, welfare and performance. Breakout sessions of working groups provided an intimate setting for information exchange. A focal point of the meeting was an R&D workshop that looked at the complexities of genetic selection and its impact on bird performance.

This sector is addressed by Aviagen’s Rowan Range® brand of broiler breeders, and is becoming increasingly important to European markets. Additionally, updates from Aviagen’s European marketing and global technical transfer teams provided valuable customer and market insights.

“As our business continues to grow throughout Europe, we remain focused on consolidating customer success by providing a tailored quality service,” said Alan Thomson, Regional Commercial & Technical Manager, Europe. “Our European managers represent their customers, speak their languages and fully understand their needs. During the meeting they bring this deep understanding to the table to help us fine-tune our breeding program, as well as our knowledge and advice to customers.”

The 2018 ETMM was Alan’s final meeting before assuming his new role as general manager of Aviagen UK Limited. “I’m extremely proud to have been a part of the growth of this team of highly talented and dedicated customer service managers. This growth attests to the growing popularity of Aviagen brands and the resulting customer success in the region, and I’m confident this success will continue on the upward path,” concluded Alan.

Another highlight was a working group exploring the unique requirements of the emerging slow-growing market sector.

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COMPANY NEWS

ROSS – THE COMPLETE PACKAGE

The Chick – The Support – The Performance You Want To learn more about Ross® visit aviagen.com/ross

GLOBAL REACH

LOCAL TOUCH

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©Indigoguide

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VIV CHINA PREVIEW

VIV China 2018 VIV China is a 3-day event being held from 17th September to 19th September 2018 at the Nanjing International Exhibition Center in Nanjing, China. National and international exhibitors at VIV China 2018 will represent their solutions and innovations within the Feed to Food chain.

The VIV China format represents a hub of different information exchanges and networking opportunities over several days and shows an equal appeal to those professionals from other countries who want to learn about China’s own dynamics in producing animal proteins.

This event showcases products like feed ingredients and additives, industrial feed processing equipment, supplies, raw materials, poultry farms, meat, dairy, egg products and much more in the agriculture and veterinary industries.

Why Nanjing In 2018, VIV China will move to Nanjing, a location that will offer new opportunities and activities.

Jiangsu province is surrounded by important production areas. VIV worldwide expects to be able to extend the visitor target groups by moving to this new area. Exhibitors will be enabled to strengthen their networks by gaining access to more regions and the production areas in China.

The economic importance of Nanjing is increasing, also thanks to government support. Facilities for exhibitors and visitors are good. Nanjing is an attractive city, easy accessible for Chinese visitors by train, bullet train and by air. International visitors fly easily to Nanjing. The NIEC exhibition centre

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VIV CHINA PREVIEW

has high quality facilities and transportation to the city centre is close.

Poultry market trends in China In the two past decades, the Chinese market has been growing at a fast pace. The dramatic expansions of the manufacturing capabilities and rising consumer consumptions in China have transformed China’s society and economy. By 2022, more than three quarters of China’s urban consumers will earn between 60,000 and 229,000 Yuan Renminbi (approximately $11,600 to $44,400) a year. A potential 1.4 billion customers and its middle class and consumer purchasing power are both on the rise. For these reasons, this Country can be considered as the world’s fastest growing market for the consumptions of goods and services.

China currently produces about one quarter of the world’s poultry meat, with projections showing both production and consumption increasing in the next decade.

Twenty per cent of the world’s poultry is in China, including 1.2 billion layers/breeders, 8.8 billion broilers, and 4 billion water fowl. One quarter of layer farms are considered large, with more than 50,000 birds, and 33% are mid­scale, with 20,000 to 50,000 birds per farm.

As regards the egg production, China is the world leader by far with 29.9 million metric tons in 2015, followed distantly by the United States and India, which produced 5.7 and 4.3 mil-

lion tons respectively during the same period. One metric ton of eggs is the equivalent of 18,895 eggs.

The feed sector is also consolidating. According to Alltech’s 2017 Global Feed Survey, China is still the world’s largest feed producer, but the country’s feed mill count has declined by almost 30 per cent as the sector evolves from one that is fragmented to one that is segmented and integrated into the food chain.

As China becomes wealthier, consumers are starting to pay more attention to issues like production standards, quality, animal welfare and the environment. The transparency is the new focus. Five key trends are driving poultry industry change in China: growing integration in the egg and poultry sectors; growing consumer awareness of environmental pollution caused by farming that is putting pressure on farms; need for antibiotic-­free production as testing and legislation become stricter; consumer demands for quality; and high feed costs.

VIV CHINA 2018 When & where Conferences: 16-17 September 2018 Exposition: 17-19 September 2018, Hall 4, 5 and 6.

Venue: Nanjing International Exhibition Center (NIEC) Nanjing, China Opening hours: 09:00 – 17.00 Website: vivchina.nl

PAS REFORM’s new SmartControl™ sensor technology creates the perfect hatchery climate control solution climate needs of any hatchery room. The automated system perfectly aligns room conditions to the preset values, quickly achieving the desired air quality using as little energy as possible. This allows hatchery climate control in the most efficient way, for the highest number of best quality chicks.

Pas Reform has built on the success of its innovative SmartCenterPro™ hatchery management system with the introduction of SmartControl™. Designed to ensure the reliable central monitoring and automatic control of air temperature, air pressure, CO2 and humidity in any hatchery room, the SmartControl™ module makes climate information accessible from a single platform. Storage of all data ensures there is a complete climate-history record for the entire process. By processing the inputs from multiple SmartControl™ sensors, SmartCenterPro™ responds instantly to maintain the exact

SmartControl™ can be applied across a wide range of areas, such as egg storage and chick holding rooms, corridors, fluff tunnels, attics and plenums. The system comes with room sensors which are connected to actuators for full output control, as well as a bus system for connection and seamless integration with SmartCenterPro™ – to enable data logging and extended climate graphs. Pas Reform is able to supply customer-specific proposals for the installation of SmartControl™, based on the rooms to be included and the functionality required. Installation is implemented on a project basis, to ensure that the scope, quality and training needs for the individual hatchery are met fully. As a result, Pas Reform can give all the customers a customized, tailor-made solution that exactly meets their needs.

For information: Email: info@pasreform.com - Website: pasreform.com Visit Pas Reform at VIV CHINA, Hall 5 – Stand G040

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VIV CHINA PREVIEW

TPI-Polytechniek

PETERSIME puts BioStreamer™ incubators in the picture Achieving more and better chicks starts with using the best equipment. Petersime offers a wide variety of setters and hatchers for chicken, turkey, goose and duck eggs. At VIV China in Nanjing, Petersime will be delighted to show how the different types of BioStreamer™ incubators lead to significant performance improvements of hatcheries worldwide.

• BioStreamer™: the top-of-the-range model with an extended user interface and autopilot functions based on Embryo-Response Incubation™ parameters.

• BioStreamer™ HD: engineered for 12% higher capacity thanks to the honeycomb shaped setter trays.

• BioStreamer™ Re-Store: designed to apply short periods of heat treatment during storage, restoring a significant part of the losses caused by long storage times.

As a global supplier of polyurethane ventilation components TPI-Polytechniek aims to better the environmental conditions and climates for the intensive livestock industry. For over 20 years TPI-Polytechniek has been specialising in ventilation for the agricultural sector and in the last years they have increased their focus and activity in the Asia Pacific region! A short glimpse of some of TPI's new products and features: 3000-VFG-C: centrally controlled, wall mounted air inlet valve TPI-Polytechniek has further developed the ease of operation for the 3000-VFG-C inlet. It has been equipped with special seals to prevent any kind of air leakage. Also the newly developed closing catch gives ability to manually keep the inlet closed whilst cleaning or partial ventilation when only a few of the inlets are meant to be in use.

Omniflux: wall mounted air inlet valve with sliding plate The Omniflux is specially developed to give optimal control in building concepts where obstacles are found such as aviary systems, or in very wide buildings. With its multiple louvres which can be positioned independently it is possible to guide air in a few different directions. The inlet is equipped with a sliding plate and special air seals to prevent air leakage.

During this world expo ‘from feed to food’, the Petersime sales team will gladly answer any question and inform visitors on their complete range of hatchery equipment, trainings, turnkey projects and services.

Exhaust and intake ventilation chimneys A wide variety of set-ups or special parts is offered with these chimneys to support all housing concepts, both for pigs and poultry. TPI-Polytechniek is currently showcasing the latest chimney, the Automatic Adjustable Recirculation Chimney (AARC). With all components the company can design chimneys for all housing concepts.

For information: Email: info@petersime.com - Website: petersime.com

For information: Email: info@tpi-polytechniek.com - Website: tpi-polytechniek.com

Visit Petersime at VIV CHINA, Hall 4 – Stand C077

Visit TPI-Polytechniek at VIV CHINA, Hall 5 – Stand F037

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VIV CHINA PREVIEW

allow you to choose a pan designed for your specific needs – pans are available in standard or shallow depths; grills are available with 5, 13, or 14 spokes.

Choose the easy assembly of a two-piece tower that snaps into place, or the added stability of a single piece tower. All FUZE ProLine feed pans have three large flood windows to evenly fill the pan. Birds of all ages have easy, 360° access to the feed.

The pan’s feed-saver lip ensures more feed stays in the pan to be eaten by the birds, not on the floor where it’s wasted.

The FUZE feeder easily snaps open and closed so the pan can be hosed down for quick cleaning and disinfecting. FUZE pans have proven themselves in multiple feed trials against top competitors – each time delivering optimal feed conversion and consistent bird weights. Try it out for yourself!

For information: Email: intl.sales@val-co.com - Website: val-co.com Visit VAL-CO and Shanghai Val Livestock Equipment CO., LTD at VIV CHINA, Hall 5 – Stand H065

VAL-CO’s excellences Valco Companies, Inc. welcomes visitors and customers to the SHANGHAI VAL LIVESTOCK EQUIPMENT CO., LTD booth at VIV China exhibition.

The FUZE® ProLine family of feeders is specially designed to be lightweight and durable. Six unique pan and grill combinations

VALLI designs complete turnkey packages with all the required internal equipment, ventilation and electrical controls and have the back up of well-trained installers and supervisors to ensure the best quality service and functionality.

A worldwide network of qualified dealers keeps in close contact with the markets in order to provide a prompt service and to be fully aware of the ever changing needs of the poultry industry.

VALLI equipment is sold today worldwide in over 70 countries under many different management and climatic conditions.

VALLI’s history, experience and work are dedicated day by day to the improvement of the design and performance of its equipment in order to provide the customers with a “quality they can depend on”.

VALLI is an absolute guarantee in terms of experience, listening and collaboration to study and build together the best possible solution. For these reasons, customers who choose VALLI cages make a wise decision in their long-term investment plans.

VALLI to conquer the Chinese market

For information: Email: info@valli-italy.com - Website: valli-italy.com

Since its foundation in 1956, VALLI has been dedicated to the manufacturing of top quality “cage” systems for the poultry industry. VALLI provides today a wide range of products for laying birds, from traditional “A” frame cages for tropical climate countries to manure belted multi-tier systems with/without manure drying. The Italian company also supplies rearing, parent stock and broiler cages.

Visit VALLI at VIV CHINA, Hall 4 – Stand B094

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COMPANY FOCUS

AZA INTERNATIONAL in China Founded in the late 1950s, Aza International invented the rope transport system, a revolutionary product that helped develop today’s modern livestock husbandry. Aza International has always been recognized as a leader in the production of systems for the transport and automatic distribution of livestock feed and is a company name that, over time, has become synonymous with innovation and reliability. premium stainless steel materials and now available in diameter 76 and 114 mm with curves and feed outlets available in various shapes and materials depending on the type of product to be conveyed. They are the ideal solution for those customers who need to transport large quantities of feed. This new range complements the well-known 60 mm diameter equipment and, as such, allows for the construction of long external tracks for the loading of silos In the poultry sector, the new MIXTA feed pan, introduced at the last Space Trade Fair, is being successfully used on duck farms and on farms operations with mixed cycles of chickens and turkeys flocks. Enormous success has also been registered by the PRATIKA feeder for broilers which guarantees an optimal distribution of the feed. All these products are appreciated for their ease of use and are completely automatic over all the various growing stages.

PRATIKA

In recent years, Aza International has been present in China with a branch office near Shanghai, where Mr. Bruno Frugnoli can be contacted at frugnoli.export@azainternational.it.

The original DUO system for broilers has automatic regulation and is characterized by combining the feeding line with a watering line. This reduces animal movement creating more free space in the shed and also incorporates a single lifting system for both the water and feed lines.

“In recent years, Aza International has been present in China with a branch office near Shanghai. Over the years it has sold and installed several plants in various areas of China, not only in the poultry sector, but also in the pig and industrial sectors” Over the years the Chinese branch has sold and installed several plants in various areas of China, not only in the poultry sector, but also in the pig and industrial sectors. The major Chinese companies are very satisfied with the company's quality and many of them are contacting Aza International again for further restructuring or for the construction of new breeding farms. The Italian company intends to continue presenting their new high quality products to this growing and expanding market. Their range of products for both the poultry and pig sectors is more than capable of keeping up with the demands of an increasingly specialized market.

The latest innovations include large-capacity conveyors capable of transporting up to 12 cubic meters/hour. Constructed of

16

DUO

- company focus -

COMPANY FOCUS

BREEDAZA

The innovative BREEDAZA linear trough feeder system is particularly suitable for chicken breeder flocks and egg layer flocks housed either in cages or on the floor. The BREEDAZA system ensures a fast and homogeneous distribution of feed along the entire line and the animals can feed and empty the feed line completely at the end of each distribution of food. At the end of the growing cycle the cleaning operations are simple and fast.

It requires only one lifting unit and a single load point even for 300-meter-long systems. This allows for the silo to be located at the end of the shed and not just in the centre.

The revolutionary SELF-DOSY feed pan is another product that Aza International is presenting to their customers. This is a sturdy feeder, designed specifically for breeder males. The system incorporates an innovative volumetric dozer with centralized regulation. This allows one to instantly change, across the line, the amount of feed to be distributed to the feed pans with quantities being based on the reproductive cycle of the males. This system does not require external weighing systems and lines do not need to be raised during the filling phase thus simplifying all the in house engineering.

While we have listed above some of the main products for the poultry industry, one must also remember that Aza International is able to offer its customers in the pig sector a wide range of equipment and feeding systems suitable for every need.

The history of Aza International travels in parallel with the world livestock breeding and their products and inventions have marked fundamental evolutionary moments in this sector all over the world.

Aza International is a leading name in the world and for over forty years has been a name synonymous with high quality and reliability of their products including guarantees on assistance and spare parts.

AZA INTERNATIONAL Srl via Roma, 29 - 24030 Medolago (BG) - Italy Chinese Branch Email:frugnoli.export@azainternational.it

MIXTA - july/august 2018 -

17

REPORTAGE

Solar energy systems ensure cost-efficiency Solar energy radiation means revenues – at least for farmers who have successfully harnessed renewable energies. However, with the latest amendment to the Renewable Energy Act, the German Government has created new challenges for farms that want to build up a second line of business.

There are now only guaranteed grid feed-in rates for solar power from small photovoltaic installations.

The larger systems are no longer included in the subsidy system. The paradigm shift throws up many questions. EnergyDecentral – the International Trade Fair for innovative energy supply to be held together with EuroTier in Hanover from 13 to 16 November 2018 – will supply the answers. The focus will be on technologies such as solar energy that allow farmers to use their own farm-produced electricity.

How much a ready-to-use installed photovoltaic system may cost depends on two factors – the electricity yield and the return on investment. As regards the latter aspect, the profitability of solar systems is currently undergoing a fundamental change. The amendment to the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) that entered into force at the beginning of 2017 limits the state-fixed grid feed-in tariffs to photovoltaic systems below 750 kilowatt peak. For all other installations – regardless of whether they are installed on housing, non-residential buildings or outdoor spaces – the fixed remuneration will be replaced by a tendering procedure. As on average an area of ten square metres is necessary per kilowatt peak, a large number of the roof-mounted systems on agricultural buildings will probably not be affected.

Consequently many small and medium-sized farms will not need to worry about the amendment. For them the familiar Renewable Energy Act with remuneration over 20 years will continue to be applied.

18

- reportage -

REPORTAGE

From full grid infeed to self-supply However, the attractiveness of on-farm consumption by contrast with grid feed-in is rising not only for farmers with large installations. The use of solar electricity for lighting, powering motors in feeding systems or fans is already daily routine on small and medium-sized farms as well. Intelligent load management ensures perfect linking of the photovoltaic system and animal housing technology. As the solar system on the roof does not always produce electricity when it is actually needed, for efficiency of supply the surplus energy needs to be stored so that it can be used as required. Storing electricity obtained from renewable energy sources is therefore one of the key technologies being shown at EnergyDecentral.

sufficient, photovoltaic diesel hybrid systems supply the farm reliably with electricity. For this BD Power Systems, for example, installs two generators and an intelligent control unit in addition to the solar modules in a compact container next to the lithium-ion accumulators. This enables farmers to ensure a permanent energy supply for important animal housing functions – quite independently of public electricity grids.

Renewable energies in live demonstrations A look ahead at EnergyDecentral makes it clear that photovoltaic systems with pure electricity grid feed-in are on the way out.

Modern all-in systems already cover a large part of the electricity demand on farms today, fill storage systems or charge elec-

“The use of solar electricity for lighting, powering motors in feeding systems or fans is already daily routine on small and medium-sized farms as well. Intelligent load management ensures perfect linking of the photovoltaic system and animal housing technology. As the solar system on the roof does not always produce electricity when it is actually needed, for efficiency of supply the surplus energy needs to be stored so that it can be used as required” Long-term bunkering of solar power Decreasing costs and ever more efficient battery storage systems mean that ever more farms can use the advantages of an electricity storage system. At present the market is still modest.

Alongside conventional lead accumulators, options are now above all lithium-ion accumulators that optionally buffer the surplus electricity or feed it into the public grid. The first salt water accumulators are now available to farmers as a further alternative. As the market continues to grow, Redox flow batteries will probably become economically more attractive, as their capacity can be scaled independently of the electrical output.

If the output provided by battery and solar system alone is not

tric vehicles. At the Fairgrounds in Hanover, from 13 to 16 November, visitors will be able to see how advanced decentralized energy supply is in farming and what challenges are connected with implementing the vision. The Technical Programme will be accompanied by a Live Show with a DLG presenter displaying an electric vehicle charging station, the necessary grid technology, right through to electrically powered vehicles and the connection to the farm working circuit.

Further information about EnergyDecentral 2018 is available from DLG. Contact: Marcus Vagt, Tel.: +49 (0) 69 24788-279 – Email: m.vagt@dlg.org.

First choice in agricultural ventilation components

tpi-polytechniek.com tpi-polytechniek.com

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VISIT US VIV CHINAT A Boo

th F037 ( Hall 5) 17-19 Sep t. 2018

The Netherlands

- july/august 2018 -

19

Šserfonteinpoultry.co.za

DOSSIER

Analysis of anti-Ascaridia galli antibody levels in egg yolk to detect parasite infection in commercial laying hens

T.H. Dao1, P.W. Hunt2, N. Sharma1, R.A. Swick1, S. Barzegar1, B. Hine2, J. Mcnally2, A. Bell2 and I. Ruhnke1 1 School

of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia 2 CSIRO

F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Armidale, NSW, Australia

20

In recent years, in response to consumer concerns regarding welfare of birds, there has been a move from caged to free-range production systems. This change has resulted in increased exposure of hens to pathogens including parasites, which can compromise the welfare of the animal. Amongst helminths, Ascaridia galli is the most abundant nematode in poultry, and can cause significant economic losses and negative impacts on bird health and welfare.

Early detection of Ascaridia galli infection is important to allow effective treatment to be administered before irreparable damage occurs to the hosts’ intestines. However, the typical method of detecting Ascaridia galli infection is based on counting Ascaridia galli eggs in excreta samples and is only possible when the worms are mature.

Meanwhile, alternative methods, such as serological tests, require collection of blood which is labour intensive and more intrusive for the birds. Thus, the current study was undertaken to determine if anti-Ascaridia galli antibodies in egg yolks can be used to detect Ascaridia galli infection in layers, and to compare yolk antibodies from caged and free-range production systems.

- dossier -

DOSSIER

Material and methods Six eggs and pooled excreta samples were randomly collected from 3 caged, 2 barn-housed and 4 free-range flocks in Australia. All farms housed Isa Brown hens which were at least 60 weeks of age at the time of sampling. Eggs were processed to determine anti-Ascaridia galli antibody level in the egg yolks using an in-house ELISA assay. Excreta samples were assessed to determine numbers of worm eggs using standard procedures.

flocks contained significantly higher numbers of Ascaridia galli eggs compared to samples from caged flocks. The average numbers of Ascaridia galli eggs per gram of excreta sample from caged, free-range and barn-house flocks were 0 ± 0, 750 ± 239 and 850 ± 600, respectively. However, the worm egg count did not correlate with the levels of anti-Ascaridia galli antibodies in the hen egg yolk (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Results

These findings suggest that analysis of anti-Ascaridia galli antibodies in the egg yolk is indicative of worm infections (past or present) in layer flocks.

Significant differences in egg yolk anti-Ascaridia galli antibody levels were observed in flocks within and between production systems.

References

Free-range flocks had significantly higher egg yolk anti-Ascaridia galli antibody levels than did cage flocks (0.50 ± 0.08 versus 0.16 ± 0.03 OD units; P < 0.001). However, low levels of anti-Ascaridia galli antibodies were also detected in eggs obtained from some free-range flocks.

The antibody level of barn-laid eggs was similar to that of the free-range eggs (0.49 ± 0.09 versus 0.50 ± 0.08 OD units). The results obtained from the excreta worm egg counting test confirmed that excreta samples from free-range and barn-housed

Beck JR, Swayne DE, Davison S, Casavant S & Gutierrez C (2003) Avian Dis. 47: 11961199 Das G, Kaufmann F, Abel H & Gauly M (2010) Vet. Parasitol. 170: 238-243.

Martin-Pacho JR, Montoya MN, Aranguena T, Toro C, Morchon R, Marcos-Atxutegi C & Simon F (2005) J. Vet. Med. 52: 238-242.

Wongrak K, Das G, Von Borstel UK & Gauly M (2015) Bri. Poult. Sci. 56: 15-21.

From the Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium

s k n a T k Tr ucfiberg l ass an d

Sil os

AGRITECH s.r.l. - Via Rimembranze, 7 - 25012 CALVISANO (BS) ITALY Tel. + 39 030 9968222 r.a. - Fax + 39 030 9968444 - www.agritech.it - agritech@agritech.it

- july/august 2018 -

21

MARKETING

Turkey market review “It has been a great pleasure to have been involved in the turkey industry for the last 5 decades and to see the development of existing markets and the emergence of new markets across the globe. The turkey market is still concentrated in the Americas and Europe, the coming challenge is to establish demand in new areas of the World.” – Richard Hutchinson achieved when production units are established and marketed preferably with a brand.

The turkey industry supply chain flows from the breeders through a number of multiplication phases which culminate in commercial birds being grown and processed and finally sold to the consumer. Breeders are at the start of this process and it typically takes around 4 years to move from pedigree to commercial birds. This means that the challenges of today had to be anticipated by the breeders 4 years ago and that the challenges for the future are being considered now. The turkey industry is evolving and we can see a number of changes in established markets and opportunities for developing markets.

Turkey production is focused on North America and Europe which represents 85% of the total world output of turkey-meat. In Europe, 6 countries - Poland, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the UK - represent over 87% of total turkey production of the E.U. When we review the market over time we can look for pointers to future growth, both in existing markets and in developing markets. Where will the next opportunities arise to promote the eating qualities and nutritional value produced by our industry?

Richard Hutchinson

“Our colleagues in the Chicken industry are represented in almost every country and this should be our aim by the end of this century.

Turkey meat offers value, taste, high protein, low fat, low cholesterol and fits easily in many classic meat dishes throughout the world. The turkey industry is moving forward in many established markets and gaining a foothold in new markets, initially promoted by meat imports and then by establishing local production units.

Richard Hutchinson Aviagen Turkeys Ltd

22

Consumers relate to locally produced products and success and market growth are mainly - marketing -

Our objectives are to analyse the turkey market worldwide and uncover some of the reasons where there has been significant market growth and highlight opportunities for growth. The turkey market worldwide is diverse and consumption levels range from 13.5 kg per capita per year to zero. Is there opportunity to mirror some of the success stories from consumption levels in Israel and the USA to other markets? Can the dramatic growth seen in Poland from 1990 to 2017 or Russia from 2006 to 2017 be expected in other central European countries? For all business growth there has to be investment and convincing of consumers.

MARKETING

Consumers also want a say in how their food is produced.

Food accounts for a much bigger proportion of inflation in developing countries and food prices are currently rising fast due to rising demand and limited supply. Population growth, rising affluence, changing diets and the demand for meat proteins are all driving agriculture demand.

Globally there are 3 key factors driving organic demand: population growth, demand for convenience food, improved disposable income. Urbanisation and rising affluence are creating a great opportunity to introduce new innovative products.

Market regions such as China, India and Brazil are following in the footsteps of their Western counterparts, increasing calorific intake and changing their diets demanding more meat and dairy products.

The demand for more protein has a multiplied effect on grain production. Livestock is reared on grain, feed production is heavily resource intensive and it takes seven kilos of grain to produce 1 kilo of beef, 2.45 kilos of grain and falling for 1 kilo of live turkey. Greater production efficiencies can bring increased output and savings on land usage.

Operating for a number of years in Europe and North America we can also see a large range in production systems, range of products and methods of eating and enjoying turkey meat.

The key challenges for the Industry are to produce products which offer taste, quality, value for money, innovation and meet the market criteria of food safety and animal welfare.

Consumers are healthier and living longer and opportunities exist to meet their changing dietary needs. Closer analysis of demographic changes will assist in how we target various products. Convenience and value are becoming more prized in our societies.

In the early seventies the major producers were the USA, Italy, Germany, France and the UK. Since that time large turkey production companies have developed in Brazil, Poland, Russia, Spain and North Africa. The industry in Brazil began developing in 1990, North Africa in 1996, Poland 1990. Where will development be in the next 10 to 20 years?

Our quest as primary breeders is to assist existing producers to improve efficiency and to create healthy low cost meat which conforms to consumer demands. There are many opportunities to expand the turkey business built on the value and versatility of turkey meat. We look forward to further expansion where turkey meat is well established and developing new projects to feed an ever increasing world population.â&#x20AC;?

From the Proceedings of the 12th Turkey Science and Production Conference

- july/august 2018 -

23

MARKETING

A projection of the future dynamics in global egg production The second article of this series (the first part was printed in Zootecnica International, February 2018 issue) presents a projection of the future dynamics in egg production.

Because of the high volatility in the per capita consumption and in production, projections on the future development of egg production are no longer published in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlooks or by the USDA. In 2014, the Author of this report presented a projection of global egg production until 2030 to the IEC. The projection of 2014 will be updated in this paper.

Table 1 shows that a growth of the global production volume by 18.3 mill. t or 27.3% is expected for the time period between 2014 and 2030.

The highest absolute growth rate is projected with 11.6 mill. t for Asia, followed by Central and South America with 2.1 mill. t, Europe with 1.7 mill. t and Africa with 1.4 mill. t.

It may be surprising that for North America only an increase by 1.3 mill. t is expected (Figure 1).

The reason is the already very high per capita consumption in Mexico, the USA and Canada.

The projected growth is mainly based on the population dynamics. The highest relative growth rate is predicted for Africa with 47.2%, followed by Central and South America with 38.7% and Asia with 28.4%. The relative growth rates in Oceania (11.5%), North America (14.9%) and Europe (15.7%) are considerably lower. This reflects the already high egg consumption in the old industrialised countries, while in the other continents a fast increase of consumption is expected in several of the least and less developed countries.

The projected development of egg production between 2014 and 2030 for continents and sub-regions Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is Prof. emeritus and Scientific Director of the Science and Information Centre for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Vechta, Germany

24

In Figure 1, the projected development of egg production between 2014 and 2030 is documented for continents and sub-regions. Because of the incomplete data for many countries, a projection at country level cannot be presented at the moment.

- marketing -

Because of the high absolute growth in the production volume, Asia will contribute 63.5% to the projected increase of egg production between 2014 and 2030, followed by Central and South America with 11.7% and Europe with 9.4%. The contribution of North America with 7.3% is lower than that of Africa with 7.9%. Oceania, because of its low population and peripheral location regarding the possibility of egg exports, will only share 0.2% in the global increase.

Sub-regions with the highest absolute and relative increase of egg production In Table 2 and Figure 2, the ten sub-regions with the highest absolute and relative increase of egg production between 2014 and 2030 are listed. Of

MARKETING Sub-region Southern Asia Sub-region

Africa

10,00

Continent

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

Eastern Europe South America 40,93 52,56 10,94 12,66

Europe

5,55 7,70

CS America 0,31 0,34

Western Asia Eastern Europe Northern WesternAfrica Asia CentralAfrica Asia Northern Southern CentralAfrica Asia

9,02 10,36

N America

South-Eastern Eastern Asia Asia South America South-Eastern Asia

3,05 4,50

Asia

Oceania

20,00

[mili. t] 1,000

2,000

1,000

2,000

[mili. t]

3,000

4,000

5,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Eastern Asia Asia Southern

Production, mill. t 0,00

o o

Central America Southern Africa Central America 2014 2030

Sub-region Southern Asia Sub-region

Figure 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Projected increase of egg production between 2014 and 2030 by continents (Source: Own calculations)

-----

o o

Absolute increase Absolute increase [%] 20 20

40 [%] 40

60

80

60

80

Caribbean Southern Asia Central Asia Caribbean Central America Central Asia

the ten sub-regions with the highest absolute growth, five are located in Asia, two in Africa, two in Central and South America and one in Europe.

The three sub-regions with the highest increase are located in Asia which documents the extraordinary role which this continent will also in future play in the development of egg production. Of the ten sub-regions with the highest relative growth, four are located in Asia, four in Africa and two in Central and South America.

Southern Africa Central America Western Africa Southern Africa South-Eastern Asia Western Africa Eastern Africa South-Eastern Asia Northern Eastern Africa Africa WesternAfrica Asia Northern Western Asia

Relati ve increase Relati ve increase

Figure 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The ten sub-regions with the highest absolute and relative increase in egg production between 2014 and 2030 (Source: Own calculations)

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25

MARKETING

Table 1 – Projected increase of global egg production at the level of continents and sub-regions between 2014 and 2030; data in 1,000 t (Source: FAO database, Windhorst 2014)

Table 2 – The ten leading sub-regions with the highest projected absolute and relative increase in egg production between 2014 and 2030 (Source: FAO database, own calculations)

Continent/ Sub-region

2014

2030

Increase (1,000 t)

Increase (%)

Sub-region

1,000 t

Sub-region

%

Africa

3,054

4,496

1,442

47.2

Southern Asia

4,493

Southern Asia

75.7

Eastern Africa

420

598

178

42.4

Eastern Asia

4,245

Caribbean

73.0

Middle Africa

43

52

9

20.9

South-Eastern Asia

1,799

Central Asia

63.2

Northern Africa

1,129

1,577

448

39.7

South America

1,678

Central America

57.7

Southern Africa

510

802

292

57.3

Eastern Europe

1,277

Southern Africa

57.3

Western Africa

951

1,467

516

54.3

Western Asia

715

Western Africa

54.3

Asia

40,925

52,562

11,637

28.4

Northern Africa

448

South-Eastern Asia

43.3

Eastern Asia

28,195

32,440

4,245

15.1

Central Asia

384

Eastern Africa

42.4

Central Asia

608

992

3,84

63.2

Southern Africa

292

Northern Africa

39.7

Central America

287

Western Asia

35.1

Southern Asia

5,932

10,425

4,493

75.7

South-Eastern Asia

4,152

5,951

1,799

43.3

Western Asia

2,039

2,754

715

35.1

Europe

10,940

12,658

1,718

15.7

Eastern Europe

4,983

6,260

1,277

25.6

Northern Europe

1,170

1,417

247

21.1

Southern Europe

1,981

2,201

220

11.1

Western Europe

2,806

2,780

(-26)

(-0.9)

North America

9,016

10,360

1,344

14.9

Central and South America

5,550

7,696

2,146

38.7

Caribbean

248

429

181

73.0

Central America

499

786

287

57.5

South America

4,803

6,481

1,678

34.9

Oceania

305

340

35

11.5

Australia/N. Zealand

286

320

34

11.9

Melanesia

16

16

0

+/- 0

Micronesia

1

1

0

+/- 0

Polynesia

2

3

1

50.0

World

69,971

88,112

18,321

27.3

Relative Increase

Figure 3 – The changing contribution of the continents to global egg production between 2014 and 2030 (Source: Own calculations)

their former contribution. This data again documents that also in the next 15 years the spatial shift of the growth poles in egg production from Europe and North America to Asia, Africa and Central and South America will continue.

A comparison of the composition and ranking reveals the expected dynamical development in Africa besides that in Asia.

Despite the high relative growth rates, the absolute increase in the two sub-regions in Central and South America are comparatively low. The fact that neither North America nor any European sub-region rank among the ten leading regions with the highest relative increase not only documents the location of the new growth centres outside Europe and North America but also the ongoing globalisation of egg production.

The contribution of the continents to global egg production The differences in the projected dynamics will have impacts on the contribution of the continents to global egg production.

Figure 3 shows that Asia, Africa and Central and South America will have higher shares in 2030 than in 2014 while Europe and North America will lose, respectively, 1.3% and 1.2% of

26

Absolute increase

Egg trade and consumption Less than 3% of the global egg production is traded. As shell eggs cannot be deep-frozen and the shelf-life of eggs is comparatively short, shell eggs are mainly traded over short distances. This is also the case in trade with liquid egg products while egg powder can be traded over long distances because of its long storage life. Therefore, the spatial patterns of shell eggs, liquid egg products and egg powder differ considerably.

Most of the shell eggs for consumption are traded within the EU, between the three NAFTA member countries and between Malaysia and Singapore. The trade patterns are quite stable and it is not expected that in particular trade with shell eggs for consumption and with liquid egg products will change thoroughly over the next decade.

This paper is abridged version of a special report which the Author prepared for the International Egg Commission (IEC)

- marketing -

MARKETING

- july/august 2018 -

27

TECHNICAL COLUMN

Red mite problem greatly reduced with Q-Perch Red mites are parasites that are found on average 83% of the European poultry farms.

They weaken the laying hens, which can lead to reduced technical results and financial losses. Dutch poultry farmer Pieter van Lierop has good experiences with the Q-Perch from Vencomatic, a perch with a built-in wire, safe for chickens, that electrocuting the red mites.

The contamination of red mites in laying hen farms is almost unavoidable. The problem gets bigger since less and less pesticides are allowed and production cycles become longer. The Dutch specialist in poultry housing systems, the Vencomatic Group, developed the Q-Perch, a mechanical solution that combats red mites on the basis of their natural life cycle. In fact, it deprives the red mites of food and prevents it from multiplying. The patented Q-Perch is a perch with two barriers at the bottom that kill red mites on their way to the chickens. The barrier has a low-power voltage, which the chickens cannot come into contact with, but which is deadly for red mites.

“Since red mites cannot reproduce without food, the population will not increase, so this solution makes the use of pesticides redundant”, says

28

- technical column -

Lonneke Lepelaars, Regional Manager Marketing at Vencomatic Group. “Traditional control methods are reactive.The Q-Perch offers continuous line of defense, preventing negative effects of red mites”.

Optimum comfort “The mushroom shape of the Q-Perch is the most comfortable shape for chickens, because it offers them stability and grip”, continues Lonneke. “That is why the Q-Perch is beneficial for animal health and animal welfare, and the poultry farmer can benefit from it since the birds perform better”. But is it true? A test at the layer farmer Pieter van Lierop was made, a company in the south of the Netherlands, Asten-Heusden (in

TECHNICAL COLUMN

province Noord-Brabant) with 165,000 Lohmann Brown Classics laying hens spread over 5 poultry houses. He has been using the Q-Perch from November 2014 onwards.

A conscious choice for laying hens Malou (51) and Pieter (53) van Lierop took over the company with dairy cows and meat pigs from Pieter’s father in 1987. In 1993, 5,500 broiler breeders were added. Malou already was familiar with broiler breeders because of her parental farm. Six years later they switched over to laying hens. “We possessed land to keep 7000 Freiland chickens and we immediately made expansion plans”, Pieter says. Then they successively disposed of the broiler breeders, meat pigs and dairy cows. It was not until 2004 before the permit for an additional poultry house was granted. The couple has 4 children: Annelou (24), Joris (23), Sander (20) and Remko (18). “In the morning Malou and I collect the eggs. In the afternoon I carry out checks with my employees and I am working on management, while Malou takes care of the bookkeeping and our family”, Pieter outlines the division of tasks at the company. The couple is getting as-

Pilot farm for electrical mites control The red mite problem was manageable on the company. “In my opinion, it’s a recognized problem and control is very important. In one house we had traditional manure belts with lots of spiders, who ate red mites”, laughs Pieter. “In another house we sprayed green soap and methylated spirit twice a year with a high-pressure spraying pistol. But since those products are not IKB-accredited, we no longer use them. The cleaning and disinfecting of the farm is done by a poultry service company. I am pointing the employees of that company to the spots in strategic places, such as cracks and crevices, which have to be cleaned thoroughly”. On the initiative of Vencomatic, van Lierop in the Netherlands was one of the three pilot companies in 2011 approved by the German KAT quality scheme for electric red mite control. “I think the Q-Perch is a wonderful system”, Pieter says. “We haven’t got much work with it. Because of the shape of the perch, it’s easy for birds to remain sitting on it.

The Q-Perch is turned on every day, from 13:00 to 18:00 hrs.

Every month, except for the bird flu period, the red mites were trapped in a plastic tube with rolled cardboard in it, and count-

“The contamination of red mites in laying hen farms is almost unavoidable. The problem gets bigger since less and less pesticides are allowed and production cycles become longer. The Dutch specialist in poultry housing systems, the Vencomatic Group, developed the Q-Perch, a mechanical solution that combats red mites on the basis of their natural life cycle” sistance from 3 employees. “29,000 of our 165,000 laying hens, have a free range (Freiland hens) with a winter garden on both sides of the barn, with over 15 ha of grassland. Every night we drive the birds back into the house by means of a quad. The other birds are free-range chickens. Our birds feel at home in the Bolegg Terrace aviary system with longitudinal ventilation.

Our company has a total of seven Agro Supply heat exchangers, which provide the minimum ventilation of approximately 1 m³ / animal / hour, and are taking care of manure drying so that no intermediate storage is required. We have pitless Hercules manure belts from Vencomatic.This works very well and is very easy to clean. Scrapers remove the litter and we clean the manure belts twice a week”.

The new house, built in 2014 for 95,000 chickens, can be reached via a walkway. The range for the Freiland hens is located between, in front of, and on the side of the houses.

The packer from Prinzen, packs 850,000 to 1 million eggs per week, which are sold at Kwetters Eggs company. Hotraco egg counters regulate the speed of the conveyor belt for optimal use of the packers.

ed by Vencomatic via a monitoring. Those traps were placed by the same person, in various strategic places. It was striking that we have a bit more trouble with red mites in winter than in summer, while usually it is just the opposite”.

Good manageability Under the mushroom-like perch, electrical wires have been mounted for electrical red mite control. When the mites touch these electrical wires they are immediately electrocuted by the low current, which is harmless to the birds. “In this way, red mites are not given a chance to feed themselves through the animals, so the use of pesticides is not needed anymore. This increases the manageability of the problem. Fortunately, we have not found any red mites in the barn until now. I can recommend the system to my fellow poultry farmers, especially in new investments. The Q-Perch system can also be mounted in other, non-Vencomatic systems. The depreciation amounts to about 15 eurocents per year per bird”. © Jan Van Bavel - Management&Techniek - Boerenbond

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TECHNICAL COLUMN

Effect of initial body weight and body composition of TETRA-SL LL laying hens as related to the changes in their live weight, body fat content and egg production during the first egg-laying period It is well known from former experiments that success in laying sheds is dependent upon success in the pullet rearing sheds. Therefore, the main goal in the pullet’s rearing period is to develop pullets with optimal body weight and body conformation at photostimulation for a long-term and high-level production in the subsequent egg-laying period. did not differ from bird to bird. Accepting this, the aim of this study was therefore, in the same experiment, the examination of the effect of initial body weight and body composition of the hens as related to subsequent changes in their live weight, body fat content and egg production.

Our experiment was carried out with TETRA-SL LL laying hens, which were kept in a closed building at the Poultry Test Station of the Kaposvár University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, in Hungary. The experiment started at 20 weeks of age, when all of the birds in the experiment were weighed and their body fat content was determined by means of computer tomography (CT) in vivo.

In former studies it has already been pointed out that the relative difference in the initial body weight of the laying hens is maintained to the end of the laying period. It was also observed in these studies that the birds with low-weights began to lay later and their total egg output was lower than that of birds with medium and high weights.

Milisits1, G., Donkó1, T., Almási2, A., Garamvölgyi1, E., Sütő1, Z. 1 Kaposvár

University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba S. u. 40.

2 Bábolna

Tetra Ltd., H-2943 Bábolna, Radnóti Miklós u. 16.

30

In another former study it was also established that the relative difference in the initial body fat content of the hens was also maintained to the end of the laying period.

However, in these former experiments the effect of initial body weight and the effect of initial body fat content were examined separately. In those previous studies when the effect of initial body weight was examined, the initial body composition of the hens was unknown. Equally while in the studies where the effect of initial body composition was tested, the body weight of the hens - technical column -

Based on the measured values hens were divided into three groups (based on their live weight on the one hand and based on their body fat content on the other). The basic data of the hens in the different groups are summarized in Table 1.

Changes in the body fat content of the experimental animals were followed by means of computer tomography in vivo, scanning the hens at 32, 52 and 72 weeks of age. The live weight of the hens was also recorded at the same ages, Table 1 – Basic data of the experimental TETRA-SL LL laying hens grouped by their live weight and body fat content measured at 20 weeks of age Traits

Live weight (g)

Fat index

Groups

Mean

SD

Minimum Maximum

Low

1534

87

1360

1630

Medium

1696

33

1650

1760

High

1861

94

1770

2080

Low

22.9

0.9

20.4

24.3

Medium

24.9

0.4

24.4

25.4

High

27.2

1.6

25.8

32.1

TECHNICAL COLUMN

Table 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Effect of initial body weight and body fat content of TETRA-SL LL laying hens on the changes in their live weight and body fat content during the first egg-laying period Age

Initial body weight Low

Medium

High

Initial body fat content

Level of significance (P)

Low

High

IBW

IBF

Medium

weeks of age, but these differences were statistically not proven (Table 3).

The egg production levels of the hens with high initial body fat content was lower than that of the hens with medium or low initial body fat content at 52 and 72 weeks of age (Table 3). The differences between the two extreme groups were statistically proven in this case (P<0.05).

S.E.

Live weight (g) 32 weeks

1847a

1935ab

2041b

1958

1932

1933

0.006

0.868

24

52 weeks

1968a

2056a

2186b

2101

2010

2098

0.004

0.237

26

72 weeks

2128a

2201a

2365b

2242

2173

2279

0.010

0.329

32

The weight of eggs was lowest in the hens with medium initial body weight on all examination days, but it did not differ significantly from that of the hens with low or high initial body weight (Table 3).

Fat index 32 weeks

31.5

31.4

32.3

30.0a

32.1b

33.2b

0.620

0.006

0.4

52 weeks

34.2

35.0

35.3

32.7a

34.3a

37.5b

0.716

0.005

0.6

72 weeks

34.1

35.1

36.0

33.3a

34.2a

37.6b

0.330

0.003

0.6

IBW = initial body weight, IBF = initial body fat content, S.E. = standard error of overall mean a,b Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences between the experimental groups within the examined traits (P<0.05)

while their egg production was recorded daily.

The effect of initial body weight and body fat content of the hens on the changes in their live weight, body fat content, egg production and egg weight was evaluated by Multivariate Analysis of Variance using the SPSS statistical software package.

Examining changes in the live weight of the hens, it was established that only the initial body weight significantly affected this trait during the experimental period.

(Table 2).

The live weight of hens starting egg production with high initial body weights remained higher during the whole testing period, than that of the hens which started egg production with low or medium initial body weights. The difference between the two extreme groups (hens with low and high initial body weight) was statistically proven on all examination days.

The initial body fat content had no significant effect on the changes in the live weight of the hens.

Regardless of live weight, changes in the body fat content of the hens were not affected significantly by the initial body weight (Table 2). The body fat content of the hens starting their egg produc-

tion with high initial body fat content was higher during the whole experimental period than that of the hens starting their egg production with low or medium initial body fat content. The difference between the two extreme groups (hens with low and high initial body fat content) was statistically proven on all examination days.

The egg production levels of the hens with low initial body weight was lower than that of the hens with medium or high initial body weight at 52 and 72

The body fat content of the hens did not seem to influence, in a significant manner, egg weights even when it was decreasing when average egg weights were studied with increasing body fat levels in the hens from 32 to 72 weeks.

Based on these results it was concluded that the optimal body conformation at photostimulation seems also to be important for the successful egg production.

The work is supported by the EFOP3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0008 project.

The project is co-financed by the European Union and the European Social Fund.

Table 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Effect of initial body weight and body fat content of TETRA-SL LL laying hens on the changes in their egg production and egg weight during the first egg-laying period Age

Initial body weight Low

Medium

High

Initial body fat content

Level of significance (P)

Low

High

IBW

IBF

Medium

S.E.

Egg production (%) 32 weeks

96.2

97.2

95.9

94.9

96.2

98.3

0.859

0.400

0.8

52 weeks

87.4

93.2

92.8

96.2b

90.2a

87.1a

0.092

0.010

1.3

72 weeks

73.7

79.0

76.6

80.0b

76.1ab

73.2a

0.118

0.039

1.1

Egg weight (g) 32 weeks

63.7

60.6

63.1

63.4

62.5

61.5

0.130

0.526

0.7

52 weeks

64.3

62.9

65.0

65.9

62.0

64.2

0.437

0.112

0.7

72 weeks

67.1

64.7

65.3

66.5

65.9

64.6

0.613

0.755

0.9

IBW = initial body weight, IBF = initial body fat content, S.E. = standard error of overall mean a,b Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences between the experimental groups within the examined traits (P<0.05)

- july/august 2018 -

31

MANAGEMENT

Biosecurity and surveillance in times of Avian Influenza The poultry world has entered a new era driven by increasingly demanding consumer and regulatory expectations. These expectations have created new market opportunities and challenges that compel producers to evolve to remain competitive and sustainable.

A. Gregorio Rosales

By Courtesy of Aviagen

32

During recent years one of the challenges has been the number of outbreaks of highly pathogenic Influenza (HPAI), which have caused great economic losses due to mortality, reduced performance, costs associated with eradication/control procedures, and long-term disruptions in trade. According to - management -

MANAGEMENT

a report from Rabobank (RaboResearch/Poultry Quarterly Q1 2018/December 2017) the outlook for the global poultry industry is promising; however one of the main concerns is continuing volatility caused by Avian Influenza (AI). This report concurs with industry publications declaring that AI has become a new reality driving changes in business and control strategies.

Growing consumer demand and resulting shortages of poultry meat and eggs will continue to benefit leading operations with high biosecurity standards, as well as bolster the imports from producers in regions or countries free from AI. Furthermore, this emphasizes the need for the acceptance and adoption of the principles in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) code for safe trade in poultry and poultry products, such as regionalization and compartmentalization, and the implementation of science-based surveillance programs. Development and recognition of primary breeder compartments in particular (established on the basis of stringent biosecurity and surveillance programs) will also help to ensure the supply of critical genetic stocks for producers around the world.

Biosecurity is defined as a comprehensive set of policies and practices to prevent the introduction and spread of disease causing organisms. It serves as the first and main barrier of protection against all diseases. A comprehensive biosecurity program requires commitment and has significant financial im-

plications. As shown in Figure 1, a biosecurity program is an investment that provides the foundation to attain critical goals such as flock health, animal welfare, optimum performance, and sustainable production.

Figure 1 – Biosecurity is an investment providing a foundation to attain critical goals for a commercial operation

Poultry production in the 21st century has evolved into a sophisticated multistep process, and flock health is the number one priority for optimizing production and ensuring welfare, profitability, competitiveness, and sustainability. Biosecurity is a

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- july/august 2018 -

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MANAGEMENT

pillar to preserve flock health, and producers around the world realize this is not only the right thing to do but also makes good business sense.

Risk management and biosecurity Managing risk starts by identifying factors that can introduce diseases. Recognizing and understanding the risk is a crucial step in designing an appropriate farm-based biosecurity program (see Figure 2). Once a relevant risk factor (potential input) is identified, an action plan comprised of suitable biosecurity practices designed and executed to eliminate or mitigate the risk should be developed. The next step in the cycle is to measure specific parameters or “critical control points” to monitor effectiveness and progress.

Figure 3 – Potential inputs for the introduction of disease agents into a typical poultry farm

cooperation between industry and national and state regulatory agencies. The minimum biosecurity principles are as follows:

Figure 2 – Managing risk is a process leading to the development and implementation of an action plan (biosecurity program) to suppress or mitigate the risk of disease introduction

Risk assessments provide an objective look at farms to evaluate strengths and weaknesses. Conducting risk assessments helps to identify gaps and modify protocols, training, and management. Adjustments may be made depending on individual risk levels posed by outbreaks in neighboring farms or regions.

In general, three of the most important factors that must be addressed by the biosecurity program are related to isolation (avoiding or limiting contact with other birds), traffic control (considering all potential inputs that could introduce diseases besides vehicles), and sanitation (cleaning and disinfection of facilities, disinfection of materials and equipment). Figure 3 shows a list of potential inputs that are most commonly covered by policies and operational practices in a farm-based biosecurity program. In 2017 the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), as part of its program standards, established in collaboration with industry partners a list of minimum biosecurity principles and audit guidelines (http://www.poultryimprovement.org - Program Standards, Biosecurity Principles). This list provides a useful template for a typical biosecurity program and an example of

34

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Biosecurity responsibility Training Line of separation (LOS) Perimeter buffer area (PBA) Personnel Wild birds, rodents and insects Equipment and vehicles Mortality disposal Manure and litter management Replacement poultry Water supply Feed and replacement litter Reporting of elevated morbidity and mortality Auditing

Building a successful biosecurity plan requires commitment, participation, and a sense of shared responsibility that can only be achieved by developing a robust culture through training, teamwork, communication, and feedback. The success of a biosecurity plan depends on everyone knowing, accepting, and complying with its policies and procedures at all times. Biosecurity must be mandatory and make sense. It must guide daily work activities for all levels of the operation, and be reviewed and improved on a regular basis. Each operation must build their own plan based on well-known principles and adapted to their own circumstances (local challenges), resources, and objectives. Setting unrealistic expectations or unjustifiable logistical obstacles to day-to-day operations will set a biosecurity plan up for failure.

Surveillance and monitoring Surveillance is a continuous process of observation of a production system to determine the absence or presence of diseases such as low and highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI

- management -

MANAGEMENT

and HPAI). This process can use a combination of active and passive surveillance methods. Passive surveillance is typically conducted when birds are submitted to diagnostic laboratories as a result of increased mortality, and the onset of respiratory signs and egg production drops. In addition, passive surveillance is performed by conducting on-site flock evaluations, identifying signs of disease, reporting to company veterinarians, conducting post-mortem examinations, and submitting samples to a laboratory for diagnosis (activities typically included in a company health plan).

Active surveillance is conducted by performing routine and systematic monitoring procedures to verify the status of commercial poultry flocks in official and/or privately owned diagnostic laboratories.

Whether or not commercial operations are mandated to comply with official surveillance programs, it is critically important for companies to design and implement a science-based monitoring program and to have laboratory resources that can rapidly and accurately detect infections with HPAI, or LPAI viruses with potential to mutate into HPAI (such as serotypes H5 and H7). Moreover, an effective biosecurity program must be verified by laboratory monitoring procedures that can routinely and systematically asses the status of the flocks to ensure their negative status, detect any recent infections, and generate prompt actions to prevent spread to neighboring farms and the production system.

Currently there are several diagnostic methods based on serological (antibody detection) or molecular procedures (antigen detection) that are used to routinely monitor the status of flocks (see Figure 4).

These methods are followed by confirmatory tests that include molecular (antigen characterization, sequencing), virus isolation, and evaluations of pathogenicity (pathotyping) in susceptible birds.

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Figure 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Current methods for detection and confirmation of infections caused by avian influenza virus

It is more cost-effective to prevent the introduction of diseases than to develop mitigation strategies after outbreaks have occurred. Maintaining a strong biosecurity culture and performing regular surveillance and monitoring are vital to ensure efficient, animal-welfare compliant, and sustainable poultry production.

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MANAGEMENT

To feed or not to feed? That is the question Is the early feeding of chicks really necessary and beneficial?

Development of the avian embryo, or chick, can be categorized into one of two strategies designed to meet very different physiological and biological needs. The avian embryo will develop as either an altricial or precocial chick, each with their own specific set of needs necessary to survive after hatch.

When comparing the two incubation and developmental strategies, the altricial chicks undergo a significant amount of their 'embryo growth and development' after hatch while the precocial chicks undergo a more significant portion of their development during the incubation period so they can hatch ‘ready to go’.

Altricial chick development is common in perching type birds that usually nest in trees, birds such as; songbirds, pigeons, raptors, etc. The young hatch as helpless naked birds which are unable to open their eyes or even hold up their heads. The young altricial chicks cannot maintain their own body temperature, even for short periods of time, and are thus very reliant on their parents for warmth and brooding.

Dr. Keith Bramwell, PhD Senior Technical Advisor Jamesway Incubator Company

36

Additionally, the parents – usually both are involved – are very instrumental in feeding and caring for the newly hatched chicks until they fledge the nest to begin life on their own. These types of birds will lay their clutch of eggs over several days and will usually begin to incubate the eggs before all eggs are laid, resulting in chicks hatching at various intervals over a period of a few days.

- management -

MANAGEMENT

The newly hatched chicks will stay in the protected nest away from most predators and are fed individually by their parents.

Because the chicks hatch over several days, there is often a great size difference between the chicks; with the last hatched and smallest of the clutch often succumbing to the increased competition for feed and space from their larger siblings. The growing chicks are then fed and cared for until each one has developed enough to leave the nest.

Precocial chick development is common with the majority of the ground dwelling and ground nesting birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, pheasants etc. The young precocial chick hatches with a warm covering with the ability to reasonably maintain body temperature, eyes are open with no reliance on the parents to physically bring food back to the newly hatched chicks, as they are able to walk within hours after hatch.

The mother will lay her clutch of eggs over a period of several days to a couple of weeks, depending upon the clutch size.

However, she will not begin incubating the eggs until all eggs are laid to try and maintain a narrow hatch window as the newly hatched chicks will all need to be escorted together by the mother away from nest site in search of feed.

To enable these precocial chicks to hatch together and leave the nest together, there are a couple of biological mechanisms in place to facilitate this function. First, in the hours leading up to the completion of the hatching process, precocial chicks engage in an activity called ‘clicking’, where the chicks are able to

communicate with each other from within the shell in an effort to synchronize the hatch time.

The second is eggs that produce precocial chicks contain a higher percent yolk (~40% vs 25%) as compared to eggs from altricial chicks. This allows the chicks to remain in the nest after hatch to wait for the other chicks to hatch so they can all leave the nest together. Nature intended for the chicks to use this available yolk to synchronize the post hatch feeding process between all hatchlings.

If the first hatched chicks try to forage for feed without the mother or the group they may become subject to predation without the protective instincts of the mother. This is what nature intended; that all chicks are able to begin feeding at the same time with the first hatched chicks utilizing the nutrients in the yolk in an effort to synchronize the early feeding process.

Feeding commercial hatched chicks Following what nature has designed and intended, is it really necessary and beneficial to feed newly hatched chicks immediately after hatch? In nearly every area of poultry production systems, uniformity is a key and very critical component to success.

When it is not achieved, inefficiencies often result in areas including the hatchery, the brooding house, and all the way to

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- july/august 2018 -

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MANAGEMENT

the processing plant. It is widely known and accepted that when chicks are not uniform from the start, problems will ensue whether they be replacement parent stock or broilers destined for the market.

Uniformity in replacement breeders has been shown to result in a better and more productive breeder house. Uniformity of young breeders tends to ‘level the playing field’ during rearing and allows the birds to more evenly compete with each other for resources such as feed, water and space.

Feed consumption and light duration is controlled and limited to encourage the majority of the birds to mature at an even pace, responding to light stimulation together and thereby commencing egg production together. Uniformity in the breeder house has been shown to improve egg size uniformity, egg production and broiler flock performance.

Uniform egg size results in uniform chicks. When placed chicks are more uniform, productivity of the entire flock is improved.

Nearly every hatchery manager desires the most uniform egg size possible, and nearly every broiler manager or grower would greatly prefer chicks that are sourced from similar aged parent flocks to improve the uniformity of chick size at placement.

have had access and have consumed feed and water for various periods of time. This increased competition would likely be another cause to negatively affect uniformity, as the chicks having been fed for extended periods of time would be much more active and running around with respect to the chicks still searching for food.

Would a producer want to take a group of hatched chicks and immediately place some on feed and water then intermittently over the next 36 hours, place new groups of newly hatched chicks in that same house and let them compete for feed and water with the older chicks? Nearly all would decline to do this.

This would create a less uniform housed group of chicks from the start, resulting with the last chicks placed never catching up in terms of body weight. Essentially, this is what is happening when chicks are fed as soon as they hatch, they are all starting on feed at different time intervals in relation to each other.

If in replacement breeder farms, birds are fed and light managed in a manner to allow birds to mature at each birds own pace, the results would be exceedingly poor uniformity and poor overall performance of the breeders and the progeny. If hatched broilers are each allowed to consume feed as soon as they hatch, the same result is likely, poor uniformity.

“When comparing the two incubation and developmental strategies, the altricial chicks undergo a significant amount of their ‘embryo growth and development’ after hatch while the parents are feeding the helpless chick and precocial chicks undergo a more significant portion of their ‘embryo growth and development’ during the incubation period so they can hatch ‘ready to go” When chicks are placed that hatched from eggs or from parent flocks of greatly varying ages, dramatic size differences in the chicks is often the consequence with overall poor flock performance results.

In the case of the various early feeding programs, a number of factors of concern must be considered. It is well known that research has continually shown that when feed is withheld from chicks after hatch, there is a delayed growth curve in those chicks as compared to chicks from the same hatch provided with feed immediately at placement.

Summary Nature, and the biology of the precocial chick, is designed for the optimal survival of the group of chicks as a whole with the first chicks hatched utilizing their yolk reserves to be ready for all chicks to begin feed consumption at the same time. This is the natural process of precocial chick growth and development.

The chicks, having feed withheld from them for periods of time after hatch, will never catch up with the others of the same age and hatch, and therefore would take a day or so longer to reach the desired market weight. It would be unadvisable for anyone to intentionally place birds in a single house that had hatched and therefore begun feed consumption at one or more days apart from each other, as final flock uniformity would be negatively affected and birds would be sent to the processing plant with one or more day’s difference in growth rate.

While it may be beneficial for an individual chick to begin feed consumption immediately after hatch, the growth and development and uniformity of the group of chicks may be hindered.

Currently research in a controlled setting is underway to more fully investigate this practice of early feeding to compare livability, growth and uniformity of the birds through processing with groups of birds from the same hatch where feeding is initiated at the same time to the entire group of hatched chicks. Once these studies are concluded, the science will support the best procedure.

Additionally, the unfed chicks placed in a house that are seeing feed for the first time, have to compete with chicks that

First published in IHP, May 2018.

38

- management -

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39

NUTRITION

N.K. Sharma1, M. Toghyani1, C.K. Girish2, Y.C.S.M. Laurenson1, M. Choct3 and R.A. Swick1 1 School

of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia 2 Evonik

(SEA) Pte. Ltd. Singapore, Australia

3 Poultry

Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Australia

40

Dietary energy, digestible lysine and available phosphorus levels influence growth performance and carcass traits of broilers Energy (E) and amino acids (AA) are two of the most expensive components in broiler diets. There is no general consensus regarding the interaction of E and AA on broiler performance and this requires further investigation.

Phosphorus (P) is the third most expensive diet component after E and AA (Woyengo and Nyachoti, 2011). Phosphorus plays a vital role in E and AA metabolism, and protein synthesis while P requirement has not been established with certainty. It was hypothesized that the requirements of digestible lysine (dLys, based on the ideal ratio as suggested by Baker and Han, 1994), AMEn and available P (avP) for broilers are not in the same proportion and these nutrients may interact with each other to affect broiler performance. To test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted using a 3- factor-3-level Box-Behnken design that included dLys (9.5, 10.5, 11.5 g/kg), AMEn (12.77; 13.19; 13.61 MJ/kg) - nutrition -

NUTRITION

and avP (3.0, 4.0, 5.0 g/kg) generating a total of 15 treatments with 5 replicates of 12 birds. A total of 1050 d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were fed a common starter diet (dLys 12.0 g/kg, AMEn 12.77 MJ/kg, avP 4.5 g/kg) up to d 14 and allocated to treatment diets from day 14-34.

Response surface was fitted by first, second or third degree polynomial regressions in JMP statistical software v. 12.0.1.

These results indicate that increasing dLys levels above current industry standard would improve broiler performance irrespective of AMEn of the diet.

References Baker DH & Han Y (1994) Poult. Sci. 73: 1441-1447.

Woyengo TA & Nyachoti CM (2011) Can. J Anim. Sci. 91: 177-192.

From the Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium

Body weight gain (BWG) was described

by a third-order equation (adj. R2 = 0.80, P < 0.001) and was affected by dLys (linear and quadratic) AMEn (linear) and AMEn × avP. Increase in dLys increased BWG but increase in AMEn decreased BWG in the birds fed the low avP diet but had no effect on BWG in those fed the high avP diet. High dLys, low AMEn and low avP maximised BWG during 1434 day. Similarly, FCR was described by

a third-order equation (adj. R2 = 0.92, P < 0.001) and was affected by dLys (linear and quadratic), AMEn (linear), avP (linear) and AME × avP. Increase in dLys decreased FCR but increase in AMEn decreased FCR in the birds fed the low avP diet but had no effect on FCR in those fed the high avP diet. High dLys, low AMEn and high avP minimised FCR during 14-34 day. dLys had greatest in fluence on breast yield (adj. R2 = 0.47, P < 0.001) where increasing dLys increased breast yield (linear) and breast yield percentage (linear and quadratic) but increasing AMEn decreased breast yield (linear) and breast yield percentage (linear). Similarly, increase in dLys decreased abdominal fat percentage but increase in AMEn increased abdominal fat percentage at both low and high avP levels with a more distinct effect on high

avP level (R2 = 0.50, P < 0.001).

In conclusion, dLys had the greatest influence on performance and carcass traits in broilers from 14-34 day posthatch. Interactions between AMEn and avP for BWG, FCR and abdominal fat percentage were detected, however, no interactions were detected between dLys and AMEn or dLys and avP for these parameters.

- july/august 2018 -

41

NUTRITION

A fresh look at the mode of action of NSP enzymes, focussing on the gut microbiota and fermentation products Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes have been used in monogastric diets since the 1980’s, yet there is still debate on mode of action and how they improve animal performance. Arabinoxylans account for 50-70% of the NSP present in cereal grains and make up the majority of cell wall NSP in corn, wheat, rye and barley.

Rob ten Doeschate and Gemma González-Ortiz AB Vista, Marlborough, UK

42

The arabinoxylans associated to cellulose in the cell wall tend to be insoluble in water; however the soluble fraction can form highly viscous solutions in the animal gut, although this is less important in corn than in wheat and rye, where the soluble portion is larger (Choct and Annison, 1992). The most widespread NSP-degrading feed enzyme is xylanase, which is involved in arabinoxylan degradation, hydrolysing the 1,4-D-xylosidic linkage between xylose residues (Mendis et al., 2016). In a typical UK diet, based on wheat, it is often expected that the reduction in viscosity is the main cause of benefits seen from adding a xylanase (Bedford, 2000). However, in turkeys viscosity is perceived to be less of a challenge than it would be in broilers; however, the use of xylanase can benefit performance through the improvement of - nutrition -

apparent metabolisable energy and nutrient digestibilities in turkeys as well as in broilers (Annison, 1992; González-Ortiz et al., 2017). More recently, the mode of action of xylanases have been related to factors not related with viscosity.

Currently there is evidence that the use of xylanase in corn-based diets for poultry results in performance improvement and enhance digestibility (Masey O’Neill et al., 2012; Aftab, 2012) despite the lower portion of soluble arabinoxylans, highlighting that mechanisms other than viscosity reduction are important. Possible mechanism for this have been proposed over the years, with initially a focus on the potential for the xylanase to break through cell walls and thus enable the nutrients within the cells to become available to the animal (Hesselman and Åman, 1986). The

NUTRITION

debate still remains on how xylanases interact with cell walls. If the effect on the cell walls is a direct effect by xylanases or an indirect effect through the higher grinding activity in the gizzard through the gut-brain axis stimulation by xylanases still needs further investigations.

The older generation enzyme produced more X1 (xylose) and X2 (xylobiose), whilst the single xylanase produced about 2 times as much of the 2-7 xylose unit XOS, indicating that these enzymes could produce different XOS in the gut.

Recent research has focussed on the interaction between the use of xylanase and the gut microbiota as a possible way to partly explain the positive effects seen especially in those animals fed non-viscous diets. The oligosaccharides (OS) released as a result of xylan degradation in the distal sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) may be the responsible (Bedford and Cowieson, 2012). OS seem to be involved in several functions in the intestine: promoting butyrate-producing bacteria in the intestinal tract, optimizing colon function, influencing the composition of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), increasing mineral absorption and immune stimulation, and increasing the ileal villus length (Graham et al., 2003; De Maesschalck et al., 2015). In turn, the presence of SCFA in the lower intestine can result in feedback to increase retention time in the gizzard, which will help actually opening up cell walls. Performance improvement can thus be related to a variety of factors, all interlinked. This paper will show some of the evidence that has been produced in this area.

Changes in the microbiome

Production of OS by different enzyme products

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

No xyl y anas se With xylanase

X7

300% 250% 200%

P-value

Xylo-oligosaccharides production after 1h incubation (relative to the y a Multi NSPase)

The aim is to produce OS useful for bacterial fermentation.

Pure xylose or arabinose production is something that should be avoided as has already been shown to be detrimental to animal performance at both swine and poultry diets (Verstegen et al., 1991). Different xylanases have different characteristics, resulting in different end-products. For example, the xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) profile obtained after one hour incubation of wheat arabinoxylan with two sources of xylanase, a single-monocomponent xylanase (Econase XT) and an older generation enzyme product claimed to have a number of activities, resulted in very different proportions of XOS (Figure 1).

Measuring and describing the microbiome can be done in a variety of ways: microscopy, traditional culturing methods or by molecular techniques. However, with the vast advance in molecular tools knowledge nowadays, the latter is the preferred option as they can give the most reliable results about the microbial composition of a complex sample like digesta. One feasible and extensively used method is the use of full-genome guanine+cytosine (G+C) profiling which is free of biases common to PCR- and hybridisation-based methods. It depicts the total microbial community diversity in a single profile according to their content in guanidine and cytosine. The G+C profiling has been used in various studies in poultry (Rinttila and Apajalahti, 2013). The advantage of this technique is that it gives a reflection of the complete microbiome in a direct way, and correlations between performance and shifts in microbial profile have been shown in broilers. In a recent study with female turkeys (Figure 2), a shift was seen as a result of the use of xylanase, and this was also linked to improved performance.

During a 84-day study, weight gain tended to be improved 163 g (from 7560 g in the control to 7723 g in the xylanase-treated birds; P=0.071) and FCR was significantly improved (Control 2.09, Econase XT: 2.02; P=0.007) (González-Ortiz et al., 2017).

150%

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1.000 0.100

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Figure 1 – Xylo-oligosaccharide profile produced after incubation with mono-component xylanase or an older generation multi-activity NSP-degrading enzyme product

Figure 2 – Percentage guanine + cytosine (G+C) profiling of caecal microbiota of turkeys at d 84 receiving a control diet without xylanase or the same diet supplemented with 16,000 BXU/ kg of xylanase. Data are means of 1 bird per pen with 15 pens per treatment. Bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM).

Regions highlighted (35-43, 50-56 and 66-70) are statistically different (P² 0.05) between treatment groups. (Adapted from González-Ortiz et al., 2017)

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As an example, Figure 3 shows the effect of Econase XT xylanase on the concentration of SCFA in the ileum of broilers fed either with or without the product. At both 21 and 41 days, there is a clear increase in the concentration of butyric acid, indicating a positive change in fermentation due to the inclusion of the enzyme related to a significant improvement in animal performance (González-Ortiz et al., 2016).

Similar measurements in the caeca of the turkeys from the earlier study (González-Ortiz et al., 2017) showed no significant differences in SCFA concentration or profile, which may have been due to the limitations of the techniques used. The problem encountered is that measuring SCFA in the caeca at a single point in time may not convey any information on the rate of production, degradation and absorption (i.e. the flux) of these SCFA or the frequency of caecal evacuation. Given the change in microbial profile (Figure 2), it is likely that a change in fermentation pattern did occur which may have been the reason for the improved performance observed.

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% Increase over the control

The analysis of SCFA may complement the microbiota profiling and help the understanding about the interactions that can take place in the gut. The reason for this is that the fermentation of carbohydrates tends to produce beneficial volatile fatty acids, such as butyric acid, whilst fermentation of protein leads to the production of branched chain fatty acids and potentially toxic amines. Characterisation of the fermentation by looking at the end products can thus give an indication of how well feed characteristics influence fermentation. It is important to note that measuring the concentration of SCFA in intestinal content is a point in time measurement and may not totally reflect their production as SCFA will be utilised by the intestinal epithelium and not necessarily accumulate in the hindgut digesta.

0% Acetic Propionic Butyric acid acid acid 21-days

Lactic acid

41-days

Figure 3 – Influence of xylanase supplementation on volatile fatty acid and lactic acid concentrations (shown as mM) in the ileum of broilers on 21 and 41 days old (Adapted from González-Ortiz et al., 2016)

Conclusions Supplementation of turkey diets with xylanase can improve performance through various mechanisms. The shifts in the microbial profiling as a result of feeding xylanase may be due to the provision of oligosaccharides, stimulating the development of a fibrolytic fermentation in the hindgut. This positive change in the microbiome is proposed as a novel way to consider how xylanases works. The benefit of looking at it this way is that it explains why xylanase can work in animals where viscosity is less of an issue and also why the responses may increase with animal age. Similarly, it gives an explanation for the efficacy of enzymes in corn-soy diets.

References

Gemma Gonzalez

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Rob Ten Doeschate

Aftab, U. 2012. Exogenous carbohydrase in corn-soy diets for broilers. Worlds. Poult. Sci. J. 68:447–464.

Annison, G. 1992. Commercial enzyme supplementation of wheatbased diets raises ileal glycanase activities and improves apparent metabolisable energy, starch and pentosan digestibilities in broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.

38:105–121.

Bedford, M. R. 2000. Exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition — their current value and future benefits. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 86:1–13.

Bedford, M. R., and A. J. Cowieson. 2012. Exogenous enzymes and their effects on intestinal microbiology. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 173:76–85.

Choct, M., and G. Annison. 1992. Anti nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: Roles of viscosity and gut microflora. Br. Poult. Sci. 33:821–834.

González-Ortiz, G., K. Kozłowski, A. Dra bo, and M. R. Bedford.

2017. Response of turkeys fed wheat-barley-rye based diets to xylanase supplementation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 229:117123.

González-Ortiz, G., K. Vienola, J. Apajalahti, and M. Bedford.

2016. Xylanase supplementation influences performance and intestinal fermentation in broiler chickens. Page 128 in 10th Gut

- nutrition -

©Tide Mill Organic Farm

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Microbiology Symposium INRA-ROWETT. Clermont-Ferrand.

Graham, H., J. Apajalahti, and S. Peuranen. 2003. Xylooligosaccharides alter metabolism of gut microbes and blood xylose levels in chicks. Pages 47–49 in Proc. Dietary Fibre. The Netherlands.

Hesselman, K., and P. Åman. 1986. The effect of -glucanase on the utilization of starch and nitrogen by broiler chickens fed on barley of low- or high-viscosity. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.

15:83–93.

De Maesschalck, C., V. Eeckhaut, L. Maertens, L. De Lange, L. Marchal, C. Nezer, S. De Baere, S. Croubels, G. Daube, J. Dewulf, F. Haesebrouck, R. Ducatelle, B. Taminau, and F. Van Immerseel. 2015. Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharides on Broiler Chicken Performance and Microbiota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

81:5880–8.

Masey O’Neill, H. V, N. Liu, J. P. Wang, A. Diallo, and S. Hill. 2012. Effect of xylanase on performance and apparent metabolisable energy in starter broilers fed diets containing one maize variety harvested in different regions of china. AsianAustralasian J. Anim. Sci. 25:515–23.

Mendis, M., E. Leclerc, and S. Simsek. 2016. Arabinoxylans, gut microbiota and immunity. Carbohydr. Polym. 139:159–166.

Rinttila, T., and J. Apajalahti. 2013. Intestinal microbiota and metabolites - Implications for broiler chicken health and performance1. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 22:647–658.

Verstegen, M. W. A., S. Tamminga, and E. Weerden. 1991.

Nutritional value and physiological effects of D-xylose and L-arabinose in poultry and pigs. TNO-Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology,Wageningen, The Netherlands.

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WORLD LEADER IN SPECIALITY MARKETS! www.hubbardbreeders.com - july/august 2018 -

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ŠVideoblock

ŠChicken Farming

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R.A.H.M. Ten Doeschate1, S.L. Parker-Norman1 and T.A. Sutton2 1

AB Vista, a division of AB Agri Ltd.; 2

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ABN, a division of AB Agri Ltd.

Taking phytase superdosing from scientific concept to commercial application: a UK example Scientific research is based on carefully designed experiments, performed in carefully controlled conditions with the outcome measured as accurately as possible, using a range of parameters.

In commercial practice, the reality is that performance is measured on farms with a variety of confounding factors influencing the few parameters that are ultimately considered.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

In order to get nutritional concepts accepted by commercial nutritionists, it is often required to do ‘commercial testing’ to bridge the gap between these two realities. This paper gives a case study of a possible approach, and nicely shows some potential pitfalls in doing this.

Within a UK broiler integration successive crops on 25 farms over a four-month period were allocated either to Control or Superdosing in an alternating manner. This resulted, for most farms, in either one or two crops being fed Control diets with the other one being fed Superdose diets. For Control crops all feeds contained both xylanase and phytase at standard levels (Econase XT at 16,000 BXU/kg and Quantum Blue at 500

©AB Vista

Phytase superdosing has been shown to increase broiler performance, both in terms of growth rate and in FCR, combining in a typical improvement of 3-4 points weight corrected FCR as compared to the use of a standard dose of phytase. Commercial evaluations can take the form of replicated pen studies, house to house comparisons or farm to farm comparisons, either simultaneously run or compared over time. In this case it was decided to use a combined approach of comparing both across farms and time, as it was not possible to split farms and guarantee accurate collection of data.

FTU/kg, AB Vista) and the diets were typical UK vegetable diets based on wheat and soya. For the Superdose crops the only dietary difference was an increase in the dose of the phytase from 500 FTU/kg to 1500 FTU/kg. Some (n=2) crops were excluded from final analysis where the killing programme was

We are launching a series of technical videos on what we see as the key research areas for the future within animal nutrition technology.

Superdosing – where are the benefits coming from?

Part one: IP3/IP4 destruction We explore the latest thinking regarding phytate and how partial degradation of phytate is insufficient to maximize performance opportunities to prevent anti-nutritive effects.

The first video of the three videos is available to view by scanning this QR code or at www.abvista.com

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“Within a UK broiler integration successive crops on 25 farms over a four-month period were allocated either to Control or Superdosing in an alternating manner. This resulted, for most farms, in either one or two crops being fed Control diets with the other one being fed Superdose diets” Table 1 – The mean, min, max and standard deviation of the measured production parameters Mean

Min

Max

Standard Deviation

Av Wt (kg)

2.23

2.03

2.57

0.1

Daily Gain (g/d)

62.45

57.42

68.62

2.28

Feed / bird (kg)

3.63

3.3

4.16

0.19

Wt FCR (kg/kg)

1.66

1.54

1.84

0.05

There were a number of significant co-variate effects of farm, average age and month of clear date. Farm had a significant effect on average weight, daily gain, EPEF, weight corrected FCR. Average age had a significant effect on average weight, feed consumption per bird and meat production per per square metre. Average performance measures, weight, daily gain, and weight for age were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in Superdose flocks. Superdosed flocks also had a tendency for a higher feed per bird ration and greater meat yield per square metre (see Table 2).

Wt for Age (kg)

2.74

2.52

2.92

0.08

Table 2 – Effects of Superdosing on production measures

adjusted to produce Christmas birds or other identified factors affected the results. In the end, 32 Control crops and 23 Superdose crops were used in the analysis.

The main performance parameters (Average Weight, daily gain, Feed/bird, Weight for age, and FCR) for Control and Superdosed flocks were subjected to an ANOVA using the standard least squares procedure of JMP 13.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The statistical model included QB dosage, farm, average age and month of clear date as co-variates.

48

LSM Variable

Control

Superdosed

Significance

Average weight (kg)

2.27 ± 0.07

2.31 ± 0.07

*

Daily gain (g/d)

63.79 ± 2.04

64.9 ± 2.05

*

Weight for age (kg)

2.79 ± 0.07

2.83 ± 0.07

*

Feed/bird (kg)

3.54 ± 0.17

3.61 ± 0.17

**

* Indicates (P ≤ 0.05) ** Indicates a tendency (P < 0.10) towards significance

- nutrition -

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Although most other parameters showed numerical improvements, there were no further statistically significant differences, demonstrating the inherent variability of parameters under commercial conditions. Financial calculations, done by the integration and taking into account the extra cost of the phytase, showed a difference in margin over feed and chick of ÂŁ0.0098 per chick, which is an economically significant improvement.

This retrospective analysis of commercial performance and health data indicates that Superdosing provided significant system benefits including improved average weight, daily gain and weight for age as well as a tendency towards significant improvements in meat yield per square metre and higher feed consumption per bird. Whilst the average results are sufficiently interesting for the commercial nutritionist to base a decision on, the dataset also contains some observations useful for future studies of this kind. Firstly, the range of results between farms was large, yet normal, for commercial conditions (see Table 1).

Given the number of flocks/farms involved, this data can be viewed with some confidence however, if a given pair of farms or flocks were to be compared, then clearly any outcome could be possible, even though the conditions on these farms were fairly standardised and management was generally considered to be good. Additionally, there were a number of significant covariate effects of farm, average age and month of clear date on production and health parameters showing the importance of considering these when making commercial comparisons.

Commercial evaluations require careful thought, planning and analysis to get the best possible conditions for comparing treatments. Where this is done and the results achieved are sufficiently convincing, then a promising scientific concept can be evaluated and translated into a commercial application.

References are available on request From the Austrialian Poultry Science Symposium

Sophie Parker-Norman

Rob Ten Doeschate

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ŠSanderson Farms

ŠFeed Navigator

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Ileal amino acids digestibility in response to increasing phytase dose or MCP levels in broilers Y. Dersjant-Li Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, UK C. Kwakernaak Schothorst Feed Research, AM Lelystad, The Netherlands

50

Commercial poultry feed is formulated mainly with plant based ingredients including cereals and oil seeds. These ingredients provide low available P because 70-80% of P is in the form of phytate, which is poorly utilized by mono-gastric animals. In addition, it is well known that phytate can bind to proteins mainly at the stomach pH and bind to minerals mainly at the intestinal pH and therefore reduce the availability of other nutrients such as amino acids.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

Phytase has been traditionally used at 500 FTU/kg with the primary objective of improving phytate P digestibility and therefore reduce the excretion of P to the environment. Recent studies demonstrated that phytate degradation rate was positively co-related to amino acids digestibility.

©newsstand.clemson.edu

This study tested the effect of increasing phytase dose on ileal AA digestibility, AMEn and performance in Ross 308 male broilers fed corn/soybean meal based test diets from 5-21 days of age. A negative control diet (NC) was formulated without inorganic P, and supplemented with four different dose levels of phytase, with either a Buttiauxella sp phytase up to 1050 FTU/ kg feed or an E. coli phytase up to 1810 FTU/kg feed. Three PC diets with addition of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g P from MCP/kg feed to NC were used as reference. Increasing phytase dose showed a linear increase in ileal dig AA and AMEn, a greater efficacy of Buttiauxella phytase was found compared to E. coli phytase based on the slope ratio. Buttiauxella sp phytase at 1050 FTU/ kg increased ileal AA digestibility, AMEn and reduced FCR (P < 0.05) compared to the PC with 1.8 g/kg P from MCP and revealed an extra-phosphoric effect.

The objective of this study was to determine ileal AA digestibility and AMEn in response to increasing phytase dose in broilers.

Performance and tibia ash were also measured.

Materials and methods The trial comprised in total twelve dietary treatments with 6 replicates/ treatment. A negative control (NC) diet was formulated with 2900 kcal/kg AMEn, 21% CP, 0.18% retainable P, 0.25% phytate-P, and 0.65% Ca. The negative control diet was supplemented with 4 graded levels of either a new generation Buttiauxella sp phytase (expressed in Trichoderma reesei, highly active at low pH and wide pH range) or an E coli phytase (expressed in Pichia pastoris) at targeted dose level of 250, 500, 750, 1000 FTU/kg feed.

Three positive control diets (PC) were used to determine the response of the broilers to increasing retainable P levels, with addition of MCP to supply 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g p per kg feed to NC. Dietary Ca was increased by 0.8 g/kg in the PC diets to maintain a reasonable Ca/P ratio.

In order to assure a similar diet composition, apart from Ca, P and phytase, one basal mixture of feed was produced, containing 0.25% titanium dioxide as an inert dietary marker. This batch was divided to 12 sub-batches, and were used for production of the PC diets (adding MCP, diamol and CaCO3) and the test diets (adding phytase and diamol). No coccidiostat or other enzymes were added to the diets. Diets were analysed for P and Ca content and the analysed values were very similar to formulated values. The phytase premix samples and dietary samples were analysed by LUFA, Germany (an independent laboratory) to determine the phytase activity. The analysed activity was higher than targeted activity for E. coli phytase and therefore the analysed activity was used for both phytase

“The objective of this study was to determine ileal AA digestibility and AMEn in response to increasing phytase dose in broilers. Performance and tibia ash were also measured” sources being 300, 530, 890 and 1050 FTU for the Buttiauxella phytase and 440, 960, 1500 and 1810 FTU for the E. coli phytase. One-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were housed in a large floor pen during the 5 day pre-experimental period and were fed a pelleted, nutritional adequate broiler starter diet. At 5 days of age 1152 healthy broilers were allocated to 72 two-tier balance cages (16 broilers per cage) based on a weight class system to achieve similar mean BW per cage at the start of the experiment. The experimental diets were pelleted and fed to the birds at ad libitum from 5-21 days of age. Water was freely available during the whole period.

Ileal contents were collected at the last day of the experiment.

Ileal chyme samples were freeze-dried, ground and analysed for dry matter, Ti and amino acids (excl. Tryptophan). Excreta were collected per cage during three successive days (18, 19 and 20), for N and AMEn measurement. The data were analysed as a randomised block design by analysis of variance

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188.0

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Figure 1 – Ileal digestible total amino acids (17 amino acids) in response to increasing phytase dose and inorganic P levels (a,b,c: significant difference at P < 0.05).

Figure 2 – AMEn in response to increasing phytase dose and inorganic P levels (a,b,c: significant difference at P < 0.05)

(ANOVA) using GenStat® statistical package for Windows (14th edition). A cage was the experimental unit. Treatment means were compared by LSD. P < 0.05 is statistically significant.

Body weight gain (BWG, data not shown) and tibia ash data (Figure 4) showed that Buttiauxella phytase at 1050 FTU/kg was equivalent to inorganic P added at 1.8g/kg from MCP, while E. coli phytase at 1500 FTU/kg maintained BWG and tibia ash at a level comparable to PC with 1.2g/kg P from MCP.

Results Increasing phytase dose resulted in linear increase in AMEn and ileal digestible AA, while ADG, FCR and tibia ash responded in a more curvilinear manner. Ileal total amino acid (sum of 17 AA) content increased linearly with increasing phytase dose, however, the slope was greater with Buttiauxella phytase than E. coli phytase (see Figure 1), indicating a greater efficacy. Increasing inorganic P level from 0.6 to 1.8g/kg form MCP numerically increased ileal digestible total AA, however, Buttiauxella phytase at 1050 FTU/kg significant increased ileal digestible total AA compared to all three PC diets and the E. coli phytase at the similar dose. Similar dose response was seen with AMEn (Figure 2).

The digestible AA and AMEn results were corresponding to the significantly lower FCR with Buttiauxella phytase at 1050 FTU/kg, compared to NC, PC and the E. coli phytase at 1500 FTU (Figure 3).

FCR (5-20 days)

1.40

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Buttiauxella

NC + 0.6 g P

NC + 1.2 g P

NC + 1.8 g P

1. bind to AA, forming binary protein-phytate complexes or ternary protein-phytate complexes at pH levels below or above the isoelectric point of proteins and are refractory to pepsin digestion; 2. may increase mucin secretions into the gut and increase endogenous AA losses; 3. may interfere with starch and AA absorption by compromising Na(+)-dependent transport systems and the activity of the Na pump.

A phytase that is more active at low pH and wide pH range will break down phytate more quickly and completely in the stom-

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Selle et al. (2012) reviewed that phytate can reduce AA absorption due to the following mechanisms:

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Figure 4 – Tibia ash in response to increasing phytase dose and inorganic P levels (a,b,c: significant difference at P < 0.05)

- nutrition -

2000

Šcinaroglu.org

NUTRITION

ach or gizzard, and reduce these anti-nutritional effects of phytate, result in increased digestibility of AA and AME. This study showed a clear extra-phosphoric effect with increasing Buttiauxella phytase dose to 1050 FTU/kg, which resulted in an increased digestible AA, AMEn and feed efficiency. A greater efficacy with Buttiauxella phytase was observed compared to the E. coli phytase, which might be explained by the different pH optima of the phytases. Compared to the NC diet, 1050 FTU Buttiauxella phytase increased ileal digestibility of total AA (sum 17 AA) by 5.3 g/kg, whereas the increase was 2.6 g/kg for 1810 FTU E. coli phytase. Based on the linear regression analysis, with corn/SBM based diets used in this study, 1000 FTU Buttiauxella phytase could increase 5.9 g/kg ileal total digestible AA (sum of 17 AA), whereas the increase would be 1.5 g/kg for the E. coli phytase at 1000 FTU.

References Amerah AM, Plumstead PW, Barnard LP & Kumar A (2014) Poultry Science 93: 906-915.

Liu SY, Cadogan DJ, Peron A, Truong HH & Selle PH (2014) Animal Feed Science and Technology 97: 164-175.

Selle PH, Cowieson AJ, Cowieson NP & Ravindran V (2012) Nutrition Research Review 25: 1-17.

Truong HH, Bold RM, Liu SY & Selle PH (2015) Animal Feed Science and Technology 209: 240-248.

From the Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium - july/august 2018 -

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Š vencomatic

VETERINARY SCIENCE

Comparison of four injection sites for Se bacterin vaccine in commercial pullets

Katie Schlist, DVM Forsman Farms, Inc.

54

As commercial pullet farming transitions from rearing a bird on a single level in conventional-style housing to rearing a bird in a multi-level aviary, conventional methods of production must also be adjusted to assure a pullet her best chance of success. Among the methods that can be examined are the procedures for administering injectable vaccines. Commercially reared egg-laying pullets are commonly vaccinated against Salmonella enteritidis with a program including the intramuscular injection of a Salmonella enteritidis bacterin. While individual farming programs may utilize one of a number of potential intramuscular vaccination sites, no data has been published comparing the immune and physiologic responses between sites, or how the choice of injection site may affect successful rearing in aviary versus conventional housing.

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

Weight change by site 10

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© JPE

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0.56 pounds. Early visual analysis of weight changes between the four groups suggests a difference in the rate of gain in addition to the total amount gained, with groin and breast injected pullets gaining weight at a faster rate than the wing and leg injected pullets (Figure 1).

2

Ing Fold

Breast

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Leg

Figure 1

In order to determine if there is a difference in physiologic and immune response between commercially-reared leghorn pullets injected with S. enteritidis bacterin vaccine in the muscles of the upper wing, the breast, the leg, and the space under the skin at the groin, 124 12-week-old pullets from a conventional, belted pullet barn were selected. Pullets were housed in three adjacent columns of cages of three tiers, each cage housing 11-15 pullets. All pullets received the same trivalent vaccine against Newcastle Disease, Bronchitis, and Se on the same day from the same administrator. One column of three cages was injected in the wing, one in the breast, and one under the skin of the groin. The rest of the pullets in the barn were injected in the leg, the farm’s standard procedure. Starting on the day that the vaccine was administered, the pullets were monitored weekly for six weeks for changes in weight and injection site inflammatory reaction (swelling and color change). Blood samples were collected at 5, 30, and 60 weeks post injection for analysis of antibody titers to the vaccine. The injection under the skin of the groin used a needle guard to guide in injection the vaccine just under the skin, avoiding the muscle. Data for the leg-injected group was calculated from the flock averages.

Over the initial six weeks of the study, pullets that were injected under the skin in the groin gained an average of 0.67 pounds, pullets injected in breast muscle gained an average of 0.62 pounds, pullets injected in the wing gained an average of 0.60 pounds, and pullets injected in the leg gained an average of

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“Early visual analysis of weight changes between the four groups suggests a difference in the rate of gain in addition to the total amount gained, with groin and breast injected pullets gaining weight at a faster rate than the wing and leg injected pullets” Over the initial six weeks of the study, pullets injected in the groin experienced the largest number of inflammatory reaction two weeks post injection, with 45% of the group experiencing noticeable swelling and color change. Pullets injected in the breast experienced the largest number of inflammatory reaction four weeks post injection, with 34% of the group experiencing noticeable swelling and color change. Pullets injected in the wing experienced the largest number of inflammatory reaction Enjection site reaction

Blood was drawn to measure serum titer response to the vaccine at five and six weeks post injection, with follow-up serum titer analysis planned for 30 and 60 weeks post injection. Early analysis of five and six week titers suggests that titers are protective in all four study groups.

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Figure 2

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12/6/17 Breast

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two weeks post injection, with 97% of the group experiencing noticeable swelling and color change. Pullets injected in the leg experienced the largest number of inflammatory reaction three weeks post injection, with 71% of the group experiencing noticeable swelling and color change. At five weeks post injection the groin and leg injected pullets had apparently resolved to 0% with an inflammatory reaction, the breast injected to 14% with an inflammatory reaction, and the wing injected to 38% with an inflammatory reaction (Figure 2).

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At the conclusion of the data collection period, results were compared to a 2016 study by the author comparing responses between injection in the leg and the breast. The 2016 study suggested that breast injection of the trivalent Se bacterin vaccine was a beneficial procedure for pullets raised in a multi-level aviary as there was less incidence of inflammatory reaction.

Less inflammation means less pain, which is expected to support the vertical movement required for pullets to access feed and water in a multi-level aviary system.

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Research shows how Infectious Laryngotracheitis can spread from vaccinated flocks The completion of a funded research project at the University of Georgia in Athens, Ga., was announced by USpoultry and the USpoultry Foundation in which a researcher showed how Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) can spread from vaccinated flocks.

The research was made possible in part by an endowing Foundation gift from Claxton Poultry and is part of the Associationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comprehensive research program encompassing all phases of poultry and egg production and processing. A brief summary of the completed project is shown below.

Project #699: Does broiler vaccination with HVT-LT (INNOVAXÂŽ) vector vaccine increase the Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus challenge infectious dose? - Dr. Maricarmen Garcia, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Dr. Maricarmen Garcia, at the University of Georgia, recently completed a research project that studied how well a recombinant ILT vaccine protected broilers when various doses of the vaccine were used. She found that all dosage levels used protected against the clinical signs of the disease, but

58

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

none of the dosage levels prevented the broilers from shedding the ILT challenge virus to other broilers. This study reinforces the observation that biosecurity is very important to control spread of ILT from vaccinated flocks.

The overall objectives of this research were to evaluate the protection induced by an rHVT-LT recombinant vector vaccine when administered in-ovo in broilers and to assess the potential of rHVT-LT vaccinated chickens to spread virus to contact chickens following challenge. The rHVT-LT vaccine is a Marek’s disease vaccine, which also expresses proteins of Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus. This study demonstrated that the rHVT-LT vaccine administered at three standardized doses - 6000 (full dose), 3000 and 1000 plaque forming units (PFU) - did not increase or limit the level of protection against challenge.

Independently of the vaccine dose administered, vaccinated chickens showed reduction in clinical signs, maintained body weight gain and demonstrated a reduction of 52-65 percent in challenge virus replication in the trachea, as compared to the non-vaccinated challenge group of chickens. In this study all aspects of the in-ovo vaccination were carefully controlled.

Under field conditions many factors involving vaccine storage, reconstitution and administration can negatively affect the vaccine titer. Therefore, although under experimental conditions chickens vaccinated with the 1000 PFU dose showed 63 percent reduction in challenge virus replication, the use of such a

low dose may lead to poor protection under field conditions. Despite the reduction of challenge virus replication in the trachea of vaccinated chickens, transmission of the challenge virus from vaccinated to contact chickens was evidenced by clinical signs of the disease and elevated viral load in the trachea of contact chickens. Therefore, independently of the vaccine dose, protection elicited by the rHVT-LT vaccine was considered incomplete as apparently healthy chickens were shedding virus.

This result underscores the importance for the establishment of proper biosecurity measures in rHVT-LT vaccinated flocks, particularly those located in endemic zones of the disease. Results from this study also suggest that the spread of challenge virus from rHVT-LT vaccinated chickens to contact chickens, and among contact chickens, was enhanced by increased inlet air speed and decreased exhaust air speed. Studies are warranted to better understand the role of air exchange in the spread of ILTV in rHVT-LT vaccinated flocks.

A complete report may be obtained by going to USPOULTRY’s website, www.uspoultry.org.

For more information: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, Georgia 30084-7303 Tel.: (770) 493-9401 – Fax: (770) 493-9257 Website: www.uspoultry.org

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September, 17 to 21 XV European Poultry Conference Dubrovnik, Croatia For information please contact: Secretary: Assist. Prof. Danijela Horvatek Tomić University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary medicine Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tel.: +385 1 2390281 Fax: +385 1 2390410 Email: horvatek@vef.hr

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October, 2 to 3 New Zealand Poultry Industry Conference Organised by World's Poultry Science Association New Zealand Branch in association with the Monogastric Research Centre, Massey University, New Zealand Quality Hotel Plymouth International New Plymouth, New Zealand For information please contact: Mr M. Abdollahi Massey University Poultry Research Unit Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North New Zealand Email: M.Abdollahi@massey.ac.nz

February, 12 to 14 IPPE International Production & Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center 285 Andrew Young International Blvd NW Atlanta, Georgia USA For information please contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA USA Tel.: 770.493.9401 Fax: 770.493.9257 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexpo.org

November, 6 to 8 2nd PSA Latin American Scientific Conference Royal Palm Hotel and Convention Center São Paulo, Brasil For information please contact: Poultry Science Association 701 Devonshire Drive, C-51 Champaign, IL 61820 Tel.: 217-356-5285 Fax: 217-239-6644 Email: psa@assochq.org

March, 12 to 14 48th annual Midwest Poultry Federation MPF Convention Minneapolis Convention Center Downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA For information please contact: Lara Durben Email: ldurben@midwestpoultry.com Website: www.midwestpoultry.com

Internet Guide ABVista emea@abvista.com www.abvista.com Agritech agritech@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieri-belts.com Bayer HealthCare www.bayer.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed Headquarters info@carfed.ch www.carfed.ch Carfed Italian Branch info@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.com DSM Nutritional Products www.dsm.com Elanco www.elanco.com Eurosilos SIRP contatti@eurosilos.it www.eurosilos.it EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net Farmer Automatic info@farmerautomatic.de www.farmerautomatic.de FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it Fiera di Forlì info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com FierAgricola Verona info@veronafiere.it www.veronafiere.it Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway USA-sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/poultry-processing Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies sales@MSTegg.com www.MSTegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen BV info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info@reventa.de www.reventa.de Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.ska.it Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Tecnoclima tecnoclima@tecnoclimaspa.com www. tecnoclimaspa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com Twinpack Special Products B.V. sales@twinpacksp.com www.twinpacksp.com U.S. Poultry & Egg Association info@uspoultry.org www.uspoultry.org Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic info@vencomatic.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv@vnuexhibitions.com www.viv.net Vostermans ventilation@vostermans.com www.vostermans.com

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