Zootecnica International - English edition - 10 October - 2021

Zootecnica International – October 2021 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

Pre-harvest interventions and implications of safety for turkey processing Nutritional modulation of broiler intestine in the starter period and intestinal integrity Coccidiosis

10 2021

PALLET CARGO PALLET CARGO

PALLET CARGO

Cod. 0420002.00 with Cod.feet 0420002.00 with feet Cod. 0420103.00 without Cod. 0420103.00 feet without feet

Cod. 0420002.00 with feet Cod. 0420103.00 without feet

HYGIENIC DURABLE HYGIENIC DURABLE PLASTIC PALLETPLASTIC 1200x800 PALLET 1200x800 Dimensions: Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

HYGIENIC DURABLE ® ® PLASTIC PALLET 1200x800

Dimensions: Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

Dimensions:

purely professional. purely professional.

Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

Load capacity Load capacity Static: 4.500 kg Static: 4.500 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg In rack: 750 kg In rack: 750 kg Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)

Load capacity Static: 4.500 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg In rack: 750 kg Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)

Temperature range: Temperature range: in use: -20°C up to +60°C in use: -20°C up to +60°C cleaning: up to +100°C cleaning: up to +100°C

Temperature range: in use: -20°C up to +60°C cleaning: up to +100°C

CHARACTERISTICS: CHARACTERISTICS:

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Standard colour: grey• Standard colour: grey • Impact-resistant raw •materials Impact-resistant raw materials • Food-grade approved• Food-grade raw materialapproved (HDPE) raw material (HDPE) • Easy to clean & dry • Easy to clean & dry • UV and bad weather• resistant UV and bad weather resistant

• Standard colour: grey • Impact-resistant raw materials • Food-grade approved raw material (HD • Easy to clean & dry • UV and bad weather resistant

OPTIONS:

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Via Bernezzo, OPTIONS: 47Via Bernezzo, 47 • Special colours available request 12023 CARAGLIO 12023 - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy upon - Cuneo (min. order 500 units) Tel. +39 0171• Personalization 61.97.15 Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 is possible (name/numb Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com - PRODUCT OF

OPTIONS:

• Special colours available • Special uponcolours requestavailable upon request (min. order 500 units)(min. order 500 units) • Personalization is possible • Personalization (name/numbering is possible RFID) (name/numbering RFID)

DURABLE/RECYCLABLE AND DISINFECTABLE PLAST

- NO METAL REINFORCEMEN

- FULLY RECYCLABLE - FULLY RECYCLABLE

- FULLY RECYCLABLE

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- NO METAL REINFORCEMENTS - NO METAL REINFORCEMENTS

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- PRODUCT OF - PRODUCT OF DURABLE/RECYCLABLE DURABLE/RECYCLABLE AND DISINFECTABLE AND DISINFECTABLE PLASTIC PLASTIC

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purely professional. purely professional.

Diameter: 45 cm/

Circumference: 13 Depth: 7,5 cm/3” Feeder capacity: 2 Weight: 1,723 kg Standard packing: 20 cones per carto 26.80”x14.18”x27 DRINKER T-LINE 20 pans per carto 17.72”x17,72”x22.

ADVANTAGES Shipping capacity: Perfect functionality. Optimum performan leakage, always dry litter. Permanent supp Healthy environment. Less mortality.

DRINKER T-LINE DRINKER T-LINE ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES Perfect functionality. Optimum Perfect functionality. performance.

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PRESSURE REGULATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR

PRESSURE REGULATOR

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BREATHER UNITBREATHER UNIT

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Cod. 0301117

DRINKING CAPACITY

Day-old turkeys: 30-40Day-old birds per turkeys: drinker.

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The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

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EDITORIAL Once again Fieravicola 2021 offers the opportunity to reflect on the importance of national and international events. Rimini’s infrastructures and organizational efficiency gave Fieravicola a new look. The good attendance on the first day combined well with the exhibitors’ mood in showing great desire to restart activities after the pandemic period. This was best mirrored in people’s desire to meet again in person rather than through video calls or webinars. In the following days the turnout regretfully, decreased somewhat.

Comments from exhibitors were quite varied – some expected a greater presence of the large companies from the North of Italy and also of foreign visitors who were missing despite the efforts of the organizers to attract them to this event.

The low foreign affluence is not surprising as for years important fairs such as Utrecht, Hanover, Atlanta have recorded a sharp decline in foreign participants.

The considerations I expressed in this regard in other editorials are the same, i.e. fairs need to change their strategies.

Unfortunately, the trade fair sector has not yet managed to find new formulas able to attract and involve large-scale retailers, associations with different currents of thought, and also consumer representatives. At recent fairs we can also note the attendance of more technicians, salesmen and managers than poultry farmers.

The metaphor coined on the occasion of a recent webinar which highlighted that we are witnessing a “Copernican revolution” corresponds to reality. This is indeed what we need to talk about and, in doing so, we can inform our industry and consumers that the well-being and sustainability of many serious companies who operate with scientific and not political criteria is nowadays under serious threat.

Unfortunately, we are unable to be cohesive in our actions to correct the information and the messages provided by the mass media which are too often false and confusing for the consumer.

Fairs could mediate correct information, addressing topics such as well-being and sustainability, which today are tackled too abstractly, without a scientific approach. While involving political representatives is important, it is however essential to take action to ensure we have proper nutritional education from school age onwards and that we prevent the trade from indiscriminately exploiting claims such as “GMO free”, “antibiotic-free”, “organic”, “free-range”, etc as marketing strategies.

In conclusion, we are still convinced that trade fairs, structured as they have been so far, are anachronistic, however, they still can have a meaning if seen as an opportunity for human contact, confrontation and to disseminate correct information on products and on the entire supply chain.

The difficult dilemma of frequency and location still remains unresolved. A two-year alternation between the various fairs would be welcome, but we realize that this is quite a utopian wish.

SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 8 COMPANY FOCUS Biodiversity – breeding choice for the markets of today and tomorrow............ 14

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INTERVIEW Hubbard's Premium product range tailored to all diverse market needs Interview with Bruno Briand, Hubbard Business Director EMEA..................... 16

REPORTAGE FEFAC 65th public annual meeting: Future Proofing Feed.............................. 20

FOCUS Pre-harvest interventions and implications of safety for turkey processing..... 22

MARKETING

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Dynamics and patterns of the U.S. broiler industry Part 2 - Changing spatial patterns in production and trade............................. 28

TECHNICAL COLUMN Breeding strategies explained....................................................................... 34

MANAGEMENT Selective removal of Salmonella from broilers using a novel technology......... 38

NUTRITION Nutritional modulation of broiler intestine in the starter period and intestinal integrity................................................................................... 42

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VETERINARY Coccidiosis................................................................................................... 48

MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 52

INTERNET GUIDE.............................................................................56

WORLDWIDE NEWS

2022 IPPE exhibit space exceeds 507,000 square feet with more than 1,000 exhibitors The 2022 International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE) has already surpassed 507,000 square feet of exhibit space and has secured more than 1,000 exhibitors, with four months remaining until the Expo. tion,” remarked show organizers. “It demonstrates that our exhibitors are enthusiastic about reconnecting and showcasing the latest technologies and services that will continue to drive the industry forward.”

Made up of three integrated trade shows – International Poultry Expo, International Feed Expo and International Meat Expo – the IPPE is the world’s largest annual meat, poultry and animal food trade show. The event is sponsored by the U.S. Poultry & Egg Association (USPOULTRY), the American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) and the North American Meat Institute (NAMI).

IPPE will be held Tuesday through Thursday, Jan. 25 – 27, 2022, at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta. The Expo will highlight the latest technology, equipment and services used in the production and processing of animal food, meat and poultry products.

Combining the expertise from AFIA, NAMI and USPOULTRY, IPPE will also feature dynamic education programs focused on current industry issues.

“We are excited about offering an in-person 2022 IPPE and are encouraged by our strong exhibitor participa-

Attendee registration opened Oct. 4.

For more information about IPPE, visit: www.ippexpo.org.

33rd annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium The Australian Poultry Science Symposium is the premier avian science conference in Australia, attracting delegates from right across the country and around the world. Next year the conference will focus on an over-arching theme: “Sustainability A Brave New World”.

In 2022 the Australian Poultry Science Symposium will return to a hybrid 3-day program, filled with up to 8 invited speaker International and Australian presentations, and as always a huge range of very relevant and current research from the Association’s peer-reviewed submitted papers.

Although organizers’ plans for a hybrid conference did not come to fru-

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ition for APSS 2021, they are determined to deliver next year at APSS 2022 planning a physical event at the University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus. The event will be online also, so that delegates can still attend from their workplace’s or from home, right around the globe.

The 2021 Virtual Conference was very well received, with over 300 delegates tuning in over the shortened 2-Day Program, that was the largest attendance in the history of the conference.

With uncertainties around travel restrictions, physical attendance will still be limited, it will not be required such a large space as pre-Covid years, and although the move to

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Sheraton in the Sydney CBD between 2018-2021 proved very successful, it is simply not feasible with the precariousness of the pandemic, and so The University of Sydney’s new F23 venue will be utilized for the 2022 conference.

As always, APSS will continue to include an array of excellent invited speakers to feature at the event, as well as provide delegates plenty of time to network and communicate by offering a lively social program for both physical and virtual attendees.

For more information: Tel. +61 2 9351 1656 Email: benjamin.geist@sydney.edu.au Website: www.apss2022.com.au

WORLDWIDE NEWS

In memory of Daniel Binnie Pearson (1957-2021) Dan was an active member of the British Veterinary Poultry Association and President from 1995-97. He was also an invited delegate of the GB group within the Poultry Veterinary Study Group of the EU (PVSG). Dan was elected last year as Junior Vice President of this international forum on Avian Health, aiming to take the lead as President next year. He was a truly gentle man, easy to relate to and to work with productively. He was always involved in his local community. He was a church elder and with Christina carried out vital assistance to youths and young adults through a wide variety of ways including manning a Christian Action Bus late at night in areas of town where help was needed.

It is with great sadness that we learned of the sudden and premature passing on the 6th of July 2021 of Daniel Pearson (Dan), Aviagen European Veterinary Health Director based in Newbridge, Edinburgh. He died whilst cycling during a recent holiday with his wife Christina on the Isle of Arran.

Dan was the youngest of three sibling, born on 30th June 1957 in Ingham, North Queensland, Australia. He grew up on a sugar cane farm. Dan studied Veterinary Medicine at The University of Queensland, where he also played Aussie Rules Football and Tennis. In 1982 Dan “saw practice” at D B Marshalls, in Scotland. This was one of the largest integrated poultry companies in the UK in the 1980s.

Dan arrived in Scotland from Australia an accomplished tennis player, and he continued to play socially in Scotland. He enjoyed cycling and participated in club riding at weekends. He also completed some long and arduous cycle rides usually with colleagues and friends raising money for various charities. It is perhaps fitting that he died carrying out an activity he was passionate about in the hills of a country he felt deeply and affectionately bonded to after enjoying a picnic with the woman he adored.

He will be sorely missed by an industry he felt passionately about, a community he was an integral and valued part of, and most of all by the family he loved above all else.

Two years after graduation in Queensland, Dan returned to Scotland and joined Marshalls as a field veterinarian.

There he met Christina, marriage quickly followed, then they had two children, Victoria and Christopher. Christina had 2 children when she met Dan, so Dan was soon a grandfather and latterly a great grandfather – roles he engaged in and enjoyed.

Dan’s role within the Marshalls Food Group widened and he took responsibility for all veterinary health care of stock within Scotland. His role increased still further when the Company was bought by Grampian Country Foods and he became the principal veterinarian for all their poultry subsidiaries throughout the UK. This task was made possible by the support and cooperation of independent poultry veterinary practices who regularly serviced their farms in other regions. Dan then took his expertise as one of the most knowledgeable and experienced poultry vets in Europe into the primary breeding sector by joining Aviagen.

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

Pirbright’s new Avian Influenza vaccine

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©cms.agr.wa.gov

An improved poultry Influenza vaccine has been developed by researchers from The Pirbright Institute. The potential vaccine triggers a rapid immune response which protects chickens against signs of disease and reduces the level of virus that they could pass on, a key element to halting the spread of bird flu through flocks.

Researchers at The Pirbright Institute have developed a new vaccine that generates a faster and stronger immune response in chickens against the H9N2 Avian Influenza strain, compared to the current industry standard inactivated virus vaccine.

Many poultry Influenza vaccines protect birds from serious illness and death, but do not prevent them from transmitting the virus, enabling the continued spread of disease through flocks. Pirbright scientists have used a new vaccination technique to enhance immune responses in birds and reduce the amount of virus shed into the environment.

A fast acting and effective vaccine The results published in npj Vaccines revealed that the vaccine was both fast acting and effective. Birds pro-

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duced antibody responses as early as six days after vaccination and they shed significantly less flu virus when challenged with a natural flu strain, indicating the birds would be less likely to spread infection. High levels of protective antibodies were produced even when birds were given a reduced dose.

How the vaccine works The vaccine works by tagging Avian Influenza virus proteins with a marker that makes it easier for immune cells, called Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), to efficiently capture and process the tagged proteins for triggering an immune response. The team specifically tagged the flu virus haemagglutinin (HA) protein and directed it to target CD83, a protein on the chicken APCs, showing for the first time that this can be used as an effective vaccine.

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

Less costly and easy to be produced As well as providing enhanced protection, this vaccine will be easier and less costly to manufacture. The tagged Influenza virus HA protein can be produced in a laboratory culture of insect cells instead of using eggs to grow live vaccine viruses. This would enable the poultry industry to reduce its reliance on chicken eggs for vaccine production, increasing the availability of eggs for use as a food source. The use of laboratory cells instead of eggs also highlights how Pirbright scientists actively develop animal health solutions that apply the principles of the 3Rs (Reduce, Refine, Replace) in animal research.

Reduced risks

rus, biosafety risks are reduced, and no specialist high containment facilities would be required for production. These qualities make the vaccine very attractive for large scale manufacture. The Pirbright team is currently investigating the vaccine’s potential for commercial production and use in the field.

Professor Munir Iqbal, Head of Pirbright’s Avian Influenza Virus group, said: “By targeting HA to chicken immune cells, we have generated a powerful addition to the armory of poultry vaccines. Our improved vaccine could help prevent the spread of Influenza amongst vaccinated birds, which is essential for protecting poultry welfare, increasing food production, and reducing the risk of Avian Influenza spreading to humans.”

Source: The Pirbright Institute

As the new vaccine does not contain live Influenza vi-

Midwest Poultry Federation: Back to the Future Midwest Poultry Federation (MPF) is pleased to welcome its annual trade show and convention “Back to the Future” at the Minneapolis Convention Center, March 22-24, 2022.

“We are looking forward to seeing our poultry industry friends in-person next March,” said MPF President Scott Waldner, who represents the Chicken and Egg Association of Minnesota on the Board of Directors. “We are proud of the two virtual shows we offered; however, I think we can all agree nothing is better than being able to walk the exhibit hall, attend education sessions, and network with colleagues in-person.”

Registration and hotel reservations will open for the 2021 MPF Virtual Convention on November 1 via their website: www.midwestpoultry.com.

Show information Visit www.midwestpoultry.com for all the latest details or contact MPF: • General questions – info@midwestpoultry.com or 763/284-6763.

Booth sales opened July 19, 2021 for exhibiting companies who participated in the 2021 MPF Virtual Convention. General booth sales opened up in mid-August.

Please go to www.midwestpoultry.com for details.

• Booking exhibit space - Teresa Sorenson at: tsorenson@midwestpoultry.com • Sponsorship opportunities and education program inquiries - Lara Durben at: ldurben@midwestpoultry.com

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COMPANY NEWS

Chinese company opts for Natural Beak Smoothing over beak trimming How can you put an end to beak trimming in broiler breeders and still have a worry-free start to the egg production phase? With Natural Beak Smoothing. day-old chicks to the final lay. The females eat from the KiXoo™ feeder pan, without a rough texture on the bottom.”

When did you start to notice that the beaks were actually being smoothed out?

“We didn’t see the results overnight.

It’s a gradual process because the filing down happens when the males are eating, as the beak rubs against the metal bottom of the pan. I noticed a difference in the males from week 7 onwards. When the chickens are 12 weeks old, their beaks have a smooth appearance.

Poultry company Tieling Yonghong Animal Husbandry Co. Ltd from Zhou’antum (China) shares its experiences of making the switch. Chairman Shi Yong Zhou explains that Natural Beak Smoothing has had a positive impact on the well-being of his chickens. Since the chicks have a better quality of life from the very beginning, this translates to better results in the rearing and production phases.

When did you switch to Natural Beak Smoothing?

“In late 2019, we inaugurated a new broiler breeder company with 18 houses in the Yinzhou district of Tieling in the Chinese province of Liaoning. Roxell’s distributor in China – SongMing Agro-Tech (SMI) – persuaded us to stop using beak trimming on the males. Instead, in three rearing houses for males we installed Roxell feeder pans with a metal bottom pan that has a rough texture.

The house installer SongMing explained to us that the bottom pan functions as a file that automatically smooths out the tips of the beaks. We no longer need to use beak trimming on the chicks and that saves us man-hours and money. The other 15 broiler breeder houses accommodate the females, from

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With beak trimming, I’d have to deal with the problem of the beaks growing back. Beaks keep growing, even if you use beak trimming on chickens. For example, when the chickens were 50 weeks old, I always had the same issue: poorly shaped, sharp beaks and as a result the chickens struggled to peck up the feed. In contrast, Natural Beak Smoothing maintains the beaks on a daily basis, so the effects are lasting. Now I end the rearing phase with a healthier group of males that have nicely smoothed beaks.”

How can you tell that the broiler breeders are healthier?

“The groups of males that eat from the feeder pans with Natural Beak Smoothing in the rearing phase are always very uniform. There is less

COMPANY NEWS

waste because the nicely rounded beaks allow them to eat the feed more easily and none of it drops on the floor.

In addition, my chicks have not undergone the stressful beak trimming procedure, reducing the risk of beak infections. No stress and less illness means the group has a more consistent growing process. I’d estimate that the uniformity has improved by +5% and the mortality rate is on average 2% lower than before. These are encouraging statistics that boost the profitability of this poultry site.”

Aside from the time and money spent on beak trimming, are there other resources that you save on?

“The transport and delivery of the feed is all fully automatic. Roxell’s Flex-Auger™ transport system takes care of that. The feed transport system connects the feed storage bins with the KiXoo feeding system. Flex-Auger

ensures that the feed is properly distributed among the feeder pans in the house. When a broiler breeder decides to eat, there is the same amount of feed in every pan, which ensures the flock’s uniformity. Therefore, I also save on man-hours because the system is so easy to manage.

I also began using other Roxell systems. The feed storage bins are from Roxell and the males in the production phase eat from the Boozzter™ feeder pan. The females – from day-old chicks to the final lay – eat from the KiXoo™ feeder pan. These two types of feeder pans allow me to automatically feed males and females living in the same house separately. This means my females eat the right amount and composition of feed, without needing to compete with the males.”

Breeder Feed and Nutritional Guidelines available to download in other languages Available to download:

For optimum breeder performance, both males and females must achieve adequate physiological development and follow the breed body-weight standards through rear and lay. This is particularly important in rear as it is well established that growth during the rearing period affects peak production and later persistency. During the production period both males and females must be fed diets which support body condition and reproductive function.

• Breeder Guidelines: Nutrition Specification Feed and nutrition guidelines apply to B.U.T. & Nicholas breeds.

• Breeder Guidelines: Vitamins & Trace Minerals Guideline levels of vitamin and trace minerals are provided to support breeder performance and poult viability.

• Breeder Guidelines: Feed Form Feed presentation on the farm needs to encourage efficient feed intake by the bird. The physical quality of the feed should meet the standards shown in these guidelines to ensure the feed presented at the feeder are suitable for the turkeys to readily consume.

Languages available to download are English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Spanish. https://www.aviagenturkeys.com/it/news/breeder-feedand-nutritional-guidelines-now-available-to-download

Aviagen Turkeys Ltd (ATL) has produced three feed and nutrition guidelines which are now downloadable from the website.

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COMPANY NEWS

New Lubing Easyline 2.0 watering system for turkeys rearing and finishing Available on the market since 2001, the EasyLine floor watering system is one of the strengths of Lubing range.

Thanks to 20 years of knowledge and feedback from customers around the world, Lubing engineers have recently developed a new release of this product: the EasyLine 2.0. Consisting of a system with the pendulum as the main element, which ensures a perfect water supply at all times, the EasyLine floor watering system is ideal for the rearing and finishing of turkeys. Lubing’s patents allow turkeys to operate the drinker independently, ensuring the correct amount of water for their age and weight, for proper growth.

The EasyLine 2.0 drinking system improves on the already excellent performance of its predecessor in terms of water supply, reliability and durability. After the first 12 months of sales, feedback from the world’s most reputable customers confirm that all of the improvements made offer the advantages that Lubing’s engineers were aiming for with this new release!

Operation The Lubing floor watering system for turkeys consists of the main water supply, a manual winch, a pressure regulator, the watering lines, the drinking cups with pendulum and a flush breather. The main water supply ensures perfect water quality and proper functioning of the troughs.

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The Optima E-Flush pressure regulator and the flush breather, located at the beginning and end of each line respectively, allow the lines to be flushed and rinsed automatically and completely, without the need for any additional work.

The manual winch allows the height of the watering system to be adapted to the different growth phases of the turkeys, quickly and easily.

Each cup has a pendulum that is activated whenever the animal moves its head to drink. It opens the nipples connected to the drinking line, allowing water to flow into the cup. To increase the well-being of turkeys in their first days of life, it is recommended to insert Lubing starter balls into the weaning cups, in order to ensure an optimal water level for even the weakest chicks. In 2.0 version, the new pendulum with two nipples guarantees even greater reliability of the drinker, both in terms of durability and ease of maintenance.

As a whole, the EasyLine 2.0 drinking system ensures cleaner litter and the best results in both the rearing and finishing phases at every age of the turkey.

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COMPANY NEWS

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COMPANY NEWS

Business leaders, global experts convene in effort to move livestock production to climate-neutrality Participation from key government officials rounded out the day’s discussion. “I understand the role and place of animal protein,” said Dr. Agnes Kalibata, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy to the 2021 Food Systems Summit. “The UN Food Systems Summit next week recognizes that we need to come through on our Sustainable Development Goals, and this industry has the ability to do that. Animals may be part of the problem, but there are also ways that they can be part of the solution.”

The opportunity Global leaders from one of the world’s largest industries converged in September at the Sustainable Solutions for Zero Hunger by 2030: A Vision for Animal Agriculture Forum to explore solutions to combat climate change while keeping the world nourished. Held ahead of the United Nation’s Food Systems Summit, more than 600 global business leaders, policymakers and key opinion leaders from a dozen countries convened to accelerate existing efforts moving livestock production toward climate-neutrality.

The issues: hunger and climate change The day highlighted the urgent, time-sensitive issues of hunger and climate change. According to the United Nations, the world has just nine years left to curb emissions or see irreversible damage to the planet. Meanwhile, a full 30% of the world’s population lacked yearround access to adequate nutrition

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in 2020, leading to problems ranging from hunger to obesity to malnutrition. Right now, an estimated 811 million people globally face hunger and the world’s population is estimated to grow by an additional two billion in the coming decades, increasing protein demand even more. That demand must be met in an environmentally sensitive way to avoid additional strain on the environment.

“This is a level of urgency we haven’t faced before, and it’s a level of urgency that intersects social, economic and environmental challenges,” said Jeff Simmons, president and CEO at Elanco. “We’re seeing the interconnection between calories and climate, and how meat, milk, fish and eggs play an absolutely critical role to achieve zero hunger and climate neutrality. Constituents from across the globe gathered to discuss potential ways to collaborate and catalyze change, making this the decade of opportunity for animal agriculture, as we aim to both feed the world and cool the climate.”

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The livestock producers are the only industry segment that sits at the center of both climate and calories.

Animal protein – meat, milk, fish and eggs – represents 18% of the calories consumed globally, and 40% of protein intake. With decisive action, animals can be a critical, fast-moving solution to positively impact global climate warming through the reduction of methane. Both methane and carbon dioxide (CO2) are greenhouse gases contributing to the rapid pace of global warming. CO2 stays in the atmosphere for upwards of 1,000 years while methane remains for roughly 12 years. By significantly reducing methane emissions by just a third, achieving climate-neutral meat and milk, the overall rate of warming can slow, providing valuable time to address the more complex, long-term impacts of CO2.

For more on the event visit: www.elanco.com/en-us/ sustainability/animals-are-theanswer

COMPANY NEWS

Hy-Line International Princess Cortez receives cess Cortez has accepted a promoMs. Cortez earned promotion tion to Technical Specialist and Lead Nutritionist in Southeast Asia.

Ms. Cortez has been with Hy-Line since 2018, serving as a Technical Service Specialist. Her new role will include maintenance and updates for nutritional and formulation programs, support and training of the global technical service team, and providing problem diagnosis and solutions for key accounts.

Ms. Princess Cortez appointed as Hy-Line Technical Specialist and Lead Nutritionist in Southeast Asia.

Hy-Line International, the world leader in layer poultry genetics, is pleased to announce that Ms. Prin-

“Southeast Asia will continue to be supported with the most technical service coverage, driven by HyLine’s global but local initiatives,” said Ron Gooi, Director of Southeast Asia. “Princess has gained more knowledge and experience working closely with our customers and is very deserving of this next step.”

her bachelor’s degree in Animal Science, specializing in Poultry Nutrition, from the University of the Philippines Los Baños.

In her work experience, she evaluated the chemical, nutritional and economical values of feeds, feed additives, nutritional supplements, medications, vaccines for commercial poultry, as well as initiated and facilitated nutrition evaluations and trials.

“I look forward to working alongside our global customers to understand their management perspectives,” said Cortez. “I hope to implement the most suitable nutrition program to achieve the greatest genetic potential of Hy-Line birds.”

WWW.FIERAGRICOL A.IT

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COMPANY FOCUS

Biodiversity – breeding choice for the markets of today and tomorrow In this article, Aviagen® Ltd R & D Manager Brendan Duggan discusses the second of Aviagen’s Top 5 Commitments, Biodiversity, and how this commitment helps strengthen the success of Aviagen customers, the world’s poultry producers. At the same time, it contributes to the three Pillars of Sustainability1.

Brendan Duggan, Aviagen® Ltd R & D Manager

Everyone likes the idea of choice. Choice gives consumers control over what they buy, and in any market, they want to purchase products that are adapted to their needs and conditions. The poultry industry is no different, and Aviagen is committed to providing our customers with this choice, so they can offer the right bird for the right market.

By Brendan Duggan, Aviagen ® Ltd R & D Manager

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This offering of choice is only possible through the genetic diversity of our birds. To meet our goal to supply poultry now and in the future, our breeding programmes include more than 30 different lines that vary widely in terms of growth rate, feed efficiency, body

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composition, colour and other distinguishing attributes that benefit our customers and further the cause of sustainable development. In addition, we maintain populations that have not been selected since the early 70’s and early 90’s. Through the above, our contribution to Biodiversity, by means of our genetic diversity, is #2 in the lineup of our Aviagen Top 5 Commitments. Our diverse breed range is possible because Aviagen maintains a sustainable supply of high-generation chickens from parallel pedigree breeding programmes in the US and UK. Our lines are selected with broad and balanced breeding goals focused on health,

COMPANY FOCUS

welfare, environmental sustainability and economic efficiency in balance. These lines are then combined to produce parent breeding stock and finally commercial birds.

Genetic diversity and sustainable development go hand in hand

Through a balanced breeding approach that promotes bird health, welfare and performance traits, we are strengthening all three pillars of Sustainability – Social, Economic and Environmental.

Social

Because we keep large, diverse gene pools, we are able to offer a choice of birds that thrive in the world’s varying climates and production environments and that meet the ever-changing requirements of poultry consumers. Our diversity of lines ensures that our customers have access to healthy, efficient birds no matter in what environment they operate. Thus, they are better positioned to run successful enterprises and eliminate hunger within their communities. People of today are also more and more interested in transparency and animal welfare. They want to know where their food comes from. Thus getting assurance that the chicken they eat experienced good health and welfare, is an important part of social sustainability.

At Aviagen, we breed populations that are genetically diverse in order to withstand disease challenges they may encounter. We also take care that the welfare traits shown in our populations are continually improving so consumers can be confident that they are part of a socially sustainable food system.

Environmental

Sustainability means food production can meet the needs of a growing population in a way that minimises the impact on our planet. Due to balanced breeding, Aviagen offers a diverse portfolio of birds that all boast high feed efficiency, which keeps getting better each year. When birds convert their food more efficiently, less feed is needed to grow healthy, robust birds, and our earth’s limited land resources are protected. This genetic improvement of Aviagen genotypes in Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), or the rate at which feed is converted to live body weight, yields a 1% annual reduction in the carbon footprint to the broiler industry level. At the same time, the FCR benefits result in saving vast areas of land that would otherwise be used for the production of animal feed and in reducing the environmental pollutants generated by each farm.

Making a difference for today and tomorrow

Economic

We are deeply committed to our customers, and the diversity of our genetic lines helps them remain successful in a highly competitive market, thereby furthering the Economic pillar. This variety allows us to quickly adapt to constantly changing markets to ensure our customers can always access birds that are ideally suited to the current market requirements. For example, our Rowan Range® brand of slower-growing breeds targets the alternative market segments, which are quickly developing in Europe and around the world. The Rowan Range provides bird options, which excel in new growing schemes such as the European Chicken Commitment and Global Animal Partnership (GAP).

It is both rewarding and exciting to be part of a team of people who work daily to breed innovations that contribute to sustaining our earth for future generations. At the same time, the welfare and performance of our birds, coupled with the genetic diversity to meet a full and growing spectrum of market needs, ensures that producers will be able to put food on the tables of families in their communities for now and for years to come.

1See our interactive Committed to Breeding Sustainability presentation for more on the SDGs prioritised by the International Poultry Council, and how we are putting them into practice through our Top 5 Aviagen Commitments https://eu.aviagen.com/assets/Sustainability/2021/index.html?global=1.

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INTERVIEW

Hubbard's Premium product range tailored to all diverse market needs Interview with Bruno Briand, Hubbard Business Director EMEA In 2021 Hubbard celebrates its 100th anniversary. It started with the selection of conventional breeding stock, but nowadays the Premium product range for slow(er)-growing markets also takes an important place. Bruno Briand, Hubbard Business Director EMEA, explains more about this.

How long has Hubbard been selecting slower growing broiler breeds? Can you please explain for our readers the story regarding your involvement in this facet of our industry?

“Hubbard has the longest history of all major primary breeders in this market as we have been involved in the selection and marketing of slower growing, Premium, breeds for about 55 years. It all started with the selection of breeds for the traditional Label Rouge market in France. Later, other markets in Europe, Asia and Latin America followed.

For Hubbard, the selection and sale of our Premium products is an integral part of our business and we are committed to keeping up with the latest trends. Therefore, we stay very close to the market to understand what the changing market requirements are.”

Currently animal welfare and meat quality are key market issues today – what do you consider will be the issues the broiler industry will face in the future?

“In the past, the focus was mostly on tradition, taste, and texture of the meat and in fact to

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INTERVIEW

stay as close as possible to 'grandmother’s chicken'. During the last 25 years, the aspect of animal welfare has become increasingly important due to increased pressure from NGOs and consumers. Animal and human health was added later as a point of attention.

On top of animal welfare, and animal and human health, meat quality is another topic which has been added to the criteria more recently. Something we have been taking into account in our breeding program since the beginning.

The production of broiler meat is the most efficient compared to other meats. When switching from conventional broilers to slow(er)-growing chickens you lose some of this efficiency, but it remains very competitive against other meats. Nevertheless, carbon footprint is currently an important item for consumers and producers, of which feed consumption is the most important factor.

That is why Hubbard has invested heavily in the most modern selection techniques in the R&D of our Premi-

um products in recent years. One of these is Lifetime Feed Conversion Ratio (LFCR) for which feeding stations are used to better measure the feed efficiency of all our slower-growing lines over a longer period of time and to take into account the effect of the interaction between the animals in larger groups. This has already led to better feed conversions for all our Premium breeds in the field. Since feed is the largest cost item, this also benefits the affordability of slower-growing chicks and makes it available to a wider group of consumers.”

What is the current trend regarding the slower-growing concept in Europe and elsewhere in the world?

“The difference in growth speed with conventional broilers continues to increase slightly every year because of the ongoing selection for efficiency and therefore provides more room for new developments in the market and new breeds. In the past we have already seen the de-

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velopment of newer concepts, such as 56-day free range or extensive indoor. And also concepts that were similar but without or with a lower minimum age, such as RSPCA Assured Indoor in the UK and Chicken of Tomorrow in the Netherlands.

At this moment, the European Chicken Commitment (ECC) is gaining ground in Europe. Many retailers, food service companies, and even producers have committed to it. In principle they should implement it latest in 2026, but we can see several companies making the decision to do this much earlier. The ECC offers the possibility to fill the gap between the existing concepts and conventional broilers with a slightly more efficient way of production. This must be done using ECC approved breeds.

A similar development is underway in the US, but it is not yet entirely clear how this will be implemented.

In the rest of the world, the pressure from NGOs to use slower growing breeds is virtually non-existent. But in some countries the production of

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INTERVIEW

traditional type of chickens is growing. In addition, the largest export countries, Thailand and Brazil are closely following the developments in Europe. If there is a demand to produce ECC chicken, they will undoubtedly do so.”

Which slower-growing strains are Hubbard offering and what are the performance figures for these strains?

“It is very difficult to answer this question as Hubbard offers a large range of Premium breeder females and males for markets ranging from dual purpose, organic, Label Rouge, 81-day free range, 56-day free range, certified indoor, and the ‘Better/European Chicken Commitment’ in North America and Europe. In summary we can say that we have 6 different PS females and 3 categories of PS males to offer the best solution to all different markets: • The Premium PS females are the JA57, JA57Ki, P6N, JA87, REDBRO M and REDBRO. They are all very prolific and can be kept to an older age.

• The PS males can be divided in slow growth (Label Rouge type), intermediate growth and conventional (white feathered) PS males.

and conformation, the choice of the PS female and male is made. Therefore, it is best to contact the representative of Hubbard to discuss the best solution and performances. Of course, more information can also be found on our website.

I would like to emphasise that the latest addition to the Premium Product Range, the Hubbard REDBRO, has been developed with the ‘ECC’-type market in mind. It gives the best balance in terms of animal welfare, environment, and economics of any commercially available slower-growing breed by filling the gap between Hubbard JA787 chickens and conventional broilers.

Without being complacent I would like to conclude by saying that Hubbard is the worldwide choice for speciality markets and offers products with colour differentiation, slow(er)-growth, excellent robustness, and good conformation. We are ready for today and the future!”

For further information, please contact your regional sales representative or contact us at: communication@hubbardbreeders.com.

Or visit Hubbard website: www.hubbardbreeders.com

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REPORTAGE

FEFAC 65th public annual meeting: Future Proofing Feed The online conference included sessions that zoomed in on innovation in animal nutrition and new pathways to increased EU protein production.

At the digitally live-streamed 3-D platform used for the FEFAC 65th Congress: Future Proofing Feed, the keynotes speeches were delivered by the EU Agriculture Commissioner Janusz Wojciechowski, EU Farm Council President Maria do Céu Antunes, COPA President Christiane Lambert, DG AGRI Deputy Head of Unit Research & Innovation Tereza Budňáková and Frank O´Mara, President of the Animal Task Force.

EU Farm Commissioner Janusz Wojciechowski stated: “The EU Commission has engaged in the Farm to Fork Strategy to examine EU rules to reduce the EU dependency on plant proteins (in particular for oilseeds and

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meals) by fostering EU-grown plant proteins as well as alternative feed materials”. He noted “the five ambitions of the Charter on Feed Sustainability and the Horizon Europe programme are closely linked with specific Green Deal objectives. They are evidence that the feed sector holds a key role in enhancing the sustainability of animal and arable production”.

EU Farm Council President Maria do Céu Antunes highlighted the “willingness to feed manufacturers to contribute to a fair, digital transition of our economy” echoing the EU objective “to bet on reinforcement of our strategic EU autonomy (on feed proteins)”.

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REPORTAGE

Innovation in animal nutrition The first panel discussion, featuring Eva Zamora (European Commission), Séverine Deschandelliers (FEFANA president), Dirk Ehle (Board Member of Animal Health Europe) and Reinder Sijtsma (Chair of FEFAC´s Premix and Mineral Feed Committee) was dedicated to Innovation in animal nutrition to tackle climate change and environmental impacts of the EU livestock and aquaculture sector. All speakers acknowledged the huge potential of animal nutrition to help farmers in the transition to more sustainable practices, including the reduction of environmental emissions but also animal health and welfare to reduce the needs for antimicrobials. They insisted on the importance of stimulating innovation through private/public and multidisciplinary partnership benefitting also from knowledge transfer from other sectors like human health.

Speakers also agreed that an efficient legal framework in particular for feed additives (less administrative burden, better market protection for applicants, new recognised functions for welfare and environment protection), together with possibilities to communicate to farmers on scientifically proven effects were preconditions to make these innovative feeding strategies available to farmers. However, acquisition of these solutions also requires investments at farm level, which farmers should be rewarded for and the benefits in terms of e.g. reduction of livestock emissions at individual farm level should be captured by models used by Member States for their emissions inventories. Improvement in accuracy of models will also require public investments in research. Public communication efforts and stakeholders engagement were an essential element of the puzzle to tackle concerns of EU citizens with regards to certain innovations, in order to foster EU ambitions to become a model of successful transition to more sustainable food systems.

schemes, rural development investment programs that can help boost protein production in the EU and reduce the EU dependency on rich protein feed materials.

All speakers agreed that innovation is a “must have” tool to ensure the success of the Green Deal and its Farm to Fork Strategy. New tools should be provided by suppliers and more importantly allowed to be used by farmers to produce more with less to mitigate climate change impacts. This is the case especially when it comes to New Genomic Techniques.

Panelists agreed that this modern plant breeding technology may significantly contribute to increasing the EU protein self-sufficiency as well as to help reduce the footprint of feed production. It is, therefore, necessary that the EU legislators will swiftly introduce a favourable framework that allows industry and farmers to use them, following public consultations and impact assessments. The EU must not isolate itself from the international trade environment that is generally favourable to NGTs. Michael Scannell, DG AGRI, stated: “feed manufacturers are well-advised to promote sustainable sourcing practices and traceability of feed materials to respond to retailers questions where they are sourced from”. He pointed to two new EU planned initiatives, the upcoming voluntary Code of Conduct for Responsible Business & Marketing Practices in the food chain and mandatory due diligence measures, with a key focus on deforestation-free supply chains.

New pathways for EU protein production

FEFAC President, Asbjørn Børsting replied by referring to “FEFAC‘s Soy Sourcing Guidelines 2021, including the possibility for verification and certification programmes to be benchmarked on ‘conversion-free soy’, as a proactive initiative to facilitate the transition to a more sustainable supply chain, with clear progress on the ground (78% of soy used coming from low-risk deforestation areas and 49% of soy usage in the feed industry according to FEFAC’s SSG criteria in 2019).

The second panel discussion, featuring Michael Scannell (Deputy Director-General, DG AGRI European Commission), Pekka Pesonen (Secretary-General, Copa-Cogeca), Régis Fournier (President Euroseeds) and Asbjørn Børsting (FEFAC President) was dedicated to acknowledgement that the new CAP reform provides several elements like voluntary coupled support, eco-

The day ahead of the online conference, FEFAC published the Feed Sustainability Charter Progress Report 2021. This publication contains an overview of FEFAC activities and deliverables from the past year in relation to the five Charter ambitions on how the European Feed Industry can contribute to the development of more sustainable livestock and aquaculture value chains.

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FOCUS

Pre-harvest interventions and implications of safety for turkey processing Increasing consumer attention toward low fat, high protein diets, and demand for healthy foods has led to a significant increase in the production and consumption of turkey meat. However, recalls due to contamination of turkey products with foodborne pathogens in recent years have brought significant economic losses to the industry and present a dynamic challenge that requires immediate action. agricultural sector. As the United States is the world’s largest producer and exporter of turkeys and turkey products, the turkey industry alone has made an annual economic impact of $109.5 billion. The turkey industry also provided 440,739 jobs that generated $24.1 billion in wages and $8.5 billion in taxes.

Increasing consumer attention toward low fat, high protein diets, and demand for healthy foods has led to a significant increase in the production and consumption of turkey meat, both in the United States and around the world. Consumption of turkey in the United States is currently accounted at 12.8 kilograms per capita, and an analysis of the market performance has forecasted the global consumption of turkey meat to reach 6.7 million tons by 2025.

Current U.S. turkey market Grace Dewi MS, Claire Peichel MS, Shijina Manjankattil BVScAH Anup Kollanoor Johny BVScAH, MVSc, PhD Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities

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The poultry industry is an integral part of the United States economy, providing millions of jobs and billions of dollars in economic activity and government revenue.

An 11% increase in the poultry industry’s economic impact since 2016 has been reported, indicating ongoing progress in this

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In 2018 alone, the United States produced a total of 245 million turkeys, and the production totaled 7.6 billion pounds, an increase compared to the amount produced in 2017.

The weighted average price of frozen turkey hens is currently higher than in 2019, and the average of the three previous years. The USDA has projected an increase in the estimated production of turkey meat in 2020 by 1,561 million pounds. However, recalls due to contamination of turkey products with foodborne pathogens in recent years have brought significant economic losses to the industry and present a dynamic challenge that requires immediate action.

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Pathogens in turkey production The presence of microorganisms in turkey meat production is a concern to the producers, retailers, and consumers. There are two main categories in which microorganisms of concern can be listed. The first are those that affect the rate of spoilage, and the second, those that present biological risks, resulting in food safety threats to humans. The USDA’s Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) indicated that the potential foodborne illness-causing microorganisms associated with turkeys include those of the Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes.

Colonization of live birds and contamination of products with human enteric pathogens present a significant challenge for the industry because poultry and livestock serve as reservoir hosts for these pathogens. Salmonella and Campylobacter are commonly found in food-producing animals and birds, including turkeys. Furthermore, colonization of the poultry intestinal and reproductive tracts

by these pathogens can present no symptoms. These situations make the identification of birds carrying the microorganisms near impossible and complicate efforts to prevent transmission of the bacteria within and between flocks.

Salmonella in turkeys One of the major food safety threats that the turkey industry faces is the presence of Salmonella. Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illness-causing bacteria in the United States, resulting in an estimated 1.35 million foodborne illnesses per year, leading to 26,500 hospitalizations and 420 deaths. Since turkeys can be reservoirs for Salmonella, finding ways to mitigate the growth and spread of Salmonella within the birds themselves, and on turkey farms and processing facilities is necessary to reduce human foodborne illness sourced to turkeys.

In recent years, the United States poultry production has encountered severe foodborne outbreak setbacks from

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various serovars of Salmonella, which includes the wellknown serovars and the emerging. The common serovars encountered in poultry production are S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Heidelberg. A significant concern with the emerging serovars is the potential to develop antibiotic resistance in the strains. For example, in 2011, a multidrug-resistant serovar S. Heidelberg caused an outbreak in the United States, resulting in 136 cases of foodborne illnesses across 34 states due to the consumption of contaminated ground turkey. In the same year, an outbreak of multidrug-resistant S. Hadar was linked to the consumption of contaminated turkey burgers. This strain was found to be resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, and tetracycline.

Additionally, a massive multistate outbreak of salmonellosis caused by another serovar, S. Reading, resulted in 356 illness cases across 42 states in the United States from November 2017 to March 2019. The products implicated in the outbreak included contaminated raw turkey pet food and turkey products, as well as live turkeys. Although the whole genome sequencing analysis could not identify predicted antibiotic resistance in the isolates obtained from patients, foods, and animal samples, 76% of the isolates contained genes for resistance to one or more antibiotics such as ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, gentamicin, and kanamycin. In line with these outbreaks, around 78,000 pounds of raw ground turkey products were recalled due to the contamination with S. Schwarzengrund, an emerging foodborne outbreak-causing serovar. As of May 2019, this outbreak resulted in 7 reported cases of salmonellosis across 3 states and recall of ground turkey products.

Pre-harvest and post-harvest Salmonella contamination Within a turkey farm, reducing Salmonella to the lowest levels is an important strategy to further reduce or eliminate the bacteria during the processing stages. Since turkeys can be reservoirs for Salmonella, the bacteria could colonize within the gastrointestinal tract of the bird without exhibiting any clinical symptoms. Consequently, Salmonella can be excreted in the feces of colonized birds and spread to healthy birds. Although antibiotics were previously used to reduce pathogen load in birds, the advent of Veterinary Feed Directive issued by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has curbed and man-

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dated veterinary oversight on the number and amount of antibiotics that can be used on farms.

Throughout turkey processing, Salmonella can spread from one carcass to another at various steps. The first critical step is within the scalding tanks, where carcasses are immersed in hot water to facilitate feather removal.

This step presents a high risk for cross-contamination due to the organic load from feces and feathers. Furthermore, the removal of internal organs during the evisceration step also presents similar risks in the transfer of pathogens across carcasses. Spillage of contents from the gastrointestinal tract, a potential niche for pathogens like Salmonella, can lead to the contamination of other carcasses as well as the processing equipment.

Alternatives to antibiotic interventions First, no intervention can demonstrate significant efficacy in preventing the transmission of hazardous pathogens in the absence of proper animal husbandry. Thus, the implementation of appropriate biosecurity measures and hygienic practices is a prerequisite for effective control of food safety hazards in turkey production. Several interventions that are either applied at the pre-harvest or post-harvest stages of production have had their potential applications explored. These strategies are developed to prevent foodborne infections by mitigating the risk of microbial contamination in food animal products through curtailing bacterial populations. The common pre-harvest alternatives that could be effectively applied in turkey production include probiotics, prebiotics, vaccination, and phytobiotics (plant-derived extracts). While implementing pre-harvest Salmonella control strategies can help reduce pathogens in the birds entering the processing facilities, strategies such as adding inorganic compounds, organic acids, or phytobiotics throughout the processing facilities could also be employed to further lower bacterial counts on carcasses and parts exiting the facilities.

Pre-harvest interventions A highly effective intervention for application on turkey farms is the use of host-derived or non-host-derived beneficial bacteria, known as probiotics. As there are a plethora of microorganisms in this category, a select few have been investigated for their applications in turkeys

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and mechanisms of action. Examples of microorganisms whose probiotic qualities and potential to control Salmonella in live birds have been explored at the University of Minnesota include members of the Propionibacterium and Lactobacillus species.

To begin with, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, a dairy origin, Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)-status probiotic, was tested against S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg in co-culture and cecal contents of turkeys in vitro. An important subspecies, P. Freundenreichii freundenreichii, reduced more than 3.0 log10 CFU/mL Salmonella in the cecal contents of turkeys. The association and invasion of S. Heidelberg to avian epithelial cells, which are the important steps in the colonization and pathogenesis, were significantly reduced in the presence of the probiotic. For example, P. freudenreichii was also tested against S. Heidelberg in live turkeys of different age groups. The probiotic caused a significant reduction of S. Heidelberg in the cecum of turkeys irrespective of their age. However, the magnitude of reductions varied among different age groups. Propionibacterium freudenreichii supplementation through water resulted in approximately 2 log10 CFU/g reduction of S. Heidelberg in 2-week-old turkey poults. A reduction of nearly 1.5 log10 CFU/g S. Heidelberg was found in P. freundenreichii-supplemented groups when the study was conducted in 7-week-old turkeys. Apart from S. Heidelberg’s reduction in the cecum, the probiotic supplementation was also effective against the invasion of S. Heidelberg into the liver and spleen, without adversely affecting the body weights in turkeys.

Comfort 2.0® aviary system Design stimulates the natural behaviour of the birds Hygienic housing environment and easy cleaning

Additionally, Lactobacillus of turkey origin was also found to have high probiotic potential against S. Heidelberg.

Supplementation of Lactobacillus strains through water caused a reduction of S. Heidelberg colonization in the cecum of turkey poults as well as the invasion of spleen and liver. The supplementation of Lactobacillus through water resulted in reducing S. Heidelberg dissemination by 33% and 46% in spleen and liver, respectively. Ongoing projects with Lactobacillus reveal that the strains were equally effective in adult turkeys against S. Heidelberg.

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Post-harvest Interventions

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Post-harvest intervention strategies act through direct interaction of the treatment with the targeted pathogen.

Essential oils were studied among the interventions in this category at the University of Minnesota. Among the

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- october 2021 -

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essential oils that are of known commercial importance, several have been explored in-depth for their applications in poultry production systems. These include essential oil obtained from allspice (Pimenta Essential Oil) and lemongrass (Lemongrass Essential Oil), as well as a compound extracted from the bark of cinnamon trees, trans-Cinnamaldehyde.

The scalding step, where carcasses are immersed in large pools of hot water, is a critical control point, as this creates the potential for the transfer of bacteria between carcasses at the beginning of processing events. In this regard, pimenta essential oil was found effective in reducing S. Heidelberg on turkey drumstick skins by greater than 2 log10 CFU/mL and to undetectable levels in the treatment water in which the inoculated samples were dipped. The same was also found with lemongrass essential oil-treated waters, where a significant reduction in the number of S. Heidelberg attached to drumstick skin and breast meat was observed, as well as in the treatment waters. Similarly, trans-cinnamaldehyde dip treatments at scalding temperatures were also found to reduce attachment of S. Heidelberg onto chicken drumsticks and transmission into treatment water.

As previously stated in this paper, the spillage of intestinal contents during the evisceration step of processing represents one of the significant critical control points where the likelihood of carcass contamination is alarmingly high. In this case, lemongrass essential oil treatment of turkey cecal contents inoculated with S. Heidelberg resulted in >4 log10 CFU/mL reduction of the pathogen.

These treatments also have potential applications in further processed poultry products. Besides, the addition of trans-Cinnamaldehyde and lemongrass essential oil to ground turkey patties inoculated with S. Heidelberg yielded reduction during refrigerated storage for five days.

Moving forward There are multiple points at which pathogens, including Salmonella, can enter poultry production systems, beginning from the breeder stock to poultry preparation in kitchens. Hence, a comprehensive control to prevent transmission of foodborne pathogens to poultry products must begin in the live birds and continue along the different stages of production. During live production, poultry are potentially exposed to pathogens from a variety of sources ranging from their water and feed, as well as the

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workers that care for them and even wild animals. Therefore, efforts to develop and implement effective pathogen control strategies are more challenging for interventions applied at the pre-harvest stage of production than in the processing plant. Implementing pre-harvest interventions is essential for any food production system as reducing the initial pathogen load in the animals before processing may alleviate the burden on post-harvest control systems.

However, ensuring delivery of microbiologically safe products may require a combined application of interventions both during live production on the farms and in processing facilities, as their combination would theoretically exert a more significant reduction in microbial load. Our ongoing studies are geared towards exploring this potential and have produced promising findings.

Although proper animal husbandry and farm sanitation alone does not adequately mitigate transmission and persistence of pathogens, proper management and production practices is a necessity to establish a foundation on which additional intervention strategies can be evaluated, such as the use of probiotics and plant-derived compounds. Both probiotics and plant-derived compounds are ideal candidates for Salmonella control in poultry and poultry products as they cater to the growing consumer preference towards products with “clean labels” and the dedication of the poultry industry to ensuring the safety of their products. Given the studies exhibiting their efficacy, the application of these strategies in different ways may yield better reductions in pathogen loads both on farms and in processing facilities.

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank the MnDrive Graduate Fellowship (#MNF12 2019-2020) and the USDA National Needs Fellowship (#2016-3842025285) in support of the graduate training through the projects narrated in this document.

Research works paraphrased in this document are funded in part through the USDA NIFA Hatch Project (Accession#1016910), Minnesota Agricultural Experimentation Station Project #MIN16-120, Minnesota Department of Agriculture Rapid Agricultural Response Project #RR212, and Minnesota Turkey Research and Promotion Council Project #2018-02.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Convention 2020

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Dynamics and patterns of the U.S. broiler industry Changing spatial patterns in production and trade – Part 2

Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is Prof. Emeritus of the University of Vechta and visiting Professor at the Hannover Veterinary University, Germany

28

The USA have been the leading broiler meat producing country for several decades. In 2002, they shared 17% in the global production volume. Ranking second behind Brazil, they contributed 19% to the global broiler meat trade. In a first paper (Zootecnica International 9/2021) the development over the past fifty years was documented, in this paper, the spatial patterns of production and trade will be analysed.

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A centre of broiler meat production developed in the Southeast Before the Second World War, the Midwestern States were the leading production region for chicken meat, based on the availability of feed, but as early as the late 1940s, a spatial shift of production to the states in the Southeast and at the Mid Atlantic began. It ran parallel to the origin of vertically integrated companies. In 1946, Lonnie Pilgrim and his brother opened a feed store in Pittsburg (Texas) and supplied small farmers with oneday old broiler chicks. From these early beginnings originated one of the largest broiler meat companies of the USA. The Southeast was predestined for the development of such companies. The westward movement of cotton growing from the former Cotton Belt was a result of the high economic losses caused by the cotton boll weevil. Severe economic and social problems in the rural areas were the consequence. Most of the farms were small, the share of the mainly Afro-American tenants was high, the soil was degraded and the educational level of the population was low. The challenge was to find new jobs and incomes for thousands of such farmers.

A first step was a shift of the slaughterhouses from the Midwest to the Southeast, where a cheap and non-unionised workforce was available. A series of laws (from 1957 on) requested the federal control of the slaughterhouses, quality control, labelling of the products and treatment of the sewage from the abattoirs. Many owners of the old slaughterhouses were not able to meet the legal regulations in their old facilities and decided to build new ones in the Southeast. Besides the cheap workforce, the

favourable climate, which resulted in lower construction costs for the chicken houses, and the low freight rates, which the railroad companies offered for shipping the feed components from the Corn Belt to the Southeast, were additional steering factors for the spatial shift.

The combination of these factors in addition to the fast increase in broiler meat demand of the quick-serve restaurants (initiated by Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1952) explains the dynamical development. A continuous delivery of high-quality products became necessary. Broiler meat production became more and more industrialised and vertically integrated (Perdue 2014). The leading companies had their headquarters in the Southeast and at the Mid-Atlantic States, a sub-centre developed in California.

The sectoral concentration stabilised the regional concentration (Windhorst 1989, p. 96-99).

Table 1 shows that in 2020 eight of the ten leading broiler companies head their headquarters in the Southeast and the Mid-Atlantic States. Pilgrim’s Pride, the second largest company, was purchased by the Brazilian company JBS in 2009. JBS transferred Pilgrim’s headquarter from Pittsburg (Texas) to Greeley (Colorado), where it had bought Swift & Company (former Montfort of Colorado) in 2007. Broiler growing, slaughter and further processing are still concentrated in Texas and Georgia. In 2020, the ten leading companies shared almost 80% in the total broiler meat production of the USA. The spatial pattern of slaughtering and processing reflects the centres of broiler growing (Table 2).

From 1970 on, the leading four states shared over 50% in the total production volume. Their composition did not

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MARKETING

Table 1 – The ten leading U.S. broiler companies (2020). Source: WATT Poultry USA, March 2021.

Weekly production (t, ready to cook)

Share (%) in U.S. production

Springdale, Arkansas

90,752

20.3

13,760

Creeley, Colorado

73,329

16.4

12,037

Sanderson Farms

Laurel, Mississippi

42,779

9.6

3,564

Mountaire Farms, Inc.

Millsboro, Delaware

28,182

6.3

2,445

Perdue Foods

Salisbury, Maryland

27,788

6.2

3,605

Koch Foods

Park Ridge, Illinois

27,552

6.2

3,550

Wayne Foods LLC

Oakwood, Georgia

22,136

5.0

2,089

Peco Foods

Tuscaloosa, Alabama

16,348

3.7

1,593

George’s Inc.

Springdale, Arkansas

13,880

3.1

1,500

House of Raeford Farms, Inc.

Rose Hill, North Carolina

13,104

2.9

1,250

10 companies

-

355,850

79.7

45,393

USA

-

446,678

100.0

-

Company

Headquarter

Tyson Foods Pilgrim’s Pride Corp.*

Revenue (mill. $)

* owned by the Brazilian Company JBS

Table 2 – The ten leading states of the USA in broiler meat production in 1970, 2000 and 2020. Source: Laseley et al., 1988; USDA NASS: Poultry - Production and Value, various editions.

1970

2000

2020

Production (1,000 t)

Share (%)

Production (1,000 t)

Share (%)

Production (1,000 t)

Georgia

744.6

15.2

Georgia

2,805.3

14.9

Georgia

3,666.5

13.6

Arkansas

739.6

15.1

Arkansas

2,648.7

14.0

N. Carolina

3,575.6

13.3

State

State

State

Share (%)

Alabama

616.6

12.6

Alabama

2,402.9

12.7

Arkansas

3,333.0

12.4

N. Carolina

506.8

10.3

N. Carolina

1,837.4

9.7

Alabama

2,996.0

11.1

Mississippi

406.7

8.3

Mississippi

1,678.1

8.9

Texas

2,103.1

7.8

Maryland

306.7

6.3

Texas

1,174.7

6.2

Mississippi

2,092.1

7.8

Texas

305.0

6.2

Delaware

662.9

3.5

Kentucky

881.5

3.3

Delaware

223.0

4.6

Virginia

588.7

3.1

Delaware

874.9

3.2

California

141.0

2.9

Oklahoma

495.9

2.6

S. Carolina

850.5

3.2

Maine

75.4

1.5

S. Carolina

455.3

2.4

Maryland

847.1

3.1

10 states

4,065.4

83.0

10 states

14.749.9

*78.1

10 states

21,220.3

78.8

USA

4,898.7

100.0

USA

18,880.2

100.0

USA

26,946.4

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

change over the past fifty years, but their ranking changed because of the fast growth of broiler meat production in North Carolina. Because of disclosed data, California is no longer listed among the top ten producing states. If data were available, it would rank in the lower third of the table and replace Maryland.

Considerable changes in the trade pattern The first paper showed that beside the increasing domestic demand the development of the export volume

30

was a second steering behind the remarkable dynamics of the broiler industry over the past fifty years. Exports increased from only 43,000 t in 1970 to 3.3 mill. t in 2020.

The highest absolute and relative growth occurred between 1990 and 2010 (Figure 1).

Table 3 documents the remarkable changes in the composition of the ten leading countries of destination for the exports. In 1970, broiler meat was exported to many countries despite the small volume. Beside Eastern Asian and Caribbean countries, Switzerland and Greece in Europe were countries of destination. From 1997 on, exports to

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MARKETING

the EU were no longer possible because of an import ban for meat, which stemmed from chlorine-disinfected broilers. Exports to Baltic countries were still possible in 2000, as they became EU members not before 2004.

Russia ranked in first place with a share of 25.7%, followed by Hong Kong and Mexico. Together, these three countries imported 51.5% of the total exports. The high share of Russia was a result of the far-reaching economic changes after the collapse of the former USSR which led to massive problems in supplying the population with meat from own production.

20

10

5

0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Because of the political tension and the sanctions against Russia by the USA and the EU in consequence of the annexation of the Crimean peninsula and the military

Figure 1 – The development of the U.S. broiler meat exports between 1970 and 2020. Source: A.S. Kauer based on data of USDA FAS GUTS.

Table 3 – The ten leading countries of destination for the U.S. broiler meat exports in 1970, 2000 and 2020. Source: USDA FAS FATUS GUTS. 1970 State

2000

Export (t)

Share (%)

State

2020

Export (t)

Share (%)

State

Export (t)

Share (%)

Hong Kong

7,789

18.1

Russia

572,508

25.7

Mexico

699,729

20.9

Switzerland

5,894

13.7

Hong Kong

416,406

18.7

China

310,629

9.3

Jamaica

5,480

12.8

Mexico

159,173

7.1

Taiwan

240,630

7.2

Japan

4,446

10.4

Latvia

139,829

6.3

Cuba

169,989

5.1

Leeward Isl.

3,579

8.3

Japan

104,138

4.7

Canada

149,837

4.5

Barbados

3,012

7.0

Canada

76,584

3.3

Vietnam

147,781

4.4

Greece

1,477

3.4

Korea Rep.

73,434

3.3

Guatemala

117.724

3.5

Ryukyu Isl.

3.5

1,315

3.1

Estonia

70,535

3.2

Angola

115,827

Mexico

980

2.3

Georgia

61,616

2.8

Georgia

94,425

2.8

Bermuda

948

2.2

China

61,050

2.7

Colombia

82,249

2.5

10 countries

34,920

*81.4

10 countries

1,735,276

*77.8

10 countries

2,128,820

63.7

Total

42,917

100.0

Total

2,230,928

100.0

Total

3,343,366

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

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MARKETING

conflicts in the eastern part of Ukraine, Russia stopped imports of several foods from these countries. The result was the loss of the leading market for the U.S. broiler meat exports. Table 4 shows the drastic impacts of the import ban. As early as 2010, new markets for 500,000 t of broiler meat had to be found, in 2014, even for 700,000 t.

Table 4 – The development of U.S. broiler meat exports to Russia between 2000 and 2014, data in 1,000 t. Source: USDA FAS FATUS GATS. Year

World

Russia

Share (%)

2000 2002

2,201

573

25.7

1,181

689

31.6

2004

1,170

681

31.4

2006

1,261

702

29.7

2008

3,157

823

26.1

2010

3,067

323

10.5

2012

3,299

267

8.1

2014

3,310

138

4.2

The U.S. Poultry & Egg Export Council was able to increase exports to markets in Asia, Africa as well as South and Central America and to develop new markets. The fast increase of the export volumes to Mexico, China and Taiwan is remarkable. The dynamical development of exports to Mexico and Canada was a result of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which became effective in 1994 (USMCA from 2020 on). Within a few years, Mexico became the leading country of destination. The growing share of Asian countries is a consequence of the fast increase in broiler meat demand as well as of several outbreaks of the Avian Influenza. The four Asian countries, listed among the top ten countries of destination, shared 23.7% in the total export volume in 2020. It is worth noting that Cuba was importing broiler meat from the USA again.

For years, the trade between the two countries had come to an almost standstill because of the political tensions.

Of interest is also the export of broiler meat to Columbia where a modern poultry industry has developed over the past decade, resulting in a fast increasing consumption of eggs and broiler meat. Obviously, the domestic demand could not be met despite the dynamical development.

References and suggestions for further reading Lasley, F. A. et al.: The U.S. Broiler Industry. USDA, ERS Report No. 591. Washington, D. C. 1988. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/305460.

National Chicken Council. https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics.

Perdue, M.: Tough Man, Tender Chicken. o. O. 2014. https:// www.amazon.de/Tough-Man-Tender-Chicken-Business/ dp/0990757412.

USDA, FAS: Global Agricultural Trade System. https:// apps.fas.usda.gov/GATS/default.aspx.

USDA, NASS: Poultry Production and Value. https://usda. library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/m039k491c.

Windhorst, H.-W.: Die Industrialisierung der Agrarwirtschaft (The Industrialisation of Agriculture). Frankfurt am Main 1988.

Summary and perspectives The preceding analysis showed that after the Second World War a shift in broiler meat production from the Midwest to the Southeast and the Mid Atlantic occurred. It be-

32

gan with a westward movement of cotton growing from the Cotton Belt to western states, and caused the shift of abattoirs and further processing plants from the Midwest to the Southeast. The new production centres could profit from a cheap workforce and the mild climate, which reduced construction costs for the chicken houses. The new vertically integrated broiler companies were able to supply the large food retailers and the quick-serve restaurants continuously with a high-quality product. The sectoral concentration in production had a parallel in the regional concentration of broiler growing. The high efficiency of the production systems made it not only possible to meet the increasing domestic demand but also to export growing volumes and make the USA the leading broiler meat exporting country.

It was not before the middle of the last decade that Brazil replaced the USA in the top position. It can be expected that the USA and Brazil will be the winners in the globally increasing demand for white meat. The spatial pattern of the trade flows could change within a few years if the USA were able to export broiler meat to EU member countries.

Russia will not become a major country of destination again as it has developed a very efficient poultry industry.

It is not only able to meet the domestic demand but can also export considerable amounts of broiler meat.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The Champions League of the chicken meat producing countries. In: Zootecnica international 42 (2020), no.7/8, p. 22-26.

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TECHNICAL COLUMN

Breeding strategies explained Different opinions exist when it is about selecting chicken breeds for egg production. Our strategy has always been to select for the highest number of 1st quality eggs per hen housed. This strategy fits perfectly in line with our philosophy that laying hens that can maintain their egg production at high levels at older age (i.e. egg laying persistency) are in better conditions (positive for animal welfare), and therefore contribute towards a more sustainable egg production.

It all starts during the rearing period

By Teun van de Braak, Product Manager Layers, Hendrix Genetics

34

Selecting the lifelong layer, i.e. a laying hen that can be kept for prolonged egg laying cycles, already starts during the rearing period. The objective is to select for chicks that develop according to the body-weight curves. Up-to 5 weeks of age, it is essential that the chicks grow quickly, as during this period the chicks invest a lot of their growth in organ, skeletal (frame), and muscle development. 17 weeks of age is another crucial period in which we are selecting the birds for their bodyweight profiles and uniformity. The reproductive tract develops around this age, as well as the medullary bone, both are essential to facilitate the production of many 1st quality eggs. Limiting the birds during the rearing period for feed intake is never advised. The goal of the rearing period should be opposite, it is key to apply feed strategies via which the pullets can develop a good appetite that will improve the crop development. The rearing period of laying hens should be seen as an investment for later life performance, not just as an expense.

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TECHNICAL COLUMN

It is all about timing, the onset of lay Rearing, egg production, or chicken breeding, it is all about timing. Making sure you implement the right management practices at the right moment or measuring traits and selecting birds based on these traits at the right time, timing is key. The onset of lay can vary among flocks and is highly dependent on the breed (genetics) and on the management during the rearing period.

Choice of genetic breed, feed management and lighting programs have a direct impact on the onset of lay. As a breeding company we aim that the chicks have sufficient time to develop well during the rearing period. Overall, the onset of lay should not become before 17 weeks of age, as it is well known that birds that come into lay too early, will have more difficulties to maintain egg laying persistency at older age. We are even delaying some of our chicken breeds with a few days, to safeguard that they have sufficient time to prepare themselves for a productive and persistent live at the poultry farm.

Pushing too hard for early onset of lay with for exam-

ple lighting programs will have a negative effect on the pullet bodyweight and uniformity. Resulting in less uniform producing flocks, and birds that can deal with less stress-events during their productive lay, as you are pushing them to their limits. Especially with cage-free housing systems it is advised to focus on robust pullet development, as this will result in premium performance.

More eggs, higher total egg mass More eggs produced per hen housed, will quickly result in higher egg mass per hen housed. This is also true for chicken breeds that produce on average eggs with a smaller egg size. Important to remember: 1 egg less produced per hen housed is the equivalent to 60 days of egg production with 1-gram difference between breeds. Selecting for more eggs per hen housed quickly becomes beneficial to egg producers, even when their chicken breeds are producing smaller eggs! Managing your flock towards egg laying persistency and choosing

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TECHNICAL COLUMN It is about quality that counts

“Rearing, egg production, or chicken breeding, it is all about timing. Making sure you implement the right management practices at the right moment or measuring traits and selecting birds based on these traits at the right time, timing is key. The onset of lay can vary among flocks and is highly dependent on the breed (genetics) and on the management during the rearing period”

the more persistent chicken breeds will quickly help to add up in the total egg mass produced per hen housed.

Focus on livability Mortality not only comes at a big cost, but also has its impact on the motivation and mood of egg producers.

Not a single egg producer likes it to collect and remove dead chickens from their barns. Our breeding mission is clear: to select against mortality, or vice versa, to select for improved livability. Despite the given that we are dealing with low heritable traits we have clearly made fantastic progress during the past decades of selecting our laying hen breeds. Selection for livability is clearly reflected in the breeding goal, as we have based our selection program on the results per hen housed. Everything is calculated back to the initial number of chicks placed (rearing period), or hens housed (production period). As they come at a high expense for pullet growers and egg producers, it is key to focus on the chicks, the laying hens, and their overall wellbeing.

36

Breeding for the highest amount of 1st quality eggs per hen housed is key in our breeding program. Quality hens are key when it is about producing the best quality eggs.

Next to breeding for robust laying hens of good quality, intensive selection is being made on egg quality, both internal and external. We should never forget that in the end, it is only the egg that the consumer encounters.

Eggs often need to travel quite some time before they end up on the consumers’ plate. Selecting for eggs that maintain their quality all the way till the end is there for essential. Recent innovations and developments in egg phenotyping have resulted in more accurate data that is being used in the selection of laying hens for future generations. This improved data allows for more genetic progress in egg quality.

Flattening the curve Selection for better egg laying persistency, improved chicken livability, or more persistent egg quality, it is all about flattening the curves, to prevent them from going down too quickly. In the breeding program we monitor the performance of the individual selection candidates and their offspring on a continuous level. This will allow us to have the full overview of performance and enable us to identify the best chickens with the optimal curves.

By selecting these laying hens, we create a solid base for the future generations of laying hens.

To conclude Breeding laying hens is not about the focus on one specific trait. It is about finding the balance between all the different traits that impact the wellbeing of the laying hens, and the profitability of egg producers around the globe. We have the trust that our strategy will fit with the needs from small scale egg producers all the way up to large integrators, and that our layer breeds will clearly bring added value. Selecting for a higher number of 1st quality eggs produced per hen housed will contribute to healthier laying hens, that are more robust and that can produce more 1st quality eggs during their productive lifetime. The production of more 1st quality eggs will quickly result in more egg mass per hen housed, even when certain breeds have smaller egg size profiles. To conclude we would love to hear your feedback on our chicken breeds, and the needs of your market.

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MANAGEMENT

Selective removal of Salmonella from broilers using a novel technology A new CRISPR-based patented technology has been developed that promotes the selective removal of specific unwanted bacteria by inducing self-destruction.

This technology, designed to remove all Salmonella serovars and introduced into a vector Escherichia coli probiotic for delivery, was tested in the current trial in broilers challenged by the introduction of Salmonella enteritidis-positive seeder birds at 5 days of age.

T. Cogan1 H. Kneuper2 H. Graham2 M.J. Woodward2 1

2

Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, UK

Folium Science, Bristol, UK

38

Three groups each of 45 as-hatched Ross 308 chicks were used, with one group as a Control and the other groups supplied via drinking water with either the E. coli vector probiotic alone or with an anti-Salmonella plasmid included (Guided Biotics™). Caecal samples (15 per group) were taken at day 12 (7 days after introduction of three Salmonella colonized seeder birds per group) for Salmonella counts (both direct and enhanced), and bird liveweight was recorded at 42 day.

All 30 birds tested in the Control and vector-only groups were Salmonella positive at

- management -

day 12 with the enhanced method, with caecal counts of 500-4,000,000 CFU/g, while 22 were positive by the direct count method. Inclusion of the vector + plasmid combination in the drinking water resulted in no detection of Salmonella in any birds using direct counts, whilst 8 of the 15 birds tested Salmonella free with enhanced counts.

This combination also reduced the mean Salmonella counts by approximately log-3 (P<0.001). The birds in the vector + plasmid group were 15% heavier (P=0.02) than the

MANAGEMENT

Control and vector-only groups. This trial established the ability of this Guided Biotics™ technology to selectively remove specific bacteria from the bird gut.

drinking water. The current trial looks at the ability of this technology, named Guided Biotics™, to reduce Salmonella colonization in challenged broilers.

Introduction

Method

Over the past few decades the meat, egg and milk sectors have faced the need to reduce the routine use of antibiotics in animal production, and the high incidence of food poisoning associated with animal product consumption. Approximately 130,000 tonnes of antibiotics were used in 2013 worldwide, with 75% of this in animals.

Up to 90% of these antibiotics can be excreted into the environment via urine and faeces, and approximately 400 resistance markers against 25 antibiotics can be found in chick caecal bacteria. Globally, around 700,000 human deaths per annum are attributed to antibiotic resistance and this is predicted to increase to 10 million by 2050.

With rising concern about the development of antibiotic resistance in human health, regulators, consumers and retailers have led the drive to reduce the sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds to zero. Endemic disease is re-emerging, adding costs to animal production systems and driving the need for alternative non-antibiotic interventions.

A non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain was used as the vector in this trial, and was loaded with a plasmid including a CAS sequence and 3 target sequences specific to all Salmonella serovars (Guided Biotics™). Ross 308 as-hatched birds (165) were obtained on day of hatch and housed under controlled biosecure conditions, with access to water and standard commercial rations ad libitum. Birds were dosed continually from day 1 with either:

Food poisoning continues to be a problem across the world, with salmonellosis cases now increasing in many countries. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is reported to cause over one million infections, 19,000 hospitalizations and over 400 deaths annually in the US, with some Salmonella serovars in food showing antibiotic resistance.

Although salmonellosis incidents are traditionally relatively low in Australia, recent egg-associated outbreaks have brought this back to the attention of the regulators and consumers.

It is now possible to cause a targeted bacterium to self-destruct through the use of CRISPR, the biological sequences that make up the bacterial immune system.

This technology is extremely precise, such that it can target a specific bacterium or a defined range of bacteria.

This means that, unlike many antibiotics, it can be used to remove only the unwanted bacteria in the animal gut microbiome and leave beneficial gut flora unchanged, potentially enhancing the well-being of the animal. One way to induce bacteria in the animal gut to self-destruct is to introduce a suitable plasmid into the target organism(s) through conjugation via a probiotic included in the feed or

• No addition to water (45 birds) • Unmodified E. Coli vector at 108 CFU/ml drinking water (45 birds) • Anti-Salmonella Guided Biotics™ at 108 CFU/ml drinking water (45 birds).

In parallel, a group of 30 birds was dosed orally with 0.5 ml 105 CFU/mL Salmonella Enteritidis strain FS26 on day 1. Birds were checked for Salmonella colonisation at day 3 by cloacal swab (ISO 6579-1:2017). On day 5, three verified Salmonella-colonised birds (seeder birds, with >105 CFU/g in swabs) were marked and added to each of the test groups.

Fifteen non-seeder birds from each group were euthanased on day 12 (7 days post-mixing with seeder birds) and caecal contents were counted for Salmonella using both direct and enhanced methods. Caecal samples were serially diluted in PBS before plating onto XLD agar for direct counts, whilst for enhanced counts the samples were first incubated in Selenite Cystine broth for 18 hrs at 41 °C before plating and counting (ISO 65791:2017). For the purpose of data transformation, samples negative in either method were allocated a count of 1 CFU/g, while those negative in direct counts but positive in the enhanced method were allocated 500 CFU/g. Body weights of the remaining birds were monitored at day 42.

Counts and weights were log transformed and statistical analysis conducted using GraphPad Prism. Data were assessed for normality of distribution using a D’Agostino and Pearson omnibus normality test and non-normal were analysed using a Kruskall-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test post hoc. Differences were analysed using Fisher’s exact test.

- october 2021 -

39

MANAGEMENT

Results

Control

Guided Biotics

2500

Table 1 – Influence of the E. coli vector alone or Guided Biotics™ with an anti-Salmonella plasmid on caecal Salmonella counts (log10 CFU/g, enhanced counts method) in 12-day old Salmonella-challenged broilers.

Control

E. coli vector only

Guided Biotics™

Mean Salmonella count (log10 CFU/g)

4.12a

4.74a

1.26b

Median Salmonella count (log10 CFU/g)

3.30

4.95

ND

Maximum Salmonella count (log10 CFU/g)

6.60

6.60

2.70

Minimum Salmonella counts (log10 CFU/g)

2.70

2.70

ND

a-bP<0.001

ND – not detected

Twenty two of these 30 birds were also positive with direct counts. However, when the anti-Salmonella Guided Biotics™ was added to the drinking water, Salmonella was not detected in any birds with the direct method, and only 8 of the 15 birds tested were positive with enhanced counts. The Guided Biotics™ treatment reduced (P<0.001) mean Salmonella counts by approximately log3 (from log 4.12 to log 1.26, equivalent to 14,200 CFU/g to 18 CFU/g) and also improved 42-day liveweight by 15% (P=0.02; Figure 1).

Discussion The challenge method employed in this study is consistent with that often use in Salmonella vaccine tests and may be regarded as severe. All seeder birds were infected when introduced into the test pens, and the Salmonella shed to in-contact birds would be expected to be highly infective. This was confirmed by the universally high caecal counts in all Control birds 7 days after seeded-bird introduction. Conversely, the Guided BioticsTM, delivered

40

2000 42-day liveweight (g)

All birds in the seeder group showed cloacal Salmonella counts of >105 CFU/g by day 3. By day 12 (7 days post introduction of seeder birds to test groups) all birds in the Control and E. coli vector-only groups were positive using the enhanced counts method, exhibiting caecal counts of 500-4,000,000 CFU/g (Table 1).

1500

1000

500

0

Figure 1 – Influence of Guided Biotics™ on bird liveweight at 42 days of age (g).

by conjugation in the digestive tract, was able to stop Salmonella colonization in 8 out of 15 (53%) of the test birds.

The average Salmonella count in caecal digesta was also reduced by approximately log-3 (thousand-fold) and the maximum Salmonella count lowered from 4 million CFU/g in Control birds to 500 CFU/g in Guided Biotics™ treated. The 15% increase in liveweight of birds fed the Guided Biotics™ relative to the Control birds further indicates the severity of the Salmonella challenge employed in this trial. The lack of any effect of the E. coli vector on colonization confirms that the Guided Biotics™ plasmid was essential for Salmonella reduction.

This initial trial establishes the capability of Guided Biotics™ technology to specifically remove unwanted bacteria, in this case a single Salmonella serovar. The tested Guided Biotics™ is designed to target all known 2400 Salmonella serovars, and laboratory trials have established efficacy across the main serovars involved in human food poisoning. Ongoing laboratory tests have also indicated that solutions for other unwanted bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens and Avian Pathogenic E. coli, are feasible. Furthermore, because the design of the targeting is specific, tests have confirmed that off-target killing of desirable or commensal bacteria can be avoided. It is clear that this Guided Biotics™ technology has the potential to make a substantial contribution to the replacement of antibiotics in poultry production, reduce zoonosis incidents and maintain bird performance in antibiotic-free diets.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of Australian Poultry Science Symposium 2020

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41

Nutritional modulation of broiler intestine in the starter period and intestinal integrity

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NUTRITION

Gut health which is characterized by intestinal integrity, intestinal microflora, mucin and enterocyte functionality, may be of greatest concern among poultry producers because it has a great influence on the growth performance and welfare of poultry, as it affects feed digestion, nutrient absorption, protein and energy utilization, immunity and disease resistance.

Zehava Uni, Hebrew University, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Israel

42

A critical period in the lifespan of the broiler is the first week post hatch (starter period) were chicks are commonly fasted for the first 36 to 72 h post hatch (because of the logistics of commercial production), their digestive tract is not fully developed with low ability to digest, absorb and assimilate nutrients. Moreover, their intestinal microbial community is not established yet and enables the colonization of the photogenic bacteria.

The current presentation describes several nutritional manipulations which promote the intestinal development and influence intestinal microflora and gut integrity.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

Introduction The immediate post hatch developmental period represents a significant phase in attaining quality broiler performance at marketing. An efficient transition period from late term embryo to a viable independent chick is necessary for achieving results. Post hatch birds must develop intensively their intestinal ability to digest and absorb, to make a shift from egg and embryonic nutrients to exogenous feed and to establish the “right” microflora. Under practical conditions many birds have access to feed only 36-72 h after moment of hatch and during this time body weight decreases, intestine and muscle development is retarded. Moreover, as the modern broiler lines are intensively selected for a higher growth rate and increased pectoral muscles, there is an enhanced requirement of chicken embryos for energy and protein.

Accordingly, some of the challenges faced by broilers chicks include weakness, reduced feed intake, impaired growth, susceptibility to disease, and mortality. These symptoms may be due to immature digestive system unable to reload depleted energy reserves from consumed feed, to limitations in some nutrients in the first day’s post hatch and to luck of beneficial bacteria which promote the development of the intestine.

Maintaining gut integrity and health and efficient growth performance in poultry is a priority. A stable enteric ecosystem, particularly in the hind gut of poultry, is essential as symbiotic microflora competitively excludes the adverse effects of more pathogenic species. Establishment of stable ecosystem depends on uncompromised early intestinal development, gut motility conditioning by the structural properties of feed and strategic use of organic acids, essential oils, prebiotics, probiotics, and enzymes.

Intestinal development The transition from embryo to independent chick is mediated by processes that occur during the critical period of a few days pre- and post-hatch. During this period, chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutrients (i.e. yolk sac and amniotic fluid) to exogenous feed.

Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the GIT in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Therefore, the sooner the GIT

achieves its functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently achieve its genetic growth potential, while resisting infectious and metabolic diseases.

An exploration of intestinal development shows that the GIT develops throughout incubation, but the functional abilities of the small intestine only begin to develop 3 days before hatch. Towards the end of incubation, extensive morphological, cellular and molecular changes occur in the intestine. Research in broiler embryos has shown that during the last days of incubation there is a significant increase in the weight of the intestine relative to embryonic weight (1.4% at 17 days of incubation to 3.4% at hatch). Activity and RNA expression of brush-border enzymes, which digest disaccharides (sucrase-isomaltase) and small peptides (aminopeptidase), and of major transporters (sodium-glucose transporter and ATPase), begin to increase a few days before hatch and continue to increase on day of hatch.

In the first two days’ post hatch the small intestinal mucosa appears to be immature and not fully developed.

However, later on, from day 3 to day 10, the intestinal mucosa exhibit organization and establishment of the crypt region, a several-fold increase in villus height and area, an increase in the number and polarity of enterocytes and maturation of the goblet cells, which are capable of producing both acidic and neutral mucins.

The immediate post-hatch period seems to be critical for intestinal development. Decreased development was found when chickens were fasted for 36 to 48 h posthatch. This “fasting” condition is a common situation in the poultry industry. Since chicken embryos have a wide “hatching window”, commercial hatcheries do not remove birds until the maximum number of eggs have hatched; thus, chick age at exit from the hatchery averages more than 1 day. Hatchery treatments such as sexing, vaccination and transport to farms result in an additional time lag before birds receive first access to food and water. Thus, most chicks are fasted for 48 h or more before their first access to feed.

The concept that meanwhile this process the yolk sac can maintain the hatchling, until stable feeding becomes available, is not proper for the current fast growing breeds.

It has been shown that 36 to 48 h of fasting immediately post-hatch decreases enterocyte number, crypt size, the number of crypts per villus, crypt proliferation, villus area,

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43

NUTRITION

rate of enterocyte migration, goblet-cell size and mucin dynamics. This withholding of feed also results in a decrease in growth at an early age and lower body weight (BW) and proportion of breast muscle at marketing.

Modulating the functional development of the chicken intestine Since access to feed soon after hatch is critical for the development of the intestine and its digestive capacity there is a need to feed the hatchlings as soon as they hatched. A large body of knowledge shows that “feeding” the embryo 3 days before hatch (by in ovo feeding methodology) accelerate enteric development and its capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting an isotonic in ovo feeding (IOF) solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo can naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. In ovo feeding, “jump-start” and stimulate intestinal development to begin earlier than would otherwise occur after.

Microflora in the chicken intestine Composition of intestinal microflora, definition and characterization of healthy intestinal ecosystem, examples for modifying intestinal microflora by feed and by feed additives and ways for early establishment of microflora to form healthy intestine are hot topics nowadays in poultry production. Traditionally, intestinal health has been largely dependent on prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibiotics. However, today as a result of customers’ concern about food safety and traceability and due to increasing antibiotic-resistance pathogenic bacteria – there are voluntary or legislated limits on the use of antibacterial feed additives for poultry. Therefore, a change in the methods to maintain good intestinal health is one of the major aims in poultry and veterinary research.

Modulating gut health is possible by several mechanisms.

Among them are altering intestinal pH; maintaining protective intestinal mucins; selection for beneficial intestinal organisms or against pathogens; enhancing the fermentation volatile short-chain fatty acids; enhancing nutrient uptake; and increasing the humeral immune response.

Since AGPs mainly targeting the gut microflora population, manipulation of the intestinal microbial flora profile, by other ways, may apply similar health benefits and

44

growth promoting effects as AGPs. Strategic use of different feed additives can be used to stabilize the enteric ecosystem. These enteric conditioning feed additives include probiotics, prebiotic non-starch polysaccharides, essential oils, organic acids and short-chain fatty acids, mananoligosaccharide (MOS) derivatives of yeast cell wall, and microbial enzymes.

Microbes in the gut and intestine may be grouped into either commensal organisms or transient and potential pathogens. The commensals are adapted to the host environment and are often considered beneficial by providing vitamins, amino acids, and short-chain fatty acids to the host: acetate, butyrate, and succinate are commonly produced, with butyrate being the preferred energy source for host epithelial cells. The normal microbiota also militates against pathogens by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood.

Cultivation techniques limit the ability to define the intestinal microbiota. However, molecular techniques based on determining DNA and RNA sequences similarity of selected genes within microbial community are being used successfully to detect and characterized microbiota. Previous studies on culturing methods have been replaced with new metagenomic approaches for defining population biodiversity and their relative abundantly. Using 16s rRNA analysis on chicken GIT, revealed that groups of Clostridiales, Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterococcaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Veillonellaceae and Rikenellaceae were dominant. Analysis in our lab indicated that in young chicks (4 d) the major species presented in the small intestines and ceca was Lactobacilli, with a Bifidobacteria population becoming more dominant in the ceca at older age while Clostridium was detected only in some segments of the small intestine. In older chickens, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli species were found in the ceca.

This microflora has a role in nutrition, detoxification of certain compounds, growth performance, and protection against pathogenic bacteria. The intestinal microflora lives in close contact with its surrounding intestinal wall (enterocyte epical membrane, mucin, intestinal immunity) as well as with other bacteria that may exert beneficial or harmful effects on the host, depending on whether they are classified as symbiotic or as pathogens. The interaction is determined on one hand by characteristics of the microorganisms (e.g. type of microorganism), and on the

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

other hand by characteristics of the intestinal wall (e.g. level of intestinal immunity). Together they determine the health status of the intestine. A healthy gut is one that has a stable and diverse microbial ecosystem. The criteria for desirable microflora is not high or low presence of specific microbial species but a bacterial community which have a significant influence on animal performance.

Modulating the intestinal microflora and intestinal integrity by feed and feed additives Diet formulation and feed form affect the colonization of enteric pathogens. Structural properties of the feed that stimulate gizzard motility has been demonstrated to promote reverse peristalsis, thereby improving the foregut digestion of proteins, fat, and starches leaving little for competitive microbiota to prosper. In contrast, viscous non-starch polysaccharides that impede reverse peristalsis and digestion of protein, fat, and starches in the

foregut of poultry will cause the competitive microbiota (pathogens) to grow.

Essential oils have been recognized for their anti-microbial activity, and they have gained much attention for their potential as alternatives to antibiotics. Lee and Ahn (1998) found that cinnamaldehyde, derived from the cinnamon essential oil, strongly inhibits Clostridium perfringens and Bacteroides fragilis in vitro, and moderately inhibits Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Also, a wide range of in-vitro anti-microbial activities of essential oils derived from cinnamon, thyme and oregano were presented during the last 10 years. The exact anti-microbial mechanism of essential oils is poorly understood; it may be associated with their lipophilic property and chemical structure. To be as effective as growth promoters, these herbal antimicrobial compounds must be supplemented to the feed in a more concentrated form than found in their natural state, which will increase usage costs.

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NUTRITION

Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients, which beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of one or limited number health-promoting bacteria in the GIT. Prebiotic selectively utilized by endogenous microbial population groups such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli leads to changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the GIT microflora confering benefits upon host well-being and health. Moreover indirectly, prebiotic treatment may have immunomodulatory effects by enhanced the IgM and IgG antibody titers in plasma.

These findings emphasize the multisystem involved by bacteria gut modulation. Prebiotics refers groups are: trans-galacto-oligosaccharide, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), Xylo-oligosacchrides, Mannan-Oligosaccharides (MOS), inulin and lactulose.

MOS: During the past years, poultry feed industry has proceeded to non-pharmaceutical alternative additive, mannan-oligosaccharide, which constructs the yeast cell wall.

Comprehensive data-pulling from 1993 to 2003 of bird feed with Bio-MOS (Alltech Inc. from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) indicated that MOS reduced mortality in bird as much as antibiotics. Since MOS have high affinity to ligands, it is acting as lectin, offering a competitive binding site rather than intestinal epithelial cells for bacteria attachment. Several studies have demonstrated the benefits of adding MOS to broiler diets, improved gut morphology in features such as villus length and villus area, growth performance characteristics such as body weight, feed-conversion rate and apparent metabolized energy.

Adding MOS to the poultry diet also exhibited beneficial changes in intestine and performance, in mucin secretion and in goblet cell number per villus, in digestibility and brush-border enzyme activity and in gut immune responses. Furthermore, MOS has been shown to alter the gut microflora by reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria that colonize the GIT. Work to study MOS’s molecular interaction on broilers intestinal transcriptome was investigated by Affymetrix microarrays. Results indicated that cell energy production, death, and protein translation were altered. Further pathway analysis indicated up-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, cellular stress response, and immune processes cycles.

Fiber-degrading enzymes supplementation has become a standard practice in the poultry industry, largely driving by the rising feed ingredient costs. Supplemental enzymes in the feed are used to achieve the following aims: alleviate the adverse effects of anti-nutritional factors (such as

46

arabinoxylans, β-glucans); extract certain nutrients more available for absorption and enhance the energy value of feed ingredients and also modulate intestinal microflora to a healthier state.

Probiotics: Probiotic microorganisms increase the colonization of commensal bacteria at the lower intestinal tract and inhibit growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms by competitive exclusion. Competitive exclusion of commensal microflora against pathogens include: 1) lowering the pH through production of lactate, lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA); 2) competing for gut lining attachment and available nutrients; 3) producing bacteriocins; 4) stimulating the gut associated immune system through cell wall components; and 5) increasing the production of SCFA, which have bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties and stimulate intraepithelial lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. Thus, probiotics have been shown to improve performance, decrease mortality, and improve FCR of poultry. Most commercial probiotic products are composed of pure defined cultures of one or more micro-organisms. Thus, prebiotic is also known as defined competitive exclusion cultures. Defined competitive exclusion cultures given to broilers have been shown to decrease Salmonella Typhimurium. Also, undefined competitive exclusion products originating from adult intestinal microbiota are usually inoculated to 1-dayold chicks in order to control of Salmonella contamination.

Another recent publication states that dietary supplementation with multi-strain probiotics improved broiler growth performance, ileal amino acids digestibility, and humoral immunity. Furthermore, the probiotics decreased the cecal numbers of E. coli and decreased the NH3 content of excrete.

Many recent publications demonstrated the multifunction of probiotic bacteria on GIT epithelium: altering the broiler GIT epithelium morphologic and cell development; stimulate the immune system; influences on tight junction dynamic proteins component and alter mucus secretion.

It should be noticed that probiotics have some disadvantages in comparison to other modulators of enteric microflora as they may have a short shelf-life and sensitivity to excessive heat and pressure during feed processing.

Some probiotic microorganisms may be reduced or eliminated by the low pH in the gizzard, and thus have little effect in the lower intestinal tract where pathogens pose problems. If a probiotic is added to the drinking water, the chlorine sanitizer may adversely affect its survivabil-

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

ity. Acidification would be a better sanitizer than chlorine when delivering a probiotic via the drinking water. Coating technology has helped with some of these concerns.

Synbiotics: The combinations of prebiotics and probiotics are known as synbiotics. Study showed that supplementation of broiler diets with a prebiotic MOS and a probiotic-mixture significantly increased the body weight gain with slightly improved feed conversion ratios, compared with the unsupplemented control.

Conclusions Challenges faced by broilers chicks in the starter weeks include weakness, reduced feed intake, impaired growth, susceptibility to disease, and mortality. These symptoms may be due to immature digestive system unable to reload depleted energy reserves from consumed feed, to limitations in some nutrients in the first day’s post hatch and to luck of beneficial bacteria which promote the development of the intestine.

This microflora has a role in nutrition, detoxification of certain compounds, growth performance, and protection against pathogenic bacteria. The intestinal microflora lives in close contact with its surrounding intestinal wall (enterocyte epical membrane, mucin, intestinal immunity) as well as with other bacteria that may exert beneficial or harmful effects on the host, depending on whether they are classified as symbiotic or as pathogens.

Maintaining gut integrity and health and efficient growth performance in poultry is a priority. Establishment of stable ecosystem depends on uncompromised early intestinal development, gut motility conditioning by the structural properties of feed and strategic use of organic acids, essential oils, prebiotics, probiotics, and enzymes.

Modulating gut integrity for the starter period and afterwards is possible by several mechanisms. Among them are in ovo feeding with specific nutrients, altering intestinal pH; maintaining protective intestinal mucins; selection for beneficial intestinal organisms or against pathogens; enhancing the fermentation volatile short-chain fatty acids; enhancing nutrient uptake at early age; and increasing the humeral immune response.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 4th International Poultry Meat Congress

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

Coccidiosis In poultry, coccidiosis is caused by species of Eimeria, a widespread protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease with consequences ranging from decreased growth performance during subclinical infections to high mortality in cases of infection with extremely pathogenic strains. Broilers represent the most economically important host, but Eimeria are pervasive across all poultry, including layers and turkeys.

Estimates from 2016 data suggest that coccidiosis costs the US chicken industries $1.6 billion per year with an annual global cost of $14.4 billion. Inclusion of anticoccidial drugs in the feed and immunization with live oocysts are the primary means of prevention. An estimated 88% of US broilers raised on anticoccidial compounds, and though this has not been reported for turkeys, it is reasonable that, given limited vaccine options, a higher percentage are raised with anticoccidial medications.

Lisa Bielke Ohio State University

48

Rotation and shuttle programs have become popular for limiting drug resistance but despite these efforts, multi-drug resistance is prevalent within flocks and was documented in the early 20th century, not long after anticoccidial medications were developed, and has continued despite efforts to alternate drugs in a logical pattern. Both types of program alternate medication, often based on mechanism of action, to delay the onset of resistance and extend

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

the useful life of these products. The concept behind these alternating medications is that if resistance develops to one compound, then it will be lost during application of the next, but this philosophy remains unproven. Rotation programs involve providing a single anticoccidial medication for multiple cycles before rotating to a new medication and may include vaccination cycles.

Typically, an entire complex uses the same medication for two to three months. Shuttle programs alternate anticoccidial medications more frequently with feed changes. Thus, birds are fed two or more medications within a flock when they change between starter, grower, and finisher feeds.

There is no doubt that anticoccidial rotation and shuttle programs prolong the onset of resistance but given the prevalence of multi-drug resistant strains of Eimeria in today’s poultry flocks, it could easily be argued that this strategy does not prevent resistance, and systematic testing to establish more effective rotation programs is necessary to the continued efficacy of anticoccidial compounds for the control of coccidiosis in poultry.

Extensive drug usage within intensive rearing systems is widely known to lead to resistance across all types of medications and concerns regarding multi-drug resistance in coccidia were recognized shortly after their development. It has also been expected that cross-resistance would occur, especially within class or mechanism of action such as monovalent ionophores. In fact, a 1975 research article reported multi-drug resistance to anticoccidials while mimicking a shuttle program for 40

passages and suggested that shuttle programs do not prevent resistance but can only delay it.

Rathinam and Chapman (2009) reported multi-drug resistance of turkey Eimeria field isolates and low incidence of sensitivity to amprolium and monensin. Thus, the pervasive existence of multi-drug resistant Eimeria in today’s poultry industries is not unexpected, but it is approaching a critical threshold in which many producers may be left without medication options for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis.

In a review of anticoccidial compound resistance, Chapman previously suggested that sensitivity could be restored following passage of resistant lines via administration of an unrelated compound to birds. Sensitivity to salinomycin was restored in an experiment in which broilers infected with the resistant strain were fed a diet containing diclazuril or vaccinated in various combinations across four passages, suggesting that rotation programs, especially those that include vaccination, can have some success. However, this describes testing only one sensitivity profile and does not investigate oth-

er rotation programs for restoration of sensitivity. Since turkey producers have a longer growing cycle and limited medication options for control of coccidiosis, controlling resistance and restoration of sensitivity is more complicated than broiler flocks. Turning to strategies employed by chicken breeder and layer arms of the poultry industry may prove useful, but limited vaccine coverage of species prevalent in commercial operations limits effectiveness of these options.

The Poultry Enteric Health Research Laboratory (PEHRL) recently established a program with turkey and chicken veterinarians to test fecal samples containing Eimeria for anticoccidial sensitivity (TACS) that has highlighted the prevalence of resistance in US turkey flocks (Table 1).

Table 1 summarizes sensitivity profiles across all flocks tested in the TACS program, and an astonishing 62% are multi-drug resistant while 26% are pan-resistant. All poultry operations producing birds under raised without antibiotics standards in the US also have limited anticoccidial choices because some drugs are classified as antibiotics. This decreases the amount of “down time” for

Table 1 – Representative results of test for anticoccidial sensitivity (TACS) of fecal samples from turkey integrators. PERHL has completed nearly 40 TACS samples to date.

Farm

Farm 1

Farm 2

Farm 3

Farm 4

Flock Age

36 days

36 days

14 days

5 weeks

Amprolium

Sensitive

Resistant

Resistant

Reduced Sensitivity

Lasalocid

Sensitive

Sensitive

Resistant

Resistant

Monensin

Sensitive

Reduced Sensitivity

Resistant

Reduced Sensitivity

Clopidol

Sensitive

Sensitive

Sensitive

Sensitive

Halofuginone

Reduced Sensitivity

Sensitive

Reduced Sensitivity

Resistant

Zoalene

Resistant

Sensitive

Resistant

Reduced Sensitivity

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

any selected medication in rotation and shuttle programs and may promote resistance. While a vaccine is currently available to the turkey industry and can help manage anticoccidial sensitivity, this is only effective against the two species provided. Thus, turkey producers need to be aware of species affecting their flocks. A recent report on species detected among 33 turkey flocks in Canada showed an average of 2.8 species per flock with E. gallopavonis or E. meleagridis present in 48%. Vaccinated flocks had fewer average species diversity, but at 2.4 species per flock, it can be assumed that vaccine containing two species does not offer full protection. This information is consistent with species detection in the TACS program at PEHRL (data not shown).

Adding a period of vaccination to a rotation program has been embraced by some integrators to re-establish drug-sensitive strains on farms. This strategy relies on re-seeding litter with drug-sensitive vaccine strains in place of drug-resistant strains as older oocysts age and die within litter during the vaccine cycle. However, recent studies have indicated that this strategy may not effectively alter drug sensitivity profiles within farms, where despite vaccinating with Eimeria sensitive to all medications, resistance to some was still detected after two cycles of vaccination.

These variable results highlight remaining questions regarding how many consecutive grow-outs should be applied to overcome resistance to anticoccidials.Anticoccidial sensitivity testing is recognized as a valuable tool by the scientific community for monitoring rotation and shuttle programs that can assist integrators in their Eimeria control program.

In 2020, PERHL established a TACS program for turkey integrators to screen farms and complexes to help them rotate medications likely to be effective against Eimeria established in their barns. The TACS service tests Eimeria samples against seven popular drugs for sensitivity and identifies species within samples via PCR. Identification provides information regarding the possibility that vaccination with the only commercially available option will help control coccidiosis since it contains only two of the six species known to infect turkeys. As of April 2021, nearly 150 samples have been received with 34 samples going through the entire TACS process. Nearly 100% of samples collected for testing contained Eimeria, which reveals the magnitude of the lack of coccidiosis control in turkeys.

50

Of the 34 farm samples submitted to TACS, 14% were pan-sensitive and 100% exhibited reduced sensitivity to at least one anticoccidial compound. If multi-drug resistance is classified as resistance to three or more anticoccidial compounds, 62% of samples are multi-drug resistant. Furthermore, 26% of farms exhibited either no sensitivity to all drugs or only one drug (Table 2).

Table 2 – Anticoccidial sensitivity classification of farm samples tested by PERHL. Anticoccidial sensitivity classification

% Flock tested

Pan-sensitive

14%

Pan-resistant

26%

Multi-drug resistant

62%

Sensitive or reduced sensitive ≥ 4

38%

Pan-sensitive = sensitive or reduced sensitivity to all drugs.

Pan-resistant = sensitive to ≤ 1 drug.

Multi-drug resistant = resistant to ≥ 3 drugs.

In 2019, the Association of Veterinarians in Broiler Production reported to the USAHA that coccidiosis is the disease of highest concern in broiler production.

Alongside this, the National Turkey Federation cites coccidiosis as a top concern and the Association of Veterinarians in Egg Production reported coccidiosis as the first disease of concern in cage-free pullets, second highest disease of concern in caged pullets and the fourth highest of both caged and cage-free layers. These rankings arguably make coccidiosis and its control the highest disease priority of the US poultry industries. Taken into context with multi-drug resistance reports mentioned above, it becomes apparent that coccidiosis is a ticking time bomb that can devastate a major agriculture sector within years if effective control measures are not developed. While live oocyst vaccination is a strategy that can help, it is not a solution that works on its own and control of coccidiosis continues to largely depend on routine use of anticoccidial drugs. Thus, without introduction of new drugs to control coccidia and multi-drug resistance rising, integrators are facing fewer and fewer options to keep their flocks healthy.

Turkey producers need to be pro-active in their approach to management of coccidiosis through judicious use of anticoccidial compounds, resistance and species monitoring, and application of vaccines where warranted.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of Midwest Poultry Federation 2021

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

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Leader in pig & poultry equipment THE MOST INNOVATIVE RANGE FOR POULTRY FEEDING www.agritech.it – e-mail: commerce@agritech.it

Via Roma 29, 24030 Medolago (BG) Italy - Phone +39 035 901240 Fax +39 035 902757 info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it

www.MSTegg.com info@MSTegg.com +44 (0)1536 516778 (UK) +1 423-881-3882 (USA)

• Watering & Feeding Systems

CARFED INTERNATIONAL LTD

• Poultry Accessories

Italian headquarters: Piazza Oberdan, 3, 20129 Milano (Italy) Italian warehouse: Via Basilicata, 10, 20098 San Giuliano Milanese (Italy) Tel.: +39 02 9881140 - Fax: +39 02 98280274 Email: carfed@carfed.it - Website: www.carfed.it UK headquarters: Ground Floor, One George Yard, London EC3V 9DF, England, UK Тel.: + 44. 20. 7660.0987- Email: carfed@carfed.co.uk

• Industry Breeding

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers

• Manure & Egg Belts

Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

Corti Zootecnici Srl | Via Volta 4, Monvalle (VA) - Italy| Tel. +39 0332 799985 | info@cortizootecnici.com

BELTS AND ROPES

www.bigdutchman.de

FOR AVICULTURAL USE Manure removal belts and

Manure belt with holes for drying systems

POULTRY EQUIPMENT

The No. 1 worldwide

Via Garibaldi, 54 – 26040 Scandolara Ravara (CR) Italy Tel. (+39) 0375/95135 • Fax. (+39) 0375/95169 info@barbieri-belts.com • www.barbieri-belts.com

TURNKEY PROJECTS POULTRY INTEGRATED PROJECTS POULTRY EQUIPMENT FOR BROILERS AND LAYERS AVIARY SYSTEMS Officine Facco & C. S.p.A. Via Venezia, 30 - Marsango (PD) Italy

Tel. +39 049 9698111 - Fax +39 049 9630605 | www.facco.net - facco@facco.net

spazio55x45-facco.indd 2

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22.10.13 14:24

03/10/14 15:06

Equipment

POULTRY EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS

GmbH & Co. KG

Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) T: +49 (0) 2838 912-0 • F: +49 (0) 2838 2791 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de

VALLI spa • via Cimatti, 2 • 47010 Galeata (FC) • Italy T: +39 0543 975 311 • F: +39 0543 981 400 E: info@valli-italy.com • I: www.valli-italy.com

Drinking systems for chicks, broilers, breeders, layers, ducks, turkeys, rabbits and pigs Conveyor systems for egg collection Climate systems: Pad Climate (evaporative cooling for paper or plastic pads) and Top Climate (with high pressure nozzles)

Housing equipment for breeders, layers and broilers.

LUBING SISTEM SRL via Marco Polo,  (Z.I.)  Campodarsego, Padova Italy tel. +   fax +   info@lubing.it lubingsystem.com www.lubingsystem.com

www.vencomaticgroup.com

Automatic rollaway nests Plastic slats Aviary systems Rearing systems Broiler systems Manure belts Manure drying systems Emission

Harselaarseweg 32, 3771 MB Barneveld, Holland Tel.: +31(0)342 42 70 00 Fax: +31 (0)342 42 70 01 Website: www.jpe.org E-mail: info@jpe.org

THE BEST FOR YOUR EGGS!

via San Lorenzo, 9b 35010 Campo San Martino (PD), Italy Ph: +39.049.9620774 Web: www.flexy.it - Email: info@flexy.it

Let’s talk about water impex nl

UPCOMING EVENTS 2021 November, 23 to 25

VIV MEA International trade show from feed to food for the Middle East and Africa

March 30 to April 1

VICTAM and VIV Health & Nutrition Asia 2022

7th International Conference on Poultry Intestinal Health

Trade show & forum focusing on feed, pharma & genetics in the animal protein production Bitec, Bangkok, Thailand

Exhibition Centre Khaleej Al Arabi Street, Abu Dhabi, UAE For information contact:

For information contact: Panadda Kongma Head of competence Model withcenter cover livestock Tel.: +662 670 0900 Ext. 204 Email: panadda@vnuexhibitionsap.com

Website: www.adnec.ae

November, 24 to 26 ILDEX Indonesia 2021 5th International livestock, dairy, meat processing and aquaculture exposition ICE Jakarta, Indonesia Model without Young birds cover For information contact: Website: www.ildex-indonesia.com

Zhenja Antochin, Event Manager Tel.: +31 (0) 6 8379 9693 Email: zhenja.antochin@vnuexhibitions.com Tel.: +66 (0) 2 726 1999

+66 (0) 2 366 9797 Website: www.bitec.net

January, 25 to 27

For information contact: Worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 2700 Fax: +31 (0) 30 295 2809 South East Asia ONE SECOND to open the pan Exhibitions Asia Pacific Co., Ltd. forVNU complete and fast washing.

88 The PARQ, 4th Fl., West Wing Ratchadaphisek Rd., Khlong Toei, Bangkok 10110 Thailand Tel.: +662 111 6611 Email: viv@vnuasiapacific.com Website: vivasia.nl

Cartagena de Indias Convention Center Cartagena, Colombia

QUALITY

For information contact:MADE IN ITALY IHSIG vzw Intestinal Health Scientific Interest Group Knokstraat 38 - 9880 Aalter, Belgium Email: info@ihsig.com Website: www.ihsig.com

MODULA FEED PAN FOR TURKEYS

May 31 to June 2 VIV Europe 2022 World Expo from Feed to Food Jaarbeurs Exhibition Center, Utrecht The Netherlands

IPPE

Utrecht, The Netherlands

International Production & Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center 285 Andrew Young International Blvd NW Atlanta, Georgia USA

For information contact: VIV worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht – the Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0)30 295 2700

For information contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA USA Tel.: +1 770 4939401 Fax: +1 770 4939257 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexpo.org

Feed pan for turkeys2022 or mixed cycles (turkeys,broilers, ducks).

March, 16 to 18 No January, chick inside the 12pan. to 14 ILDEX Vietnam TheVIV feedASIA level adjustment is Saigon Exhibition and Convention FULLY AUTOMATIC. International trade show from Center (SECC) Flexible rubber feed to food for Asia shock-proofHo coneChi Min City, Vietnam New venue: Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand

AZA!

January, 18 to 20

Leader in pig & poultry equipment ADNEC- Abu Dhabi National Sturdy easy to manage.

VIV and worldwide Designed from one day-old VNU Exhibitions Europe Tel.: +31 (0) 2999 chicks to heavy30 and295 nervous Email: viv.mea@vnuexhibitions.com male turkeys.

Website: www.vivmea.nl No chick inside the pan.

National Exhibitions Company FastAbu andDhabi easy cleaning.

800 23632 Tel.: High quality productand at international

+971 (0) 2 444 6900 COMPETITIVE PRICES.

I WANT

For information contact: Saengtip Techapatiphandee Tel.: +662 111 6611 ext. 330 Email: saengtip@vnuasiapacific.com

March 22 to 24 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA For information contact: Tel.: 763-284-6763 Email: info@midwestpoultry.com Website: midwestpoultry.com

Jaarbeurs - Jaarbeursplein 6, P.O. Box 8500 - NL 3521 AL Utrecht, NL 3503 RM Utrecht, the Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 5911 Fax: +31 (0) 30 295 2808 Email: info@jaarbeurs.nl Website: www.jaarbeurs.nl

MIXTA

THE FEED PAN FOR TURKEYS OR MIXED CYCLES 2023 June, 8 to 10 VIV TURKEY International trade fair for poultry technologies Istanbul Expo Center Istanbul, Turkey For information contact: Mrs Hande Çakıcı Tel.: +90 212 216 4010 Fax: +90 212 216 3360 Email: hande@hkf-fairs.com Website: www.vivturkey.com

Via Roma 29, 24030 Medolago (BG) Italy - Phone +39 035 901240 - info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it

INTERNET GUIDE Agritech commerce@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli info@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieribelts.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed International Ltd carfed@carfed.co.uk Carfed Italian Branch carfed@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici S.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.it DACS mail@dacs.dk www.dacs.dk EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it FierAgricola Verona fieragricola@veronafiere.it www.fieragricola.it FierAvicola info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com GI-OVO B.V. sales@gi-ovo.com www.gi-ovo.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Lubing System info@lubing.it www.lubingsystem.com Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/en/poultry Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies info@mstegg.com www.mstegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen B.V. info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info.reventa@munters.de www.reventa.de Royal Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.skapoultryequipment.com Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Sperotto S.p.A. info@sperotto-spa.com www.sperotto-spa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic Group B.V. info@vencomaticgroup.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv.europe@vnuexhibitions.com www.viveurope.nl

Editorial Director Lucio Vernillo Editorial Staff Daria Domenici, Tania Montelatici (zootecnica@zootecnica.it) Account Executive Marianna Caterino (amministrazione@zootecnica.it) Editorial Office Zootecnica International Vicolo Libri, 4 50063 Figline Incisa Valdarno (FI) Italy Tel.: +39 055 2571891 Website: zootecnicainternational.com Licence Registrazione Tribunale di Firenze n.3162 Spedizione in A.P. Art.2 comma 20/B legge 662/96 - Filiale di Firenze ISSN 0392-0593 Subscription Rates (1 year / 11 issues): Europe Euro 44 Rest of the World Euro 57 Subscribe online by Credit Card or Paypal: zootecnicainternational.com/subscription Subscribe by money transfer: 1. effect a money transfer to: Zootecnica International, Vicolo Libri, 4 50063 Figline Incisa Valdarno (FI) Italy; bank: UNICREDIT, BIC: UNICRITM1OU9 Iban: IT 81 H 02008 38083 000020067507 2. send us your complete shipping address by email: amministrazione@zootecnica.it.

Art Direction & Layout Laura Cardilicchia – elleciwebstudio.com Cover Image: © Denise Vernillo Printed Nova Arti Grafiche, Florence

English Edition Year XLIII October 2021

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GAME BIRD COOP GAMEWITH BIRD TOP COOP DOOR WITH TOP DOOR GAME BIRD COOP GAMEWITHOUT BIRD COOP TOP WITHOUT DOOR TOP DOOR GAME BIRD COOP WITH TOP DOOR

Cod. 0113004

Cod. 0113004

Cod. 0113003

GAME BIRD COOP WITHOUT TOP DOOR

Cod. 0113004

Cod. 0113003

Cod. 0113003

Dimensions: 650x360x250 Dimensions: mm 650x360x250 mm Weight: 2,450 kg Weight: 2,450 kg

Dimensions: 650x360x250 Dimensions: mm 650x360x250 mm Weight: 2,450 kg Weight: 2,450 kg

Dimensions: 650x360x250 mm Weight: 2,450 kg

Dimensions: 650x360x250 mm Weight: 2,450 kg

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• HD polyethylene UV•stabilized HD polyethylene UV stabilized

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Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A. Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

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Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO 12023 - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

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ECONOMICALECONOMICAL SLAT SLAT Cod. 0450002 ®

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Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

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GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. reserves the right to modify products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts no liability for errors and/or omissions in the published information

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RAIN GARDEN COVER RAIN COVER

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Via Bernezzo, 47 Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 Y 12023 CARAGLIO12023 - Cuneo - Italy 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Galvanized washer Tel. +39 0171Anti-waste 61.97.15 Tel. +39 Bottom stabilizing bar Screw grid 0171 61.97.15 Cod. 0301116 81.75.81 Cod. 0301106 Fax +39 0171 Cod. 0301110 Fax +39 0171Cod. 81.75.81 Fax0301118 +39 0171 81.75.81 CM info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

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Dimensions: 68x37xh.36 Dimensions: cm 68x37xh.36 cm Capacity: 360 eggs Capacity: 360 eggs Weight: 2,5 kg Weight: 2,5 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Shipping capacity: 800Shipping pieces +capacity: 24.000 800 egg trays pieces + 24.000 egg trays cartons per 20 ft cnt cartons per 20 ft cnt

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Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO 12023 - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

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SPECHT is everywhere where hens are!

• Rearing in aviary system

• Layers in Varia-System

• Rearing in cages

• Group cage system (enriched cage)

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ORIGINAL

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POULTRY EQUIPMENT

GmbH & Co. KG

• Manure drying system

Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) Telefon +49 (0) 28 38 912-0 • Telefax +49 (0) 28 38 27 91 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de

• Egg collecting system