Zootecnica International - English edition - 12 December - 2019

Zootecnica International – December 2019 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

IPPE, the world’s largest annual poultry show Dynamics of global egg trade at Country Development Group level Raising pullets in alternative systems for optimal production

12 2019

The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

EDITORIAL The relationship between scientific research and development constitutes one of the most frequent and complex discussions of today, and regardless of any specific conclusions being reached, does create problems that can be linked to the historical, political and cultural differences that exist between different countries.

Innovative research can be constricted by the availability of financial resources, by the social acceptance of innovative progress, by support from the business sector or by the drive to be competitive.

The ability to be innovative and at the same time to have the potential to convert innovative ideas into practical and competitive solutions requires a good rapport between the centres of research, the business interests and the government.

Today the process of research, innovation and development seems to be different from the established past relationships between economics, social motivation and how research should be directed. Understanding these changes and finding solutions will be challenging and will require strong co-ordinated international political intention to provide equal opportunities to all countries and to ensure product information is transparent.

It is not enough to pass laws on traceability standards when there are insufficient methods in place to control imports from countries where the same standards are not applied.

Image: Fotolia - Š Minerva Studio

SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 6 IPPE PREVIEW...................................................................................... 10

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COMPANY FOCUS Increased interest in the slower-growing broiler Ranger Gold........................... 16

INTERVIEW Hubbard outlines the main features of their new product: the Hubbard Efficiency Plus........................................................................... 22

FIELD REPORT Introduction of the Kuroiler poultry breed from India in East Africa.................... 26

MARKETING

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Dynamics and changing patterns of global egg trade at Country Development Group level.............................................................. 28

TECHNICAL COLUMN Heat tolerance of TETRA laying hens............................................................. 36

MANAGEMENT Raising pullets in alternative systems for optimal production............................ 38

NUTRITION NIRS study on nutritional profiles of 100 soybean meal samples from USA and Brazil................................................................ 42

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Practical views on global meat chicken nutrition.............................................. 48

VETERINARY SCIENCE Host and microbial biomarkers for intestinal health and disease in broilers....... 54

MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 60 EVENTS................................................................................................... 63 INTERNET GUIDE................................................................................ 64

WORLDWIDE NEWS

Fieragricola 2020: an in-depth insight into the Italian agro-livestock industry The 114th edition of Fieragricola will be held in Verona from January 29th to February 1st 2020 and will focus on the Italian agrolivestock sector with innovative solutions, advanced technologies and new products on display. value Italian farmers as true players of the poultry supply chain. The prize, which is open to all Unaitalia poultry member farmers, will be awarded to the best stories of virtuous practices in farming linked to 4 specific areas: animal welfare, environmental sustainability, technological innovation and biosecurity. The award ceremony will take place on Wednesday 29th January, during the opening day of the fair.

Where: Veronafiere Exhibition Center Viale del Lavoro, 8 - Verona, Italy

In 2020, Fieragricola will strengthen the areas of animal husbandry and agricultural mechanization thanks to the expansion of its exhibition area; the fair will also focus on topics such as renewable energy, multifunctional and circular economies, services and the role of a “Dynamic Show” as it is.

When: From Wednesday 29th January to Saturday 1st February 2020 From 9.00 am to 6.00 pm Info: Website: www.fieragricola.it Email: fieragricola@veronafiere.it

Poultry 4.0, a great challenge for Veronafiere Also, the Fair has planned a strong and strategic relaunch of the poultry sector (technologies for breeding and genetics) within the livestock area in a setting dedicated to “joining forces” in order to create different and new opportunities for the poultry supply chain and an innovative market approach.

An interesting and eventful program

Fieragricola and Unaitalia will also organize a training day with a special class on animal welfare for broiler farmers. Farm sustainability will be the focus of the SIPA congress, the Italian Society of Avian Pathology, which is being hosted at the Unaitalia’s Stand. The agenda also includes an in-depth discussion dedicated to the rabbit supply chain, organized in collaboration with Asic, the Italian scientific association of rabbit farming.

Training for technicians, professionals and farmers, best practices for environmental sustainability and innovations, future goals of the poultry sector, recognition of excellence, all these will be some of the themes featured at the fair with the participation of Unaitalia, the association which represents over 90% of Italian poultry producers.

Another interesting event will be dedicated to eggs and their stamping on the farm, for which a ministerial decree is expected to guarantee transparency for consumers and protection as a ‘Made in Italy’ product. Finally, the poultry and pig world will meet for a common initiative on the sector challenges and food safety, also focusing on Classyfarm, a system for categorizing the farming risk.

The third edition of the prize “Avicoltore dell’anno – Farmer of the year”, is the Fair award ceremony that aims to

Source: Fieragricola, Unaitalia

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- worldwide news -

WORLDWIDE NEWS

31st edition of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium The Australian Poultry Science Symposium (APSS) is the premier avian science conference in Australia and attracts delegates from all across Australia and around the world.

Park. The move away from the University of Sydney campus over the past 3 years has allowed to access larger, better quality facilities and provide a much wider range of accommodation options for delegates.

2020 will be the 31st edition of the symposium and will again be hosted at Sheraton Grand Sydney Hyde

Over the past 3 years the organizers have witnessed a steady growth in attendance of the conference, with a record number of 263 delegates for the 30th Anniversary Event in February 2019. They are committed to continuing this trend, with a goal to reach 300+ attendees within the next 3 years.

This year’s over-arching theme will be “A holistic approach to poultry production”.

There will again be an interesting array of local and international invited speakers, and as always, researchers far and wide will be invited to submit and present a large range of scientific papers, loaded with industry-relevant content. As usual, the extraordinary social program will also provide everyone with plenty of networking opportunities over the 3-day event. Organizers hope to see you in Sydney next February.

BELTS and ROPES for AVICULTURAL USE • Manure removal belts • Manure belt with holes for drying systems info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieribelts.com

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COMPANY NEWS

Sochi seminar features sharing of advice and experiences

Aviagen LLC seminars are on the rise as their popularity grows among customers. The seminar held in Sochi featured the most current advice on optimal feed and nutrition, biosecurity and other management topics for both broilers and breeders. Sochi (Krasnodarsky region) is known for its poultry farming industry, and is an area where Aviagen has multiple customers.

Aviagen LLC Technical Service Managers Kruno Bosilj and Georgi Nalbantov, as well as Aviagen LLC Veterinarian Rik van den Bos and Aviagen Nutritionist Adam Sacranie, engaged with customers on how to best meet the unique needs of Ross® birds, and discussed the latest industry trends and methods.

Seminars and meetings add value for customers Aviagen LLC cares about its customers and is committed to support their businesses with the latest knowledge and breeding developments. For this reason, the number of local seminars such as this in Sochi continues to grow.

This year alone the company has hosted events for more than 100 customers covering the width and breadth of the region, from St. Petersburg and Novokuznetsk in Russia to Belarus and Kazakhstan.

customers to ask questions, meet specialists in various fields and exchange ideas and experiences.

“Because of the dedication and skill of our Russian customers, they’re able to consistently maximize the genetical potential of our birds for great efficiency and performance. Aviagen LLC is committed to our esteemed customers and we work side-by-side to help meet their unique needs and champion their success,” noted Nicolas Neyra, Aviagen LLC Regional Technical Manager.

Aviagen LLC Sales Director Eduard Taktarov added that the Sochi seminars aim to give farmers everything they need to boost the productivity, health and welfare of their flocks. “We value each and every chance to meet with them, add value to their businesses and further strengthen our relationships.”

Sochi Seminar attendee Ilya Buguev, Chief Veterinarian for PJSC poultry farm Reftinskaya, expressed his thanks to Aviagen LLC. “The Aviagen team has demonstrated a true devotion to their customers at each seminar I’ve attended. The programs always equip us with a variety of useful information designed to help customers improve production performance. I’ve especially enjoyed the opportunities during both the seminar and networking activities to discuss hot topics with industry colleagues.”

The Sochi seminars provide a forum for the Aviagen LLC team to strengthen their relationships with customers and gain valuable feedback, which is critical to ongoing breeding improvements. The meetings also enable

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- company news -

For more information: www.aviagen.com

COMPANY NEWS

Moba France opens a new office in Plérin, France To celebrate the opening of the new office, Moba France held a cocktail party at their booth at the Space 2019 show. “It was such a pleasure to celebrate this special occasion with customers,” said newly appointed Managing Director Mrs. Céline Rousseau. “We were delighted to see many of our existing and new customers. We took this opportunity to also present the Moba France team.”

The new Moba office is open for business. Mrs. Céline Rousseau is the new Managing Director of Moba France SAS. The new office, located in Plérin, France, strengthens the Moba presence and offers a single location for sales, support, parts and service of Moba equipment.

Moba has appointed Mrs. Céline Rousseau as the Managing Director of Moba France SAS.

With the new office Moba will further strengthen its position in the French market. Moba’s aim is always to be where their customers are. With an office in France, Moba can work more closely with its customers, and can better serve them by enhancing the ability to respond proactively to customers’ needs.

“The goal that I have set for my team and myself is to help customers in their search for the best possible fit for their operation. Ensuring that our customers are fully satisfied with the final result is one of our main objectives.

Together with the Moba France team I am excited to help all customers take the next step with their businesses.”

REVENTA heating systems Ensure comfortable heat in the stable

»Heat-X« Rotate Effective heat recovery, no dust pre-filtration required

»Heat-X« Type G Heating without CO2 production in the stable

»Heat-X« Type V Equal radial heat distribution

»REV-AL« light

High heating capacity – low weight, easy to clean

REVENTA® GmbH | D-48612 Horstmar | GERMANY | Tel. +49 (0) 25 58 / 93 92 - 0

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www.reventa.de

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COMPANY NEWS

Marel celebrates 75 years of business in Gainesville On September 26, 2019, Marel celebrated 75 years of operations at its location in Gainesville, Georgia. To mark the occasion, the company celebrated with a luncheon where Georgia Agricultural Commissioner Gary Black and Georgia State Senator Butch Miller along with Executive Management from Marel spoke to the audience.

Left to right: Roger Claessens, EVP Marel Poultry; Mark Lamb, Technical Center Manager; Folkert Bölger, EVP Global Supply Chain; Gary Black, GA Agriculture Commissioner; Butch Miller, GA State Senator; Chris Siegert, Director of Manufacturing Gainesville; Kenneth Cox, Regional Finance Director

Over 370 people attended the celebration, which opened with remarks by Folkert Bölger and Roger Claessens, both Executive Vice Presidents (EVP) of Marel, who took the opportunity to thank past and present employees for their dedication and hard work carried out in partnership with their customers to transform food processing.

Claessens touched on the many innovations that have changed the landscape of the poultry industry. Following that, Commissioner Black addressed the crowd thanking Marel employees for their dedication and remembering the importance they play in Georgia agricultural and helping the family farm on a daily bases. Senator Miller continued the celebration by thanking Marel for the affects had on the Gainesville community and poultry industry on a global level.

From Gainesville Machine Company to Marel In 1944, Gainesville Machine Company was established as a metal working job shop, specializing in welding fabri-

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cation and machining. A major milestone for the company was in 1960 with the development of the first non-reverse defeathering machine. This development allowed processors to increase line speeds from 200 birds per hour to 12,000. By 1973, the company needed more space, so Marel moved operations to the current location at Airport Parkway. In 1975, Stork Acquisitions Corporation acquired the company and in 2008, Marel Food Systems acquired Stork Food Systems.

Key facility Today, Gainesville is Marel’s key manufacturing facility operating in North America and part of Marel’s global supply chain, which spans 13 manufacturing sites in total.

There are 380 full-time employees based out of Gainesville who work in a diverse range of functions including specialized and technical manufacturing jobs, marketing and sales, service, engineering, finance and more. Not only do the company manufactures advanced food pro-

- company news -

COMPANY NEWS

cessing solutions, they also store and ship all spare parts orders from this location to their customers in North and South America. The poultry industry remains the largest focus of their business in Gainesville; however, they also manufacture and service equipment for the meat industry.

High-tech innovations In the US, Marel is active in poultry, meat, fish and further processing. There are over 800 employees throughout North America with operations in four locations: Kansas City, Kansas; Des Moines, Iowa; Gainesville, Georgia and Seattle, Washington.

highest standards possible and also develop new equipment. In the early days, primary processing equipment was designed and developed.

More recently, they have expanded their offering to include secondary and further processing solutions. With Georgia being the largest producer of poultry meat in the US, the Gainesville location works with many top poultry processors to continually develop new high-tech innovations that help processors increase yields and efficiency as well as product quality and food safety.

They not only sell new equipment to processors, they also help service equipment and keep it running at the

Victoria introduces the new smart control LCD Victoria is proud to introduce a new Compact LCD control, so enlarging its machines controls range in the programmable PLC system. The Display, more compact thanks to its smaller sizes, is available for all incubators sizes.

DISPLAY: 4,3” 480x272 TFT 262k colours

With a new interface format (HMI) of high level technology devices, the control adopts an innovative software SO ensuring the following automatic and safe functions for: • • • • • • • • •

Ventilation Temperature Humidity CO2 sensor Hatchery Supervision Tele-assistance Tele-control Incubation data recording Alarm Management

Thanks to its more compact display (4.3” as resolution), which guarantees a very smart data access, it is the most innovative and safety control for all incubation parameters.

SOFTWARE CONTROL

HARDWARE

• PLC: programmable • Modbus RTU / TCP / TCPRTU (master/slave) • Datalogger - Trend – ricette Alarms • Net: Wi-Fi + Mobile USB key optional • Control VNC • Connection remote Open Vpn • SFTP Secure Server (Win SCP)

• Display: 4,3” 480x272 TFT 262k colours • CPU: processor ARM926 32 Bits 454 MHz • Dram: 128 MB DDR2 • Mass Storage: 64 GB Micro SD

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INCUBATORS SPECIALIST SINCE 1924

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IPPE PREVIEW

IPPE, the world’s largest annual poultry show The IPPE trade show floor continues to grow with more than 545,500 square feet of exhibit space and 1,148 exhibitors.

IPPE anticipates more than 32,000 attendees and will provide a full week of education programs, innovative technology, engaging events on the show floor and enhanced networking opportunities with key leaders from the animal food, meat and poultry industries. The vast trade show floor will showcase the most current technology, equipment and services used in the production and processing of feed, meat and poultry products. Combining the expertise from the American Feed Industry Association, North American Meat Institute and U.S. Poultry & Egg Association, IPPE will also feature more than 200 hours of dynamic education sessions focused on the latest industry issues.

For more information and to register for the 2020 IPPE, visit www.ippexpo.org.

IPPE 2020 Attendee Activities

Welcome Reception 5:30 – 8 p.m., Georgia Aquarium Join attendees and exhibitors at the annual Welcome Reception, held at the world’s largest aquarium. There is no charge. However, due to space limitations, you must pick up a sticker at the reception kiosk in the B-Building or C-Building lobby to attend.

Monday, Jan. 27 Meat Industry Hall of Fame 6:30 p.m., Omni Hotel Join meat industry professionals at the 2019 Meat Industry Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony and Dinner scheduled to take place at the Omni Hotel. This year’s inductees include Morris Burger, Burgers Smokehouse; Chris Calkins, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Kerri B. Gehring, Texas A&M University/International HACCP Alliance; John Harris, Harris Farms; Robert Rebholtz Jr., Agri Beef; and R. Bruce Tompkin, ConAgra Refrigerated Prepared Foods. The reception will take place at 6:30 p.m. on Monday, Jan. 27, and the dinner and inception ceremony will begin at 7:30 p.m.

Tuesday, Jan. 28

Vote for Buyer’s Choice 10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Event Zone Booth BC115 Exhibitors are showcasing their newest technology through IPPE’s Innovation Station, and attendees can help determine the best of the best. We encourage you to visit these companies to see these new and exciting technologies firsthand…then vote! Voting is open during IPPE trade show hours beginning Tuesday, Jan. 28 at 10 a.m. EST in the B/C Hall and lasting until 4 p.m. Thursday, Jan. 30 EST.

Wednesday, Jan. 29

TechTalks 10:30 am. – 4:30 p.m., Booths A246, B8647, C9249

TechTalks 9:30 am. – 4:30 p.m., Booths A246, B8647, C9249

IPPE is offering short educational presentations by exhibitors regarding operations and technical issues critical to all aspects of the animal food, meat and poultry industries.

Taste of IPPE 2 p.m., Event Zone Booth BC115

CAREing Paws 11 a.m. – 2 p.m., A3037 Feed Mill Lounge

IPPE is bringing together a group of highly competitive Atlanta chefs who will be preparing their favorite recipes featuring beef, pork and poultry. Try as many samples as possible and cast your vote for the “Taste of IPPE.” Ballots will be available at the stations, and the winner will be announced as soon as the competition is finished.

IPPE is inviting attendees to visit and pet a service dog in the A-Hall, Feed Mill Lounge. The dogs are part of CAREing Paws, with CARE standing for Canines Assisting Rehabilitation and Education. Donations for CAREing Paws will be accepted at the Feed Mill Lounge by the organization.

Thursday, Jan. 30

Hot Wing Competition 2 p.m., Event Zone Booth BC115

TechTalks 9:30 am. – 12:30 p.m., Booths A246, B8647, C9249

IPPE is inviting attendees to see if they can stand the heat. IPPE will be featuring its third Hot Wing Eating Contest where the winners of each “Heat” go on to compete eating sequentially hotter wings.

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Vote for Buyer’s Choice 9 a.m. – 5 p.m., Event Zone Booth BC115

Vote for BUYER’s CHOICE 9 a.m. – 3 p.m., Event Zone Booth BC115

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IPPE PREVIEW

AGRITECH Since 1987 Agritech has been a leading company in the design and manufacturing of bulk storage systems both for dry and liquid products in the animal farming sector. Our highly resistant, durable and non-corrodible fiberglass silos cover a capacity range from 2 to 100 m3 and we also manufacture a wide range of bulk material loading and unloading conveyors, such as stationary and portable screw conveyors, feed transport tanks, flex augers. Moreover, our experience in the processing of fiberglass led us to develop shelters and modular stables to host free range animals (dairy, swine, poultry) which are also available with proper insulation for severe environmental conditions.

AVIAGEN features “Breeding Sustainability” Aviagen demonstrates commitment to our birds, the people in the communities we serve, and our natural world by “Breeding Sustainability.” Through genetic advancements and balanced poultry breeding, we help to sustain the world’s growing population with a nutritious source of protein, while at the same time lessening the impact of poultry production on the environment. Our team looks forward to welcoming you to booth C10629 to talk more about our sustainable approach to breeding a complete portfolio of premier poultry breeding stock.

Hall C – Booth 10629 info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com

Hall C – Booth 11347 agritech@agritech.it www.agritech.it

TETRA gEnETics

In Good Hands

AVIAGEN TURKEYS

Bábolna TETRA

Aviagen Turkeys is the premier primary breeding company developing Nicholas and B.U.T. pedigree lines for the global turkey industry. The Nicholas Select is the industry standard for efficient, high meat yielding turkeys. The B.U.T. 6, now available in the U.S.A, is a robust turkey that is the European leader for efficient meat production. The B.U.T. Premium is a flexible heavy strain turkey that combines weight, yield and livability. Visit the Aviagen Turkeys team in Hall C booth 10629 to discuss the industry leading performance of Nicholas and B.U.T. turkeys.

Quality Layers from Bábolna TETRA

At Bábolna TETRA we believe that values of the past must be conBábolna TETRA Kft., Hungary www.babolnatetr served while constantly improving overall performance through our hybrids’ key characteristics: the outstanding tolerance, excellent egg quality and famously high liveability. In order to find the balance between animal welfare, sustainability and economical production we focus on customer feedback to identify upcoming challenges and we invest hugely in genetic research to meet new market needs and provide the best hybrids for all purposes. Meet us in Atlanta at IPPE 2020 expo in Hall ‘C’ at Booth: 10229.

Hall C – Booth 10629 turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com

Hall C – Booth 10229 info@babolnatetra.com www.babolnatetra.com

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IPPE PREVIEW

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST Giordano Poultry Plast, a leading multinational plastic moulding company, specialized in the production of poultry equipment, will be present at the upcoming edition of the professional exhibition: IPPE 2020, which will be held in Atlanta, at the Stand 9752 – Hall C.

COBB-VANTRESS Cobb-Vantress, Inc. is the world’s oldest pedigree broiler breeding company. Founded in 1916, Cobb is one of the world’s leading suppliers of broiler breeding stock with distribution into over 120 countries. Cobb has contributed to the dynamic efficiency and growth of an industry that has transformed chicken into an economically affordable healthy protein source for many of the over 7.5 billion people in the world.

Giordano Poultry Plast is glad to introduce its new Automatic Drinking Lines. The system has been upgraded starting with the pipe that goes from rounded to square shape 28x28 mm. This will provide a better result, not only during the use but also for washing at the cycle end. Also the pipes were changed as all plastic accessories and nipple. This new Automatic Drinking Line will also be easy to install, firstly because all the screws were eliminated and due to the larger space between the metal support and the plastic water pipe. The system includes “Super Drop” for broiler, “Pendolo Line” for Turkey and Duck (they will have different cups), completed by our already popular “Giro Line”, a combination of 2 drinking lines with only 1 metal support (mainly used in the French market).

Hall C – Booth 9752 info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

Hall C – Booth 10611 www.cobb-vantress.com

HY-LINE International Hy-Line is accelerating genetic progress across all genetic lines, putting more selection pressure on increased egg numbers and shell strength while not overlooking other key traits. Egg producers are seeing more salable eggs from balanced layers suited for their markets. “We are achieving progress in all lines faster than has ever been seen before,” noted Dr. Danny Lubritz, research and development director for Hy-Line International, regarding Hy-Line’s intensified efforts in genetic selections.

Hy-Line produces and sells brown, white and tint egg breeding stock to more than 120 countries worldwide and is the largest selling layer around the world. Hy-Line layers are known for: • strong egg production • superior liveability and feed conversion • outstanding shell strength and interior quality.

Hall C – Booth 10929 info@hyline.com www.hyline.com

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- IPPE Preview -

IPPE PREVIEW

HENDRIX GENETICS Hendrix Genetics invites you to our booth at IPPE where we will be exhibiting all genetic brands for turkeys (Hybrid Turkeys), laying hens (Dekalb, Shaver, Bovans, ISA, Hisex, and Babcock), and traditional poultry (Sasso). Members of our global team, including sales and technical service representatives, veterinarians, and senior management will be waiting to greet local and international guests. We will be available to discuss our ongoing investment in the industry and dedication to supplying quality genetics throughout the value chain. Recent trends, such as antibiotic free and cage free production, have opened up new areas of opportunity. Experts will be on hand to discuss how our genetics can help you meet the growing demand. Hendrix Genetics strives to create value for the animal protein value chain through constant innovation, collaboration, and continued focus on sustainability. Come see us to find out more about how this can apply to your business.

DACS from Denmark proven performance!

For more than 30 years, DACS from Denmark has been a trusted supplier of ventilation systems to the poultry industry. A ventilation system from DACS keeps your poultry house dry and well ventilated and provides a better environment for animals to perform. A dry and well-ventilated house maintain low CO2 & low NH3 levels throughout the production cycle. The proven performance of a DACS ventilation system provides your birds the best opportunity to perform to their full genetic potential and to maintain high animal welfare standards!

Hall C – Booth 11633 nd@dacs.dk www.dacs.dk

Hall C – Booth 11543 marcom.hg@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com

JAMESWAY

HUBBARD

Conventional and Premium; Your Choice, Our Commitment!

Hubbard introduces the Hubbard Efficiency Plus for the conventional broiler markets looking for the efficient production of hatching eggs and chicks, robust broiler growth, low feed conversion, good conformation and uniformity. With the Hubbard Premium product range, Hubbard is worldwide the preferred choice for speciality markets and offers a large portfolio of breeds with colour differentiation, slow(er) growth and excellent robustness.

Incubator Company A hatchery that consistently performs well relies on equipment that is energy efficient, easy to use, install and maintain. Our practical and great performing machines are designed by hatchery experts to meet those needs. Jamesway is the partner you can rely on to consistently hatch high quality chicks. Our team is led by hatchery experts who understand what you need to meet your bottom line.

Let our consistency and performance work for you!

Join us at Booth C10663 to see our Platinum 2.0 Single-Stage machines which allow you to produce the highest quality day-old chicks, ducklings and poults.

Hall C – Booth 10431 contact.americas@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com

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Hall C – Booth 10663 sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com

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IPPE PREVIEW

PAS REFORM MAREL POULTRY

SmartStart™ - Post-hatch feeding made easy, practical and flexible

Marel Poultry embraces smart processing and we are excited to showcase at IPPE the different ways we can help processors make smart moves throughout the factory. The ATLAS live bird handling system provides a smooth transport from farm to shackle with no human intervention needed. While the AMF-i and FHF provide smart options for automatic deboning and the RoboBatcher is a perfect solution for tray packing. Marel’s software offers processors opportunities to gather data and provide traceability.

In a unique partnership Pas Reform, biotech start-up In Ovo, DSM Premix company Twilmij and Philips NatureDynamics have developed SmartStart™ – a flexible, ground-breaking post-hatch feeding solution that gives newly hatched chicks the earliest possible access to feed, water and light.

Get answers to all your questions about early feeding answered during IPPE 2020. Visit Pas Reform / NatureForm.

Hall C – Booth 11043/11049 info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com/smartstart Hall B – Booth 4207 info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com

SASSO colors your world Established 40 years ago by the leading French “Label Rouge” poultry producers, SASSO’s sole objective has always been to breed STRAINS capable of producing high-quality poultry.

PETERSIME Petersime offers world-leading incubation and hatchery solutions with one aim: helping customers reach maximum results for the lifetime of their hatchery. At IPPE, alongside its single-stage BioStreamer™ HD incubator and automation solutions, Petersime will also present various interesting novelties.

Meet Petersime’s dedicated crew of specialists at booth 10621 in Hall C and find out how they can help you maximise the return on your hatchery investment.

Developments in selection techniques and research in nutrition and breeder management have enabled SASSO to constantly improve the economic performance of its stock without compromising their inherent quality. To fit the market’s requirements, SASSO portfolio offers a large range of parent stock: Dual Purpose, free range, organic, certified or Welfare.

Sasso’s breeds characteristics are: • a highly rustic and resistant chicken • with excellent livability, easy to manage, with good performance in term of FCR and yield.

And of course a premium quality meat!!!

Hall C – Booth 10621 info@petersime.com www.petersime.com

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Hall C – Booth 11543 sasso@hendrix-genetics.com www.sasso-poultry.com

- IPPE Preview -

IPPE PREVIEW

Meyn at IPPE 2020

VAL-CO

Keep it running!

Meyn launches the new Maestro Plus for fully automated in-line organ harvesting. The record high yield of Maestro’s evisceration technology combined with new organ harvesting modules have again resulted in a solution with the highest yield in the market.

Meyn offers tailor-made service contracts that reduce downtime to a minimum, including training, technical support, maintenance, parts and even a full plant audit. Keep it running!

More news includes Meyn Connect software, continuous CO2 stunning and the new Rapid Plus breast deboner M5.0.

Visit VAL-CO at the 2020 IPPE in Hall C, Booth #C10753 & C10763 to see our newest products, as well as some classics. This year, we will be showcasing the highly efficient V-Fan™, our innovative variable speed fan that provides high CFM at top speeds and high CFM/Watt at low speeds, and our state-of-the-art BridgeBuster™, which helps keep your feed flowing. Also, be sure to check out our other proven products, including the advances we’ve made to our world-famous watering system.

Visit us at IPPE, or online at www.val-co.com.

Hall C – Booth 10753 & 10763 marcom@val-co.com www.val-co.com

Hall B – Booth 5413 sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com

VALLI VALLI, attending more than 70 countries around the world for over 60 years, has anticipated for years recent market demands with a wide range of EQUIPMENT in VOLIERA for both PULLETS and LAYER HENS. The excellent performance and the satisfaction of our Customers are the best guarantee in offering high quality products with high profitability.

VALLI is also pleased to present the new “ONDA” egg elevator, designed to obtain the best performances. Simple, sturdy and maintenance-free: suitable for hard daily work.

Hall C – Booth 10753 & 10763 info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com

SUBSCRIBE TO Zootecnica International is a monthly magazine, which provides worldwide news, reviews of exhibitions, informative reports and interviews with representatives from the leading poultry companies.

For more details on this please contact:

- december 2019 -

subscription@zootecnicainternational.com

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COMPANY FOCUS

Avizoo, Cooperativa Agricola San Martino, Consorzio Agrario del Nordest and Avicola Artigiana, together to launch a special slow-growing chicken onto the Italian market

Increased interest in the slowergrowing broiler Ranger Gold Avizoo, Cooperativa Agricola San Martino, Consorzio Agrario del Nordest and Avicola Artigiana have come together, in a far-sighted project, to launch onto the Italian market, with the support of Aviagen genetics, a special slow-growing strain.

Penna D’Oro is the brand name given by Avicola Artigiana to this type of slower-growing chicken that meets the demands of an increasingly discerning consumer while also creating new marketing opportunities for the smaller sized producer. For the first time four companies, each with differing objectives, have found a way to address the market with unified intent and with the common goal of producing a quality chicken.

Editing by the editorial staff

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The genetic strain involved is Aviagen’s Ranger Gold bird which is a combination of a brown-feathered Ranger female, delivering excellent reproduction and the Gold male, delivering exceptional performance for robustness, feed conversion and meat yield.

- company focus -

COMPANY FOCUS

The project is based on the Ranger Gold genetics that includes the combination of a female Ranger, with brown feathers and excellent reproductive performance, with the Gold male, with exceptional performance in terms of strength, conversion and meat yield

An important and fundamental partner is the Consorzio Agrario del Nordest which, thanks to its Calv Alimenta feed division, is able to provide the members of the Cooperativa Agricola San Martino with integrated feed for this strain of bird with particular attention being paid to the supply of cereals to ensure they all come from guaranteed and interchangeable supply sources.

An alternative product conceived in a new way “The concept of a slow-growing strain in Europe was perceived around 15 years ago in Aviagen – explains Claudio Ambrogio, Aviagen’s Business Manager in Europe for the Rowan Range – because it was felt that it was already time for the market to change and for there to be an intermediate space between the conventional and the alternative breeds with these alternative breeds, for simplistic reasons, often being called “labels”. The

Label Rouge represents an example of the alternative breeds, but is a very slow-growing product when compared to the conventional breeds. There was however, and there still exists, a large sector in which, together with characteristics of rustic hardiness and organoleptic qualities one can combine typical industrial traits such as conformation, meat yield and feed conversion to the strain of bird. Aviagen has developed a coloured female line which combined with four different males can give the producer the possibility to have a product with known performance standards and a product that fits in between the conventional and the alternative strains. In the alternative breed market each producer creates a different product from that of its competitor, which also creates a wide variety of products for the consumer.

The range of alternative products is wide and they include free range, heavy colored and light colored etc. Our intent was not to be repeating any of these products, but to create a new one that could also be used in large operations looking to produce a quality niche product without major

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COMPANY FOCUS

From left: Piergiorgio Marcon, Director of Cooperativa Agricola San Martino with Claudio Ambrogio, Aviagen Business Manager for the Rowan Range

transformation of their production facilities. We launched the Ranger Gold a few years ago and it was received with great interest by all the producers. This interest was however restrained by awareness that producing this type of product would be more expensive. The Netherlands is the only country in which this strain has been widely and successfully accepted, not so much by an independent decision of the producers, but rather as a result of the influence of animal welfare organizations, who identified growth rate as having the appearance of discriminating against animal welfare. Thus, these strains, which grow at a rate of 50 grams per day, have been systematically adopted for all Dutch poultry productions. Other countries, including Italy, have maintained conventional production and have only partially adopted this type of product, with a very low percentage uptake. The new project, starring the Ranger Gold, is a very good initiative and one that will surely have success, proving to many companies that this is the right path to take.”

and this year celebrates 60 years of activity. Their General Director, Giovanni Ferrara, told us about this new project from his conception. “The initiative began three years ago on the basis of some fundamental considerations of the poultry market and the possible positioning of the small and medium sectors. Today, the market is influenced by new phenomena related to the expectations of the public, which rejects too much junk food and favours animal welfare and naturally produced food.

A unique supply chain of its kind

We asked ourselves, and also Cooperativa Agricola San Martino and with slaughterhouses and small companies, how to survive and be competitive in this context. During these discussions the idea emerged of having a chick-

Avizoo is a company specialized in reproduction, incubation and poultry selection, based in Longiano (FC)

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In recent times the poultry sector has been put under pressure by the mass media, with scandalistic articles and questioning reporting, the result of which the larger major producers and distributors have been quick to adopt countermeasures and, for example, in the space of little more than a year has promoted the production of the antibiotic-free chicken. For the small to medium sectors, maintaining a market position has proved increasingly difficult because we are surmounted by large companies with their economies of scale.

- company focus -

COMPANY FOCUS

en with different characteristics, a product diverse from the conventional one. One that could be manageable by smaller outfits and could position itself well in the market, especially at retail level, where the product range differs from that seen in the larger supermarket chains.

At that time, Aviagen genetics proposed a new breed, the Ranger hen, which can be mated with various types of males, with slow-growing characteristics. It was decided to test the genetics, by purchasing a small group of breeders, buying commercial eggs and carrying out progressive tests.

Throughout 2018 we focused on the growing of this new strain by delivering the chicks to the Cooperativa, who has decided to increase the numbers they could handle.

Avicola Artigiana handled the slaughtering and distributed the finished product to various areas of Italy, with very positive feedback.

there is a clearly defined space within the poultry industry for slow-growing chickens and that there is excellent consumer acceptance. It is also worth emphasizing that this initiative sees growers themselves as protagonists, offering them a better market perspective in the future.”

The key to the future for growers This project has been supported by the Cooperativa Agricola San Martino (VR) and its President, Nico Quaresima, explained why: “The Cooperativa Agricola San Martino, of which I have been CEO for about four years, was created in 2003 on the initiative of a group of growers. Today there are about 60 companies that raise chickens, guinea fowl, capons, pullets and chickens for table eggs. It is a modern, open supply chain that brings together the various sectors of hatchery, feed mill, breeding

“Aviagen had something special in mind and we tested these new genetic strains with Avizoo noting that, in the slaughterhouse, they had the right characteristics for us namely a rustic product resistant to diseases. They are very beautiful birds, with varied plumage, imposing crest and that defines sexual maturity and nature. Litter stays dry and does not cause footpad lesions”

Action was taken to obtain ministerial recognition, and to go through a complex process of tests where it could be shown that Aviagen’s Ranger Gold could be classified as being in the slow-growing production class, thereby enhancing its reputation as a market alternative and, as such, opening a new sales avenue for the small and medium-sized companies. The aim of achieving ministerial acceptance and to enhance the value of our project was to illustrate that our breed could be classed as a slow-growing chicken, with specific traits, which takes about 15 days more to mature, with a growth rate of 50 grams a day and has a more savoury and consistent quality of meat.

The confirmation that we were on the right track has also come from the recent work of Rabobank, the organization that sets the guidelines for the Dutch food and livestock sector, where the author, Nan-Dirk Mulder, suggests that

farms and slaughterhouses. Our goal, shared by the CDA, its directors and all our members is to create a better future and stability for our growers. With this vision we have embraced this project with the aim to produce a quality chicken and also to give greater added value to the concept Made in Italy.”

“For a long time, we as farmers had thought of doing something different to those involved in large scale production and national chains – continued Piergiorgio Marcon, Director of the Cooperativa Agricola San Martino, who sees it as a turning point. Our growers have been witnesses throughout the evolution of the chicken, which once had a much poorer feed conversion ratio. Genetics have seen improvements which has brought great benefit especially for industrial sized companies, but also has led to a disappearance of those breeds that growers passionately believed could be classed in the market place as a

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COMPANY FOCUS

product of high quality. The available slow-growing breeds did not do so well, but we knew that Aviagen had something special in mind and we tested these new genetic strains with Avizoo noting that, in the slaughterhouse, they had the right characteristics for us namely a rustic product resistant to diseases. They are very beautiful birds, with varied plumage, imposing crest and that defines sexual maturity and nature. Litter stays dry and does not cause footpad lesions. In short, a perfect chicken for Avicola Artigiana, who has always tried to stand out in terms of quality.”

Product quality also for the slaughtering and further processing The quality of the product is confirmed by Mauro Bersanetti, Founding Partner of Avicola Artigiana, who

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speaks to us of the slaughterhouse and of the characteristics of the product: “Avicola Artigiana is a small slaughtering plant located in Ferrara, founded in 1978, with strong links to the territory and its traditions. An entity which over time, thanks to commitment and passion, has grown from just employing a few to now having a staff of 60 people. The core business has remained the same, trying to combine traditional ways of working while making full use of high technology to ensure that our products meet all safety parameters with emphasis placed on maintaining their organoleptic characteristics. For example, the cooling system is important in order that the product has prolonged shelf life and the traits of high product quality are maintained even after slaughter. We are investing heavily in the image of this product in which we firmly believe. The certification has also given us an edge and adds value to our project”.

- company focus -

COMPANY NEWS

- december 2019 -

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INTERVIEW

Hubbard outlines the main features of their new product: the Hubbard Efficiency Plus Interview with Olivier Rochard – Managing Director of Hubbard

Hubbard has recently launched a new conventional breeder female, the Hubbard Efficiency Plus, which is the result of the company’s long-term research and development strategy ensuring high efficiency with low cost on all phases of production. sults in economic advantages for producers and sustainability for the environment.

We have asked Olivier Rochard, Managing Director of Hubbard, to highlight the main points of this new product, outlining their long commitment to advancing R&D and their future strategies.

What are the specific traits of the new HUBBARD EFFICIENCY PLUS? “In a few words we can say that the Hubbard Efficiency Plus is our latest offer for the conventional market with improved numbers of eggs and chicks per hen housed, and better FCR and carcass conformation on broiler level. Based on internal trials the Hubbard Efficiency Plus is a competitive breeder and broiler in terms of live performance including feed efficiency.”

Olivier Rochard – Managing Director of Hubbard

The Hubbard Efficiency Plus represents a perfect blend of advanced breeder and broiler performance. Customers will benefit from high egg and chick numbers, robust broiler growth rate with good health, and a high output of good quality saleable meat.

Additionally, excellent feed efficiency re-

22

- interview -

Which were the reasons leading Hubbard to develop this new product?

“During the last years (and in the future) more and more traits have become and will become part of our selection program to keep up with changing market demand.

Therefore, some years ago we made a strategic decision to focus on one conventional female breeder to be more efficient and to be able to enlarge the population size of the pedigree lines, and as a result to increase

INTERVIEW

the selection pressure for all these additional traits we have to take into account. This finally resulted in this new Hubbard female breeder replacing all other Hubbard Conventional female breeders.”

You also mentioned additional investments on R&Dlevel, what did you do?

“Indeed, we have stepped up our investments in the R&D centres in the USA and Europe leading to an even higher selection pressure. The use of the latest technologies has led and will continue to lead to further improved accuracy of measurements and predictions. On top, testing our pedigree lines under both “pristine R&D” and “challenging” field conditions allows us to predict much better how these birds perform under a wide variety of circumstances.”

Can you give some examples of the latest R&D technologies that have been introduced?

“An example of the latest technologies is advanced 3D imaging to improve selection for skeletal health, meat

yield and quality. Also, Lifetime Feed Conversion Ratio (LFCR) technology is being implemented. This is a modern method to observe FCR and feeding behaviour during a bird’s lifetime in order to select birds that are the

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INTERVIEW

most efficient in converting feed to body weight. These additional gains in FCR made in recent years means that less feed – the single highest cost in poultry production – is needed to produce healthy and productive birds.”

around the world with a strong focus on high breeder productivity, robust broiler growth, low FCR and whole carcass or cut up.

The Hubbard Efficiency Plus delivers efficiency on all levels of production including high number of good quality hatching eggs and chicks at low cost, a high volume of

“The Hubbard Efficiency Plus represents a perfect blend of advanced breeder and broiler performance. Customers will benefit from high egg and chick numbers, robust broiler growth rate with good health, and a high output of good quality saleable meat”

Which developments do you expect in the offering for the conventional markets?

“Based on the data we get at R&D level today, we can predict that further improvements can be expected in feed efficiency, robustness, productivity of the PS females, fertility of the PS males, growth rate, meat yield and meat quality and the ability to adapt to diverse conditions.”

good quality broilers and a high volume of quality saleable meat at low cost of production.

Therefore, the whole value chain can benefit from this new offering. We have already had many positive reactions from the field, as it doesn’t happen that often that a primary breeder introduces a completely new product to the market. This is quite unique and very well received by our customers and prospects.

Which are the HUBBARD EFFICIENCY PLUS target markets and your expectations on market reactions?

This new female breeder is available as from summer

“At this moment we are first targeting those markets

shows you that the interest is really there!”

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2019, and we have already delivered numerous PS flocks in Latin America, Middle East & Africa and Asia. This

- interview -

INTERVIEW

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FIELD REPORT

Introduction of the Kuroiler poultry breed from India in East Africa Increasing demand for eggs and poultry meat in East Africa and ongoing drive by countries in the region to empower economically the rural chicken rearing communities has given rise to a trend favouring the improvement of indigenous chicken and breeding of imported hardy species especially in Kenya, Uganda.

An emerging trend in both countries is the growing importation of the hardy chicken breed of ‘Kuroiler’, an acronym derived from the words ‘Keggfarms’, ‘curry’ and ‘broiler’, that was pioneered by India’s Keggfarms Pvt. Ltd.

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In Uganda for example, the National Animal Genetic Resource Centre (NAGRC), which pioneered the breeding and distribution of the ‘Kuroiler’ breed also called Gallus gallus domesticus in 2011, producing 175,314 Kuroiler chicks in 2017, surpassing the initial 50,000 chicks.

- field report -

FIELD REPORT

“Over 5000 households in 90 districts of Uganda have been reached in the medium term, increasing the total number of Kuroiler birds from 2 million to 2,175,314,” said NAGRC. The number of distributed Kuroiler chicks increased to 300,849 by last year, all which were distributed to 54 districts of the country “contributing to the increased production and productivity of poultry farmers, and reducing the lengthy period of producing local cocks and eggs from one year to between four and five months.”

Uganda had by the end of 2018 increased total production and distribution of Kuroiler birds to 2,476,163 birds “which have over the years been distributed to more than 15,000 households, 65% of which are women headed.”

According to Uganda’s Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, the government targets the breeding and production of at least one billion poultry birds by the end of 2020.

In neighbouring Kenya, where the first imported Kuroiler

chicken came from Uganda, the demand for this breed, known for laying up to 200 eggs a year and producing high quality poultry meat, has been on the increase.

Several businesses have emerged specializing in breeding of Kuroiler and also using the Indian bred variety to improve the indigenous breeds that have hitherto been producing as few as 40 eggs per a year and weighing less than 1kg at maturity compared to 2.5kgs to 3kgs for the multi-colored Kuroiler chicken.

The Netherlands Africa Business Council (NABC) said in a previous report Sub Saharan Africa’s poultry industry has been growing over the past ten years because of an increase in the demand for animal proteins. Poultry and poultry products provide a key source for the proteins in East Africa.

According to NABC, there is now preference in East Africa local poultry breeds although the region has also recorded over the last five years an increase in the number of exotic breeds as consumption of poultry products continue to grow.

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MARKETING

Dynamics and changing patterns of global egg trade at Country Development Group level – Part 3 In Parts 1 and 2, the dynamics in global egg trade were analysed with a “conservative” method, based on continents and countries. Although most of the data is available in this classification, it is not very satisfying, as it does not show the different roles of developing, threshold and industrialised countries. In 2016, the author published a new method of classifying countries based on their development status. This classification was very well accepted and therefore used in several presentations and publications in the following years.

Country Development Groups a new classification The classification of the 211 countries for which data sets are available is based on several parameters, i.e. gross national product, personal income, purchasing power, life expectancy, infant mortality etc. The countries were classified in four Country Development Groups (CDG): • LLDC = Least developed countries • LDC = Less developed countries • NIC = Newly industrialised or threshold countries • OIC = Old industrialised countries Table 16 – The contribution of the CDG to the global population, the laying hen inventory and to egg production in 2016; data in % (Source: own classification).

CDG

Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is Professor Emeritus and Scientific Director of the Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Industry (wing) Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Germany.

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Number of countries

Global population

Laying hens

Egg production

LLDC

48

13.1

6.7

2.4

LDC

116

24.9

19.8

17.3

NIC

10

47.5

59.0

56.9

OIC

37

14.5

14.5

23.4

Total

211

100.0

100.0

100.0

The data in Table 16 reveals the considerable imbalance between the share of the four CDG in global population and egg production. The 164 developing countries shared 38.0% in the global population but only 19.7% in global egg production. On the other hand, the 37 old industri-

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MARKETING

alised countries contributed only 14.5% to the population but shared 23.4% in global egg production. It is worth noting that the 10 threshold countries contributed 47.5% to the global population but 56.9% to global egg production.

In the following detailed analysis, the changing roles of the four Country Development Groups in global egg trade between 2006 and 2016 will be documented.

In order to be able to compare the dynamics in production with that in trade it will be necessary to stay in the same classification system. Therefore, a short overview on the development of global egg production at CDG level in the analysed decade will precede the analysis of the trade dynamics.

Table 17 – Development of egg production in the CDG between 2006 and 2016; data in 1,000 t (Source: own classification based on FAO data).

CDG

LLDC

L DG

NIC

OIC

World

2006

972

9,383

32,010

15,581

57,946

2016

1,767

12,792

42,044

17,287

73,890

Increase (absolute)

795

3,409

10,034

1,706

15,944

Increase (%)

81.8

36.3

31.3

10.9

27.5

Share (%) in absolute increase

5.0

21.4

62.9

10.7

100.0

trialised countries contributed over 403,000 t or 53.1%, followed by the newly industrialised countries with almost 334,000 t or 44.0%. The export volume of the less developed countries grew by 22,832 t. Nevertheless, they shared only 3.0% in the global increase (Table 18). The

Newly industrialised countries push dynamics in egg production Global egg production grew by 15.9 mill. t or 27.5% between 2006 and 2016. To this growth, the newly industrialised countries contributed 10.0 mill. t or 62.9%, followed by the less developed countries with 21.4% (Table 17).

It is worth noting that the old industrialised countries shared only 10.7% in the global increase, about half the amount of the less developed countries. With only 10.9% they also had the lowest relative growth rate.

Old industrialised countries dominated global egg exports and imports Between 2006 and 2016, global egg exports increased by almost 760,000 t or 61.6%. To this growth, the old indus-

Table 18 – The dynamics of global egg exports between 2006 and 2016 at CDG level; data in t (Source: own calculation based on FAO data).

CDG

LLDC

LDC

NIC

2006

840

132,609

243,489

845,652

1,231,590

2016

183

155,441

577,325

1,257,878

1,990,827

Increase (absolute)

- 657

22,832

333.836

403,226

759,237

Increase (%)

- 78.2

+ 17.2

+ 137.1

+ 47.1

61.6

-

3.0

44.0

53.1

*100.0

Share (%) in absolute increase

OIC

World

* sum does not add because of rounding

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MARKETING

Figure 3 – Egg exports in 2016 at country level (Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

data reveals that most of the old industrialised countries because of their very efficient production were not only able to supply their domestic markets but also to export considerable amounts of shell eggs for consumption.

The spatial pattern of global egg exports and imports are documented in Figure 3 and Figure 4, the changing contribution of the four CDG to global egg exports and imports in Figure 5.

Table 19 shows the dynamics of global egg imports between 2006 and 2016. A comparison with the data in Table 18 reveals some remarkable differences. The fact that the values for exports and imports differ is a result of the dates at which the exports respectively imports was documented in the country statistics. In addition, some of the traded eggs were still under way at the end of a fiscal or calendar year.

Egg imports grew faster than exports and reached a volume of over 2.1 mill. t in 2016. Less developed countries contributed almost 431,000 t or 47.8% to the increase of 902,000 t, followed by the old industrialised countries with 301,000 t or 33.4%. Together, the two CDG contributed 81.2% to the increase of global egg imports. The import volume of the least developed countries almost

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doubled in the analysed time period. Together, the developing countries shared 52.4% in the global increase.

In contrast to egg exports, the newly industrialised countries contributed only 14.2% to the global growth. The changing contribution of the four CDG to global egg imports between 2006 and 2016 is documented in Figure 5.

While the old industrialised countries lost 16.5% of their former share, the less developed countries gained 9.9%, the newly industrialised countries 5.2% and even the least developed countries 0.4%.

Table 19 – The dynamics of global egg imports between 2006 and 2016 at CDG level; data in t (Source: own calculation based on FAO data).

CDG

LLDC

LDC

NIC

OIC

World

2006

43,276

267,570

24,923

818,936

1,204,705

2016

85,034

698,217

153,371

1,169,939

2,106,561

Increase (absolute)

41,758

430,647

128,448

301,003

901,856

96.5

190.9

515.4

34.6

74.9

4.6

47.8

14.2

33.4

100.0

Increase (%) Share (%) in absolute increase

* sum does not add because of rounding

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MARKETING

Figure 4 – Egg imports in 2016 at country level (Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

A comparison of the export and import shares of the CDG reveals some interesting patterns. While the newly industrialised countries dominated in production, followed by the old industrialised countries, the latter ranked in first place in egg exports, followed by the newly industrialised countries. The growing egg demand in several less developed countries resulted in the sharp increase of their egg imports. The highest relative growth rate was reached in the newly industrialised countries, indicating that despite

the remarkable increase of their egg production, imports were necessary to meet the even faster growing demand.

High regional concentration in egg exports and imports in the old industrialised countries From the data in Tables 20 and 21 it becomes obvious that the dominance of the old industrialised countries in

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MARKETING

Table 20 – The ten leading OIC countries in egg exports in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

2006 Country

Exports

2016 Share (%) Country

Exports

Share (%)

Netherlands

277,205

32.4

Netherlands

349,726

27.8

Spain

149,206

17.5

Poland

234,567

18.6

Germany

92,370

10.8

Germany

155,955

12.4

Belgium

78,772

9.2

USA

150,368

12.0

USA

73,940

8.7

7.1

57,938

6.8

Belgium Spain

89,543

Poland

77,375

6.2

France

35,116

4.1

France

37,220

3.0

Lithuania

15,679

1.8

Italy

24,594

2.0

Italy

10,109

1.2

Portugal

20,799

1.7

Czech Rep.

8,526

1.0

Latvia

18,888

1.5

10 countries

798,861

93.5

10 countries 1,159,035

*92.1

OIC total

854,652

100.0

OIC total

100.0

1,257,878

* sum does not add because of rounding

Remarkable growth of egg exports and imports by the newly industrialised countries Egg exports by the newly industrialised countries increased by 333,836 t or 137.1%. From Table 22 one can see that the growth was mainly a result of the remarkable increase of Turkey´s export volume. It was more than 25 times higher in 2016 than in 2006 and reached a volume of over 289,000 t. This sharp increase made Turkey the second most important egg exporting country behind the Figure 5 – The changing contribution of the Country Development Groups to global egg exports and egg imports between 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

Table 21 – The ten leading OIC countries in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

2006

global egg trade is a result of the high regional concentration in exports as well as in imports. In 2016, the three leading exporting countries shared 58.8% of the total export volume of this group and the two leading countries even 54.0% of the import volume. It is not surprising that the Netherlands ranked in first place over the whole time period. It is remarkable, however, that the export volume of Poland more than quadrupled and that of the USA more than doubled. On the other hand, the export volume of Spain fell by 48.2%. Of the ten leading importing countries seven were EU member countries. While Germany, the Netherlands, Singapore and Italy increased their imports considerably, France, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom imported between 28.0% and 35.6% less in 2016 than in 2006.

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2016

Country

Imports

Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%)

Germany

306,608

35.3

Germany

440,776

37.7

Netherlands

114,127

13.1

Netherlands

190,319

16.3

France

93,023

10.7

Singapore

96,278

8.2

Singapore

58,092

6.7

France

59,935

5.1

Un. Kingd.

40,998

4.7

Belgium

55,875

4.8

Czech Rep.

38,735

4.5

Canada

47,679

4.1

Belgium

36,196

4.2

Italy

40,040

3.5 2.5

Switzerland

28,913

3.3

Un. Kingd.

29,506

Canada

21,894

2.5

Switzerland

28,445

2.4

Austria

20,568

2.4

Czech Rep.

25,876

2.2

10 countries

759,154

87.4

10 countries 1,014,729

*86.8

OIC total

868,936

100.0

OIC total

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

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1,169,939

MARKETING

Table 22 – Egg exports by the NIC in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

2006 Country

2016

Exports

Share (%) Country

Exports

Share (%)

China

78,223

32.1

Turkey

289,364

50.1

Malaysia

64,695

26.5

Malaysia

104,529

18.1

India

49,070

20.2

China

98,478

17.1

Brazil

14,226

5.8

India

26,425

4.6

Russian F.

13,685

5.6

Brazil

18,145

3.1

Turkey

11,990

4.9

Russian F.

15,249

2.6

Thailand

11,025

4.5

S. Africa

14,504

2.5

S. Africa

535

0.2

Thailand

10,585

1.8

Mexico

27

< 0.1

Mexico

40

< 0.1

Philippines

13

< 0.1

Philippines

6

< 0.1

243,489

*100.0

577,325

100.0

NIC total

NIC total

* sum does not add because of rounding

Netherlands. Besides Turkey, Malaysia and South Africa were able to expand their exports considerably. Malaysia was focused on Singapore. In contrast, India’s exports decreased by 22,645 t or 46.1%. This was mainly a consequence of the fast growing per capita consumption.

Egg imports of the ten newly industrialised countries also grew considerably in the analysed decade. Imports increased by 128,448 t or 515.4%, a result of the development in the Russian Federation and Mexico (Table 23).

Russia’s imports were almost ten times higher in 2016 than in 2006, Mexico’s imports about four times higher.

The sharp increase in Russia is a result of the fast growing per capita consumption; in Mexico, the Avian Influenza outbreaks made higher imports necessary.

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Suitable in any space

Table 23 – Egg imports by the NIC in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

2006 Country

Imports

2016 Share (%) Country

Imports

Mexico

13,685

54.9

Russian F.

87,915

57.3

Russian F.

8,855

35.5

Mexico

63,234

41.2

S. Africa

713

2.9

Turkey

1,861

1.2

Turkey

651

2.6

Brazil

172

0.1

Brazil

247

1.0

Thailand

121

< 0.1

India

239

1.0

India

34

< 0.1

China

202

0.8

Malaysia

34

< 0.1

Malaysia

191

0.8

S. Africa

0

0

Thailand

121

0.3

China

0

0

Philippines

19

0.1

Philippines

0

0

24,923

*100.0

153,371

*100.0

NIC total

NIC total

* sum does not add because of rounding

Unlimited extensions

Share (%)

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MARKETING

A comparison of the dynamics in egg production and egg trade in this Country Development Group reveals that the relative growth rates in egg trade were much higher than in production. Nevertheless, only 1.4% of the production was exported. But it also reflects the increasing efficiency of egg production in most of the newly industrialised countries.

About 70% of the import growth of the less developed countries between 2006 and 2016 was contributed by Iraq, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar (Table 25). Egg imports by Iraq increased by 244,640 t or 1,271.6%. The lasting war and the almost complete destruction of the egg industry made higher imports necessary to meet the demand. There is no data available on the percentage of the imports which really reached the civil population.

Imports by less developed countries increased ten times faster than exports

A similar situation exists in Syria. The growing import volumes of the countries on the Arabian Peninsula reflect the increasing per capita consumption. As all feed for an intensive egg production has to be imported, an expansion of the domestic production is limited. In addition, high disease risks, the lack of qualified personnel and an efficient veterinary system are challenges for egg production in these countries.

While egg exports by the less developed countries increased by only 22,832 t or 17.2%, imports grew by 430,647 t or 182.0%. This reflects the fast growing demand in this Country Development Group which in many countries could not be met by domestic production.

A comparison of the composition and ranking of the ten leading egg exporting countries shows that in 2016 Eastern European countries ranked in the first three places, sharing together 53.6% of the total export volume (Table 24). Ukraine only played a minor role in egg exports in 2006, but ranked in second place behind Belarus a decade later. Its exports were almost twenty-one times higher in 2016 than in 2006. It might have been even much higher because of the very efficient production of one large vertically integrated company, but the political instability and the civil war in the eastern part of the country interrupted the growth.

Table 24 – The ten leading LDC countries in egg exports in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

2006 Country

Exports

Iran

2016 Share (%) Country

Exports

Share (%)

32,406

24.4

Belarus

45,282

29.1

Belarus

30,714

23.2

Ukraine

23,518

15.1

S. Arabia

26,608

20.1

Bulgaria

14,613

9.4

Moldavia

5,817

4.4

S. Arabia

12,730

8.2 5.2

Bulgaria

4,512

3.4

Oman

8,122

Lebanon

3,428

2.6

Romania

7,225

4.6

Argentina

2,542

1.9

UAE

6,115

3.9

El Salvador

2,378

1.8

Pakistan

5,671

3.6

Peru

2,268

1.7

Kuwait

4,494

2.9

Oman

2,026

1.5

Costa Rica

3,240

2.1

10 countries

112,699

85.0

10 countries

130,010

*84.3

LDC total

132,609

100.0

LDC total

155,441

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

34

Table 25 – The ten leading LDC countries in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

2006 Country

Imports

2016 Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%)

UAE

28,545

10.7

Iraq

263,878

37.8

Angola

20,076

7.5

UAE

71,275

10.2

Iraq

19,238

7.2

Qatar

29,451

4.2

Kuwait

12,753

4.8

Syria

16,845

2.4

Oman

12,116

4.5

Oman

16,239

2.3

Tajikistan

10,401

3.9

S. Arabia

16,143

2.3

Kazakhstan

9,499

3.6

Romania

11,093

1.6

Qatar

8,121

3.0

Ukraine

10,333

1.5

Romania

7,150

2.7

Maldives

9,686

1.4

Libya

5,589

2.1

Bahrain

9,336

1.3

10 countries

133,488

*49.9

10 countries

454,279

65.1

LDC total

267,570

100.0

LDC total

698,217

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

Low development status causes only limited access to imports for the least developed countries About 13% of the global population lives in the 48 least developed countries. As expected, they are not able to export eggs and because of their low development status only have limited access to egg imports.

Egg exports are almost not existent and even decreased in the analysed time period. Seven of the ten leading egg importing countries in 2016 were located in Africa and

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MARKETING

Table 26 – The ten leading LLDC countries in egg imports in 2006 and 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

2006 Country

Imports

2016 Share (%) Country

Imports

Share (%)

Angola

20,076

46.4

Afghanistan

40,418

47.5

Afghanistan

6,849

15.8

Mozambique

9,726

11.4

Liberia

5,115

11.8

Sierra Leone

5,357

6.3

Congo D. R.

2,708

6.3

Gambia

4,288

5.0

Gambia

2,406

5.6

Liberia

3,938

4.6

Mauritania

1,111

2.6

Eq. Guinea

2,733

3.2

Eq. Guinea

793

1.8

Senegal

2,267

2.7

Sudan

784

1.8

Djibuti

1,843

2.2

Senegal

614

1.4

Timor Este

1,623

1.9

Mozambique

582

1.3

Myanmar

1,518

1.8

10 countries

41,038

*94.8

10 countries

73,711

*86.7

LLDC total

43,276

100.0

LLDC total

85,034

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

three in Asia. Afghanistan ranked in first place with a share of 47.5 % of the total import volume of the Country Development Group, followed by Mozambique and Sierra Leone (Table 26). As was the case in Iraq and Syria, the military conflicts in Afghanistan and several African countries had severe impacts on their domestic egg production.

The main results of Part 3 can be summarised as follows: • The dynamics of global egg trade between 2006 and 2016 are analysed at the level of Country Development Groups (CDG).

• In 2016, the OIC shared 63.2% in global egg exports and 55.0% in global egg imports.

• The ten NIC contributed 29.0% to egg exports but shared only 7.3% in egg imports. The much lower import share reflects the growing efficiency of the egg industry in these countries.

• The group of the LDC contributed only 7.8% to global egg exports, but shared 33.1% of the egg imports.

• As was to be expected, the 48 LLDC were hardly able to export eggs, but almost doubled their import volume because of the increasing demand but only minor progress in domestic production.

• As a general statement it can be noted that many OIC and several NIC were able to export eggs because of their highly efficient egg industries while most of the LDC and LLDC could not meet their demand by domestic production and therefore had to import large amounts of eggs.

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TECHNICAL COLUMN

Heat tolerance of TETRA laying hens The global warming and the climate change affect animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. The high ambient temperature has detrimental effect on the performance of laying hens.

Milisits1, G. – Almási2, A. Garamvölgyi1, E. – Sütő1, Z. 1Institute

of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Kaposvár University, Guba Sándor Street 40., H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary 2Bábolna TETRA Ltd., Radnóti Miklós Street 16., H-2943 Bábolna, Hungary.

36

The heat stress is one of the major challenges for the poultry industry, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. Because the Bábolna TETRA Ltd. exports its layers to more than fifty – among of them to several tropical and subtropical – countries worldwide, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the different TETRA pedigree lines under hot climate conditions.

The examination was carried out between the 1st of July and 31st of August in 2018 in two different stalls of the Bábolna TETRA Ltd. One of these stalls was divided into two parts, where the TETRA SL and TETRA L SUPERB pure lines were placed

- technical column -

separately (TETRA SL in the one part and TETRA L SUPERB in the other part). The other stall was used for keeping the TETRA HARCO pure lines.

The inside temperature of the premises was measured continuously and recorded at every 10 minutes during the examined period. Based on these data the average daily temperature was calculated in all of the examined stalls. In Figure 1 it can be seen that the hot period, when the average daily temperature continuously exceeded the 25 °C, was between the 24th of July and 10th of August in all cases. Therefore, this period was chosen for the examination of the heat tolerance of the examined lines.

TECHNICAL COLUMN

value was under 2% in all of the other lines. The best results were found around 0.5% both in the TETRA SL and TETRA L SUPERB hens (0.6% in TSL 1 and 0.4% in TLS 5, respectively). In the examined HARCO lines the ratio of non-heat-tolerated hens was around 1.5% (1.7% in TH 1 and 1.5% in TH 2, respectively).

30,

Temperature (ºC)

25,

20,

15, TETRA SL

TETRA L SUPERB

TETRA HARCO

The ratio of mortality showed also very favourable values during the hot period in all of the examined lines (Figure 3).

10, 7/1/18 7/7/18 7/13/18 7/19/18 7/25/18 7/31/18 8/6/18 8/12/18 8/18/18 8/24/18 8/30/18

0,9

Date

In this period the egg production intensity was calculated individually for each hen. This egg production intensity was compared with the egg production intensity before and after the hot period. Because the hot period lasted until 18 days, similar long periods were chosen before and after the hot period (6-23 July and 11-28 August, respectively) for the evaluation of the egg production of the hens. Those hens, which production intensity decreased by more than 20% in the hot period and increased by more than 20% thereafter, were decided as non-heat-tolerated hens. On Figure 2 the ratio of these hens is visible in all of the examined lines.

Ratio of non-heat-tolerated hens (%)

2,8

2,2

0,7

Ratio of mortality (%)

Figure 1 – Changes in the average daily temperature in the stalls used for keeping the TETRA SL, TETRA L SUPERB and TETRA HARCO laying hens.

0,5

0,4

0,2

0,0 TSL 1 TSL 2 TSL 3 TSL 4 TLS 1 TLS 2 TLS 3 TLS 4 TLS 5

TH 1

TH 2

Lines TSL = TETRA SL, TLS = TETRA L SUPERB, TH = TETRA HARCO

Figure 3 – The ratio of mortality in the examined lines of TETRA SL, TETRA L SUPERB and TETRA HARCO laying hens during the hot period.

No mortality was observed in the two examined HARCO lines (TH 1 and TH 2) and in two of the four examined TETRA SL lines (TSL 1 and TSL 3). The worst result was obtained in one of the examined TETRA L SUPERB lines (TLS 3), but its value remained also under 1% (0.7%).

Based on these results it can be stated that the Bábolna TETRA Ltd. has a very good genetic base for producing heat-tolerated laying hens also for the markets in the hot climates.

1,7

1,1

0,6

Acknowledgement

0,0 TSL 1 TSL 2 TSL 3 TSL 4 TLS 1 TLS 2 TLS 3 TLS 4 TLS 5

TH 1

TH 2

Lines TSL = TETRA SL, TLS = TETRA L SUPERB, TH = TETRA HARCO

Figure 2 – The ratio of non-heat-tolerated hens in the examined lines of TETRA SL, TETRA L SUPERB and TETRA HARCO laying hens.

On this figure it can be seen that the ratio of non-heat-tolerated hens is very low in all of the examined lines. Its value exceeded the 2% only in TLS 3 (2.1%), while its

This research was supported by the project ‘GINOP-2.3.4-15-2016-00005’ project, co-funded from EU sources and European Structural and Investment Funds and the Hungarian State.

The publication of the research was supported by the project ‘EFOP-3.6.3 VEKOP-16-2017-00008 2.3.4-152016-00005’ co-funded from EU sources and European Social Investment Funds and the Hungarian State.

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37

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MANAGEMENT

Raising pullets in alternative systems for optimal production Danielle Botting, DVM, MPH Technical Services Veterinarian.

38

Productive and profitable layers begin with good quality pullets. Having the correct body weight and body type at the start of egg production will enable pullets to achieve their genetic potential.

- management -

MANAGEMENT

Brooding period â&#x20AC;&#x201C; getting off to a good start Pullet chicks arriving to the farm from the hatchery should be alert and active. Chicks must be vigorous enough to explore their new environment and quickly find feed and water. Eating feed and drinking water quickly will speed the development of healthy intestinal microflora and build resistance to enteric pathogens. During the first week of life, chicks must be provided with constant attention by the manager to ensure optimized temperature, humidity, lights, feed and water availability. The first 2 weeks of life are when the most significant problems for proper chick development can occur. The newly hatched chick is unable to regulate body temperature and must be provided the proper environmental conditions. Relative humidity during the first week should be above 40% to prevent dehydration, drying of mucus membranes and vent pasting.

The use of heaters to maintain brooding temperature will reduce relative humidity.

Chicks raised on the floor in houses heated with brooder stoves or whole-house heating should be confined in brooder rings. Observe chick behavior to determine if the temperature is correct. Chicks should be uniformly distributed in the brooding area. Closely grouped chicks indicate low temperatures or excessive drafts. In cold environments chicks will often chirp with a distressed tone.

Chicks that are too warm will appear lethargic and will try to move away from the heat source. Both heat and cold-distressed chicks can have pasty vents.

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During the first week, chicks benefit from bright light conditions in the house. Minimum light intensity should be 30 lux with clocks set to 22 to 23 hours. Alternatively, if local regulations allow, an intermittent lighting program can be used (4 hours of light followed by 2 hours of darkness, repeated for the first 7 to 10 days). In order to encourage water consumption, keep cup drinkers full of water for the first 3 days or adjust water pressure to cause a hanging drop of water in nipple drinkers. Chicks that fail to adapt to their environment and are delayed in finding feed and water will die at 4 or 5 days of age when the yolk sac is depleted.

Additional considerations for floor-raised birds Floor-raised pullets may use pan or chain feeders. For both feed systems, it is important to start chicks by feed-

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ŠBigdutchman.com

MANAGEMENT

â&#x20AC;&#x153;During the first week of life, chicks must be provided with constant attention by the manager to ensure optimized temperature, humidity, lights, feed and water availability.

The first 2 weeks of life are when the most significant problems for proper chick development can occurâ&#x20AC;?

ing on paper, cardboard, or trays that are placed near the feed line. When the chicks first arrive, be sure either the pans or troughs are completely filled to help the chicks find the permanent feed source. Carefully monitor the control panel to ensure that all feeders on the line remain full. When using brooder rings, there may not be sufficient access to water.

Provide supplemental water with chick drinkers for the first week or two, or until the rings are opened up to full water access. If perches are integrated onto the feed or water lines, it is important to minimize manure build up.

Water lines with perches should use small or no-drip cups, as large drip cups tend to collect manure from perching birds.

Many diseases affect floor-raised birds more than cageraised birds. In particular, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis must be well controlled to ensure good unifor-

40

mity and weight gain. Veterinarians with knowledge of the local disease burden should be consulted to implement an appropriate control program.

Teach good behavior early Pullets going into barn or aviary laying environments should be provided growing environments containing perches, water platforms or multi-tiered environments.

While chicks are usually started on the floor, it is important to set up the platforms or enriched environment by 3-4 weeks of age. If water platforms are used, it is important that pullets continue to have access to water on the floor until the flock learns to jump. Complex environments teach pullets jumping and exploratory behaviors. Pullets raised in enriched growing environments adapt better to complex laying environments. By learning to jump and

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MANAGEMENT

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explore at an early age, adult behavioral problems such as piling or not utilizing all levels in a multi-tiered system can be reduced.

Human contact during the growing period socializes pullets and reduces stress. Walking the house perimeter multiple times daily during the growing period aids socialization and can improve nesting behavior in layers.

Using the same type of drinkers in pullet and layer houses improves adaptation in the layer house.

Pullet development and weight The pullet develops according to a well-orchestrated sequence of physiologic events. Pullets reaching or exceeding breed body weight targets during these developmental phases have the best chance to perform to genetic potential as layers. Interrupted growth during any of these developmental phases will result in hens lacking the body reserves and organ function to sustain high production as adult layers.

Body weight uniformity Uniformity of body weights within a flock is as important as achieving the target average body weight. 85% uniformity is the goal during the growing period (85% of the individual bird weights are within 10% of the average). Poor pullet body weight uniformity complicates the proper feeding of the flock both in grow and lay. Another challenge resulting from poor uniformity is pullets coming into production at different times, with underweight hens producing small eggs.

DACS Ventilation Systems - efficiency and advanced simplicity DACS ventilation systems provide unique airflow patterns throughout the floor space, thus creating optimum climate for the birds to perform.

The mixing of warm room air with incoming air ensures excellent bedding and welfare scores and reduces the heat consumption by 50% compared to other ventilation systems.

All functions managed by the ACS6 climate and production controller.

Conclusion Careful attention to the principles of pullet management is fundamental for success and profits in laying flocks.

Growing a pullet flock of the correct weight and body conformation will usually ensure success in the laying period.

Problems such as low egg numbers and poor egg shell quality during lay can often be traced back to problems occurring in the growing period.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention

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+45 75771922 l mail@dacs.dk I www.dacs.dk

41

NUTRITION

NIRS study on nutritional profiles of 100 soybean meal samples from USA and Brazil This paper compares the nutrient profile of soybean meal (SBM) samples from the USA and Brazil. Proximate analysis, total amino acids, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and phytic phosphorus were estimated using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) with calibrations derived from chemical analyses and in vivo determinations.

L.H. Zhang, Y.G. Liu Adisseo Asia Pacific, Singapore.

42

The study found nutritional profiles of both SBM origins to be similar. A significant difference was observed in AME content in favour of US meal (9.59 Âą 0.075 MJ/kg vs. 9.38 Âą 0.084 MJ/kg, P<0.05), whereas SBM from Brazil contained slightly higher level of digestible lysine (25.4 vs. 24.6 g/kg, P>0.05). In addition, US meals displayed lower variation in terms of crude protein, AME, crude fibre etc.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

Introduction Soybean meal is the most widely used protein source in poultry diets, because of its high levels of crude protein, high digestibility and consistency compared to other protein ingredients. However, its nutritional value is affected by several factors, such as genetic selection, production or planting environment and crushing process, which affect the concentration of both nutrients and anti-nutritional factors (ANF). There are numerous studies on the quality and consistency of SBM. Some authors compared quality of soybeans and soybean meals from US and other origins; others reported soybeans from China contained a higher crude protein and a lower lipid level than those from Brazil. Other authors reported soybean meals produced in Argentina and Brazil have lower true TAA digestibility than US SBM and still others reported crushing procedures and conditions affect nutritional value. Today, US and Brazil are the two dominant sources in terms of soybean production and exportation. The livestock industry has a keen interest in quantifying the

variation of soybean and soybean meals. The objective of this study was to survey the quality of SBM from the US and Brazil, especially for their metabolisable energy and SID amino acids which have not been well defined due to complexity in determination.

Materials and methods In this study, to eliminate differences derived from processing conditions, raw soybeans were imported directly from US and Brazil, crushed and produced by the same SBM manufacturer in Vietnam. Imported soybeans were crushed within 10 days. Five samples from each origin were randomly collected during each day’s crushing.

Consequently, a total of 100 SBM samples was obtained, in which 50 samples originated from US and the rest 50 from Brazil. Nutritional values including proximate analysis, total amino acids, standardized ileal digestibility of amino acid and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were evaluated using Adisseo’s near infrared re-

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43

NUTRITION

Table 1 – Proximate compositions of US and Brazil originated SBM samples.

US SBM (N = 50) g/kg as fed NIRS

Brazil SBM (N = 50) g/kg as fed

Lab

NIRS

P value

Lab

NIRS

Mean

Std

Mean

Mean

Std

Mean

Ash

60.6

0.8

0.8

60.7

0.8

60.0

NS

Fat

13.0

0.4

0.4

12.4

1.7

-

NS

Crude fiber

42.3

1.7

1.7

40.2

2.4

42.9

NS

Dry matter

874.6

1.3

1.3

875.0

0.8

874.9

NS

Crude protein

460.7

1.8

1.8

467.7

2.3

465.8

NS

Total phosphorus (P)

6.3

0.1

0.1

6.4

0.1

-

NS

Phytic phosphorus (PP)

4.2

0.1

0.1

4.1

0.1

-

NS

NS – not significant

flectance spectroscopy (NIRS) predictive equations derived from in vivo digestibility tests. In parallel, the SBM samples were analysed for the contents of proximate nutrients by a third party laboratory in Vietnam.

NIRS prediction for nutria contents in SBM Feasibility of using NIRS to predict nutrition content has been proven by previous studies. Adisseo Precise Nutrition Evaluation (PNE) services inte-

grated both in vivo expertise and NIRS technology to offer on-line NIR platform since 2012. Available parameters include AME, total and standardized ileal digestible amino acids, total, phytic and available phosphorous for poultry and pigs, and proximate nutrients. Digestibility coefficients were determined in vivo, using the model of adult caecectomized ISA Brown cockerels, with caeca surgically removed in order to minimise intestinal microflora interference. A Precise Nutrition Evaluation (PNE) AME database was obtained through in vivo measurements using 3-week-old male broilers, following the European reference method with ad libitum feeding and total excreta collection.

The proximate nutrients of SBM samples were determined by both NIRS and laboratory as shown in Table 1. Consistent results obtained by NIRS and laboratory tests demonstrate the reliability of using NIRS to

Table 2 – Concentration of essential amino acids of SBM samples from US and Brazil origins.

TAA

US SBM (N = 50)

US SBM (N = 50)

Brazil SBM (N = 50)

g/kg as fed Mean

Std

Brazil SBM (N = 50)

in % of crude protein Mean

Std

P value

467.7

Mean

Mean

-

-

Crude Protein

460.7

Lysine

29.04

0.21

29.62

0.15

NS

6.30

6.33

Methionine

6.14

0.05

6.22

0.05

NS

1.33

1.33

Cystine

6.85

0.05

6.86

0.05

NS

1.49

1.47

Threonine

18.54

0.12

18.87

0.13

NS

4.02

4.03

Tryptophan

6.36

0.05

6.51

0.05

NS

1.38

1.39

Valine

23.33

0.12

23.74

0.10

NS

5.06

5.08

Isoleucine

22.67

0.16

23.21

0.14

NS

4.92

4.96

Leucine

35.87

0.24

36.63

0.18

NS

7.79

7.83

Histidine

11.83

0.08

12.04

0.05

NS

2.57

2.57

Arginine

34.44

0.38

34.39

0.20

NS

7.48

7.35

NS – not significant

44

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

predict the nutritional values. As the dry matter content of samples was similar, nutrient values on a dry matter basis were not calculated. The proximate compositions are similar for SBM from US and Brazil origins, except for protein content which is slightly higher for Brazil SBM (467.7 g/kg, as fed) compared to US SBM (460.7 g/kg, as fed), but with no statistical difference (P> 0.05). In addition, total phosphorus and phytic phosphorus have been found similar when comparing SBM from US and Brazil.

The concentrations of essential amino acids of SBM from US and Brazil origins were found to be similar and consistent (Table 2), particularly when the amino acids concentrations were expressed in percentage of crude protein. The concentration differences ranged between -0.04 to 0.11 (in % of crude protein), with no statistical difference (P>0.05).

Coefficients for SID of amino acids reflected similar values when comparing US SBM and Brazil SBM (Table 3). Lysine digestibilities were found at 84.8 % and 85.7 % for US SBM and Brazil SBM respectively, which is in line with common reference and methionine digestibilities were 89.7 % and 89.4 % for US SBM and Brazil, respectively. Similar AA digestibilities may be due to the same processing conditions used in this study since the digestibility of AA is influenced largely by the adequacy of heat-processing to destroy or reduce the ANF, especially trypsin inhibitors.

Besides AA digestibility, metabolizable energy has a high impact on animal performance and consequently on profitability. Significant differences were observed in the

apparent metabolizable energy (AME) related to soybean origin: Average AME 9.59 MJ/kg for US SBM vs. 9.39 MJ/kg for Brazil SBM (P<0.05). Similarly, nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn) for US SBM was 8.83 MJ/kg (Figure 1), higher than Brazil SBM at 8.59 MJ/kg (P<0.05).

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NUTRITION

10

AME for US SBM

a

b

MJ/kg

9.5

AME for Brazil SBM AMEn for US SBM

9

AMEn for Brazil SBM

a

b

8.5 8 7.5

Figure 1 – AME and AMEn values with standard deviation for SBM from US and Brazil. a and b values with different superscripts are significantly (P<0.05) different from each other.

Table 3 – Coefficients of standardised ileal digestibility of essential amino acids for SBM from US and Brazil origins. Coefficients of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids.

SID AA

US SBM (n=50)

Brazil SBM (n=50)

Mean

Std

Mean

Std

Diff, %

P value

Lysine

84.8

0.6

85.7

0.4

0.9

NS

Methionine

89.7

0.3

89.4

0.3

-0.3

NS

Cystine

77.2

0.4

77.3

0.1

0.1

NS

Threonine

81.7

0.3

82.2

0.2

0.5

NS

Tryptophan

84.4

0.3

85.1

0.3

0.7

NS

Valine

83.4

0.2

83.4

0.1

0.0

NS

Isoleucine

88.4

0.2

88.5

0.2

0.1

NS

Leucine

88.0

0.2

87.7

0.2

-0.3

NS

Histidine

88.4

0.1

88.3

0.2

-0.1

NS

Arginine

91.6

0.1

91.6

0.2

0.0

NS

NS – not significant

In addition, US SBM had higher consistency for most of the nutrient contents compared with Brazil SBM. Except for dry matter content, smaller standard deviation values were observed for US SBM (1.80 g/kg for CP and 0.075 MJ/kg for AME), compared to Brazil SBM (2.25 g/kg for CP and 0.084 MJ/kg for AME). The low variability in the US samples is probably due to the low genetic variability among current US soybean cultivars.

Conclusions The NIRS technique has unique advantages of being non-destructive and rapid in screening the quality of any

46

given feed ingredient. Predicting from the in vivo referenced NIRS calibrations, this study demonstrated that soybean meal from US origin has higher AME and AMEn values than soybean meal from Brazil. Overall, US originated soybean meal also showed better consistency for most nutrients with smaller standard deviation values, which highlighted the potential economic benefit of SBM from the US. References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Australian Poultry Science Symposium

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Practical views on global meat chicken nutrition – Part 2 The demand for poultry meat will increase because of population growth and changing socio-economic factors.

Resources will become constrained and changing consumer perceptions will result in pressure to produce poultry meat in a sustainable manner. Sustainability is a multi-faceted concept and it is not feasible to select only those aspects that suit a particular narrative.

R. Kleyn – SPESFEED (Pty) Ltd., South Africa.

48

Improvements in technical efficiency are the best way to increase the sustainability of meat production. Much of this responsibility is shouldered by the geneticists, but nutritionists and producers have a role to play. We should focus on improving nutrient utilization, making optimum use of the ingredients at hand, and rethinking our various approaches to feed specifications. Although our decision making will be reinforced by enhanced data resources, these will not replace the nutritionist as the ultimate decision maker.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

Energy It is unlikely that the efficiency of energy utilization for absolute growth will change, but the sooner a bird reaches target weight, the smaller the proportion of energy used for maintenance purposes will be. Our role as nutritionists is to meet the bird’s demand for sufficient calories on each day of the production cycle. As can be seen from Table 2, the broiler has the ability to maintain its energy intake regardless of the energy level of the diet. In commercial situations, however, it is not this simple since the pressure created by high stocking densities and limited feeding space prevents broilers from consuming enough feed to meet their energy demands.

As a rule, energy intake increases as dietary energy levels rise, with a concomitant increase in field performance.

It may not be possible to reduce the energy requirement of the bird, but it is possible to feed diets of different nutrient density in order to utilise cheap ingredients and maximise financial returns. Care should be taken not to

a urs on o y s & you day Sea h s li wi We erful Ho d Won

and repeatable across laboratories. Parsons (in 2011) believes that the metabolisable energy (ME) system will be the primary and preferred measurement of energy in the foreseeable future; indeed, most commercial feed is formulated on this basis. Mateos (et al., in 2018) laments that despite abundant research, no simple procedure exists to evaluate the energy content of ingredients and diets.

Choct (in 2017) argues strongly that the use of ME is limiting and that any efforts spent on a workable net energy (NE) system are justified. NE gives a closer representation of ‘true’ or usable energy, but it does have various shortcomings. It is complicated, time-consuming, expensive to analyze and, as yet, it has no standardized method. In addition, NE systems apply equations that utilise ME as a starting point. Thus, any errors in the ‘base’ ME values are automatically carried over. NE systems mostly use CP as a measure to calculate the expected heat increment (HI) of a diet. Not all N in the diets is amino nitrogen so perhaps this is an over-simplification. In addition,

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focus on producing meat at least cost; rather, we should concentrate on maximising returns (profit).

The real challenge is to calculate energy balance in the broiler. To achieve this, an energy system is required, both to equitably quantify one ingredient relative to another and to enumerate the bird’s requirements. In theory, the values determined should be linear and additive.

Any system should be straightforward, cost-effective

crystalline amino acids are high in nitrogen and therefore high in crude protein, but they have a close to zero HI in digestion since they are already in their basic form. This is relevant in modern poultry diets where the use of synthetic, crystalline amino acids is increasing. The NE system, as with all systems, fails to account for the non-linearity of fat and fibre addition to broiler diets. Of interest, is the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to pre-

Table 2 – The effect of increasing levels of metabolisable energy and amino acid density levels (as determined by the SID Lys content) on selected growth performance and carcass traits of male Ross 308 broilers from 21 to 37 days of age.

Body weight (g)

Feed intake (g/d)

FCR

12,00

2375ab

177.3a

1.69a

12,60

2393a

170.7b

1.61b

13,10

2355ab

162.7c

1.57c

13,60

2323b

157.0 d

1.54d

8,5

2205b

162.2b

1.71a

10

2420a

170.0a

1.57b

11,5

2459a

168.0a

1.52c

SID Lys intake (mg/day)

TME intake (kcal/day)

Carcass as % of body weight

Breast as % of body weight

–

473

64.98b

18.31a

–

480

66.10a

18.20a

–

518

65.63a

17.88ab

–

476

65.47ab

17.49b

–

64.56c

16.39c

1700

–

65.64b

18.43b

1932

–

66.45a

19.09a

TMEn (MJ/kg)

SID Lysine (g/kg) 1378

Means within columns not sharing common superscripts (a, b) are significantly different (P<0.05).

50

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

dict the chemical composition of an ingredient and hence to predict ME indirectly or, more interestingly, to directly predict AMEn. The advantages of NIRS are that it is fast, cheap to run and gives repeatable results. Its limitation is that it is only as good as the calibration used in its set up.

In addition, if a flawed energy system is used to calibrate the machine, this will be carried across to all results.

The nutritionist is required to decide which energy values to use when formulating, and slavish adherence to a single source of information can be problematic. The perfect energy system does not exist. This may be because the energy content of a diet is not a property of the diet itself, but rather a property of the bird consuming that diet.

However, even if a system is not perfect, it only has to be better than the approach it supersedes. We should accept the flaws of the ME system while we strive for something better, a standardized NE system.

Minerals Minerals comprise a small proportion of the diet, but their importance to the birds cannot be overlooked. Dietary supplementation with high levels of inorganic trace minerals is expensive and may be harmful to the environment.

Organic minerals are compounds in which minerals are covalently complexed with organic ligands. They are less reactive than mineral salts but can be supplemented at lower concentrations than sulphates and oxides without impacting on bird performance. Currently, organic minerals are an expensive option but, in future, their use will increase.

Phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), deserve special attention. Not only are the global supplies of P constrained, but the way in which P is managed in poultry diets is a key component of sustainability from an environmental perspective. Nutritional strategies can improve the effective use of P, to avoid overfeeding and minimize P excretion.

Current research would indicate that the P requirements broilers are lower than mostly used in practice, and the use of phytase allows levels to be reduced still further.

These findings are in stark contrast to the recommendations of the primary breeding company and to general commercial practice. New recommendations have been published by INRA. Although these recommendations differ from each other, they are consistent in that they recommend low levels of

- december 2019 -

51

NUTRITION

both minerals in grower and finisher diets. Phytase doses will likely increase, resulting in more complete degradation of the phytate plant material.

Implementation of these strategies will lead to reduction in demand for P and will also decrease the polluting levels of P in broilers manure. Our current approach when formulating diets is to use some measure of available P and the total Ca. Clearly, we would do a better job of formulation if we were to use a measure of available Ca, and then formulate accordingly.

Discussion As clichéd as the term ‘precision nutrition’ is, it is the goal that nutritionists strive for. If we are able to meet the nutrient requirement of each individual in a flock, on each

cision weighed and mixed. These suggestions will bring about an unimaginable level of management complexity and cost in terms of ingredient purchasing, storage management and logistics. On farms, the bulk of management resources are likely to be utilised in deciding which diet to feed to which flock.

Clearly a more pragmatic approach will be required. Nutritionists will have to make considered decisions about ingredient energy and nutrient content. Decisions about feed specifications will also need to be made, bearing in mind sustainability, the cost and availability of ingredients, farm management, the end products and, importantly, net returns.

Feeding programmes will have to be designed to ensure that bird requirements are met, while minimising harmful pollutants. These programmes will have to match the lo-

“The nutritionist is required to decide which energy values to use when formulating, and slavish adherence to a single source of information can be problematic. The perfect energy system does not exist. This may be because the energy content of a diet is not a property of the diet itself, but rather a property of the bird consuming that diet”

day of the production cycle, we will enhance our ability to produce poultry meat in a sustainable manner. Bear in mind that well-performing flocks will have different requirements to poorer flocks. This is challenging when most operations use only three or four phases of feed throughout the broiler cycle. In order to achieve the lofty ambition of precision nutrition, ingredients will need to be quantified more accurately than they are at present.

Formulating diets by using a single value for energy ignores the fact that we are unsure of how to measure energy or to cope with variability in the first place. The non-linear nature of fat and fibre addition to bird diets will need to be accommodated.

The efforts made by nutritionists will need to be matched by improvements in feed manufacture. Some form of real-time energy determination and formulation adjustment would be helpful. Disparate parcels of ingredients will need to be identified and preserved, before being pre-

52

gistics of specific farms, as determined by feed bin size, delivery vehicle capacity and bird numbers. Feed millers will need to manage their ingredients more adroitly, for example by using multiple bins for key ingredients, but probably not by changing formulations on an hourly basis.

The feeding and nutrition of meat chickens have never been more complex, and the advances are going to continue. Rather than expecting computer systems to make our lives easier, professionals in the broiler industry will be required to make more decisions than ever before.

Although we are a long way from the goal of precision feeding, the use of the information already at our disposal will ensure that the broiler industry moves towards sustainability in every aspect.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Australian Poultry Science Symposium

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Host and microbial biomarkers for intestinal health and disease in broilers New tools can be used to determine the gut health status of animals and to predict animal performance or to make a decision whether or not to apply feed additives or other interventions that promote gut health.

Filip Van Immerseel Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases.

54

When broilers are produced without in-feed and preventive antibiotics, gut health syndromes, diseases and associated performance losses are rather common. While it is easy to diagnose diseases such as coccidiosis and clinical necrotic enteritis, more subtle gut health disorders affecting animal performance are more difficult to diagnose. Poor performance is often associated with changes in gut morphology such as reduced villus length as well as increased inflammatory conditions. This is associated with microbial shifts in the intestinal

- veterinary science -

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tract, a condition also referred to as dysbiosis. Veterinarians diagnose this condition by macroscopically evaluating gut wall appearance, which is time-consuming and invasive. Because of the technological developments in meta-omics, (host and bacterial) proteins, (mainly bacterial) metabolites and (bacterial) DNA sequences correlating with gut health can be identified. Host biomarkers for gut health found in faecal material are related to cellular damage, leakage of serum proteins in the intestinal contents and inflammation. These may be (semi-) quantified using ELISA or even dipstick methods on-farm. DNA sequences can be quantified using qPCR methods that are also currently available in carry-on equipment. These tools can be used to determine the gut health status of animals and to predict animal performance. They can be used to make a decision whether or not to apply feed additives or other interventions that promote gut health.

Introduction One of the most sustainable types of production of animal protein is chicken meat production. Chicken production needs less feed consumption per kilogram of produced meat and uses less land and water for both farming and feed production. The major reason for this is the continuous improvement of animal performance, reflected in an ever decreasing feed conversion (kg feed consumed per kg body weight) and reduced time to achieve market body weight. Continuous improvements in performance parameters include genetic selection for high-performing chicken lines, technological developments in hatching and housing conditions, and feed optimization and management practices that support (intestinal) health.

Among the latter, the use of antimicrobial growth promoters is a practice that has been banned in many countries worldwide but the use of therapeutic antimicrobials in the animal production industries is still high, though decreasing. This has created a situation in which the animal and its microbiota are experiencing a big change, as the animal breeds have been used for more than 50 years almost exclusively in a production system where antimicrobial usage was common practice. Reducing or stopping this practice has resulted in different diseases and syndromes, most of which are of intestinal origin. Indeed, about 60% of therapeutic antibiotic usage in broilers is to control intestinal diseases. The move away from antimicrobials has led to increasing concerns about gut health.

Bacterial diseases, enteritis, dysbiosis, and poor digestibility are a consequence resulting in poor growth performance of birds. In fact, all these entities have common denominators in the form of microbial shifts that go hand in hand with epithelial permeability increases, inflammation and thus performance losses, and are often related to nutrient excesses in the intestine or feed-derived issues (poorly digestible nutrients, excess of energy or protein levels). The most important intestinal disease entities and syndromes in broilers, with a performance effect, are briefly described in the next paragraph.

Intestinal diseases and syndromes in broilers The most severe example of a disease that has emerged in broiler chickens after the ban on growth-promoting antibiotics in animal feed is necrotic enteritis, which imposes a significant economic burden on the poultry industry worldwide. This disease is typically caused by nutritional excesses in the gut as well as predisposing epithelial defects caused by mycotoxins and coccidia, and it is oc-

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curring in animals with the highest body weight gain, so clearly related to production parameters. The causative agents of necrotic enteritis are netB-toxin containing Clostridium perfringens (type G) strains. Necrotic enteritis can occur as an acute clinical form which is characterized by a sudden increase in mortality, and as a subclinical form which results in a lower weight at slaughter age.

In both cases, macroscopic necrotic lesions are found at the mucosa of the small intestine upon necropsy, and thus the intestinal barrier is compromised and severe mucosal inflammation occurs.

A disease syndrome that has clearly emerged in the EU broiler industry simultaneously with the ban of growth promoting antibiotics is the so-called ‘dysbacteriosis’.

This is a poorly described condition of the gut and may or not be a synonym for conditions such as ‘wet litter’, ‘non-specific bacterial enteritis’, ‘small intestinal bacterial overgrowth’, ‘malabsorption’, and many more. The common clinical denominator is thinning and ballooning of the small intestine, increased water content of faeces and reduced digestibility of feed with undigested residues visible in the faeces. In many cases, this is linked to increased feed conversion, decreased body weight and thus poor performance. Moreover, wet litter leads to various additional disease conditions such as pododermatitis, breast blisters and ‘hock burn’, which are criteria used to evaluate animal welfare. It is generally believed that ‘dysbacteriosis’ is a condition in which the interaction between the gut microbiota and the host is impaired, such that the gut health is not optimal. All this is probably influenced by nutrition and it is suggested that the altered composition of the gut microbiota induces changes in the gut wall, including morphological changes (villus length decreases, crypt depth increases, epithelial cell damage…) and inflammatory reactions (infiltration of immune cells in the wall). The combination of a suboptimal microbiota combined with effects on the gut wall would then most likely interfere with digestive processes, eventually leading to poor performance, and induce enteritis.

As broilers often have gut barrier integrity issues (increased permeability), toxins, feed antigens, but also bacterial products and bacteria can cross this barrier and spread systemically. This also aids locomotory diseases that are a consequence of both the high body weight gain and the pressure this puts on the skeleton of the animal, but also of bacteria that attach to bones at different sites in the body. Indeed, lameness in broiler chickens is a

56

significant animal welfare problem, which is increasingly occurring (up to 1% of all animals). Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is a disease characterized by bacterial infection in rapidly growing bones under repeated mechanical stress and typically occurs in tibiae, femora and the thoracic vertebrae. The terminology is often confusing and names such as ‘kinky back’, spondylitis, spondylolisthesis, femoral head necrosis and others are given to describe similar or the same syndromes. It is assumed that bacteria cross the intestinal barrier, enter the bloodstream and hematogenously spread to osteochondritic clefts or to microfractures at the growth plates.

When colonizing the growth plates, the bacteria are rather inaccessible to antibiotics and the host immune system, enabling them to induce necrosis. Bacteria that are found in BCO lesions are commensal intestinal bacteria that have translocated through the intestinal epithelium and have spread systemically. Bacterial genera and species that are isolated from BCO cases are, amongst others, opportunistic bacteria including staphylococci, Escherichia coli, and enterococci. These kind of disease entities are thus again originating from high performance and at least partly have an intestinal origin. It has been shown that probiotics can affect BCO, again pointing to the intestine as origin of the bacteria that cause the disease.

Measuring intestinal health in broilers Intestinal health is a term that is not yet clearly defined, despite being a focus of major research efforts in the last decade, both in human and in veterinary medicine. It can be described at different levels. In the past, one has used different indirect systems to measure gut health, such as the water content of faecal material. At macroscopic level, optimal gut health can refer to a condition in which there are no observable changes in gut wall appearance as compared to a normal condition. While this is very clear in conditions in which gross lesions are seen, such as in necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis cases, this is less clear and even invisible in conditions that might cause microscopic alterations that affect performance. A method to score gut wall appearance has been validated previously and is used by veterinarians for broiler chickens. In this system, in total, 10 parameters are assessed and scored 0 when absent or 1 when present during visual inspection of the intestinal wall at autopsy after which the animal will

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

receive a total score between 0 and 10. Zero represents a normal gastrointestinal tract and 10 the most severe form of dysbiosis. The parameters are (1) 'ballooning' of the gut; (2) inflammation, redness, of the serosa and/or mucosal side of the gut, cranial to the Meckel diverticulum; (3) macroscopically visible and tangible fragile small intestine cranial to the Meckel diverticulum; (4) loss of turgor in longitudinal cutting of the intestine cranial to the Meckel diverticulum within the 3 seconds after incision; (5) abnormal occurrence of the intestinal content (excess mucus, orange content, gas) cranial to the Meckel diverticulum; (6,7,8,9) are identical to (2,3,4,5) but caudal to the Meckel diverticulum and (10) is presence of undigested particles caudal to the ileo-cecal junction. A low gut wall appearance score thus indicates good gut health. This system however is rather subjective, as it depends on the person who performs the scoring and it is influenced by specific factors such as diet type (e.g. meal vs. pellet with regard to the presence of undigested feed particles). It has, however, been described that the score is associated with histological parameters under certain conditions, including villus length and infiltration of immune cells in the gut wall. These parameters are much more objective, quantitative and clearly associated with gut health, as they relate to the epithelial surface (villus length) and thus digestibility, and with inflammation.

As such, they are associated with intestinal insults that damage the epithelial lining and thus affect performance.

Although histological parameters have value in evaluating gut health, these are mainly of importance under experimental conditions (e.g. when testing interventions) and are more difficult to use in field conditions, given their invasive and time-consuming nature. Optimal gut health could thus also be defined as a condition in which no microscopically visible alterations are seen. Other invasive biomarkers are mainly ones that can be found in blood.

Acute phase protein (APP) production in the liver can be the result of intestinal bacteria that cause inflammation in the gut, and thus cytokine production by epithelial and immune cells that is sensed by liver cells that produce APP. It can also be the consequence of translocation of bacteria and their products through the gut wall reaching the liver, so that hepatocytes secrete the APP. APP can be measured in serum, but the production of APPs can be triggered anywhere in the body of the animal and not specifically the gut. Other biomarkers that could potentially be found in the serum are of microbial origin. Increases in intestinal permeability in poor gut health con-

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ditions would lead to translocation of bacteria, LPS and even metabolites such as D-lactate, that can be found in serum. These markers however do not seem to be very reliable because of multiple reasons, including intrinsic differences in the intestinal concentrations on itself that may cause variability in the serum levels.

Non-invasive markers are preferred in the field and ideally they should be based on faecal material as this is easy to collect. In addition, mixed faecal samples can be taken so that the gut health status of the whole flock can be evaluated. These markers can be microbial or host-derived. Microbial markers originate from the observation that gut health problems often are associated with shifts in the microbial composition. This has been described in detail for human inflammatory bowel disease, in which Enterobacteriaceae have been associated with inflammation and butyrate producing bacteria from the Ruminococcaceae family, such as the genus Faecalibacterium, have been shown to be depleted in the faeces of diseased individuals. While changes in microbial composition are clear in the case of severe intestinal inflammation, differences can be much more subtle in intestinal disorders with a much less clear phenotype, such as irritable bowel

58

syndrome in humans. The same is true for chickens, in which rather well-described microbial composition shifts have been described in the gut of animals with necrotic enteritis, but, despite numerous studies, it is not easy to identify OTUs that are correlated with intestinal health and animal performance. Our group has conducted a number of studies using intestinal inflammation models to describe 16S rDNA sequences that have a correlation with intestinal health (i.e. villus length, immune cell infiltration in the gut wall, and performance) and some general patterns of beneficial and harmful microbial groups can be extracted from these data. Examples are correlations between the reduced abundance of Faecalibacterium prauznitzii and Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and conditions that increase the villus length and decrease the CD3+ T-cell infiltration in the small intestinal wall of broilers under experimental challenge conditions (unpublished), but many more relevant OTU changes occur. In addition to the use of microbial composition and taxa, one could also use functional genes or metabolites as markers. The most well-known example of a beneficial microbial metabolite is butyrate, and functional genes such as the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase can be used to quantify the abundance of butyrate producing bacteria in

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

faecal samples. A lot of other metabolites are involved in gut health and this is a domain in which much progress can be made. Measurements of epithelial permeability can be done using oral administration of compounds that pass through the epithelial layer when damaged and thus can be measured in serum (e.g. FITC-dextran, lactulose/ rhamnose). This is not applicable to field conditions. Host biomarkers for gut health should ideally be associated with gut function, such as digestibility, cellular damage and inflammation, amongst others. In humans, calprotectin, a neutrophil granule protein, is used to quantify gut inflammation and is very useful to assess the severity of intestinal inflammation. For poultry, our group recently identified a similar protein biomarker in colonic content of animals from an inflammation model. Other markers were identified and were related to inflammation, serum leakage, epithelial cell and tight junction damage. Currently, these are being brought to a practical field assay using ELISA or dipstick assays. An example is ovotransferrin, a protein that is produced in the liver and thus only reaches the faeces when serum leaks through the epithelial cells. The concentration of ovotransferrin increases with the severity of necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis infections, and has been associated with gut damage in not yet published dysbiosis models.

Applications and perspectives

be the administration of antimicrobials when animals suffer from a diagnosed bacterial infection but can also be the supplementation of a gut-health promoting feed additive when the animals are not having symptoms. The latter is often the case, and prediction of poor performance will likely be the most important driver for using gut health biomarker tools. Ideally, diagnostic tests for gut health result in the choice of specific feed additives or changes in feed management, depending on the parameter that is affected. Another important application of gut health biomarkers is efficacy testing of newly developed feed additives by the industry. While faecal biomarker proteins (host proteins) and microbial markers (taxa and metabolic pathway genes) have been identified in experimental models (necrotic enteritis, gut inflammation, and more), field applications are likely not to be straightforward for various reasons. Apart from the technical aspects (dipstick or ELISA development), field conditions are very different in different regions worldwide and it might be complex as a lot of preventive antimicrobials are still used. It will be a challenge to convince poultry producers to use a diagnostic tool to justify use of antimicrobials, as the latter are often a cheap and easy certainty for production performance. Educating the poultry production industry on the risks of antimicrobial usage, antimicrobial resistance, and the need to use a strategy of measuring gut health and using non-antibiotic prevention methods is already occurring but needs further effort.

Easy-to-measure biomarkers in faecal samples are of value for the poultry industry for various reasons. First, they can be used to measure gut health in field conditions and justify interventions to promote gut health. These can

References are available on request From the 2019 Australian Poultry Symposium Proceedings

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Via Bancora e Rimoldi 3 – 22070 Guanzate (COMO), Italy Теl.: 39-031.352.91.22 – 031.352.91.29 - Fax: 39-031.352.95.91 E-mail: victoria@victoria-srl.com

Automatic and digital incubators from 18 to 10.000 eggs of capacity

Centrumstraat 125, 9870 Zulte, Belgium T +32 (0)9 388 96 11 - F +32 (0)9 388 84 58 info@petersime.com - www.petersime.com

Via G.Galilei 3 – 22070 Guanzate (COMO), Italy Tel.: +39-031.976.672 - Fax: +39-031.899.163 Website: fiem.it - E-mail: fiem@fiem.it

Breeders ARBOR ACRES IS EVERYTHING YOU NEED

Reliable Breeder, Resilient Broiler

ROSS THE COMPLETE PACKAGE

aviagen.com

aviagen.com

aviagen.com

LOHMANN TIERZUCHT GmbH Am Seedeich 9-11 27472 Cuxhaven Germany

Cobb Europe

aviagen.com

The Oaks – Apex 12, Old Ipswich Road Colchester, Essex CO7 7QR, UK Tel: +44 (0)1206 835835 Fax: +44 (0)1206 756864 Email: info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com

Postfach 460 27454 Cuxhaven Germany www.ltz.de

T: + 49 4721 505 0 F: + 49 4721 505 222

Equipment

Egg Sanitation Worldwide The key to superior egg sanitation

Leader in pig & poultry equipment THE MOST INNOVATIVE RANGE FOR POULTRY FEEDING Via Roma 29, 24030 Medolago (BG) Italy - Phone +39 035 901240 Fax +39 035 902757 info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it

www.MSTegg.com info@MSTegg.com +44 (0)1536 516778 (UK) +1 423-881-3882 (USA)

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

www.bigdutchman.de

BELTS AND ROPES

FOR AVICULTURAL USE Manure removal belts and

Manure belt with holes for drying systems

POULTRY EQUIPMENT

The No. 1 worldwide

Via Garibaldi, 54 – 26040 Scandolara Ravara (CR) Italy Tel. (+39) 0375/95135 • Fax. (+39) 0375/95169 info@barbieri-belts.com • www.barbieri-belts.com

TURNKEY PROJECTS POULTRY INTEGRATED PROJECTS POULTRY EQUIPMENT FOR BROILERS AND LAYERS AVIARY SYSTEMS Officine Facco & C. S.p.A. Via Venezia, 30 - Marsango (PD) Italy

Tel. +39 049 9698111 - Fax +39 049 9630605 | www.facco.net - facco@facco.net

PREFABRICATED METAL PLANTSspazio55x45-facco.indd for aviculture, livestock farming and industry

Officine Meccaniche

VETTORELLO LUCIANO 35040 Casale di Scodosia (PD) • Italia • via Nuova, 1515 Tel. +39 0429 847062 • Fax +39 0429 848315 luciano@officinevettorello.it • www.officinevettorello.it

BD Ad Zootecnica 55x95 10-13.indd 1

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Equipment

POULTRY EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS

GmbH & Co. KG

Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) T: +49 (0) 2838 912-0 • F: +49 (0) 2838 2791 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de

VALLI spa • via Cimatti, 2 • 47010 Galeata (FC) • Italy T: +39 0543 975 311 • F: +39 0543 981 400 E: info@valli-italy.com • I: www.valli-italy.com

PRODUZIONI CHIAVI IN MANO ATTREZZATURA AVI CUNICOLA

Housing equipment for breeders, layers and broilers.

MBE srl

LUBING SISTEM SRL

via delle Fornaci 88/A 60044 Fabriano (AN) - Italy Tel. 0732/627167 - info@mbefabriano.it - www.mbefabriano.it

www.vencomatic.com

Automatic rollaway nests Plastic slats Aviary systems Rearing systems Broiler systems Manure belts Manure drying systems Emission

Harselaarseweg 32, 3771 MB Barneveld, Holland Tel.: +31(0)342 42 70 00 Fax: +31 (0)342 42 70 01 Website: www.jpe.org E-mail: info@jpe.org

Drinking systems for chicks, broilers, breeders, layers, ducks, turkeys, rabbits and pigs Conveyor systems for egg collection Climate systems: Pad Climate (evaporative cooling for paper or plastic pads) and Top Climate (with high pressure nozzles)

Impex Barneveld B.V. P.O. Box 20 • 3770 AA Barneveld • Holland T: 31 (0) 342 41 66 41 • F: 31 (0) 342 41 28 26 E: info@impex.nl • I: www.impex.nl

via Marco Polo,  (Z.I.)  Campodarsego, Padova Italy tel. +   fax +   info@lubing.it lubingsystem.com www.lubingsystem.com

UPCOMING EVENTS 2020 January, 28 to 30 IPPE International Production & Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center 285 Andrew Young International Blvd NW Atlanta, Georgia USA For information please contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA USA Tel.: +1 770 4939401 Fax: +1 770 4939257 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexpo.org

February, 4 to 6 AGROFARM All-Russian Exhibition Centre (VVC Grounds), VDNH, Hall 75 Moscow, Russia For information please contact: Gennady Mindru Tel.: + 7 (495) 128 29 59 ext. 100 Email: g.mindru@dlg.org Irina Schved, VDNH Tel.: + 7 (495) 974 34 05 ext. 3829 Email: ishved@vdnh.ru International exhibitor service and stand rental: Anna Khomenko Tel.: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-20 Fax: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-23 Email: a.khomenko@ifw-expo.com

March, 9 to 11

March, 25 to 27

VIV-MEA

7th Mediterranean Poultry Summit

International trade show from feed to food for the Middle East and Africa ADNEC Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre Khaleej Al Arabi Street, - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates For information please contact: VIV worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 - 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 2999 Email: viv.mea@vnuexhibitions.com Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company Khaleej Al Arabi Street - P.O. Box 5546 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates UAE Tel.: 800 23632 Int. Tel.: +971 (0) 2 444 6900 Fax: +971 (0) 2 444 6135 Website: www.adnec.ae

March, 17 to 19 49th annual Midwest Poultry Federation (MPF) Convention Minneapolis Convention Center Downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA For information please contact: Lara Durben Email: ldurben@midwestpoultry.com Website: www.midwestpoultry.com

February, 16 to 19 31st Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium Sheraton on the Park, Sydney The University of Sydney, Australia For information please contact: Benjamin Geist Email: benjamin.geist@sydney.edu.au Claire Fuller Email: claire.fuller@sydney.edu.au Website: http://sydney.edu.au

March, 18 to 20 ILDEX Vietnam 2020 The 8th International Livestock Exposition, Vietnam Hall A1-A2, SECC HCM, Vietnam For information please contact: Website: www.ildex-vietnam.com

Cordova, Spain For information please contact: Mr C. GarcĂŠs Narro Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU C/ Tirant Lo Blanc, 7 46115 Alfara del Patriarca Valencia, Spain Email: cgarces@uchceu.es

INTERNET GUIDE ABVista emea@abvista.com www.abvista.com Agritech agritech@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieri-belts.com Bayer HealthCare www.bayer.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed Headquarters info@carfed.ch www.carfed.ch Carfed Italian Branch info@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.com DSM Nutritional Products www.dsm.com Elanco www.elanco.com Eurosilos SIRP contatti@eurosilos.it www.eurosilos.it EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net Farmer Automatic info@farmerautomatic.de www.farmerautomatic.de FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it Fiera di Forlì info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com FierAgricola Verona info@veronafiere.it www.veronafiere.it Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com GI-OVO B.V. sales@gi-ovo.com www.gi-ovo.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway USA-sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/poultry-processing Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies sales@MSTegg.com www.MSTegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen BV info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info@reventa.de www.reventa.de Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.ska.it Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Tecnoclima tecnoclima@tecnoclimaspa.com www. tecnoclimaspa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com U.S. Poultry & Egg Association info@uspoultry.org www.uspoultry.org Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic info@vencomatic.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv@vnuexhibitions.com www.viv.net Vostermans ventilation@vostermans.com www.vostermans.com

Editorial Director Lucio Vernillo Editorial Staff (zootecnica@zootecnica.it): Daria Domenici, Tania Montelatici Account Executive Marianna Caterino (amministrazione@zootecnica.it) Editorial Office Zootecnica International Via Ugo Foscolo 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy Tel.: +39 055 2571891 Fax: +39 055 2571897 Website: www.zootecnicainternational.com Licence Registrazione Tribunale di Firenze n.3162 Spedizione in A.P. Art.2 comma 20/B legge 662/96 - Filiale di Firenze ISSN 0392-0593 Subscription Rates (1 year / 11 issues): Europe Euro 44 Rest of the World Euro 57 * Subscribe online by Credit Card or Paypal: www.zootecnicainternational.com * Subscribe by money transfer: 1. effect a money transfer to: Zootecnica International, via Ugo Foscolo, 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy; bank: UNICREDIT, BIC: UNICRITM1OU9 Iban: IT 81 H 02008 38083 000020067507 2. send us your complete shipping address by fax (+39 055 2571897) or by email (amministrazione@zootecnica.it).

Art Direction & Layout Laura Cardilicchia - ellecigrafica.com Cover Image: © Denise Vernillo Printed Nova Arti Grafiche, Florence

English Edition Year XLI December 2019

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SPECHT is everywhere where hens are!

• Rearing in aviary system

• Layers in Varia-System

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ORIGINAL

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®

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POULTRY EQUIPMENT

GmbH & Co. KG

• Manure drying system

Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) Telefon +49 (0) 28 38 912-0 • Telefax +49 (0) 28 38 27 91 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de

• Egg collecting system