Zootecnica International - English edition - 01 January - 2019

Gut health and Coccidiosis

The egg industry in Japan

Engineering vaccines for multiple strains of IBV

2019

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Zootecnica International – January 2019 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

EDITORIAL After a period of more than fifty year from the publication of the first issue of Zootecnica International, Italian edition, we would like to express a few thoughts on the position which our magazine has achieved over the years, and on the validity of the special press today. Undoubtedly, the feedback from our readers represented both by the increase of subscriptions and continuous messages of appreciation for our efforts, is most gratifying and goes beyond any consideration in terms of profit.

From these basic indications, it comes as quite natural to ask the question: how much do operators in poultry sector actually read today? Although it is true, it may be perhaps overly generalized to say that people do not read enough considering all cultural stimuli in general. Unfortunately modern life styles leave little space for reading, even for those people who would have a lot of stimuli. In the professional field, things change somewhat, even for the poultry farmer who is often erroneously considered refractory to information coming from the press.

Those poultry farmers who began activity over 45 – 50 years ago and are now, on the average, more than 65 – 70 years old. Many of them have oriented their sons toward taking part in the company.

We are seeing a change of generation in which the average cultural level of this new generation is superior to that of the previous one. This is a natural evolution, which has always taken place throughout history. Consequently, the new generation is surely more receptive to information. However, we must say that, although once poultry farmers may have a modest cultural level, they have nevertheless inevitably progressed with the times. This may be a result of stimulation from means of communication, contact with veterinarians and sales representatives or experience over the years serving to provide a technical/cultural reservoir.

Concerning veterinarians and technicians in general, obviously the situation is different. Who knows if today’s young veterinarian really reads more than his older colleague? One thing is sure: too much specialization has been a disadvantage to culture in general as it blurs global vision. At any rate, concerning company decisions, the technician’s role is much more important today than before.

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A S ERVI CE OF

SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 6 VIV ASIA PREVIEW.............................................................................. 10 DOSSIER How eggs can provide sustainable nutrition to fight world hunger........................... 24

REPORTAGE

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Most significant animal health threats in Europe.................................................. 26

FIELD CASES Sustainable chicken farming in Ethiopia............................................................. 28

INTERVIEW Air around the egg with X-Treck......................................................................... 30 Interview with Denis Kan, President of Jamesway Incubator Company................... 32

FOCUS Gut health and Coccidiosis............................................................................... 34

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MARKETING Patterns and dynamics of the egg industry in Japan............................................. 38

TECHNICAL COLUMN What happens during transfer........................................................................... 42

MANAGEMENT Cleaning and disinfection on an organic poultry farm............................................ 46

NUTRITION Mycotoxins in turkeys....................................................................................... 48

VETERINARY SCIENCE

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Engineering vaccines for multiple strains of IBV.................................................. 56

PROCESSING Improving poultry product safety....................................................................... 58

MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 60 INTERNET GUIDE................................................................................ 64

WORLDWIDE NEWS

The conference will be organized in sessions that will cover the most important topics in poultry gut health, being: Gut health diagnostics; Foodborne pathogens; Pathogenesis of intestinal diseases: Parasitic diseases of poultry; Immunity; Nutrition and feed additives to control gut health; Other gut health topics.

6th Conference on Poultry Intestinal Health

In poultry, preserving intestinal health is a key issue in enhancing productivity, reducing antimicrobial usage and improving animal welfare. The last decade, a lot of novel information has been collected that has led to an increased understanding of the interaction between nutrition, intestinal microbiota, and the host cells in the gut. This has enabled the poultry industry to develop science-driven control products for intestinal disorders and diseases, and to identify biomarkers for intestinal inflammation and cellular damage. While scientists have been studying the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis, they also were highly active in unravelling the significance of the composition and activity of the gut microbiota and the response of the host towards microbial changes.

The 6th Conference on Poultry Intestinal Health will be organized in Rome, Italy from 3-5 April 2019. Keynote presentations by internationally renowned speakers will provide the latest scientific information on this subject and are the backbone for a diverse program in which there is plenty of room for short communications, discussion and networking.

The poultry industry has been very active in using this information to design nutritional interventions and feed additives that stimulate intestinal health, and this cross-talk between science and industry has been very successful in generating a platform for further improvements in control and diagnosis of intestinal health issues in chickens.

Global egg industry adopts formal position on for disease prevention and the IEC will continue to support antimicrobial resistance knowledge sharing of biosecurity and good farming practice.

The global egg industry formally endorsed the following statement on the industry’s use of antimicrobials during the Global Leadership Conference of the International Egg Commission.Â

Statement on antimicrobial resistance The International Egg Commission and its members support and promote the responsible use of all antimicrobials to allow for the long-term safe production of eggs, safeguarding the availability of eggs and egg products for the world’s consumers.

Biosecurity and good farming practice remain the prime tools

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The International Egg Commission (IEC): Accepts that antimicrobial resistance (AMR), whether in humans or in animals, is an issue of global concern; Acknowledges that the egg layer industry is a limited user of antimicrobials but that this limited use does not obviate the need for coordinated action with other animal product and human medical representative bodies, through the One Health approach of the WHO, OIE and FAO; Will encourage the egg layer industry to reduce the use of antimicrobials, especially those for which resistance could pose the greatest animal and human health global risk; Believes that the health and welfare of the birds in the care of producers must remain paramount and that care may include the responsible use of the right antimicrobials.

The IEC actively supports the One Health approach (of the WHO, OIE and FAO) to dealing with AMR, working with intergovernmental organizations, governments and other stakeholders to achieve the best outcome for humanity. All producers should be made aware of the current knowledge on AMR and be able to access new knowledge as and when it is made available. The IEC will endeavour to make knowledge on the subject as widely available as possible and stimulate governments and organizations to keep records on the use of antimicrobials.

- worldwide news -

WORLDWIDE NEWS

ŠMedical News Today

Avian Influenza viruses could escape vaccine typically use different host cell receptors in the early attachment immunity stage. Haemagglutinin surface protein is used by Influenza vi-

Mutant H9N2 bird flu viruses isolated from Pakistan are able to escape immune responses and adapt to infect humans. Published in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pirbright scientists carrying out surveillance research discovered that small changes to a surface protein, called haemagglutinin of the H9N2 Influenza A virus, enables the mutated virus to enter human cells. Influenza viruses that infect humans and chickens

ruses to enter host cells to begin replication which makes it a prime target for the immune system. The team also found that the mutation, which is a single amino acid substitution, could result in lowered protection for chickens that have been vaccinated against H9N2 viruses. The mutation enhances the H9N2 haemagglutinin affinity for host cell receptors, which out-competes antibody binding, preventing the virus from being neutralised.

However, mutations such as these come at a cost for the virus.

The team found that the mutant H9N2 virus did not replicate in cell cultures as efficiently as viruses without the amino acid substitution. This shows the fine balance Influenza viruses must maintain when mutations occur that enable them to escape the immune system and infect different hosts; many mutations will result in a virus, which is unable to effectively replicate. However, occasionally these changes leave the virus unhindered, allowing it to spread rapidly.

The group is now working on understanding how this mutant H9N2 Avian Influenza virus could generate a mutation that hits the right balance whilst retaining its ability to bind to human-like receptors.

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27-29 mar 2019

- january 2019 -

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COMPANY NEWS

Hendrix Genetics layers awarded AI free compartment status for all Netherlands-based operations All Hendrix Genetics Layers Breeding complexes, the GPS farms and its rearing farms, and the hatcheries have been awarded AI free compartment status by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Authority (NVWA). where in the country. With this status they are able to continue to export their products, and the recipient of the birds or hatching eggs can expect that the shipment will be free from disease.

The main criterion for a compartment is that the animals contained in it are clearly recognizable as part of a unique subpopulation with limited or no epidemiological links to other populations of risk. The compartment must be clearly defined, indicating the functional relationships of all its components and their contribution to an epidemiological boundary between the animals in the compartment and populations of higher risk.

A biosecurity plan must in place and with standard operating procedures, and should include education and training of workers to ensure that all persons involved in biosecurity are knowledgeable. The operations in the Netherlands are among the largest breeding centers for Hendrix Genetics Layers.

Dorothé Ducro, Global Quality Manager and Bart Stokvis, DVM pictured with compartment status recognition

This status is also recognized by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). “The compartment status allows us to secure our distribution to HGL customers around the world as we deliver our products from the Netherlands to multiple countries in five continents”, said Ron Joërissen, Technical Director of Hendrix Genetics Layers. “Since 2003, the Netherlands has been dealing with several outbreaks of Avian Influenza, which

Since 2012, over € 10 million has been invested to increase the (G)PS Hatchery capacity and to upgrade all operations to the highest biosecurity standards. The project to achieve compartmental status was started in 2016.

Dorothé Ducro, Global Quality Manager of Hendrix Genetics Layers said: “Achieving compartmentalization is the crowning glory of the efforts that we’ve all made. It demonstrates that we have serious standard operating procedures in place that prevent the entry of disease into any of our Dutch operations.

All employees respect the measurements that we took to miti-

“Dorothé Ducro, Global Quality Manager of Hendrix Genetics Layers says: ‘Achieving compartmentalization is the crowning glory of the efforts that we’ve all made. It demonstrates that we have serious standard operating procedures in place that prevent the entry of disease into any of our Dutch operations’ ” have had a direct and destructive impact on trade barriers as well as the supply to our worldwide customers. With compartment status, we can safeguard the supply of high quality genetics to our customers.”

Compartmentalization was established by the OIE in 2004 with the goal of ensuring the security of supply of day old chicks and hatching eggs during disease outbreak in an exporting country.

Businesses that achieve this status must be operating at such high standards of biosecurity that they can ensure that all their facilities remain disease-free in the event of an outbreak else-

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gate the risks of entry, and our separations and surveillance are at the very highest standards.”

Bart Stokvis, DVM of Hendrix Genetics Layers added: “Achieving the OIE Avian Influenza free compartment status is the official confirmation of the strength of our biosecurity system.”

- company news -

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

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COMPANY NEWS

Meyn and Cabinplant signed a contract with Norsk signed contracts with Cabinplant and Meyn for the procurement Kylling from Norway of processing equipment.

Norsk Kylling has undergone a major transformation. In recent years, their business has become far more sustainable and delivers top quality products to customers across Norway. Animal welfare has been given the highest priority by converting to the chicken breed Hubbard, focusing on expertise and investments in operation and technology for high animal welfare.

“We are proud that Norsk Kylling has appointed Meyn and Cabinplant as their preferred suppliers for this ambitious project.

Our state-of-the-art equipment will play a vital role in achieving their growth ambitions”, says Robbert Birkhoff, Director Sales & Projects Meyn.

At the picture from left to right: Mesut Ozdogan, Meyn; Robbert Birkhoff, Meyn; Terje Sjåvik, Norsk Kylling; Arild Enmo, Norsk Kylling; Håvard Staverløkk, Norsk Kylling; Aize Land, Meyn; Are Denstad, Norsk Kylling; Erlend Østerås, Norsk Kylling; Mogens Kielsgaard, Cabinplant; Claus Andersen, Cabinplant

In response to the rising demand for high-quality poultry products, Norsk Kylling, owned by REMA 1000, is going to build a whole new poultry processing plant in Orkanger, Norway. The plant will be innovative in energy use and sustainability and will be the start of an industry cluster in the area with a total investment of €185 million. Now, Norsk Kylling has

Meyn is well known for its reliable equipment at high processing speeds. Cabinplant, one of the world leaders in the development of further processing technology for poultry, and delivers handling, processing, weighing and packing solutions for a variety of industries. Both companies are owned by CTB, a subsidiary of the Berkshire Hathaway company.

Cobb seminar in Moscow celebrates record broiler care” associated with chicks also applies to her customresults in Russian market loving, ers.

Presentations were made by Cobb Europe technical consultants Mark Foote, Paul Welten and Matthew Wilson. This panel was joined by Cobb Germany specialists, including chief veterinarian Stefan Müller-Molena, Ira Khamatshina, Galina Bukrineva, Lidia Malakheeva, Cobb Russia technical managers, independent consultant Ron Meijerhof and many others.

More than 130 participants representing 80 percent of the Russian poultry industry took part in the Cobb Russia Annual Technical Seminar at the Yakhont Hotel in the Moscow region.

Seminar attendees came from all sectors of the poultry industry, including production and technical directors, veterinarians, hatchery and feed specialists of many large agro-industrial enterprises, including the Cherkizovo Group, Belgrankorm, Agrocomplex, Akashevskaya, Chelny-Broiler, Sfera Group, AK Bars, Verkhne-Volzhskaya and many others in the market. Irina Likhacheva, sales director of Cobb Russia, personally greeted every participant on arrival at the hotel to show respect and gratitude for their long association, showing that the “tender,

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The final gala dinner honored customers who achieved record results for the Russian market. Awards were given to customers with the top results achieved for individual flocks, including: Best production efficiency factor of 471.1 for Cherkizovo; Best average daily gain of 70.2 grams for Agrocomplex; Best feed efficiency of 1.44 for Agrocomplex, and 1.45 for Chelny-Broiler; Best livability (99.8%) for Cherkizovo.

Jan Mascheck, director of Wimex Group, the largest European broiler hatching egg and day-old chick producer, said the sales growth of Cobb in the Russian market over the last few years reflects how producers across the world are benefiting from the Cobb500™ broiler.

- company news -

WORLDWIDE NEWS “Training” the animal microbiome to degrade fibre: A new perspective on the mode of action of fibre-degrading enzymes

Fibre-degrading enzymes (NSPases) have been used commercially for more than 30 years.

Historically, much of the focus on NSPases was placed on reducing the anti-nutritive effects of fibre, now the focus is shifting towards their role in generating beneficial breakdown products of fibre.

“We know that some specific breakdown products of NSP are beneficial and play a role in adapting the intestinal microbiota, which in turn can boost fibre utilisation and performance.”

Dr Gemma Gonzalez Ortiz, Research Manager, AB Vista

As the enzymes degrade the NSP fraction, short-chain oligosaccharides are produced; these are fermented by bacteria in the gut, giving rise to the production of short-chain fatty acids. This effect has been referred to as a prebiotic effect, and is regarded as one of the mechanisms for NSPase activity.

New research (Bedford and Apajalahti, 2018) explores how NSPase mode of action may be due to more than simply improving fibre digestibility and fermentation of the oligosaccharides generated.

When fed over an extended period of time, dietary xylanase has been shown to effectively increase the capacity of bacteria inside the caeca to digest fibre. This suggests that xylanases have a “training” effect on the caecal microbiome, resulting in adaptive changes over time towards a greater capacity to degrade fibre (Figure 1). This means that NSPases are doing much more than previously thought – they contribute to the development of a more beneficial microbiota, subsequently enabling more efficient uptake of dietary nutrients by the host animal.

Figure 1. Caecal contents from birds fed diets with or without a xylanase enzyme (Econase XT) were used as inoculum in a fermentation study to monitor volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The caecal inoculum from birds pre-exposed to xylanase resulted in an increased butyrate production compared to control birds.

19 17 15

Butyrate mM

Increased understanding of NSPase mode of action is presenting a new perspective on their role in nutritional strategies to improve performance.

13 11 9 7 5 Control Caecal content from control birds

C+ Wheat NSP Caecal content from xylanase fed birds

“We need to think of NSPases as tools to accelerate the ability of the gut microbiome to degrade fibre. Rather than quantitively degrading plant cell wall fibre, these enzymes are in effect increasing the intrinsic fibre-digesting capacity of the animal. This has significant implications with regard to selection of NSPase enzyme classes and dose rate.”

Dr Mike Bedford, Research Director, AB Vista

To find out more about the research referenced in this article and other pieces of related AB Vista research, visit www.abvista.com - or january 2019your contact local AB Vista representative.

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

VIV ASIA 2019, the international feed-to-food event VIV Asia is back on 13th-15th March 2019 as Asia’s outstanding international feed-to-food event covering all species and sectors of the animal protein value chain. With more than 1,250 international exhibitors, VIV Asia offers a unique selection, including global market leaders and regional as well as national Asian players of growing importance.

Professionals active in the production of pig meat, poultry meat, eggs, fish and dairy all have numerous reasons to meet up in Bangkok. VIV Asia is held biennially, meaning its most recent appearance was in 2017. That edition took the show into a new league of global platforms in terms of event size and reach. Its certified final figures confirmed a new record total of 45,952 visits from 127 countries, revealing a nearly 20 percent rise in attendance compared with 2015.

Websites: www.bitec.net – www.viv.net/events/viv-asia-2019-bangkok

EUROSILOS SIRP

The company Eurosilos SIRP manufactures modular fiberglass silos for livestock farms, which comply with the static international regulations and are awarded of quality certifications. We also provide innovative and tailor-made transport solutions for filling and discharging our fiberglass silos, such as tubular conveyors, flexible augers and bulk feed wagons. Our storage installations match the requirements of poultry, swine, dairy and grain indus-

CODAF

tries, while our extensive experience and the latest innovations of our product range focus on enhancing any customer livestock operation efficiency. Our commitment to design and improvement through novelty bestows Eurosilos a reputation for quality, offering market leading products at affordable prices, while striving to keep customer relationship is our sole priority. We will again exhibit in VIV ASIA and our booth location is Hall 99.3715. We are proud and eager to welcome and share our comprehensive experience with you to work any needs of yours out, primarily focusing on feed handling and livestock storage automation. Please get in touch with us by accessing www.eurosilos.it or submit your inquiry to contatti@eurosilos.it.

Visit Eurosilos Sirp, Stand H099.3715 Email: contatti@eurosilos.it – Website: www.eurosilos.it

Codaf feeding pans, well known for the elevated performances, allow the animals to have a better access to feed with a smaller waste during all the cycle duration.

The company is really young and dynamic, but more then fifty years of technical experiences let them be able to offer high quality products at a competitive price while maintaining an easy management and allowing customers to get the best performance possible. All these qualities give Codaf a strong reputation all over the world.

Visit CODAF, Stand H100.2954 Email: info@codaf.net – Website: www.codaf.net

Codaf is an Italian company specialized in automatic feeding systems production in the poultry industry and they will be participating to the VIV ASIA 2019 fair with their traditional range of feeding pans.

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- VIV Asia Preview -

POULTRY EQUIPMENT

VIV ASIA PREVIEW

ROSS – THE COMPLETE PACKAGE

The Chick – The Support – The Performance You Want To learn more about Ross® visit aviagen.com/ross Please visit our booth C10629 at IPPE 2019, Atlanta USA

GLOBAL REACH

LOCAL TOUCH

- january 2019 -

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

animals, truck tanks available both with auger and pneumatic discharge.

Thanks to its 10-year presence on the market and the know-how transfer from Italy, KPI-Agritech Co., Ltd. can grant efficient supplies of silos and other fiberglass products in the Thai and neighbor markets.

Agritech Srl and KPI-Agritech Co. Ltd have joint their efforts to expand their presence in the Asian Far East and consolidate as leading companies in the field of feed and grain storage.

KPI-AGRITECH Agritech Srl, an Italian company specialized in the design and manufacturing of fiberglass silos will present its products at VIV ASIA through a Thai based joint venture named KPI-Agritech Co., LTD.

Visit KPI-Agritech, Stand H098.3931 Email: agritech@agritech.it – Website: www.agritech.it Email: rachot.aks@kspthailand.com – Website: www.kpi-agritech.com

Agritech offers a large variety of products in addition to silos, that is: silo loading and unloading systems such as rigid and flexible screw conveyors, a wide range of outdoor shelters for

AVIAGEN showcases Global Reach, Local Touch at VIV Asia 2019

BARBIERI’s wide range of products

The production of egg conveyor belts, extruded belts and ropes is the final act of a long process that begins with the choice of the best raw materials and continues with the production of high quality yarn. Barbieri offers its customers a wide range of products:

Welcome to VIV Asia in Bangkok! Aviagen cordially invites you to visit us at Booth 2700 in Hall 101. There you will be warmly welcomed by our team of dedicated poultry specialists, who will be on hand to exchange ideas on the latest industry developments, and discuss the best ways to maximize your business success.

• Egg conveyor belts made of polypropylene, polyester in different colors and measures from 50mm till 360mm; • Extruded perforated polypropylene egg conveyor belt in width from 200mm to 500mm; • Manure belt in different thickness starting from 0,8mm to 3mm and widths starting from 500mm to 2500mm; • Perforated manure belt for dry systems; • Perforated polypropylene floor for broiler cages; • Polypropylene, polyester and polyethylene ropes in various sizes for feeding and drinking systems.

Through our Global Reach, Local Touch theme, we accent our mission to grow our global business while remaining committed to the needs of our local customers and their communities.

One strategy for strengthening our success is to offer the right bird for the right market through our range of Ross®, Arbor Acres® and Indian River® brands. To help you get the most from our birds, we share the latest flock management advice through numerous seminars, workshops, schools, face-to-face visits and shows like VIV Asia. We look forward to meeting you at the show!

Visit Barbieri, Stand H099.3431 Email: info@barbieri-belts.com – Website: wwww.barbieri-belts.com

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Visit Aviagen, Stand H101.2700 Email: info@aviagen.com – Website: www.aviagen.com

- VIV Asia Preview -

VIV ASIA PREVIEW

AZA international SELF-DOSY

feed pre-weighing systems, nor to raise the feeder line away from the birds during the feed filling.

SELF-DOSY is easy to clean and sanitise thanks to the removable bottom.

Visit AZA International, Stand H100.3333 Email: info@azainternational.it Website: www.azainternational.it

DIAM. 114

PRATIKA FEEDER

AZA INTERNATIONAL is specialized in livestock transport and feed equipment. At the VIV Asia, stand 3333, hall H100, the company will display their new large-scale conveyor systems, linear feeders and hopper for broilers, layers, breeders, ducks and turkeys. All systems are of high quality at competitive prices. The heavy-duty conveyors capable of transporting up to 12 cubic meters/ hour are available in chain link of 76 and 114 diameters. The stainless steel chain link conveyors and hoppers are made with top quality materials. The curves and feed outlets are available in different shapes and materials depending on the type of feed to be conveyed.

The PRATIKA feeder for broilers is completely automatic and ensures optimal feed distribution. It has a fully automatic system for adjusting the feed and opening the pans to facilitate sanitising.

The DUO system for broilers has automatic regulation and combines the feeding line with the watering line. This reduces bird movement and frees up space in the shed. Both the water and feed lines can be simultaneously lifted. The COMPACTA range is

DUO SYSTEM

BREEDAZA SYSTEM

an ideal feeding system for turkey poults. The BREEDAZA controls the distribution of feed using linear trough feeders and is particularly suitable for breeders and laying hens in cages or on the ground.

BREEDAZA works with a chain equipped with a plastic ring that runs inside the anti-stop tube. The system is installed above the plastic channel and creates no obstacle so birds can comfortably eat and clean out all the feed in the line at the end of each feeding cycle. The BREEDAZA system guarantees a fast and uniform distribution of the feed along the entire line, reducing the feeding time. It is equipped with an adjustable anti-rooster grill to allow separate sex feeding. The SELF-DOSY feeder pan is a sturdy feeder, designed specifically for breeding males, which incorporates an innovative volumetric dispenser with centralized control allowing to change instantly, across the line, the amount of feed sent to the feeding pans. The operator no longer requires to use the various

Bรกbolna TETRA, layers with superior genetic Bรกbolna TETRA has been providing layers with superior genetic background to the industry for over 50 years. The company offers a bird for every market and management system, along with an effective technical support in more than 40 countries.

The target of Bรกbolna TETRA layer breeding has not changed much throughout the last decade, finding balance between welfare and economical production and increasing its share in the global market by predicting future trends of the sector. The effect of climate changes on animal husbandry, invention on precision feeding and housing techniques, as well as breeding for heat tolerance in layers and colored broilers, are hot topics for TETRA at present. The latest generation of their most popular products: TETRA SL LL lays 420 good quality eggs until 90 live-weeks, with low mortality and excellent internal and external egg quality; TETRA Amber, TETRA Harco are popular brown egg layers for alternative markets; TETRA L Superb, now ready to conquer the white markets with 410 eggs laid until 90 weeks of age; TETRA-H, SUPER HARCO and HB Color are slow and medium-growing broilers, with premium meat quality. Bรกbolna TETRA will be waiting for you on VIV ASIA 2019 at BITEC, Thailand in Hall 100, Booth 2930.

- january 2019 -

Visit Bรกbolna TETRA, Stand H100.2930 Email: tetrakft@babolnatetra.com Website: www.babolnatetra.com

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

CORTI Zootecnici, leader in the poultry equipment We are daily committed to research innovative solutions and in the 2019’s edition we will show: • 4006 i MULTI-FLOW: the new total steel nipple drinker with a perfect capacity and extra-soft opening action.

• INFINITY TZC3: the new smaller pan feeder optimized for the perfect growth-curve along the whole life cycle.

Find out more at our booth!

Visit Corti Zootecnici, Stand H099.3571 Email: info@cortizootecnici.com – Website: www.cortizootecnici.com

Corti Zootecnici Srl, world leader in poultry equipment with over 40 years of experience, proudly confirms its participation at VIV ASIA 2019, an exhibit that offers unique insights and contacts in relation to Asian markets.

CARFED’s crates for any need

• the collapsible Baskets MULTI 110 (cms. 108x58x27) for live chicken transport and MULTI 110 crates with different lids of the same size; • the MONDIALCARFED Code 46 collapsible for live chicken transport crate of cms. 80x60x28.

Day old chick boxes and egg transport crates, with egg trays, will be exhibited as well.

Visit Carfed, Stand H098.4531 Email: info@carfed.it – Website: www.carfed.ch

CARFED SA, the well known Swiss-Italian group worldwide leader in live poultry transport crates will exhibit in particular plastic crates for transport of live turkeys and ducks. Turkeys and ducks are more and more diffused in the developing countries. Some different live turkey and duck crates are available at CARFED SA:

HUBBARD Conventional and Premium

+MAXICARFED Code 43 not collapsible crate with 3 side doors of cms 99x58x42. This crate has 4 sides and bottom moulded in one piece so extremely strong and long lasting (monoblock).

MAXICARFED crate can be used also with no lid (open top) as a Basket. +MULTI 100 “T” collapsible crate of cms 97x58x42 available also as Basket (Open Top, no lid) and with solid or perforated bottom. +MULTI 110 “T” collapsible crate of cms 108x58x42 available in the same styles of MULTI 100 “T” so as Basket as well (open top) and with solid or perforated bottom.

For sure the MAXICARFED Code 43 is the worldwide strongest turkey crate, much stronger of any collapsible/knocked down crate: lasting 3 times the normal life of a collapsible crate, and we know as we have the MULTI 100 and 110 “T”, it means that you save 2 times the price of a crate.

Besides visitors will find all other crates of the wide range of CARFED SA at the booth, including:

Hubbard’s Conventional product range is highlighted by its highly productive breeder females mated with the white or yellow skin males. On broiler level the Hubbard Conventional delivers optimal growth, FCR and total meat yield. Hubbard, global leader in the Premium market, offers a wide range of products with color differentiation, slow(er) growth and excellent robustness responding to changing consumer demand for high animal welfare standards and quality.

Present in over 100 countries and with support of dedicated teams, Hubbard delivers high quality genetic solutions to broiler breeder customers around the world.

• the collapsible Baskets (open top crates) MULTI 100 (cms 97x58x27) and MULTI 100 crates with different lids of same size to transport live chickens;

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- VIV Asia Preview -

Visit Hubbard, Stand H101.2720 Email: contact.asia@hubbardbreeders.com Website: www.hubbardbreeders.com

VIV ASIA PREVIEW

DOL 53: New ammonia sensor is a milestone for poultry production

Better for the farmers, better for the birds: efficient LED ceiling lamp Zeus

The Smart World of BIG DUTCHMAN

• ChickNic, a feed pan with integrated feed storage for countries with inconsistent power supply; • Plastic slats for broiler houses; • A slat washer for automatic washing of plastic slats from broiler, broiler breeder or duck houses; • Male Chain, the world’s first chain feeding system exclusively developed for the feeding of male breeders; • Clever LED solutions for efficient lighting of poultry houses; • The further developed climate and production computer Viper Touch 6.0 with a new powerful CPU and large 10” display; • DOL 53, a long-term, stable NH3 sensor for continuous measuring of the ammonia concentration in the house air.

Visit Big Dutchman, Stand H099.3350 Email: big@bigdutchman.com Website: www.bigdutchman.com

From equipment for modern egg production and poultry growing to clever feeding and sophisticated climate control systems: Big Dutchman will introduce many innovations at VIV Asia 2019. Following the motto “The Smart World of Big Dutchman” these include: • The automatic manure belt adjustment AMBA. It monitors the belts during manure removal, ensures that they run straight;

DACS expand the MagFan product range

Proven, uncomplicated motor technology MagFan ONe uses a conventional waterproof three-phase induction motor. This sets MagFan ONe apart from other high efficiency fans with their permanent magnet motors requiring customized expensive speed drives with PM control. The motor is similar in design to all other DACS fan motors, with a strict focus on trouble free operation, easy cleaning and extreme service life. A design, which has proven its worth over nearly two decades of operation.

Attractive ROI

As a supplement to their variable speed MagFans, DACS now introduces the MagFan ONe, an ON/OFF version of the world’s most efficient wall fan. MagFan ONe complements the 1.2 and 2.2 kW versions, MagFan and MagFan Plus, and offers performance and efficiency superior to any other make of fans.

Bess Lab testing DACS tested MagFan ONe at Bess Lab, University of Illinois, in September 2018, and it outperforms all other fans tested there by a wide margin, with a capacity of 36900 cfm at 0.1" (62700 m3/h at 25 Pa) and an airflow ratio of 0.85, while delivering 22.4 cfm/W at 0.1".

The use of mass produced, conventional technology has led to a significant reduction in production costs, and the increase in production volumes has enabled a very high degree of automation, thereby taking product quality to an even higher level. The combination of an attractive purchase price and the much reduced operational expenditures makes MagFan ONe an extremely attractive solution, with ROI often counted in months rather than years.

Increased production capacity The highly automated production with robotized injection moulding has also enabled DACS to increase their overall production and the relatively small Danish company now outperforms even the big players in terms of speedy deliveries and punctuality. MagFans ship flat-pack on special skids and in ISPM-approved boxes for maximum protection of goods,and a 40 ft HC holds 150 complete fans. MagFan ONe is designed and manufactured in Denmark, using EU quality components.

Superior efficiency whether variable speed or ON/OFF

Visit DACS, Stand H100.3231 Email: jd@dacs.dk – Website: www.dacs.dk

To further boost efficiency in the mid-range and improve airspeed control, this ON/OFF fan may be speed controlled using any conventional frequency drive. When speed controlled, the fan even has higher efficiency and higher airflow than any of the competing brands’ permanent magnet direct drive fans of equivalent size.

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

FACCO keeping the highest quality Food quality requires today innovation skills and focus on the whole supply chain, from feed to egg. VIV Asia 2019 will give the opportunity to discuss and share ideas and Facco, for over 60 years world leader in the poultry field, will welcome you in Hall 99, Stand 3634, with the complete range of avant-garde poultry solutions.

Facco (worldwide presence in over 75 countries) will display the most advanced technologies in the vertical cages market, developed thanks to the close connection with our customers and being a forerunner of the market changes. Highly qualified in Turnkey Solutions, Facco will be your partner in designing, analysing data and managing projects using the most advanced technologies developed internally for your SMART FARM. Remote control development and improvement has guided our innovation and a 4.0 approach for more than a decade. Facco will disclose the latest Farm Managing Systems, Customer Service and Assistance.

Keeping the highest quality as our standard, we will welcome you at our stand with our warmest, professional and friendly hospitality.

Visit Facco, Stand H099.3634 Email: facco@facco.net – Website: www.facco.net

The G12 heaters are there to show their longevity and efficiency. Gasolec Type M & Type G heaters: stainless steel products, designed to be cleaned with water and to be disinfected for use in modern poultry and pig production.

Gasolec is also showing its OrionLED 14W White Poultry Lighting product line. A strong 14W LED lamp with a 1400Lumen output that is dimmable from 100% to 2%, with light units that are available in IP54 or in IP65 versions to enable cleaning with water.

The basis of the OrionLED 14W product line is the same fixture as used in the past for the Gasolec CFL products. In many cases this makes a conversion to a LED lighting system very easy.

GASOLEC Gasolec will be present at the VIV Asia 2019 to show its range of Infrared Radiant Brooders from 1 to 12kW. For the M-types we will be showing recent developments on the round burners for the M5 and M8. Visitors will be even more intrigued about changes in the air intake of the M-type heaters to reduce maintenance costs.

already used by many companies in Asia, GI-OVO will introduce a similar system for duck egg transportation. This transport is mainly between the duck farms and duck hatcheries. The Asian duck industry grows rapidly and becomes more mature in terms of automation. For that reason GI-OVO developed a new transport system for duck eggs. The most important part is the tray system.

Trays are in fact specifically developed for 20 duck eggs and protect the eggs the best possible way. The complete system contains special pallets – trays for 20 eggs and dividers to separate the stacks. The system can be handled by robots, and fits into all existing washing equipment that is available in the market.

GI-OVO GI-OVO (successor of Twinpack Special Products) from Barneveld, The Netherlands will participate the VIV Asia exhibition 2019 in Bangkok. Besides the well-known EggsCargoSystem®, which is

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Visit Gasolec, Stand H099.3564 Email: sales@gasolec.com – Website: www.gasolec.com

Visit GI-OVO, Stand H098.4530 Email: sales@gi-ovo.com – Website: www.gi-ovo.com

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

GIORDANO Poultry Plast

Giordano Poultry Plast is glad to introduce its new Automatic Drinking Lines. The system has been upgraded starting with the pipe that goes from rounded to square shape 28x28 mm. This will provide a better result, not only during the use but also for washing at the cycle end. Also the pipes were changed as all plastic accessories and nipple. This new Automatic Drinking Line will also be easy to install, firstly because all the screws were eliminated and due to the larger space between the metal support and the plastic water pipe. The system includes “Super Drop” for broiler, “Pendolo Line” for Turkey and Duck (they will have different cups), completed by the popular “Giro Line”, a combination of 2 drinking lines with only 1 metal support (mainly used in the French market).

Giordano Poultry Plast, a leading multinational plastic moulding company, specialized in the production of poultry equipment, will be present at the upcoming edition of the professional exhibition, VIV ASIA 2019, held in Bangkok, at the stand n. 3234 – Hall 100.

Established in 1962 under the name of Avicolplastica and since 1974 as Giordano Poultry Plast, a handicraft company specializing in plastic equipment for poultry farming, the company has grown regularly over more than half a century to reach a very international dimension, both in sales and in production.

The headquarters of the Company is located in Italy, in Caraglio (CN), with more than 80 employers and the production subsidiaries are in Mexico, Argentina, Egypt and Malaysia. The Giordano family totally controls the group, with Osvaldo Giordano, President and sons Oscar and Enrico, Managing Directors. 95% of the group’s production is exported to more than 65 countries.

Visit Giordano Poultry Plast, Stand H100.3234 Email: info@poultryplast.com – Website: www.poultryplast.com

JAMESWAY A Worry Free Hatchery is a state of mind. It means that you know your equipment is solid, that your HVAC is efficient and that your embryos are nestled in the perfect environment. Jamesway is the partner you need to hatch quality chicks with complete confidence.

Please join us at VIV ASIA where we will feature our energy saving Platinum 2.0 Single-Stage Incubator and Hatcher. Jamesway’s Platinum Single-Stage machines feature high bio-security, easy cleaning, and easily accessible controls, which produce high quality day-old chicks and ducklings.

Visit Jamesway, Stand H101.2820 Email: christian.jordan@jamesway.com Website: www.jamesway.com

HY-LINE International

of the world’s egg production. Hy-Line has achieved increased market share in the region due to: • • • •

Hy-Line is accelerating genetic progress across all genetic lines faster than has ever been seen before, making the Hy-Line varieties more powerful and efficient. Recent genetic selections have placed more selection pressure on increased egg numbers and shell strength, while not overlooking other key traits.

Prolific egg numbers; Feed efficiency; Exceptional livability; Superior egg color and quality.

With the Hy-Line Brown, W-36, W-80, Silver Brown, Sonia and Pink, Hy-Line delivers a bird for every market – every climate, every housing system, every country. Visit us online at www.hyline.com or at VIV Asia 2019, Hall 101, Stand 2830, to receive the latest management guides.

Visit Hy-Line, Stand H101.2830 Email: info@hyline.com – Website: www.hyline.com

Hy-Line Brown, the world’s profit-leading brown egg layer offers layer farmers in Southeast Asia a greater opportunity to make more profit. It leads the way in a region that accounts for more than 63%

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

IMPEX Barneveld B.V

‘already taken care off’ in the eyes of the poultry professional. The importance of a clean, safe water supply in regards to the health and performance of the flock is many times underestimated. Many factors affect the performance and health of the poultry flock, but most of them, (if not all) are not as important as water. A clean safe and fresh water supply is a necessity if each flock is to perform at its best. Impex has developed an automatic flushing system to make sure the water is clean and fresh at all times. Want to know more about this automatic flushing system? We hope to see you at VIV Asia!

Visit Impex, Stand H099.3426 Email: info@impex.nl – Website: www.impex.nl

Water and water hygiene are very important factors when it comes to nutrition for poultry. Hygiene itself is very important in poultry houses. Especially when diseases such as bird flu, like the H5N8 virus and other hazards are going around. Poultry professionals often look at the ‘simple’ safety precautions to prevent these diseases affecting their poultry. These precautions usually concern feed, visitors on the property and protective clothing. However, water can also be a hazard and is very often overlooked, as this is all

MEYN at VIV Asia Let’s work!

relevant solutions to help the customer with their labor challenges.

Meyn will participate in the VIV Asia 2019, which takes place in Bangkok, Thailand from March 13-15. At VIV Asia, Meyn will offer highly flexible, competitive solutions in processing equipment from live bird handling to deboning for a wide variety of line speeds.

These solutions will boost the processor’s market position and ensure their business continuity, allowing its customers to achieve a high level of productivity with minimal labor. During the trade show, poultry processors will discover Meyn’s innovative solutions that address labor challenges such as labor shortage, labor safety, and quality & consistency of working. This year, Meyn campaign slogan will be ‘Let’s work’ meaning Meyn provides

INTRACARE

All people of Intracare are already excited about the next VIV Asia from the 13-15 March 2019, one of the world’s biggest Expo for animal husbandry. This year Intracare will be present with a joint booth with our partner Behn Meyer in Hall 106 stand 459. Intracare offers a comprehensive range of products, meeting the highest quality requirements of farmers and European guidelines. With stricter government measures and increasing consumer demands for food safety, Intracare invests in solutions

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Meyn welcomes all guests to VIV Asia at Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre, in hall 98, stand 4043 and Meyn’s specialists will also be available on at the booth in Bangkok to discuss the superior qualities of the products. Discover the latest range to have a very close look at the latest new features. There is something interesting to see for every visitor.

Visit Meyn, Stand H098.4034 Email: sales@meyn.com – Website: www.meyn.com

for healthy and antibiotic-free animal productions. Liquid feed supplements are getting more and more popular in the Asia regions.

Intracare has a lot of expertise in regards to liquid feed supplements and Asian farmers can benefit from this knowledge. Due to the developments of Intracare, many farmers are able to reduce antibiotics and still can make serious progress in the economical parameters at their farm. Our new generation of Intra Calferol will be the highlight of this exhibition. Intra Calferol is a pH neutral product with a very stable vitamin D3 concentration. Intra Calferol is a mixture of concentrated calcium in organic form, vitamin D3 and chelated magnesium, which may easily be absorbed in the animals’ intestines. This supplement keeps the animal’s calcium balance in optimal condition.

Visit Intracare B.V., Stand H106.459 Email: info@intracare.nl – Website: www.intracare.nl

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

market segments ruled by margins, profits are maximised when costs are reduced to the absolute minimum. These costs, packaging, labour and losses, can be reduced increasingly by Moba equipment.

Total solutions with peripherals around an egg grader, such as case packing and (de-) palletizing robots connected to automated warehouses, reduce labour and packaging costs.

Whether you need a solution for grading, packaging or processing Moba machines will add value to your operation.

MOBA

Visit Moba, Stand H098.4514 Email: sales@moba.net – Website: www.moba.net

Moba, the world’s leading producer of high-quality integrated systems for the grading, packaging and processing of consumption eggs, will present its new innovations at the VIV Asia; Innovations that are designed to improve the egg production chain.

The egg business is characterised by small margins: even the smallest detail can make the difference between profit or loss. In

OMAZ

Space International, and the Nature BS72 system for broilers. The Omaz team will be more than happy to introduce customers and partners to its cage system, always trying to offer different solutions from the standard of the market. Our main goal is to provide long lasting, cost effective solutions to satisfy our partners, creating a relationship based on mutual trust and success. All this is possible because Omaz puts together more than 60 years in the business with the quality and service that have always characterised the company, working worldwide with a product 100% made in Italy and offering tailored solutions for the customer and its business. Visit us at BITEC in Bangkok and find out more at omaz.com.

Visit Omaz, Stand H098.4314 Email: f.castricini@omaz.com – m.bellini@omaz.com Website: www.omaz.com

VIV Asia 2019 is always a crucial event for Omaz and the whole poultry business. We expect a great turnout of potential customers interested to our best-seller layer cage for foreign markets, the

PETERSIME

provements of hatcheries worldwide. They will bring forward their latest product developments such as their new range of standard automation solutions, the Eagle Eye™ app and the Hatchery Alert System™.

Of course, their top-of-the-range incubators, Operational Excellence Programme™ and other renown products and services won’t be left out.

Don’t miss this opportunity and visit Petersime at Booth n° 2940 in Hall 100. The Petersime sales team will gladly answer any question and inform you how you can maximize your profit for life.

Achieving more and better chicks starts with using the best equipment. Petersime offers a wide variety of incubators, hatchery equipment and services and even designs, delivers and installs complete hatcheries.

Visit Petersime, Stand H100.2940 Email: info@petersime.com – Website: www.petersime.com

At VIV Asia in Bangkok, Petersime will be delighted to show how their products and services lead to significant performance im-

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

SmartStart™ – A fresh approach to post-hatch feeding from the moment of hatching. It promotes the development of roby PAS REFORM bust day-old chicks and helps to reduce the need for antibiotics.

Post-hatch feeding made easy, practical and flexible

A unique partnership between Pas Reform, biotech start-up In Ovo, DSM Premix company Twilmij and Philips NatureDynamics has led to a flexible, ground-breaking post-hatch feeding solution that gives newly hatched chicks the earliest possible access to feed, water and light: SmartStart™.

SmartStart™ enables hatchery managers to apply post-hatch feeding where it will have most benefit and its components can be applied individually or in combination. The system is easily integrated into existing hatcheries and can be applied to some or all flocks; in one, two, or all hatchers. It comprises two key elements that can be applied individually or together: precision feeding and intelligent lighting. We very much hope you can join us at VIV Asia on stand H101.2730 to find out more. We look forward to welcoming you!

Visit Pas Reform, Stand H101.2730 Email: info@pasreform.com Website: www.pasreform.com/smartstart

SmartStart™ uses natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to retain water inside a semi-moist feed. The system offers a perfect start for newborn chicks, enabling them to eat, if they want to,

RIVER SYSTEMS After the VIV MEA and the VIV EUROPE River Systems will also participate to VIV ASIA. Participation in the VIV circuit events proved to have great outcome both in terms of contacts and results. This is why we decided to attend VIV ASIA again, to take advantage of a good showcase that allows us to meet new potential customers from all over the Southeast Asian region and let them touch and see our products. Products that obtained the 100% Made in Italy certification and and are developed and produced in a ISO 9001:2015 quality system.

In this occasion, our complete line of incubators, the ET series for 12, 24 and 49 eggs, and the ultrasonic humidifier NEBULA® will be displayed. The anti-waste feeders COMPACTA, ARCUS and ARCUS GYRO will also be displayed; their particular structure has been specifically designed to allow the animals to eat in a correct

ROXELL

way, while preventing them from using their beak to spill the feed from the tray. The plastic used in all our products contains high levels of UV stabilizer and withstands the most diverse environmental conditions.

Visit River Systems, Stand H100.3160 Email: info@riversystems.it – Website: www.riversystems.it

central feed adjustment (optional) and is easy to clean. Be the first to find out more about this robust solution.

Order Natural Beak Smoothing at the fair The Natural Beak Smoothing solution has been available to order via the Roxell distributors since early March 2018. We sense that the market is ready for this product and is looking for an alternative to painful beak treatments. That’s certainly the case in the German and Dutch poultry markets, where beak treatments have either already been banned or soon will be. However, it’s clear to us that other countries are also ready to invest in animal welfare, whether or not the practice is banned. Visit our stand and discover how a small investment will allow you to keep up with the changing market.

Titan, a new XL feeder pan for turkeys Come to VIV Asia and discover Titan for heavy turkeys: a new XL feeder pan for better growth results. Titan is the biggest turkey pan on the market. Expect bigger and comfortable feeding places with higher openings. Get 17% more feeding space compared to other large feeder pans. For farmers it is a big timesaver. Titan has

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Visit Roxell, Stand H099.3740 Email: info@roxell.com – Website: www.roxell.com

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

SOCOREX ISBA SA

On the second stage of its World Tour 2019, ARION FASOLI SRL will be glad to meet customers and friends in Bangkok on the occasion of VIV ASIA 2019.

Don’t miss our latest products and innovations, come and visit our stand!

Socorex is a Swiss manufacturer of adjustable and fixed volume self-refilling syringes for serial animal injections. Feed tube and vial holder models with volumes ranging 0.025 mL to 10 mL. Ideal for poultry, swine, sheep, cattle. Their superior materials, perfect balance, ease of use, reliable field work are appreciated by professionals. Special features: • Long term reliability • All parts interchangeable • Tightness without O-ring • Fully autoclavable Visit Socorex Isba SA, Stand H106.274 Email: socorex@socorex.com – Website: www.socorex.com

Visit Arion Fasoli, Stand H101.2901 Email: nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com Website: www.arionfasoli.com

SKA SKA is the Italian leader for floor rearing equipment, with more than 60 years of experience. Since its origins, SKA has been driving the evolution of the poultry industry with innovative products and creative solutions, and nowadays is manufacturing the widest range of equipment for floor rearing exporting in more than 60 countries worldwide.

SKA products are 100% made in Italy to ensure the highest quality and are well known to be exceptionally reliable and extremely resistant. Every one of our projects are designed to enhance the welfare of the birds and simplify the work for the farmers.

With our continuing efforts to offer updated solutions, SKA will welcome you at our stand during the next exhibition – VIV ASIA, and present to you the best customized solutions.

er projects, mainly for automatic nests and chain feeding system.

Considering the general growth on all the Asian area, in terms of chicken meat’s consumption, we hope to increase the number of our installations of broiler houses and also on breeder houses, because we have the right range of products to suit customer’s needs.

We expect worldwide visitors, especially from Asia and Pacific and Middle East countries, to get a higher demand of broiler breed-

Visit SKA, Stand H100.3150 Email: ska@ska.it – Website: www.ska.it

MAREL Poultry

AMF-i

Closely related to this machine presentation is the live demo of thighs and breast cap deboning. One of our experts will demonstrate how our automated solutions, including the AMF-i and the Thigh Fillet System, succeed in mimicking the complicated manual filleting actions of skilled personnel.

RevoPortioner

During VIV Asia, Marel Poultry will present itself as the most complete full-line supplier in the industry. Focus will be put on automated breast deboning, 8- to 11-piece cut-up and convenience food production. At our booth, you can experience live demonstrations of the AMF-i breast cap filleting system with real products. This will allow you to fully witness the top performance of this inline solution with automated adjustment of modules to the measured breast cap size.

Cutting to all thinkable QSR specifications is possible with Marel Poultry’s automated in-line ACM cut-up systems. But the modular system can do more than that; it can cut a whole product into 8, 9, 10 or 11 pieces with accurate weights, whatever the market asks for. Marel’s famous RevoPortioner is also on display, this time featuring the new Helix Drum, ensuring low pressure forming with continuous filling.

Visit Marel Poultry, Stand H098.4550 Email: info.poultry@marel.com – Website: marel.com/poultry

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

SPECHT Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG

Apart from this product range, SPECHT offers a complete equipment as ventilation, heating and cooling system, etc. High professionalism and deep knowledge accumulated over many years qualify us to find the best solution for the various problems associated with the planning of new poultry farms as well as the reconstruction of existing ones, taking into account all specific conditions individually for each poultry farm.

Visit our booth H100.3331 at the “VIV ASIA 2019” exhibition in Bangkok, Thailand from 13 to 15 March 2019. The company will show different types of Specht equipment like rearing cages, layer cages and broiler cages.

Visit Specht, Stand H100.3331 Email: info@specht-tenelsen.de – Website: www.specht-tenelsen.de

Since 1961, SPECHT Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG provides a great variety of battery models for rearing, egg production, parent stock and broiler growing. Today, the company is a leading developer and manufacturer of poultry equipment and helps successfully to maintain the German high quality image «Made in Germany» around the world.

TPI-polytechniek The VIV Asia offers a great opportunity to show the latest product developments and brand new products to the Asian market. As a worldwide producer & supplier of polyurethane ventilation components for the agricultural sector TPI-Polytechniek has built over 22 years of experience.

With our wide product range we make sure to offer the right ventilation components for all types of buildings in all climates over the world. We can offer products for extreme climate conditions due to our unique polyurethane formula, which offers the highest insulation values available in the market today.

Visit TPI-polytechniek, Stand H100.3325 Email: info@tpi-polytechniek.com Website: www.tpi-polytechniek.com

This is the fourth consecutive time we visit the VIV Asia with our very own booth. Want to see what is new, hot and happening?

Come visit us at booth 3325 in hall 100 and let’s talk ventilation!

VDL Agrotech

drying systems. The Matrix® Feeding System for males is the most recommended male feed system for breeders worldwide. The new generation is a unique and patented feed system developed to stimulate the uniformity of the males, to positively influence the fertility and to create optimal rest in the breeder house.

VDL Agrotech, member of the VDL Groep and a leading supplier of innovative livestock equipment, will feature its new innovations in poultry and pig equipment systems at the VIV Asia Show 2019.

VDL Agrotech’s Poultry Equipment includes chain and pan feeding and drinking systems for broilers and breeders, feed storage, climate management, automation control and PoulDry® manure

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New for broilers are the Flow slider and Central slider option for the Valenta® pan feeding system. The Flow slider option makes it possible to dose approximately 1.5 kg of extra fresh feed in the open feed pans shortly before the day-old chicks arrive in the house. Feed will flow over the edge of the pan onto the floor, making it easily accessible to the day-old chicks. The Central slider option makes it possible to partially close feeding lines in a house where boilers are ready to move to the slaughterhouse. VDL Agrotech’s Pig Equipment includes innovative feeding and drinking systems, housing equipment, feed storage, climate management, and automation control. On display are the VDL500 circular tube feeding system and the RescueCare™ system for piglets.

Visit VDL Agrotech, Stand H098.3840 Email: info@vdlagrotech.nl – Website: www.vdlagrotech.nl

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VIV ASIA PREVIEW

VAL-CO®

VAL-CO® poultry feeding and watering systems are known around the world for their outstanding performance and durability. From the United States to China, our systems are always made with the same care and quality. VAL-CO feeders have repeatedly shown great feed conversion in feed trials against other top companies. Our nipple drinkers provide the best access to clean water, and when maintained properly, will not leak and cause wet floors. When VAL-CO feeding and watering systems are used together, along with our ventilation fans and inlets, and our heating and cooling options, chickens grow bigger, live healthier, and are more productive.

Let us prove it to you!

Visit VAL-CO, Stand H098.3941 Email: intl.sales@val-co.com – Website: www.val-co.com

VICTORIA Victoria, an Italian Company specialized in Poultry incubators manufacturer since 1924 will take part to “VIV ASIA 2019”. The Group, which operates internationally, bases its corporate strategy of the uniqueness for its incubators, which are the most advanced and sophisticated available on the market today.

In occasion of the show, Victoria will be proud to introduce its new Incubator for 51.840 and 115.000 eggs and relevant innovations regarding to hatchery and incubator disinfection though an innovative system called SANIDUCT.

Setter type VIC 115 for 115.000 eggs

Setter type VIC 48 for 51.840 eggs

Visit Victoria Incubators, Stand H098.4324 Email: victoria@victoria-srl.com Website: www.incubatricivictoria.com

VALLI

VALLI, present in over 70 countries all over the world, provides customized turnkey projects at the highest quality level and, in addition, VALLI is an absolute guarantee in terms of experience, listening and collaboration to study and build together the best possible solution.

The latest transformations of breeding techniques, according to today market demands, make our customers pay their greatest attention in the way they invest their capital: “getting your money’s worth” means earning higher and quicker profits thanks to solid, flexible and reliable equipment, with the certainty of a reliable and competent service.

VALLI, for over 60 years on the market in the breeding manufacture, offers optimal solutions, installation and after-sales service of its poultry equipment, a wide range of products to meet all customers’ needs.

VALLI can supply high-performance equipment for layers, pullets, broilers, breeders and traditional enriched or aviary systems for layer hens for a maximum welfare of the animals and a best rate of egg production thanks to the new Egg Elevator “Onda”, designed to achieve the best performances, free maintenance, simple and sturdy, worthwhile to an hard daily work. VALLI: Quality you can depend on… but not only! VALLI is pleased to invite new and already consolidated customers to the VIV Asia 2019 fair in Bangkok, Hall 99, Stand 3550.

Visit VALLI, Stand H099.3550 Email: info@valli-italy.com – Website: www.valli-italy.com YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/Vallitaly

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DOSSIER

How eggs can provide sustainable nutrition to fight world hunger In a world where so many people, especially children, go hungry and suffer from malnutrition, we have good evidence to show that eggs can be an important part of the solution. diets of children ages six to nine years in undernourished areas of rural Uganda, resulted in increased height and weight.

Eggs provide sustainable nutrition

©Kipster

Proper nutrition, starting at a young age, is crucial. But when we think about feeding the world, we must also consider the environmental impact of the production of these foods and the contribution to local communities. This is commonly referred to as “sustainable nutrition.”

According to the World Health Organization, millions of children around the world suffer from stunting and wasting as a result of insufficient nutrition. In other words, they are not growing normally and their bodies are skeletal and frail.

Even in the United States, one in six children faces hunger on a regular basis. For more than 12 million kids in the U.S., getting the nutrition they need to learn and grow has become a daily challenge.

Eggs reduce stunting and wasting in children Two separate studies, conducted among children in nutritionally vulnerable populations, found that adding just one or two eggs per day to these children’s diets dramatically improves their health outcomes.

Mickey Rubin, PhD, Executive Director The Egg Nutrition Center (part of the American Egg Board)

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The first study, conducted by researchers from Washington University in Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador, determined that providing one egg per day for six months to children ages six to nine months (compared to a control group who did not) significantly improved growth while reducing prevalence of stunting by 47 percent. Similarly, researchers from the University of Arkansas found that adding just two eggs per day to the - dossier -

In fact, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has a broad definition of sustainable diets that is inclusive of not only nutrition and the environment, but also economics and society.

The world’s egg farmers are committed to providing a sustainable source of nutritious food. One large egg has 13 essential vitamins and minerals and six grams of high-quality protein. At about $0.17 each, eggs are a highly affordable protein source with one of the lowest environmental impacts.

“Protein for Life” “Protein for Life” refers to the nutrition eggs provide and the continuous improvement made to reduce the impact of egg production on the environment and resources like land and water. “Protein for Life” also refers to efforts to help sustain local communities economically, which is a key effort of the International Egg Foundation (IEF).

The IEF focuses on increasing egg production to provide undernourished infants, children and families with an independent, sustainable and high-quality protein supply. The IEF is also providing resources for communities in Mozambique, Swaziland and Zimbabwe to become successful egg producers.

Efforts like these are not only commendable; they illustrate how eggs can provide communities and at-risk populations around the world with a sustainable, affordable, and accessible source of high-quality protein and essential nutrients.

DOSSIER

YOUR TURNKEY SOLUTION. HIGH QUALITY SINCE 1963

Our reliability and efficiency have enabled us to be internationally recognized over the years.

Our poultry sheds are manufactured with the best materials by offering better living environment for the animals.

Our equipment provide a high level of productivity and durability.

Our 50 years of history.

Our quality stands in the detail - Since 1963.

Thanks to all our worldwide customers.

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REPORTAGE

Most significant animal health threats in Europe PROHEALTH, the largest European Commission-funded livestock agriculture research project, culminated having identified the most common and costly animal health threats and potential solutions to sustainable livestock production. facing pig and poultry farmers, and many of the findings from PROHEALTH’s research address these issues. We are working to develop the research into practical guidelines to help farmers.”

Ilias Kyriazakis, Professor of Animal Management and Health at Newcastle University and PROHEALTH coordinator, said: “The results of the PROHEALTH consortium show what can be achieved through academic – public – private research collaborations. The consortium culminates its work with some 45 peer-reviewed publications, two patents, a range of policy briefs, and best practice guidelines for the European Commission. We have also developed a unique website with an e-knowledge platform that will continue to be updated for the foreseeable future even beyond the end of this project. This link between academia and industry across Europe – forged on past alliances – has been incredibly beneficial to understand the multifactorial dimension of animal diseases in Europe and to help provide a way forward to manage them sustainably.”

E-coli infections still represent a risk for European poultry farmers The project focused on disease animal threats associated with the intensity of production in swine herds and poultry flocks and recommended innovative prediction, prevention and detection solutions to improve animal health and increase productivity, while limiting environmental impact and preserving profitability for livestock farmers.

The project provided scientific evidence about the multifactorial dimension of animal pathologies linked to modern farming.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) – one of the most prevalent, yet under-diagnosed infections on European poultry farms – was identified as one of the most significant disease animal threats that causes the highest economic loss. The PROHEALTH consortium found that preventing this disease through vaccination and biosecurity interventions would help improve the profitability of farms and increase the animal welfare conditions; it could also help address a major challenge of global food security by reducing the negative impact of animal health threats and diseases.

“Investigating sustainable solutions for animal health and welfare while increasing productivity, has always been important”, said Theo Kanellos, Director of Business Development and Commercial Alliances. “We are focused on finding solutions to some of the biggest health and welfare challenges

“These findings show that there is an opportunity for educating farmers more about surveillance and vaccination to prevent infection”, said Theo Kanellos. “Surveillance and vaccination can

The PROHEALTH consortium involved more than 100 scientists and 22 partners from academia, industry and private enterprise. The collaboration focused on connecting the partners’ complementary skills in veterinary science, epidemiology, immunology, genetics, animal welfare and social sciences, in a search for improvements in productivity, sustainability and disease management.

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- reportage -

REPORTAGE

also help reduce the need for antibiotics that is an increasingly important issue for consumers.”

Improvement in public perceptions and understanding of livestock farming

“We discovered that consumers from across Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain and the UK were generally unfamiliar with farming practices and lacked understanding about the way their food is produced, including the type of production system it came from”, said Dr. Beth Clark, research associate at Newcastle University, who coordinated the survey. The survey’s main area of focus was on intensive production systems, which can result in increased animal stress and greater risk of animal threats. Survey respondents were asked to rate the acceptability of a range of measures to mitigate production diseases, including the use of medicines, vaccination, genetic selection and food supplements.

Dr. Clark emphasized the need for the pork and poultry industry to communicate to the public about the work it is doing to improve animal health and welfare.

©blog.humanesociety.org

A survey conducted by PROHEALTH across five European countries revealed that there is an opportunity for farmers to continue educating the public on modern farming practices in the pig and poultry sectors.

“The PROHEALTH project has underlined the work the industry has already done, and continues to do, in addressing a number of concerns raised in the study, such as reducing antibiotic usage. The results of this survey also suggest this information is not getting through to the public. It is important to ensure the industry voice is accurately heard.”

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Šwww.burness.com

FIELD CASES

Sustainable chicken farming in Ethiopia Adopting a more local and flexible approach could be key to boosting small-scale chicken production in Ethiopia.

Village chickens are ubiquitous in smallholder farming systems, contributing to household, local and national economies under diverse environmental, economic and cultural settings. However, they are raised in challenging environments where productivity is low while mortality is high. There is much interest in utilizing indigenous genetic resources to produce a chicken that is resilient to its environment, while at the same time providing

(economic and social) selection pressures. Drivers of regional differences include marketing opportunities, cultural preferences, agro-ecologies and parasite populations, and are evident in system adaptations, such as management practices, population dynamics and bird genotypes.

Research led by the University of Liverpool, in collaboration with UK and African partners, reveals that, despite often appe-

“Chicken production is an important agricultural activity in many nations and can play an important role in reducing poverty and improving nutrition and gender empowerment. Whilst many people are able to raise village chickens and they require few inputs, productivity is low and constrained by, among other things, disease, predation and scarcity of feed� the basis of an economically sustainable enterprise. Globally, however, a wide variety of interventions have so far proved unable to deliver sustainable improvements. Here we show that regional differences in trait preferences and parasite burden are associated with distinct chicken gene pools, probably in response to interactions between natural and human-driven

28

aring similar to each other, village chicken populations in Ethiopia are actually genetically diverse and highly adapted to their local physical, cultural and social environments.

Researchers have investigated the genetics and disease challenges of chickens from two districts of Ethiopia; Horro, around 300 km northwest of Addis Ababa and Jarso, around 400 km

- field cases -

FIELD CASES

east of Addis Ababa, along with the nature of the production system and the socioeconomic reasons why chickens are kept.

Genomic analysis conducted at The Roslin Institute revealed that the village chickens showed high levels of adaptation to their local ecosystems, resistance to disease and to the management and cultural variations of their environment. On top of adaptation, the data obtained by all partners suggest that there have been multiple introductions of chickens in Ethiopia that may relate to trade routes, religion and culture.

Challenges and opportunities

©www.goodfoodworld.Kombolcha

Chicken production is an important agricultural activity in many nations and can play an important role in reducing poverty and improving nutrition and gender empowerment. Whilst many people are able to raise village chickens and they require few inputs, productivity is low and constrained by, among other things, disease, predation and scarcity of feed.

There is much interest in trying to breed a chicken resilient to its environment, whilst providing the basis of an economically sustainable enterprise. Globally, however, a wide variety of interventions have so far proved unable to deliver sustainable improvements.

Published in the journal “Nature Sustainability”, the study suggests that in order to be successful, development interventions, including breeding programs, need to consider this diversity and be tailored and designed to allow for flexible implementation, depending on local needs.

The research was carried out by the University of Liverpool in collaboration with the Universities of Edinburgh and Nottingham; the International Livestock Research Institute; the Royal Veterinary College and Wageningen University.

Dr Androniki Psifidi and Professor Olivier Hanotte, who played a key role in this project, continue working in new projects trying

DRINKERS

TRANSPORT CAGES

to provide sustainable solutions for chickens as part of the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health.

Source: This article has been prepared from materials provided by the University of Liverpool Press Office The Roslin Institute

FEEDERS

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- january 2019 -

29

INTERVIEW

Victor van Wagenberg

X-Treck by Vencomatic Group

Air around the egg with X-Treck Vencomatic Group is considered to be the leader of on-farm hatching in traditional broiler houses. This pioneering work ultimately resulted in the X-Treck system. Victor van Wagenberg has been involved since the beginning as product manager in the development of this complete on-farm hatching system.

Victor van Wagenberg (44) studied Agricultural Engineering at Wageningen University & Research and 12 years ago started at Vencomatic Group when the company began developing on-farm hatching systems. “At that time we found hatching eggs in traditional broiler houses instead of at a hatchery quite exciting. You can only see an egg and you have to trust that one day a chick will hatch! But we believed, and in 2006 the Patio-system was developed. We further developed the Patio-system and four years ago the X-Treck was created.”

Crucial first place The X-Treck uses plastic belts with litter on – called the ‘cradle’. Van Wagenberg says: “The cradle is crucial because this is where the chicks arrive after hatching. Once hatched, they are still completely wet, and they need to be able to dry quickly so as not to become excessively cooled. The cradle facilitates this perfectly, because the belt is positioned off the ground, meaning the chicks air dry quickly at 35 degrees Celsius – a lot warmer than the concrete floor that is sometimes only 25 degrees Celsius.”

Good care during every stage Van Wagenberg insists that you are not taking full care of the chick if you only consider the newly hatched chick. “There are three chick stages: in the egg, just hatched but not yet dry, and dry on the

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- interview -

INTERVIEW

ground. The trick is to take care of the chick during every stage, which is made possible with X-Treck. For eggs which are yet to hatch, it should not be too cold but certainly not too hot. Egg temperature is best maintained if there is only air around the egg. You only have to maintain the correct air temperature.”

Correct temperature balance In other on-farm hatching systems, eggs often lie with 30-40 percent of their surface in thick litter or in a cardboard tray. This creates a barrier through which the egg cannot get any heat, and then it becomes difficult to create the right temperature balance for the egg. An egg also produces heat itself and on such a surface it can quickly become too hot. In X-Treck, the eggs are set in trays with minimal contact to ensure that there is only air surrounding the egg.

Reduce manual labour An important idea behind X-Treck is that it also means less work, especially during the turnaround period when the poultry farmer is already very busy and often across several houses.

Other on-farm hatching systems use cardboard boxes which

“There are three chick stages: in the egg, just hatched but not yet dry, and dry on the ground. The trick is to take care of the chick during every stage, which is made possible with X-Treck. For eggs which are yet to hatch, it should not be too cold but certainly not too hot. Egg temperature is best maintained if there is only air around the egg” create a lot of work – sometimes thousands of boxes have to be collected after hatching, in houses where temperatures reach 35 degrees. In X-Treck, after hatching, the trays are automatically delivered to the operator making removal easier.

Winched With all this, of course, the shortest possible empty period of house and warm-up time is very important. “X-Treck also has a unique feature – it can be winched. After placing the eggs you can lift the whole system up into the upper layer of warm air. The floor doesn’t need to be fully warmed up, and even the wood shavings may be brought in after the eggs have been placed in the house. This feature minimizes the empty period and warm-up time.”

“When I summarize all these advantages, as a product manager who participated in the development of this X-Treck system, I declare that this is the most complete and fully developed onfarm hatching system“.

- january 2019 -

31

INTERVIEW

Interview with Denis Kan, President of Jamesway Incubator Company Jamesway has a solid reputation worldwide with offices in North America, Russia, and Asia and production facilities in Canada and China and serves 1,800 customers in over 150 countries. They provide equipment to 17 of the top 20 North American poultry organizations and 12 of the top 20 International poultry companies.

We have recently interviewed Denis Kan, President of Jamesway, asking his view on future trends of the poultry sector on a global level and company goals in the next years.

Denis Kan, President of Jamesway Incubator Company

Please outline a summary of the story of Jamesway from the years where the company’s beginnings date back.

“Jamesway has a long history, dating back to 1912. The original James Manufacturing Company was located in Fort Atkinson, WI, USA, when Mr. W.D. James created some of the first farming and agricultural products, developing the first incubator in the 1920’s. His motivation was to make farming easier, a concept that is still part of the ‘worry free’ mantra of Jamesway today. By the 1930’s, the company was exporting poultry products around the world and soon after WWII the company spun off the Poultry Incubation products into Jamesway Incubator. With innovative product development, the company established a strong global brand, moving to Canada in the 70’s. Their product offer ranges from the most dependable multi-stage machines through to the Platinum 2.0 single-stage, which has become one of the most reliable and energy efficient machines on the market.

Today, Jamesway is one of the top three brands worldwide in Poultry Incubation, has a customer base reaching into every corner of the world and is known for well performing and reliable products. In 2018,

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- interview -

INTERVIEW

the company started a major restructuring with enhanced focus on quality of manufacturing, updates to the product line and expanding international sales and service in order to increase global competitiveness.”

Reducing the use of antibiotics is today one of the main goals for the poultry sector. Considering any result would be closely related to the chick and pout qualities, what are your system’s crucial traits throughout the various phases of incubation and chick handling?

“Jamesway is proud to offer the best machine for a hatchery that is concerned about reduction of antibiotics and chemicals in their processes. Our machines have fantastic cleaning abilities since our removable ECU and fans enable us to completely empty the machine which makes disinfecting and cleaning very easy. Also, our machine design does not require venting through the roof, so it is possible to completely seal the machine, further reducing the opportunity for contamination.

In the end, the chick that does not need antibiotics is the healthiest chick right from the time the egg is laid. Our machines consistently produce the highest quality, platinum chick which is a chick with the best natural immunities.”

Looking ahead. Is it possible to know which direction your research is projected on, according to the various needs of the international market?

“Jamesway has always focused on delivering machines which give our customers peace of mind. Our equipment is easy to use, easy to install and easy to maintain. This platform has been a solid position for us in the past and we see it continuing into the future. Our biggest plans are to continue to develop markets, to make solid and dependable machines. Our mission is “to provide the Poultry Industry with peace of mind that their hatcheries are ‘Worry Free’ now and in the future”. We also add to that, the vision of providing affordable protein to the developing markets today and tomorrow.”

Which are your main goals after your management change?

“My goals remain tightly in line with those of the company. I want to empower Jamesway to be able to deliver on its promise of a worry free hatchery. Being part of the industry that is committed to feeding the world is a responsibility that I take very seriously, and my vision is for Jamesway to continue on in that tradition.

I am very excited to have two new machines to promote in our upcoming year: a compact version of our famous Platinum 2.0 single-stage capable of hatching 10,600 eggs, and the XCM, a single-stage replacement machine for CM fixed rack multistage. We will be at IPPE with both machines and I encourage everyone to drop by.”

- january 2019 -

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Švideoblocks

Šchilligocreekfarm.com

FOCUS

Gut health and Coccidiosis In poultry, the gastrointestinal tract accounts for twenty percent of the energy expenditure of the whole body. This energy requirement is variable and dependent on numerous factors influencing the highly dynamic nature of the intestinal environment. The intestinal environment including the mucosal structure and function is influenced by many factors including environmental management, embryonic incubation, dietary ingredients, protein level, composition, and quality among others.

Audrey McElroy, PhD Professor and Extension Specialist Texas A&M University

34

The health of the intestinal tract is extremely important as nutrient digestion and assimilation for growth occur here. Intestinal integrity is based on the system functioning properly for digestion, absorption, secretion, and immunity. Subsequently, when disruption of this system occurs, major consequences in terms of bird health and growth follow. In order to understand the factors that may influence intestinal health, it is important to appreciate the normal structure and function of the intestine in order to be able to recognize when the equilibrium of the system has been disrupted. Maintaining intestinal integrity is a daily challenge in today’s poultry industry, and it will likely become even more challenging with increasing environmental considerations, changing feed ingredients, and reduced - focus -

FOCUS

medication usage. These increasing constraints demand the industry continually seek new opportunities or reconsider adopted strategies for maintaining a healthy and optimally functional intestinal mucosa.

Common intestinal challenges for disruption of intestinal integrity: Eimeria and Necrotic Enteritis If homeostasis in the intestinal bacterial community in commercial poultry is disrupted, over proliferation of indigenous bacteria can cause diseases, such as Necrotic Enteritis (NE).

C. perfringens, the bacteria responsible for NE, are naturally occurring in the intestines of chickens; however, its presence alone is not a determining factor for disease development. In situations of impaired intestinal function, a shift in commensal intestinal microflora is thought to result in rapid proliferation of C. perfringens bacteria, which in turn produce extracellular toxins that damage the intestinal wall and lead to development of necrotic lesions. When intestinal conditions are not favorable, even highly virulent C. perfringens strains fail to produce disease. However, there are some intestinal physiopathological circumstances that favor the development of NE, such as intestinal stasis, crude protein level and source, changes in gastrointestinal pH, and damage to the intestinal mucosa such as occurs with coccidiosis. Pre-disposing factors for NE development are extremely important, given that C. perfringens is a naturally occurring bacterium in the intestinal tract of poultry.

One of the precursors to NE occurrence can be infection by Eimeria resulting in coccidiosis. Available options for control of coccidia in the commercial poultry industry include dietary anticoccidial drugs, vaccination, or natural (non-antibiotic) dietary products. Historically, dietary anticoccidials have provided effective strategies of control; however, Eimeria has the ability to become resistant to these products and efficacy declines.

As a result of this development of resistance, alternative strategies are being sought for management and prevention of the intestinal damage from this disease. Vaccination is one option for treatment, but there can be challenges associated with this approach. In order to generate complete immunity from vaccination, the vaccine must contain live oocysts to induce infection. The infection then results in intestinal damage and potential impacts on performance prior to establishment of immunity.

Evaluating strategies to preserve intestinal integrity during the response to vaccination are critical to optimal vaccine usage.

Both coccidiosis and NE, independently or in combination, result in mild to extensive damage to the intestinal mucosa and intestinal function. Sub-clinical cases of these diseases may be as detrimental to commercial poultry production as more severe occurrences due to daily losses in bird performance that aren’t attributed to a particular cause. With more producers considering alternatives to the use of in feed antibiotics, controlling these two diseases is central to the maintenance of intestinal integrity.

- january 2019 -

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©meat-expert.ru

FOCUS

“The intestine is a dynamic environment that is continually in a state of maintenance and turnover. The function of the intestine at any given point in time is a reflection of the integrity of the villus and crypt balance, enterocyte maturity, secretion type and abundance, pH, microbial community, and digestive and absorptive capability. Certainly, bird management, diet, and intestinal health contribute substantially to the integrity of intestinal function and ultimately determine the success and efficiency of broiler and turkey performance” Dietary approaches to maintenance of intestinal health

©Backyard Chickens

While general improvements in gut integrity and immune competency may be achievable through improved embryonic incubation conditions, more focused research on the daily contribution of management factors to intestinal integrity and the host-pathogen interaction with specific diseases is necessary to decrease their impact on bird productivity and industry profits.

36

The poultry industry is increasingly in need of non-antibiotic alternatives to improve gut health or decrease enteric pathogen impacts in commercial broilers. Options being investigated include among many, enzymes, and prebiotics and probiotics.

Additionally, there may be numerous opportunities to preserve a healthy intestinal environment by alterations in existing nutritional strategies including adjustment in levels of amino acids, dietary minerals, or protein.

Exogenous enzymes are added to poultry feed with the objective to improve nutrient availability and digestibility, which ultimately results in improvements in bird performance. The mechanisms in which these enzymes improve bird performance have been extensively researched in healthy birds. However, limited literature is available in regards to how animals respond to disease challenges when they are being supplemented with exogenous enzymes, including widely used phytases. Enzymes can influence availability of nutrients for both the host and microbial population with performance and/or intestinal health alterations, and the response elicited could be different in a compromised intestinal environment as compared to a healthy one.

Maintaining a community of beneficial bacteria The intestines of poultry house a diverse community of bacteria, which are important for growth performance and protection - focus -

FOCUS

against pathogenic bacteria. The gastrointestinal system is not only the major site for nutrient digestion and absorption, but also works as the largest immunological organ in the animal, protecting the host against pathogens. This physical barrier, which has a surface area 150 times greater than that of the skin, is the first defense of the bird against pathogens.

testine at any given point in time is a reflection of the integrity of the villus and crypt balance, enterocyte maturity, secretion type and abundance, pH, microbial community, and digestive and absorptive capability. Certainly, bird management, diet, and intestinal health contribute substantially to the integrity of intestinal function and ultimately determine the success and

“With changing dietary influences and pathogen challenges in today’s commercial industry and in the years ahead, alternative approaches and perhaps adjustments to standard adopted practices must be evaluated for identification of opportunities to maintain intestinal integrity and bird performance” Bacteria in the intestine form a natural defense barrier and exert numerous protective, structural, and metabolic effects on the epithelium. Feed additives, such as enzymes, probiotics and prebiotics, can alter intestinal microbiota and ultimately impact bird performance and animals’ susceptibility to diseases.

efficiency of broiler and turkey performance.

With changing dietary influences and pathogen challenges in today’s commercial industry and in the years ahead, alternative approaches and perhaps adjustments to standard adopted practices must be evaluated for identification of opportunities to maintain intestinal integrity and bird performance.

Conclusion The intestine is a dynamic environment that is continually in a state of maintenance and turn-over. The function of the in-

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2018 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention

ShowCo at VIV Asia 2019 The ShowCo members* welcome you at VIV Asia show ground Bitec, Bangkok Thailand from March 13-15, 2019. There is no better chance to see the complete range of newest innovations and services for the Poultry Industry.

ShowCo is an initiative for the introduction of an optimized concept for trade fairs in the global poultry industry. More than 50 leading companies in the poultry sector are member and support the objectives of ShowCo. The aim is to bring the relevant exhibitions to a high quality level in good cooperation with trade fair organizations and on the basis of ShowCo’s Global Exhibition Plan.

Interested in ShowCo’s initiative?

Visit our stand: H099 Nr. 3480 ShowCo Association Climate for Growth

*not all members present

Marter Revier 14, 5431 KD Cuijk The Netherlands T. +31 485 314891 M.+31 653437923 E. showco@gmx.org

www.showco.org

Adv.Showco-Eng VIV Asia 2019.indd 1

07-12-18 13:08

- january 2019 -

37

ŠSerious Eats

Šgiallo zafferano

MARKETING

Patterns and dynamics of the egg industry in Japan This is the third paper in the series of four which deal with the egg industry in Asia will analyse the dynamics of the laying hen inventory and of egg production in Japan.

Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is Professor emeritus and Scientific Director of the Science and Information Centre Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Vechta, Germany

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Egg production is stagnating In contrast to the considerable dynamics of the egg industry in China and India, egg production in Japan has remained almost unchanged between 1996 and 2016; the laying hen inventory even decreased by 7.5% in that time period (Table 1). While China and India belong to the Threshold Countries (also Newly Industrialised Countries) which over the past decades showed a remarkable development not only in manufacturing but also in animal production, Japan is an Old Industrialised Country with an economic standard similar or even higher than in Europe and North America.

- marketing -

MARKETING

Table 1 – The development of the laying hen inventory and of egg production in Japan between 1996 and 2016. (Source: personal information Kuniko Nabika) Year

Laying hens (1,000)

Index (1996 = 100)

1996

145,536

1998

145,299

2000

Egg production (1,000 t)

Index (1996 = 100)

100.0

2,567.2

100.0

99.8

2,542.5

99.0

140,365

96.4

2,540.1

98.9

2002

137,718

94.6

2,528.9

98.5

2004

137,216

96.3

2,490.7

97.0

2006

136,894

94.3

2,487.7

96.9

2008

142,523

97.7

2,553.6

99.5

2010

n. d.

n. d.

2,525.3

98.0

2012

135,477

94.4

2,506.8

97.6

2014

133,506

91.7

2,501.9

97.5

2016

134,569

92.5

2,562.2

99.8

Between 1996 and 2014, the laying hen inventory declined by 12 mill. birds or 8.3% before increasing again. But even in 2016, the number of laying hens was about 11 mill. lower than in 1996. A sharp decline can be observed in the first half of the last decade. It has to be seen in relation to AI outbreaks in 2003 after decades of no infections (Sims et al. 2005).

The outbreaks had also impacts on egg production. It is worth noting that despite a decrease of the laying hen inventory by 7.5% between 1996 and 2016, egg production only fell by 0.2%. This indicates that production systems became more efficient. The use of layers with high laying rates and high density feed as well as modern housing systems and a very efficient veterinary service were the main steering factors behind the different dynamics. Laying hens and egg production (Figure 1) are not evenly distributed in

Japan. Table 2 lists the Japanese provinces according to their contribution to the laying hen inventories and egg production.

The three leading provinces shared 51.5% of Japan’s egg production and 51.7% of the laying hen inventory. A comparison of the contribution of the provinces to the laying hen inventory and to egg production shows some differences.

Obviously the laying rates differ between the provinces.

In Table 3, the balance between production and demand at province level is documented. In 2016, the provinces Kinki and Kanto had the highest deficit with over 300,000 t each; the highest surplus had Tohoku with 174,000 t and Chugoku with 162,000 t. The balance was calculated on the basis of the population in the provinces and an average per capita consumption of 331 eggs.

In contrast to China and India, egg distribution in Japan resembles that in Eu-

Table 2 – Laying hen inventories and egg production in the Japanese provinces (2016).

(Source: personal information Kuniko Nabika) Province

Laying hens (1,000)

Share (%)

Egg production (t)

Share (%)

Kanto

33,149

24.6

588,422

23.0

Kyushu

18,332

13.6

384,853

15.0

Tohoku

18,102

13.5

369,345

13.5

Tokai

19,569

14,5

324,327

12.7

Chugoku

16,465

12.2

320,187

12.5

Kinki

7,679

5.7

164,986

6.4

Hokuriku

8,161

6.1

153,616

6.0

Shikoku

6,900

5.1

132,549

5.2

Hokkaido

5,117

3.8

104,318

4.1

Okinawa

1,045

0.8

19,640

0.8

Japan

134,519

*100.0

2,562,243

*100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

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MARKETING

ly to the present size. It is vertically integrated from breeding to egg processing. Besides several locations in Japan, ISE is also active in the United States, Singapore and China and is planning a large egg operation in India. The second largest company, Akita Co., Ltd., owns about 10 mill. layers at several locations in Japan. It is also vertically integrated and besides eggs produces vaccines and pharmaceuticals for the Japanese egg industry. The ten leading companies had an inventory of together 44 mill. laying hens which equaled 32.7% of the total number of laying hens in Japan. The sectoral concentration is this country is one of the highest worldwide.

Table 4 – The leading egg companies in Japan (2016).

(Source: WATTAGNet, various personal information)

Figure 1 – Egg production in Japan´s provinces (2016). (Source: personal information Kuniko Nabika; design: A. Veauthier)

rope or North America. The large companies are marketing the branded eggs directly to the big food retailers. The price, they receive, is either based on the “cost-plus-system”, whereby the price is calculated on the production cost plus a pre-determined margin, or directly based on the market price. Smaller egg producers sell their eggs through major distributors which play a decisive role in determining the egg price. These eggs are in most cases not sold under a brand.

Table 3 – Balance between egg production and egg demand in Japan´s provinces in 2016; data in 1,000 t (Source: personal information Kuniko Nabika, own calculations) Province

Production

Demand

Balance

Hokkaido

104

115

- 11

Tohoku

369

195

+ 174

Chubu

478

453

- 25

Kanto

588

888

- 300

Kinki

165

476

- 311

Chugoku

320

158

+ 162

Shikoku

133

83

+ 50

Kyushu

385

304

+100

Japan

2,562

2,646

- 120

Location of headquarter

Laying hens (mill.)

Ise Shokuhin

Saitama

13.6

Akita

Hiroshima

10.0

Crest

Aichi

4.0

ITS

Tokyo

3.5

Gruppo Nippai

Kanagawa

3.0

Sakamoto Sangyo

Okayama

3.0

Takamura Keien

Toyama

3.0

Hokuryo

Hokkaido

2.5

Tomaru

Gunma

2.4

Iwate Farm

Iwate

2.0

Total

47.0

Egg production in Japan is known for its high quality and hygiene standards, which sometimes make it difficult for exporting countries to get a foot into the Japanese market.

Imports are necessary to meet the domestic demand Japan is not able to meet the demand by domestic production.

The self- sufficiency rate has been very constant over the past years with 95% to 96%, resulting in an annual import volume of almost 25,000 t.

As could be shown in the preceding papers, the egg industry in Japan differs considerably from that in China and India. Market oriented companies are dominating (Table 4). They are organised similar to egg companies in Europe or the Americas. ISE Foods, Inc., the largest company with 13.6 mill. layers in Japan, started as a breeding company in 2012 and grew continuous-

40

Company

In 2016, almost 3,000 t of shell eggs and 21,820 t of egg products were imported. In Table 5, the countries of origin for the imports are documented. Shell eggs for consumption were mainly imported from Brazil, China and Taiwan, egg products from many more countries. The USA, the Netherlands, Italy, China, Thailand and India were the leading countries of origin.

The USA and Brazil shared 45.6% of the total import volume in 2016.

Despite the undersupply with eggs, Japan is also an egg exporting country. In 2016, Japan exported almost 3,400 t of shell eggs.

Hong Kong alone shared 97.5% of the export volume.

- marketing -

MARKETING

Table 5 – Japan’s egg and egg products imports in 2016; data in t (Source: personal information Sheiji Nobuoka) Country of origin

Shell eggs

Egg products

Total

Share (%) in total imports

USA

33.9

8,502.6

8,536.5

34.5

Brazil

2,234.6

517.5

2,751.1

11.1

China

492.6

1,745.5

2,247.1

9.1

Netherlands

-

2,179.4

2,179.4

8.8

Italy

-

2,116.4

2.116.4

8.5

Thailand

-

1,573.2

1,573.2

6.4

India

-

1,519.9

1,519.9

6.1

France

-

851.4

851.4

3.4

Argentina

-

766.2

760.2

3.1

Germany

26.7

714.3

741.0

3.0

Mexico

-

516.3

516.3

2.1

Viet Nam

-

312.2

312.2

1.3

Belgium

-

240.3

240.3

1.0

Taiwan

139.0

3.6

142.6

0.6

Peru

-

7.6

76.8

0.3

Others

7.0

174.9

187.9

0.8

Total

2,933.8

21,819.5

24,753.3

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

“It can be expected that the Japanese egg industry will not grow very much in the coming years. A slowly decreasing population and the already high per capita consumption will result in a decreasing egg demand” Perspectives It can be expected that the Japanese egg industry will not grow very much in the coming years. A slowly decreasing population and the already high per capita consumption will result in a decreasing egg demand. The shortage of land areas for feed production and the construction of large egg operations (Photo 1) will also add to the stagnation of the industry. The activity of ISE Foods, Ltd. outside Japan is a good indicator for the fact that a further domestic growth is not necessary.

References FAO database: http://faostat.org International Egg Commission (ed.): Annual Review 2017. London 2017.

Sims, L. D. et al.: Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1avian influenza in Asia. In: Veterinary Record 157 (2005), p. 159-164.

Photo 1 – Seimei Farm north of Tokyo (250.000 laying hens). The layout shows impressively the problem to build large farms in Japan because of the scarceness of unsettled flat areas.

(Source: WING photo archive)

WATTAgNet: Top 25 global egg producers. www.wattagnet. com/articles/20682-who-are-the-world-s-largest-egg-producers. (accessed February 27th, 2018).

Windhorst, H.-W.: The globalisation of egg and poultry meat production. London: International Egg Commission, September 2017.

- january 2019 -

41

TECHNICAL COLUMN

What happens during transfer?

Egg transfer from setters to hatchers is an important step in the hatching process. However, during the process, there are numerous risks that threaten to cause reductions in hatchability, such as mortality and malpositions.

Removing the eggs from the setter On day 18, eggs have to be transferred from the setters to the hatchers. In this stage, it is crucial to avoid risks of cooling or overheating by keeping the time outside the incubators to a minimum.

As soon as the circulation fan in the setter stops, eggs no longer receive cooling air. Hatchery operators should remove one trolley at a time to make sure they get as much airflow as possible to keep them cool. Although the eggs on the outside of the trolley will start cooling down, the eggs in the middle of trolley will still lack airflow to aid the cooling process. These will risk overheating, which often causes the “head over wing malposition”.

Why chicks can’t set and hatch in the same incubator At the point chicks hatch, they create a lot of fluff and waste that should be contained and managed. For this reason, it is commercially not viable to set and hatch in the same machine. Therefore, the use of two different machines, a setter and a hatcher, is necessary.

The setter is designed to initiate the incubation of cold endothermic eggs during the first 18 days of the hatching process. Requiring a lot of heating at first, the embryos will grow and become exothermic. At this point, they will require a lot of cooling instead as they will produce a lot of heat themselves.

Jason Cormick, Petersime Hatchery Specialist, Belgium

42

The hatcher will also have a lot of heating, but this is mainly to dry out the machine after it has been cleaned. Hatchers and hatcher baskets always should be dry before they are used. As soon as the eggs are in it from day 18 to 21, the hatcher will mainly cool down because the developing chicks produce the most amount of heat.

- technical column -

Result of the “head over wing malposition”: one single punch hole near the top

Manual transfer With the head over the wing, the chick can punch through the egg, but it can’t achieve the correct angle to continue moving around. This usually results in one single punch hole near the top, not enough for the chick to hatch.

To avoid overheating, you also have to make sure that there are eggs wherever you have a temperature probe. Not paying attention to this will result in a cold spot at the probe, which in turn will result in the machine overheating.

You have to keep the transfer room at 26 °C with a minimal humidity and a low but stable airflow.

The air pressure should be at 2.5 Pa, lower than the pressure in the Setter Room (3Pa) but higher than the Hatcher Rooms (2Pa), to ensure that the air flows correctly through the hatchery.

TECHNICAL COLUMN

Manual transfer

Candling Transferral of the eggs on day 18 is the perfect opportunity to remove clear eggs (infertiles & early dead). You can do this manually with a torch, by use of a candling table with manual clear egg removal or by a system that detects and removes eggs automatically. Even with an automated system, we still recommend taking samples by hand – preferably 3 sample trays per flock per week, taken from the top, the middle and the bottle of a trolley. The detected clear eggs should then be broken out to see the level of infertility and the level of early dead. Don’t forget to mark the remainder of the tray for further breakouts at hatch.

Clear eggs will be used for pet food or will be thrown away together with rots or bangers. Exploding eggs belong in a bucket of disinfectant to avoid contamination of the environment.

Manual transfer Eggs can be transferred by hand, putting the hatcher basket upside down over the egg tray and then turning them both together over again manually or by a specially constructed framework. However, this way of working has some disadvantages: next to the increase of cracks, manual transfer rarely involves removal of clear eggs. This results in many inverted eggs, causing that the egg fluid transfers to the air cell at the bottom, which leads to late mortality of the chicks.

If the chicks however hatch, they will usually appear scruffy so they will be culled anyway.

Automation at transfer Automation can go from very basic as a transfer machine lifting the eggs from the tray and placing them into the basket, to fully automated unloading of the setter trolleys and automatic candling. This automatic candling detects the amount of light passing through the egg to determine the presence or absence of development in the egg. Advanced technologies can even detect actual life via heat or heart beat detection. This makes it possible to remove rotten bacterial loaded eggs (bangers) as well.

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43

TECHNICAL COLUMN

In-Ovo vaccination

Contaminated chicks due to clear eggs in the hatcher

However, no equipment is infallible and each system must be well maintained and monitored. You should always check eggs sent through as fertile to ensure the correctness of the system.

For example, a dirty light or camera will make the equipment see a shadow, which it may interpret as an embryo. This can cause that all clear eggs pass through the transfer. Any clear egg remaining can break open at take off and contaminate the chicks, particularly if you are using a chick separator.

Although automatic systems cannot cause inverted eggs, we still recommend paying attention to ensure that they are correctly set up. Poor alignments, eggs dropping from the transfer head and abrupt stop of hatcher baskets can cause eggs to crack. Egg-shells are particularly brittle at this stage, as the embryo has drawn and utilized much of the calcium for its development. A crack at this stage will result in the embryo drying out and dying.

Vaccination of the embryo can also be done in the transfer room; however it is necessary to allow the embryo to develop a little further to ensure the optimal delivery site of the vaccine. A successful In-Ovo vaccination requires the vaccine to be delivered either into embryo or in the amniotic fluid (which is taken up by the embryo). If the embryo is vaccinated into the allantois, which is not absorbed, the bird will have little or no protection.

For this reason, we do the transfer for In-Ovo vaccination from 19 days to 19.5 days.

Yolk sac outside the embryo vs. withdrawn yolk sac

Key takeaways to reduce loss at transfer If you want to identify whether your transfer process is causing losses, break open some of the un-hatched eggs. Is the yolk sac still outside the embryo? The most likely cause of death will be transfer damage. If the yolk sac has been withdrawn, this suggests the embryo survived transfer, but died in the hatcher. In this case we recommend checking the conditions of the hatcher.

Of course, it is better to prevent eventual losses; therefore we sum up the main attention points for you to keep in mind during transfer: • Take one trolley at a time to keep the time out-side the incubator to a minimum to avoid an increase in “head over wing” and late mortality with the yolk outside; • Always have eggs/chicks at probe locations or overheating will occur;

Cracks in the eggs can cause the embryo to die

Always remember that dirty/floor eggs pass the same transfer heads as clean eggs. Because of this, transfer heads can possibly become the cause of cross contamination. Routine cleaning after each use and a full stripped down clean every 3 to 6 months depending on the quality of your incoming eggs is a good way to ensure good hygiene at this point.

We also recommend using transparent pipes on all suction equipment if possible. This allows seeing at a glance how clean the equipment truly is internally.

44

• Use a transfer machine to avoid cracks and ensure eggs do not get inverted; • Check automation equipment to ensure it is not causing cracks to the eggs; • If you are using a chick separator, clear eggs must be removed to prevent fouling day old chicks during separation; • Dispose of bangers or rots into a bucket of disinfectant to prevent further contamination; • Keep equipment clean to prevent cross contamination.

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

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45

MANAGEMENT

Cleaning and disinfection on an organic poultry farm

All who work or visit poultry farms must adhere to the guidance of the farm management when it comes to biosecurity protocols. There are three basic ways of providing biosecurity barriers: 1) physical barriers, as when using coveralls or boots, 2) chemical barriers as with the use of disinfectants, and 3) logical barriers that keep out of situations that lower exposure. The logical barriers could be the method of using age and disease status for planning visits to farms, and self-quarantine of animals who are suspect of disease.

Cleaning and Disinfection (C&D) is one of the three methods of controlling viruses, molds and bacteria from coming into contact with your flocks.

Gregory P. Martin, PhD, PAS Penn State University Extension, USA

46

In order to disinfect properly, cleaning must be the first step. If left dirty, the application of a disinfectant may not work. Chemicals such as Chlorine compounds do not work well in dirty environments. So, in essence a dirty object that is disinfected is still considered “dirty”. Visible dirt, biofilms, and any other material should be removed before the disinfection step. Remove any visible dirt from the object manually if possible.

Select a good foaming detergent in water and begin to wash the object. Use a brush to rub the - management -

©Alltech

©Ms Goergie Cartanza's

©Jansen Poultry Equipment

Biosecurity is the combined efforts and systems we put in place on the farm to help control disease agents from contacting flocks.

soap into the surface of the object. This action does two things: first, it helps the soap surround the dirt particles and lift them off the surface.

Secondly, scrubbing helps disrupt cell walls and helps break up bacteria. Foaming the soap adds some help in floating dirt off in hard to reach surfaces such as ceilings and when spraying the soap on surfaces. Rinse well all soap as the dirt is encased in the soap film (colloidal solution) and will be removed in the rinse water. Then, apply the disinfectant at the proper dilution to the object and wait the required contact time if listed in the instructions before final rinse with clean water or return to service. Knowing the contact time is important especially when C&D of moving objects, such as vehicles and boots. The contact time allows for the disinfectant to do its job to break up the virus or bacterial cell. An alcohol based disinfectant needs time to dry as desiccation is a major mode of killing / breaking up bacteria. Contact time can be lengthened by fine misting or foaming the agent onto the surface. Be sure to maintain stock of soaps in the right storage environment as freezing or high heat may deactivate their activity.

In so far as disinfectants, there are a few choices but fewer than what is available to conventional production. Consult the OMRI guides or online

MANAGEMENT

for changes to the approved list of agents. Be sure to read and understand the product labels of all products you intend to use and keep copies of labels or MSDS sheets for certifying audits as required by your state certifying body.

One thing to remember as you use a disinfectant is to adopt the right concentration for the job at hand. For example the amount of bleach for sanitizing water is much different from disinfecting surfaces such as stainless steel. And, as you use a new product beware of activity between the disinfectant solution and the materials it comes into contact. Some products have been known to warp or soften plastics at high concentrations or prolonged contact times.

Some of the common products used for disinfection in organics are: • Chlorine Compounds: Sodium Hypochlorite/Regular bleach, (not the scented, color safe, or other compounds) is the standard for clean non-porous surfaces. Residual chlorine should not exceed 4mg/L (4 ppm) when used as a water sanitizer. When using at higher concentration a flush rinse may be needed to reduce residuals to safe levels.

Chlorine Dioxide is another product that could be used, but residual levels for water is limited to 0.8 mg/L (0.8 ppm) of activity. Not for use with heavy soiled materials.

• Acids: these compounds break down cell wall structures.

Acetic Acid (Vinegar, 5% acid) is commonly found, but higher concentrations can be obtained if used for topical disinfection. Non-synthetic based products, such as cider vinegar is desired for use. Phosphoric Acid can be used so long as there is not contact with livestock or land in organic production. Higher concentrations of these acids can be aggressive / caustic to some materials.

• Iodine: Potassium Iodide, and acidified elemental iodine are used as surface disinfectants. Check brand labels for clearance with certifying body. These compounds can stain certain materials they are applied to.

• Hydrogen Peroxide: is used as a water treatment as well as a surface sanitizer. Hydronium ion, and oxygen is produced with its degradation. Be mindful of the initial solution concentration, as dilution may need to be made from a concentrate. These compounds can be corrosive at times with certain metals. Check label for proper use and dilution for the intended applications. Not for use with heavy soiled materials.

• Alcohol: Isopropyl Alcohol at higher dilutions are effective in drying and breaking down bacterial cell walls. Mostly used in limited applications and for disinfecting hard surfaces topically. Isopropanol, and Ethanol can be used, according to label guidance. These compounds can be aggressive on some synthetic rubbers and plastics.

As sanitation products are selected, you may wish to rotate between two or more products periodically. This will help reduce the resistance of the bacterial and other germs on the farm.

When tied with good cleaning techniques the load of germs on the farm can be minimized and the spread of disease forming agents can be achieved. This then forms the basis of good poultry farm operational biosecurity.

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47

NUTRITION

Mycotoxins in turkeys Many species of fungi produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins several of which are highly toxic to humans and animals. Mycotoxin producing fungi damage crops either in the field or during storage causing economic loss due to spoilage.

Types of mycotoxins Marcus Kenny, Aviagen Turkeys Ltd Company Nutritionist

There are more than 400 known mycotoxins. The mycotoxins of most importance to poultry are mainly produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium and are produced either pre-harvest, during harvest or in storage or during feed processing whenever conditions are favourable. Stress factors such as drought, poor fertilization, high crop densities, weed competition, insect or mechanical damage at harvest, and storage conditions can affect the plant or grains natural defences and help to promote the development of the fungal infection and lead to mycotoxin production. Different species show varying susceptibility to mycotoxins. Poultry are highly susceptible to T-2 Toxins and moderately sensitive to Aflatoxins and Ochratoxins. However within poultry species turkeys are more susceptible to aflatoxins than broilers but in most cases the younger the birds the more susceptible they are. Some fungal strains are capable of producing more than one mycotoxin and also a single mycotoxin is produced by more than one fungus. The most important mycotoxins for poultry and the fungi that produce them are shown in Table 2.

Aflatoxins

Toxin production requires the presence of a mould, a suitable substrate and a suitable environment. If a mould is present, toxin production is influenced by moisture (water activity), temperature, oxygen and the nature of the substrate. Most plant feedstuffs will provide a suitable substrate. Moulds don’t just produce mycotoxins but also reduce the nutrient value of feed (Bartov et al., 1982; Hamilton, 1976) see Table 1.

Table 1 – Mould growth decreases the nutritional value of corn Parameter

Good Corn

Mouldy Corn

Percent Reduction

Total Fat (%)

3.8

2.4

36.8

Fatty Acid content Palmitic (16:0)

11.3

9.1

19.5

Metabolisable energy (kcals/kg)

3350

2510

25.1

Carotene (mg/kg)

3,1

2,3

25,8

48

Aflatoxins are the most widespread and most studied group of all mycotoxins. The toxin occurs in warm and humid climatic conditions and is not considered a problem in colder climates however the global availability of feed stuffs means contaminated materials can occur anywhere in the world.

Aflatoxin B1 is the most common and biologically active of all the aflatoxins and causes decreased growth, egg production and mortality. Clinically the signs are anorexia, visceral hemorrhages embryo toxicity and increased susceptibility to stressors. Histopathology of turkeys reveals fatty liver, liver necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. Aflatoxin B1 also suppresses the immune system and reduces vaccine response (Peng et al. 2015, Valchev et al. 2017). Aflatoxins decrease the activities of several digestive enzymes resulting in reduced feed conversion efficiency. Aflatoxins are known to interfere with vitamin D metabolism contributing to reduced bone strength and leg weakness (Hamilton, 1987). Suppression of hepatic protein synthesis is the main factor resulting in growth suppression and reduced egg production. Aflatoxins are also associated with poor fertility and hatchability.

Perhaps the most important effect of aflatoxins is the immune suppressing effect (CAST, 2003) and consequent vaccine and

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

Table 2 – Major Mycotoxins Major Mycotoxin producing fungi

Major Mycotoxins produced

Important effects in poultry

Feed raw material affected

Fatty liver A flavus

Aflatoxins – B1, B2, G1, G2

A parasiticus

Decreased bodyweight gain and impaired feed utilisation

Wheat, maize, barley, sorghum, soya

Immunosuppression Renal dysfunction

A ochraceus P verrucosum

Ochratoxins – A

P viridicatum

Citrinin

Blood and meat spots in eggs Barley, oats, wheat, rye

Decreased bodyweight gain and impaired feed utilisation

P citrium

Immunosuppression

F verticilloides

Type A Trichothecenes:

Tongue lesions

Barley, oats, wheat, rye

F moniliforme

T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol

Oral/dermal toxicity

Barley, oats, sorghum, soya, maize, wheat

F graminearium

Type B Trichothecenes:

Gizzard lesions

F pseudograminearium

Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol, Fusarenon-X

Decreased bodyweight gain and impaired feed utilisation

F culmorum

Fumonisins

Immunosuppression

F poae

Zearalenone

Wheat and barley

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49

NUTRITION

therapeutic drug failures. Immunosuppresion can also occur at levels of mycotoxins that are undetectable by routine screening methods, (Chen et al., 2017). Table 3 shows the effect of two levels of Aflatoxin B1 (with and without a toxin binder) on haemagglutination titres Newcastle Disease in young turkeys.

Aflatoxicosis has also been shown to increase the susceptibility to salmonellae infection (Devegowda and Murthy, 2005). The effects of aflatoxins on bird performance are dose dependent (see Table 4).

Table 3 – The Effect of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) only or co-administered with a feed additive (Mycotox NG) on haemagglutination titres against Newcastle disease in turkeys (Valchev et al., 2016)

Figure 1a – Normal tongue and palate

Figure 1b – Affected tongue and palate with lesions

Figure 1ab – T2 toxin oral lesions and necrosis (Courtesy of Kimron Veterinary Institute)

Antibody titres (log210)

Treatment

21 days of age

42 days of age

1

7.10±0.031

8.1±0.23

2

7.28±0.038

8.0±0.39

3

4.30±0.441c,2c

5.9±0.341c,2c

4

4.10±0.341c,2c

5.0±0.361c,2b

5

6.00±0.512a,4a

6.6±0.342b,4a

6

5.10±0.601a,2b,3a

6.0±0.441b,2b,4a

Ochratoxins

T1 – control; T2 – 0.5g/kg feed additive; T3 – 0.2mg/kg AFB1; T4 – 0.4mg/kg AFB1; T5 – 0.2mg/kg AFB1 + feed additive; T6 - 0.4mg/kg AFB1 + feed additive.

Table 4 – The effect of aflatoxin level on layer bird performance Aflatoxin (mg/kg feed)

Effect on egg production

2.5

egg production reduced

10.0

50% reduction

20.0

100% reduction

Ochratoxin type A (OTA) is a common contaminant in a variety of feedstuffs, OTA is produced mainly by aspergillus species.

It is a nephrotoxin significantly depressing feed intake, growth, feathering, egg production and feed conversion efficiency (Hamilton 1982). OTA has been found to be teratogenic in several species, craniofacial abnormalities of the offspring being the most common signs (Malir et al., 2013). Anecdotal evidence suggests that OTA can result in significant embryonic loss and malformations in the field (see Figure 2). Egg shell quality can be affected along with yellow staining of egg shells and blood spots (Shirley and Tohala, 1983). OTA is three times more toxic to young birds than aflatoxins. Severely affected birds show urate deposits in joints and in the abdominal cavity. Acute OTA toxicity results in acute renal failure leading to death.

Trichothecenes Type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscripenol) are a major concern. They impact bird health and welfare, and cause economic losses in productivity. They can be found in cereals and cereal by-products and feeds. They cause oral lesions dermatitis (see Figure 1ab) and intestinal irritation (Wyatt et al., 1975). T-2 toxins reduce feed intake, they are often referred to as ‘the feed refusal’ toxins, reduce body weight, egg production, egg shell quality and regression of ovaries in laying birds (CAST, 2003). The effect of T-2 toxin on laying hen performance has been demonstrated at different dosage levels (see Table 5). T-2 toxins have also been known to cause gizzard erosions and necrosis of the proventricular mucosa. They are the second most immune suppressive mycotoxins after aflatoxins, occurrence of both toxins is the most immunosuppressive combination of toxins (Raju and Devegowda, 2002).

50

Figure 2 – Malformation of turkey embryos associated with Ochratoxin type A (Image courtesy of M. Behl, Select Genetics)

Zearelenone (ZEA) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) Zearelenone is responsible for reproductive disorders due to its estrogenic effect at high concentrations. Poultry are quite resistant to Zearelenone however at high concentrations vent

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

enlargement and enhanced secondary sex characteristics are seen. Layers are considered resistant to Zearelenone even when fed at up to 800mg/kg (Allen et al., 1981) however Zearelenone will contaminate eggs, which is a concern in terms of reproductive performance, chicks derived from hens fed Zearelenone contaminated feed contained ZEAs (Bergsj et al., 1993).

Table 5 – The effect of T-2 toxin on laying hen performance T-2 toxin (ppm)

Egg Production (%)

Egg Weight (g)

Body Weight (g)

0.0

96.29

52.45

1332

0.5

93.81

51.77

1313

1.0

91.75

51.35

1286

2.0

86.65

51.33

1285

Manoj and Devegowda, 2001

“There are more than 400 known mycotoxins. The mycotoxins of most importance to poultry are mainly produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium and are produced either pre-harvest, during harvest or in storage or during feed processing whenever conditions are favourable. Stress factors such as drought, poor fertilization, high crop densities, weed competition, insect or mechanical damage at harvest, and storage conditions can affect the plant or grains natural defences and help to promote the development of the fungal infection and lead to mycotoxin production.”

Poultry are quite resistant to DON however there is an association with reduced feed intake in layers and breeders, the toxin is sometimes considered an indicator that other more potent Fusarium are present.

Fumonisins Fumonisins are found in tropical and temperate climates. Performance related effects include reduced weight gain and poor FCR. Clinical signs are spiking mortality which includes paralysis, extended legs and neck, poor gait, gasping, increased liver weight and liver necrosis.

Table 6 – Co-contaminating mycotoxins in poultry (adapted from Devegowda and Murthy, 2005) Aflatoxin

DAS

DON

Fumonisin B

Fusaric Acid

Ochra-toxin

T-2 Toxin

++

+

-

-

++

++

-

+

-

-

++

-

++

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

Aflatoxin DAS

++

DON

+

-

Fumonisin B

-

+

-

Fusaric Acid

-

-

++

-

Ochratoxin

++

-

-

-

-

T-2 Toxin

++

++

-

+

-

++ ++

+ signifies an additive effect of toxins, ++ signifies a synergistic effect, - no known additive or synergistic effect

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51

NUTRITION

Table 7 – The variability measured by the variance associated with a 0.91kg sample, 50g subsample, measuring aflatoxin in 1 aliquot by immunoassay in a lot of shelled corn at 20ppb aflatoxin1 Variance

Ratio (%)

Sample = 0.91kg

268

75.5

Subsample2,

56

15.9

Immunoassay, 1 aliquot

30

8.6

Total

355

100

50g

1Sampling, sample preparation, and analyses errors account for about 75.5, 15.89 and 8.6% of the total errors, respectively.

2Romer Mill used to grind

Co-contamination of feeds by mycotoxins Co-contamination of mycotoxins appears to exert greater negative impact on health and productivity than do single toxins, for example both aflatoxin and ochratoxin are extremely toxic to poultry and they act synergistically. The toxicity resulting from dual exposure to aflatoxin and ochratoxin is much greater than the sum of their individual toxicities. The effects of T-2 and DAS were additive in laying hens for feed intake, oral lesions, mild changes in plasma enzyme activities and reduced egg production (Diaz et al., 1994).

Fungi do not occur in feedstuffs as pure cultures so the number of possible combinations of toxins is very significant. The scientifically established co-contaminants are listed below (see Table 6); The key point is that a feedstuff testing positive for a particular toxin signifies that growing conditions were favourable not just for that fungi but also for others.

Therefore testing the feedstuff for other co-contaminants is important.

Mycotoxin testing A rigorous testing schedule should be put in place to continuously assess the mycotoxin threat to the feed stuff and also assist identifying contaminated lots.

There is significant variability in the process of testing for mycotoxins brought about by the variability in sampling, sample preparation and analytical variation.

52

lot (Bauwin and Ryan, 1982; Hurburgh and Bern, 1983). When drawing a sample from a bulk container a probing pattern should be developed so that product can be collected from different locations in the lot. An example of a probing pattern used by the USDA is shown below (Figure 3): The sampling probe should be long enough to reach the bottom of the container when possible. When sampling from a moving stream, e.g. a moving belt,

“A rigorous testing schedule should be put in place to continuously assess the mycotoxin threat to the feed stuff and also assist identifying contaminated lots. There is significant variability in the process of testing for mycotoxins brought about by the variability in sampling, sample preparation and analytical variation” Table 7 shows the variability associated in measuring aflatoxin in a lot of contaminated corn, variation through sampling contributes to over 75% of the overall error of testing (Whitaker et al., 2005).

Sampling error is large because of the extreme distribution among contaminated particles within a lot, it is estimated that only 6 kernels in 10,000 are contaminated in a lot containing a concentration of 20ppb aflatoxin (Johansson et al., 2000b).

A single spot sample or probing point is satisfactory if the contaminated particles are evenly distributed through the lot, however mycotoxins generally occur in isolated pockets through the lot (Shotwell et al., 1975). Increasing the number of samples taken from a lot can increase the chances of identifying contaminated lots. Procedures used to take a sample from a bulk lot are extremely important, every individual item in the lot should have an equal chance of being chosen.

The sample should be an accumulation of many small portions taken from many different locations throughout the - nutrition -

small increments should be taken along the entire length of the moving stream.

Composite all the increments to obtain a bulk sample, if the bulk sample is larger than required then blend and subdivide the bulk sample to obtain the desired size test sample.

Front

Rear X = 5 Probe Patterns; X+O = 8 Probe Patterns

Figure 3 – An example of a 5 and 8-probe sampling pattern (adapted from Whitaker et al., 2005)

NUTRITION

Analyses Rapid strip tests: Analyses of feedstuffs for presence of mycotoxins can be conducted efficiently through the use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) testing kits and have become a standard tool for rapid monitoring of mycotoxins (Molinelli et al., 2009b). This method is satisfactory in order to establish if a specific feed stuff is either under or over a legal compliance level.

HPLC and GC-MS analyses provides more accurate determination of the level and type of mycotoxins present in the feedstuff. Some toxins can escape detection as they may be masked by glycosides or proteins which are attached to the toxin giving a false negative result, more refined analyses methods are required to measure such toxins. Bio-assays are used to establish presence of specific mycotoxins, an example is using crustacea such as artemia saline (see Figure 4) and assessing survival rate from a sample of material (Hardwig and Scott, 1971; Meyer et al., 1982).

Preventative approaches Assessing the mould levels of grain can indicate the likelihood of mycotoxins occurring.

Figure 4 – Artemia Salina

Testing the material for the level and type of mould can sometimes indicate what the likelihood of mycotoxin contamination may be. However, it is possible that moulds may no longer be present in the material but the mycotoxins are, the best practice is to analyse for both moulds and mycotoxins.

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NUTRITION

Damage or stress to the plant by diseases, insect or bird damage, weeds, frost or drought permits easy entrance of moulds and fungi, and promotes rapid development of moulds. Insect damaged grain is more vulnerable to mould growth so reducing insect infestations is critical in preventing mould growth in grains. Some toxins such as aflatoxins tends to occur in broken and damaged kernels and in foreign material.

Avoid harvesting grain at an excessively high moisture content and keep in a holding bin using forced air to keep cool, store the grain in weatherproof well ventilated facilities and monitor the temperature of stored grain. Drying the grain slowly and at low temperatures for long periods promotes aflatoxin development.

All handling equipment and storage facilities must be kept well ventilated and clean and dry prior to and during use. Storage facilities must be free of moisture leaks and all residue removed to reduce contamination.

Applying liquid or dry mould inhibitors, use of organic acids such as propionic acid and ammonium isobutyrate will prevent mould growth if correctly applied as it is augured into the silo.

However organic acids will not destroy toxins already present in the grain (Hammond and Sumner, 2009).

Visual assessment of the lot

Mechanical sorting and separation In this process the clean product is separated from mycotoxin-contaminated grains. High feed losses are possible due to incomplete and uncertain separation. Therefore mechanical sorting and separation is not always considered cost-efficient.

‘Blending down’ material, which has been analyzed higher than maximum permitted levels of toxins is not permitted in some regions.

Washing Washing procedures using water or sodium carbonate solution result in some reduction of mycotoxins in grains.

Treatment: Nutritional approaches – Increased levels of antioxidants, methionine, selenium and vitamins in affected feeds have been shown to counteract the effects of mycotoxins as well as addition of chlorophyll, algal derivatives and aspartamine.

Chemical detoxification

Look out for visual clues of contaminants, grains can show signs of mould growth (see Figure 5) and / or insect damage and presence of ‘fines’, which are associated with mould growth.

– Detoxification with ammonia or ammonia related compounds is considered to be one of the most practical means of decontamination of aflatoxin in agricultural commodities (Leeson et al., 1995). Dietary aflatoxin inactivation by ammonization for layer breeders had no detrimental effect on the immunological response elicited by Newcastle disease vaccination as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition titers (Boulton et al., 1982). Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent acceptable in foods and the potential to destroy up to 97% of aflatoxins. Similar effects have been found with treatment by organic acids and surfactants (Bothast et al., 1976; Rodriguez and Mahoney, 1994).

Mycotoxin sequestering agents Supplementation with non-nutritive mycotoxin-sequestering agents is by far the most practical and most widely studied method for reducing the effects of mycotoxin exposure (Diaz and Smith, 2005).

– Activated charcoal is an amorphous form of carbon heated in the absence of air and then treated with oxygen to increase porosity. There is some data to suggest activated charcoal is effective in absorbing some aflatoxins but not toxins derived from other species. Activated charcoal can also result in absorption of micronutrients in the feed.

Figure 5 – Maize grains contaminated with mould

Cleaning During the cleaning process of contaminated grain dust, husks, hair and shallow particles are blown away by aspiration or scouring. Grain cleaners have been shown to reduce the level of aflatoxin in maize grain by as much as 50%.

54

– Silicate Minerals (Clays) include bentonite, zeolite and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate. The absorption technique uses compounds that form a complex with the toxin preventing absorption of the aflatoxin across the intestinal epithelium reducing the amount of toxin absorbed into the blood stream.

High levels of inclusion could provide excessive sequestration

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

capacity that may decrease the bioavailability of important micronutrients (Diaz and Smith, 2005). Clays tend to reduce the utilization of minerals manganese, zinc and magnesium chloride copper and sodium (Devegowda and Murthy, 2005).

– Yeast Cell Wall-Based Adsorbents, principally modified glucomannan, are able to adsorb higher levels of several mycotoxins at lower inclusion rates than inorganic binders (Mahesh and Devegouda, 1996). The specific mode of action of some yeast cell wall components suggests that their activity would not affect the availability of micro-nutrients. Modified glucomannan has been shown to bind fusarium derived toxin.

•

•

•

Biotransformation Biological detoxification by enzymes and/or microorganisms degrades mycotoxins within the gastrointestinal tract, before resorption into the animal occurs. There are now enzyme and microorganism based products effective in transforming specific toxins such as Fumonisins and Trichothecenes into nontoxic metabolites.

•

•

material from the feedstuff and consider addition of mould inhibitors/killers; Implement a mycotoxin testing schedule, this is important not just from the point of view of risk assessment to livestock but also from a regulatory and human health point of view; Apply a robust sampling plan, increasing the number and size of samples taken from a lot can increase the effectiveness of testing and the chances of identifying contaminated lots; Detect and quantify the mould and mycotoxin concentration in the feedstuff remembering many mycotoxins cocontaminate materials, detection of one toxin may indicate presence of another more toxic mycotoxin; When the feedstuff has been identified as contaminated take action before the birds consume the feed, not after the birds are affected by the toxin; Remove and replace the feed or apply an appropriate mycotoxin binder or bio-transforming agent specific to the type of toxin recovered in the feed; Monitor the flock for any performance or clinical related signs of mycotoxicosis;

Summary

•

• Prevent fungal growth on crops in the field, at harvest, during storage of feedstuffs and processing of feed; • Implement mechanical means of removing contaminated

• Implement an ongoing mycotoxin surveillance programme.

- january 2019 -

A list of references can be provided by the author

55

VETERINARY SCIENCE

Engineering vaccines for multiple strains of IBV

Šohsu.edu

In new work funded by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) researchers at The Pirbright Institute and The Roslin Institute have published work investigating the role of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Spike (S) protein in generating protection through vaccination.

Vaccination of poultry for IBV would alleviate a major problem for the poultry industry. However, current vaccine regimes based on a single virus group, known as a serotype, often do not produce sufficient immunity against other serotypes, so two or more different vaccines have to be used in order to provide broader protection. Consequently, there is a real need to develop new vaccines against Infectious Bronchitis (IB) that are protective against multiple strains of the virus.

To do this Dr Erica Bickerton, leader of the Coronaviruses group at Pirbright, and her colleagues generated ‘recombinant viruses’, viruses that are made up of parts from different strains.

In this case they made viruses containing different S proteins.

The S protein on the surface of IBV binds to a protein on the outside of cells to initiate entry and infection. The recombinant viruses were made by incorporating different parts of the S protein, known as subunits S1 and S2, from vaccine or virulent

56

IBV strains into a non-pathogenic strain of IBV called Beaudette (Beau-R).

Protecting chicks using a recombinant virus They found the recombinant vaccines were capable of replicating in primary chicken kidney cell cultures and in Vero cells, which are derived from African green monkey kidney cells and are a widely used cell line. This research, published in the Journal of General Virology, implies that recombinant IBVs containing S1 subunits from diverse IBV strains are able to grow in a cell line that may facilitate rational design of future vaccines.

To test these and other recombinant viruses further, particularly with regards to their potency, or immunogenicity, as

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

vaccines, Dr Bickerton collaborated with a team at The University of Edinburgh.

Professor Lonneke Vervelde, at the University’s The Roslin Institute, who led the study published in the Journal of Virology said: “There is a real need to develop new vaccines against Infectious Bronchitis that protect against multiple strains and offer rapid responses. We are trying to make a vaccine that offers broad protection, but further research is needed to develop a more robust vaccine.”

netic tools we have that allow us to engineer recombinant viruses will enable us to test different backbone strains and S proteins with a view to finding a vaccine strain that will protect against multiple or all groups of IBV”, said Dr Bickerton.

A recombinant vaccine would have great potential for the development of more cost effective and efficient commercial vaccines, easing a significant economic burden on the poultry industry, as well as generating technology that could enable a more rapid response to newly emerging IBV strains.

Source: The Pirbright Institute

Dr Bickerton added: “In this study we found it is possible to partially protect chickens against IB using a recombinant virus vaccine incorporating the S1 or S2 subunits. However, these vaccine viruses did not stimulate an optimal immune response. A better immune response was seen when the full S protein from the virulent strain was incorporated into the Beaudette vaccine virus”.

This suggests that the S protein subunits from different strains do not come together as well as the subunits from a single strain do, which reduces their ability to protect chickens against infection. The implication is that optimal formation of the S protein is required, and it is expected, with further optimisation the researchers will see a greater immune response generated.

Giving booster vaccinations might also improve protection The study reported here is part of a larger project looking at specific differences in the S protein between groups of IBV. If some of these differences can be incorporated into a single, effective vaccine strain that will protect against all groups of IBV then this would have great potential for use in the poultry industry.

The next steps are to engineer a recombinant IBV vaccine with improved replication, which may improve the immune response. Giving booster vaccinations might also improve protection. “It is possible that the Beaudette vaccine strain ‘backbone’ for our recombinant viruses was too weak, or attenuated, but the ge- january 2019 -

57

PROCESSING

Improving poultry product safety

©Pagliarini

©Pagliarini

A funded research project was completed at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Athens, Ga., that has revealed a method to improve poultry product shelf life and safety.

The research is part of the Association’s comprehensive research program encompassing all phases of poultry and egg production and processing.

Dr. Hong Zhuang at the USDA Agricultural Research Service recently completed a research project in which he optimized the conditions for a new type of packaging system for raw poultry meat products. The system uses electrical current to generate ozone inside sealed packages of poultry meat and gives a significant reduction in both spoilage microbes and potential foodborne pathogens. This new approach to product quality control offers several potential advantages on shelf life over traditional methods.

The project summary is as follows.

Cold plasma-based antimicrobial packaging system to improve the shelf life and reduce foodborne pathogens in poultry breast meat – Institution: USDA – Agricultural Research Service It is estimated that more than 144 million pounds of fresh poultry meat products are lost as a result of microbiological spoilage each year. Non-thermal antimicrobial treatments such as chilling with chlorinated water during processing and strategies such as cold-chain management are often used to control microbial spoilage and foodborne pathogens of fresh poultry meat products during storage.

58

- processing -

PROCESSING

A recently developed innovation is atmospheric cold plasma (CP)-based antimicrobial packaging system that uses high electrical voltages to generate plasma with ozone and other bactericidal components within sealed food packages.

There are a number of advantages with this packaging system compared to alternative treatments, such as eliminating pre-packaging treatment requirements, adaptability for use with any size and type of package and treatment time, having no chemical residues after treatment, cost effectiveness, improving shelf life. Published experiments have shown that treatment of boneless skinless chicken breast meat in modified atmosphere tray packs with this system at 75 kV for three minutes can double microbiological shelf life at refrigerated temperatures.

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The objective of this proposal was to optimize treatment and packaging conditions of the CP-based antimicrobial packaging system for extending microbiological shelf life and reducing foodborne pathogens of raw chicken breast meat without compromising quality.

Single CP treatment factors, such as CP treatment voltage, CP treatment time, and package CO2 content, were evaluated. The treatment factors were assessed based on ozone formation in packages, natural microflora, foodborne pathogens (Campylobacter and Salmonella), surface color, drip loss and Ph. The results showed that the CP-based antimicrobial packaging system reduced populations of spoilage microbes and Campylobacter by more than 90 percent and Salmonella by more than 60 percent on raw chicken breast meat packed in air. It further reduced spoilage microbes and Campylobacter by more than 90 percent when the raw meat was packed in high O2 /CO2, atmosphere compared with that packed in air, although there was no difference for Salmonella. Regardless of packaging atmosphere, the system generated ozone in packages and affected color of treated meat after storage, making meat look paler or lighter. The effects of the system on meat drip loss and pH were negligible.

These results suggest that the CP-based antimicrobial packaging system evaluated in this study can be used as an alternative packaging method to extend microbiological safety of packed raw poultry meat. The system can result in ozone formation in raw meat packages and may result in changes in meat appearance after storage. The optimal packaging condition is 35 percent O2, 60 percent CO2, and 5 percent N2.

The optimal cold plasma treatment condition is 60 kV for 60 seconds. The expected reduction is more than 90 percent in spoilage microbes and Campylobacter and 60 percent in Salmonella after five days of storage at refrigerated temperature.

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English Edition Year XLI January 2019

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