Zootecnica International - English edition - 01 January - 2020

Zootecnica International – January 2020 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

VIV MEA Preview Patterns of trade flows in egg exports and imports The importance of gut microbiota in chickens with particular emphasis on the field situation

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2020

The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

EDITORIAL The poultry industry is a significant contributor to the gross domestic products of both industrialized and developing countries. In areas with free-enterprise economies poultry production has enhanced agricultural output and contributed to availability of low cost-protein and further-processed products. In tropical countries chicken meat and eggs have improved diets and enhanced the standard of living of villagers supplying products to urban areas. Countries such as Brazil and Thailand have converted natural resources including land and labour into export earnings by vigorous programs of production and marketing of poultry meat. Unprecedented expansion in the Middle East has led to self-sufficiency in eggs and broilers, utilizing natural and imported components of production.

In the countries that formerly had centrally planned economies, collapse of subsidies and the advent of competition have resulted in a curtailing of production and a reorganization of domestic industries along sound economic principles.

Injudicious expansion in some areas including Europe and Southern Africa has led to reduced profitability or even losses for less efficient enterprises. The poultry industry has always been cyclic and over-expansion or under consumption can create short-term crises. These are resolved with a restoration of normal supply-demand equilibrium.

Successful and profitable producers have the ability to forecast and respond to customer demand. They are able to control costs and maintain efficiency. They grow by acquisition of less successful operations or well-timed expansion immediately before a cyclic upswing in demand.

Efficient companies demonstrate the ability to control feed costs through competitive purchases of ingredients on national and international markets. Above all, successful integrated companies employ well-trained, highly motivated managers who exercise good judgement in technical, financial and marketing activities.

With the advent of multi-nationalism, many are questioning the future of the poultry industry. With declining profit margins and increased competition, the investments in production facilities appears less attractive that it did 30 years ago.

Environmental restraints and trade regulations are becoming more pervasive, especially in the Northern hemisphere. The leaders of the poultry industry have always responded to challenges. To be profitable into the next decades, new technology and consumer orientation will be required.

ROSS – THE COMPLETE PACKAGE

The Chick – The Support – The Performance You Want To learn more about Ross® visit aviagen.com/ross Please visit our booth Hall 10, Stand U025 at VIV MEA, Abu Dhabi

GLOBAL REACH

LOCAL TOUCH

SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................. 10 VIV MEA PREVIEW.............................................................................. 12

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FIELD REPORT New Trade Agreement to impact Africa’s poultry industry................................ 24

MARKETING Patterns of trade flows in egg exports and imports.......................................... 28

TECHNICAL COLUMN Principles of Farm Biosecurity........................................................................ 36

MANAGEMENT

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Air cell up when setting eggs!......................................................................... 40 The potential impact of slow growth broilers on the resources and infra structure of the poultry industry.............................. 42

NUTRITION The importance of gut microbiota in chickens with particular emphasis on the field situation....................................................................... 46 Monitoring intake patterns of layer hens: a link between behaviour and feed conversion ratio?....................................... 52

VETERINARY SCIENCE Spotty Liver Disease in cage-free brown laying hens....................................... 56

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PROCESSING Salmonella prevention strategies and influences of sampling method selection.................................................. 58

MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 60 EVENTS................................................................................................... 63 INTERNET GUIDE................................................................................ 64

WORLDWIDE NEWS

loophole, Ukrainian companies will be rewarded with significant 50,000 tonnes in extra quantities.

Thirdly, to justify these concessions, the Commission has used the argument that they will be offset by increased consumption in the EU. This is not an acceptable argument, as the EU already imports 900,000 tonnes of poultry meat. By comparison, around 300,000 tonnes of beef are imported, and the figure for pork is around 20,000 tonnes. In addition, there is huge uncertainties on how the EU Poultry Meat market will be affected of Brexit. The UK is one of the largest importers and consumers of poultry meat in Europe, and a hard Brexit will have significant consequences for the EU poultry meat market.

Because of the above-mentioned issues - President Paul Lopez asked the EU Commission for the following actions:

AVEC General Assembly The EU poultry sector held its Annual on 4th of October 2019 in Budapest. The theme of this year’s General Assembly was ‘Food for the Future’.

The event, organized by Baromfi Termék Tanács – the Hungarian member of AVEC, gathered more than 200 participants – all active stakeholders in the poultry value chain. The assembly received a warm welcome from Dr. Istvan Nagy, Minister of Agriculture, Hungary which clearly showed that he is fully aware of the importance, and the challenges, of the European Poultry Meat Sector.

The president of AVEC Paul Lopez focused of the challenges the European Poultry Meat Sector faces regarding international trade.

Firstly, a whopping quota of 180,000 tonnes of additional poultry was granted to the Mercosur countries in a historic deal which was closed on 29 June 2019. The EU poultry sector has clearly been sacrificed in these negotiations, as this was double the amount offered at the end of 2017 and agreed by EU Member States.

Secondly, Ukrainian companies have used a loophole to circumvent the quotas granted in the free trade agreement with the EU, which has resulted in much higher quantities of breast meat being imported to the EU than what was foreseen in the agreement. In return for the closing of this

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• Funding to help the EU poultry sector to cope with higher competition.

• Help from the EU Commission to get access to the Chinese market.

• Thorough controls on poultry meat from third countries at the EU borders.

• Origin labelling (EU / Non EU) of all poultry meat products – also in restaurants etc.

Later in the day, other speakers gave first class presentations on this year’s theme of Future of Food. Eric Thévenard, Representative of the EU Commission, DG SANTE presented the study Delivering on EU Food Safety and Nutrition in 2050. The conclusions from the study is that certain elements in the EU legislative framework needs to be strengthened to better prepare for future challenges.

Peter Sandøe, Professor, University of Copenhagen gave a presentation with the title Will it be OK to eat meat in 2030? His conclusion was: “Yes, for most people it will, but he advised the audience of stakeholders from the poultry value chain to have focus on animal welfare.”

Jean-Louis Peyraud, President, Animal Task Force, explained why A world without livestock farming makes no sense and Michael Schmitz, Professor Justus Liebig University of Giessen explained Why tighter EU production standards and meat-free diets are not sustainable.

Attila Forgács, University of Budapest, concluded that the scientific community should use the power of media and information technology more efficiently and Jessica Eise, Purdue University, USA, gave a strong message to the audience: “If you want society’s license to operate, you will have to invest in communication to inform society of the value and desirability of what you do.”

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Image: Fotolia - © Minerva Studio

WORLDWIDE NEWS

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

The current FVE board. From left to right: Stanislaw Winiarczyk, Rens van Dobbenburgh, Siegfried Moder, Torill Moseng, Thierry Chambon

Veterinarians continue to be committed to responsible and judicious use of antimicrobials The 18th November 2019 the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE), representing European veterinarians, celebrated European Antibiotic Awareness Day and reiterated the commitment to achieve the One-Health goals on fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Within the “One Health” context, it is important to use the medicines prudently in both humans and in animals.

Infectious diseases in people and animals are often the same or very similar and the same applies for their treatment. Antimicrobials are very valuable for the treatment of infectious diseases in both humans and animals.

Their improper use, however, may trigger the reaction of the disease agents, which develop mechanisms to defend themselves and become resistant against treatment.

As a result, the medicine becomes less effective. That is why keeping antimicrobials effective, requires everyone’s attention to avoid their overuse or misuse in both animals and people and preserve their efficacy.

FVE is strongly committed to the “One Health” approach and has been intensively promoting responsible use, through awareness campaigns, guidelines, and policy papers. The ‘European Commission Final Overview Report - Measures to tackle Antimicrobial Resistance through the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials in Animals’

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recognises this valuable contribution of the animal health sector towards improving animal health, minimising disease and therefore the need to use antibiotics.

This progress has been demonstrated in numbers. The latest ESVAC report shows a decrease by more than 32% of the overall sales of veterinary antimicrobials between 2011 and 2017 and a continuing reduction in use of antimicrobials that are considered as critical, for the 31 countries across Europe that provided data during this period.

Nevertheless, looking at antimicrobial resistance rates, it is clear that we are still far from reaching our goal. The latest European Court of Auditors report concludes that “while EU action has led to some progress, especially on veterinary issues, there is little evidence that the health burden of antimicrobial resistance has been reduced”.

FVE aims to strengthen collaborations with human and animal healthcare stakeholders to highlight how disease prevention is crucial for reducing the need to use antimicrobials in humans and animals. In that respect FVE will continue to work with EPRUMA, the European Platform on Responsible Use of Medicines in Animals, to ensure that antibiotics will be used ‘as little as possible, as much as necessary’.

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

Poultry Africa confirms its role as the most complete poultry event in Africa The second edition of Poultry Africa, held last October in Kigali, gathered the poultry industry once again for a boutique event format that attracted 70% more exhibitors than the first edition and 2,026 professional visitors over three days. With an increase of 13% of African visitors coming from outside of Rwanda compared to 2017, this event has established itself as the point of reference and as a valuable platform for the sub-Saharan industry. The top five visiting countries, following the hosting country, were Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Ghana, and Ethiopia. Exhibitors could meet the regional decision makers such as farm owners (24% of the visitors) and GM/CEO level members of the industry (19%), but also farm employees, marketing and sales reps, as well as vets, technicians, government reps, associations, and others. Layer and broiler poultry farms represented altogether the 48% of visitor business profiles. Poultry Africa 2019 proved that the Sub-Saharan region is an attractive market: all sectors of the poultry

production supply chain were represented by the 128 international and African exhibitors. The range of products and services showcased at the exhibition makes it the most complete poultry event in Africa.

227 delegates took part in the Leadership Conference.

Throughout the 3 days, more than 22 sessions involving 52 African and international speakers unlocked the debate between regulators, experts, producers and the operators of the industry.

As part of the Technical best practice seminars, the Women in Poultry Business session presented the poultry production in Africa with relation to women involvement in the value chain: how to empower women in rural areas and increase their productivity; financing and training women to increase rural production.

Poultry Africa 2020 will take place on 21-22 October 2020 at the Kenyatta International Convention Centre (KICC).

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www.reventa.de

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

Pirbright scientists demonstrate Marek's disease virus causes ‘addiction’ in cells Researchers from The Pirbright Institute have shown that glutamine, a protein building block, is essential for the replication of Marek's disease virus in chickens. Their study revealed that cells infected with the virus were unable to survive glutamine deprivation, a finding that could be used to develop treatments for the disease. Glutamine, an amino acid, is produced by muscle tissues as a source of energy and to facilitate the creation of vital chemicals in the body. It also provides cells with the nitrogen and carbon needed for cell structure maintenance and growth.

However, healthy cells are able to function without glutamine provided there are other energy sources available.

Published in the Journal of Virology, the researchers demonstrated that the chicken cells infected with Marek's disease virus display an ‘addiction’ to glutamine and are unable to survive in its absence. These results indicate that viral replication depends on the availability of this amino acid.

Dr Shahriar Behboudi, Head of the Avian Immunology group at Pirbright, said: “We found that Marek's disease virus increases uptake of glutamine and switches the cell machinery to use its nitrogen for protein and nucleotide synthesis to replicate. The survival of infected chicken cells becomes dependent on the presence of glutamine, so they exhibit what we term ‘glutamine addiction’.”

Marek's disease virus causes a deadly cancerous disease in chickens. It is a highly contagious and poses a major threat to the poultry industry with losses of up to $2 billion per year worldwide. This latest research brings scientists a step closer to understanding how Marek's disease virus manipulates the cell’s resources to replicate and could inform development of treatments that block glutamine uptake to alleviate infection and reduce the spread of Marek's disease.

Source: The Pirbright Institute

Chicken gene find could help improve vaccines The discovery of a gene active in specialised chicken gut cells paves the way for studies investigating better design of vaccines. cells. The results in studies with chicken cells pave the way for research looking to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines in chickens and at how pathogens invade the body.

Scientists at the Roslin Institute used transgenic reporter chickens — a method for visualising gene expression — to observe the transport of particles and pathogens by specialised epithelial cells. These bear similarities to M cells in mammals, which have the same function. The key difference is the expression of the CSF1R gene in chicken M cells.

A key gene known as CSF1R has been found to be active in specialised epithelial cells, which line the surfaces of tissues in the body. This was an unexpected finding as CSF1R is typically expressed in cells known as macrophages, which detect and kill infection, not in epithelial

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This discovery, published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology and funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, paves the way to studies using the CSF1R gene as a biological indicator of M cells to investigate infection and immunity in chickens.

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Source: The Roslin Institute

WORLDWIDE NEWS

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COMPANY NEWS

New ML180 Loader for an efficient and hygienic design Moba’s new ML180 loader is now available. The ML180 has been especially designed for the Omnia PX180 grading machine. The loader meets the requirements of today’s market such as gentle egg handling, hygienic design and good accessibility. The loader can load 180 cases per hour.

side of the machine, but also on the opposite side. The tray stack infeed conveyors can be oriented towards the left or right as well.

With the introduction of the Omnia PX series, Moba has set a new standard in the industry with regard to three important goals for egg producers: efficiency, hygiene and food safety. With our customers’ need for a complete range of products in mind, Moba introduced the Omnia PX180 in 2018. The grader now comes with a brand-new loader.

speed with the infeed speed resulting in a gentle release of the eggs on the rollers. This drastically reduces the impact on the eggs.

High hygiene standards

The ML180 can load 180 cases per hour on six-row-wide infeeds. It offers everything one would expect from a Moba loader, such as the gentle touch, high hygiene standards and the possibility to configure to ones needs.

The ML loader is constructed in such a way that makes it fully washable.

The open construction makes it possible to clean every aspect of the machine quick and easy: only raising the covers to clean every part of your equipment is needed. The high standards of hygiene are met, but also cleaning time is reduced. This makes the operation as efficient as possible.

Gentle touch

Configure to your needs

The loader is placed at the beginning of the egg grader for grading purposes. Moving the eggs from the trays onto the rollers is a critical process.

The eggs need to be treated gently to avoid cracks to ensure grade A eggs.

Moba accomplishes the gentle touch through the ‘common speed loading’ principle. The loader synchronizes its

Another benefit of the ML180 loader is that the equipment can be configured to specific needs, which creates the ultimate fit into a packing station.

The loader can be constructed in a left- and right-handed configuration, matching the grader layout. The orientation of the destacker or pre-loader can be positioned on the denester

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The ML180 loader is future-ready due to its ability to further automate a packing station. It is possible to equip the ML180 loader with Moba’s Easy Lift, for easy loading stacks of trays, or the MR50 De-Palletizer. The combination of layout choices and additional automation results in maximum flexibility in creating an efficient and future-proof loading solution.

About Moba Group Established in 1947, Moba is the world’s leading producer of high-quality integrated systems for the grading, packaging and processing of eggs. Headquartered in Barneveld, the Netherlands, Moba has a product development department of approximately 100 employees and a factory in which the production of the machines takes place.

Total staff amounts to 850 people.

Thanks to its global sales and service network encompassing offices in Japan, China, Malaysia, Dubai, UK, Germany, France, US, complemented by agents and distributors, Moba is always close to its customers.

For more information: www.moba.net

COMPANY NEWS

VDL Agrotech, sensor for LED lighting now installed on all Valenta control pans VDL Agrotech has developed a unique multi-voltage sensor with built-in LED light for the Valenta control feed pan. This multi-voltage sensor is suitable for both a 24V and 230V connection. The extra LED light is placed on the side of the sensor and is positioned in such a way that, when the sensor is used as the end sensor with our Valenta feed pans, a white light shines into the control pan.

From now on this new sensor is installed on all Valenta control pans.

Operation and benefits of the new end sensor: • White LED light turns on when feed is detected and turns off when no feed is detected; • White LED light shines on the feed, which stimulates the feed intake from the end pan, so that the feed lines are switched on more often; • White LED light prevents feed pans from being empty too long.

The new sensor is recognizable by the blue LED light on the back: • Blue LED light prevents broilers from pecking at the rear of the sensor; • Blue LED light is clearly visible to people, broilers hardly see the blue light.

GI-OVO celebrating the 20th anniversary of the EggsCargoSystem® In 2020, GI-OVO from Barneveld The Netherlands and belonging to the Italian Giordano Holding, celebrates the 20th anniversary of the EggsCargoSystem®. equipment, eggs are optimally protected and processed with the aim of minimizing the percentage of cracked eggs and increasing the productivity.

In addition to the standard EggsCargoSystem ® for the transport of 10,800 eggs, there is the XL tray which is suitable for transporting ducks and turkey eggs and a large number of accessories and options ensuring the widest flexibility and process control.

The EggsCargoSystem ® has been developed to optimally protect consumption and hatching eggs during their journey from the farm to the processing site.

Over the last 20 years, more than 250 million trays have been sold in combination with the pallets and dividers composing the system. All large and medium-sized egg processors and hatcheries worldwide use the EggsCargoSystem ®.

The introduction of the EggsCargoSystem® has brought the egg industry to a new level worldwide. Where a great deal was done by hand in the past, robots are now being used to stack the pallets on and off.

EggsCargoSystem ®, the world’s most reliable system for eggs handling!

Thanks to the development of the EggsCargoSystem® and with that the coming of robots and other peripheral

For more information: www.gi-ovo.com

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

VIV MEA, a pole of attraction for all overseas companies VIV MEA is the international trade show from feed to food for the Middle East and Africa. Situated in the heart of the Middle Eastern Countries, the fair serves as a gateway to the wider Middle East and African region.

VIV MEA 2020 will not only come with an enriched conference program, it will also offer more products and trade opportunities to the MENA region professionals, as it is strongly driven by business. 8000 professional visitors from the Middle East, Africa, but also the Indian continent and Asia, will be joining the event.

More exhibiting companies With over 430 exhibiting companies from more than 40 countries, VIV MEA 2020 has expanded into an extra hall at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Center for a total of 17,500 sqm gross and an increase of 17% in terms of number of exhibitors.

VIV MEA was launched in 2016 as a biennial hub dedicated to serving animal protein providers from the Middle East and Africa to Iran and the countries of the Indian sub-continent.

Good reviews from exhibitors and visitors has set the seal on a successful second edition of regional feed-to-food trade show VIV MEA. Their comments about the February 2018 event confirmed the value of having a truly professional and international show.

3rd Edition: a proven track record In around three months, VIV MEA returns to Abu Dhabi for the third time. This international event is ready to bring this coming March an even wider exhibition to the heart of the Middle East, in Abu Dhabi.

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This means more room for companies from feed to food, the full animal husbandry supply chain, to meet onsite.

Enriched conferences The VIV MEA 2020 conference program includes sessions and seminars covering dairy, fish, poultry & eggs, cattle and calves, goat, and camels.

For its third edition this international show will feature a World Leadership Conference, where high-level industry speakers will be invited and key topics for the MENA region will be addressed.

Venue: ADNEC, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Dates: 9-11 March 2020 Opening hours: 10:00 - 18:00 hrs www.vivmea.nl

VIV MEA PREVIEW

AVIAGEN showcases “Breeding Sustainability” at VIV MEA 2020 Aviagen ® welcomes customers and the industry to hall 10, booth U025 at VIV MEA 2020 in Abu Dhabi. Regional customer support teams for all brands will be present from Turkey, the Middle East and Africa. Aviagen will exhibit its core product offerings, Arbor Acres ®, Indian River ®, Ross ® and Rowan Range ® available to customers in the region.

Aviagen has a long-term commitment and investment strategy in technology and innovation designed to produce and support the best performance portfolio of breeding stock and sustainability benefits for the industry. Through

genetic advancements and balanced poultry breeding, we help to sustain the world’s growing population with a nutritious source of protein, while at the same time lessening the impact of poultry production on the environment.

We look forward to seeing you in Abu Dhabi!

Hall 10 – Booth U025 info@aviagen.com – www.aviagen.com

BARBIERI’s wide range of products The production of egg conveyor belts, extruded belts and ropes is the final act of a long process that begins with the choice of the best raw materials and continues with the production of high-quality yarn.

Barbieri offers its customers a wide range of products: • Egg conveyor belts made of polypropylene, polyester in different colors and measures from 50mm till 360mm; • Extruded perforated polypropylene egg conveyor belt in width from 200mm to 500mm;

• Manure belt in different thickness starting from 0,8mm to 3mm and widths starting from 500mm to 2500mm; • Perforated manure belt for dry systems; • Perforated polypropylene floor for broiler cages; • Polypropylene, polyester and polyethylene ropes in various sizes for feeding and drinking systems.

Hall 08 – Booth H014 info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieri-belts.com

BIG DUTCHMAN: Turn key expertise and many topics more Big Dutchman is looking forward to welcoming many guests at the VIV MEA 2020 in Abu Dhabi. The impressive booth of the German equipment supplier in hall 8 provides much room for intensive technical discussions. Poultry managers from the region can expect a large number of clever innovations and well thought-out solutions for their farms. The central topic are turn key livestock houses.

Hall 08 – Booth F011 info@bigdutchman.de www.bigdutchman.com

Intelligent solutions for poultry production

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

CARFED SA •

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CARFED SA, the well-known Swiss-Italian group worldwide leader in live poultry transport crates will exhibit plastic crates for transport of live turkeys and ducks. Turkeys and ducks are more and more spread in the Developing countries. Some different live turkey and duck crates are available at CARFED SA: + MAXICARFED Code 43 not collapsible crate with 3 side doors (cms 99x58x42).

This crate has 4 sides and bottom moulded in one piece so extremely strong and long lasting (monoblock). MAXICARFED crate can be used also with no lid (open top) as a Basket.

• MULTI 100 “T” collapsible crate (cms 97x58x42) available also as Basket (Open Top, no lid) and with solid or perforated bottom.

• MULTI 110 “T” collapsible crate (cms 108x58x42) available in the same styles of MULTI 100 “T” so as Basket as well (open top) and with solid or perforated bottom.

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For sure the MAXICARFED Code 43 is the worldwide strongest turkey crate, much stronger of any collapsible/knocked down crate: lasting 3 times the normal life of a collapsible crate and we know as we have the MULTI 100 and 110 “T”, it means that you save 2 times the price of a crate.

Day old chick boxes, egg transport crates, egg trays, trays for processed birds suitable for freezing at -40 °C will be exhibited as well.

Reliability, financial strength, top level quality worldwide are main features of CARFED SA.

Besides visitors will find all other crates of the wide range of CARFED SA at the booth, including:

• The collapsible Baskets (open top crates) MULTI 100 (cms 97x58x27) and MULTI 100 crates with different

COBB-VANTRESS Cobb-Vantress, Inc. is the world’s oldest pedigree broiler breeding company. Founded in 1916, Cobb is one of the world’s leading suppliers of broiler breeding stock with distribution into over 120 countries. Cobb has contributed to the dynamic efficiency and growth of an industry that has transformed chicken into an economically affordable healthy protein source for many of the over 7.5 billion people in the world.

Hall 10 – Booth T011 info@cobb-europe.com – www.cobb-vantress.com

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lids of same size to transport live chickens.

The collapsible Baskets MULTI 110 (cms 108x58x27) for live chicken transport and MULTI 110 crates with different lids of the same size.

The MULTI 100 OS MX collapsible crate (cms 97x58x27) with no closed corners and big top swinging Maximatic door cms 37x33: better air circulation and washing. The best for hot countries. Only six parts: easier assembling for unskilled people.

The MONDIALCARFED Code 46 collapsible for live chicken transport crate (cms 80x60x28).

The SUPER CARFED Code 40 not collapsible crate (Monoblock) available with 3 small doors on the three sides and big top door (cms 99x58x26) or with only 2 or 3 doors (code 37 and 38).

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Hall 07 – Booth C017 info@carfed.it www.carfed.ch

VIV MEA PREVIEW

Facco (worldwide presence in over 75 countries) will be pleased to share its knowledge in the poultry field, focused on vertical cages products including the new battery system C5. Facco solutions are developed following the new technological trends coming from the evolution of the poultry industry market. These changes are well construed thanks to the strong Facco’s customers relationship.

Highly qualified in Turnkey Solutions, Facco will be your partner in designing, analyzing data and managing projects using the most advanced technologies developed internally for your SMART FARM. Keeping the highest quality as our standard, we will welcome you at our stand with our warmest, professional and friendly hospitality.

FACCO Food quality requires today innovation skills and focus on the whole supply chain, from feed to egg.

VIV MEA 2020 will give the opportunity to discuss and share ideas and Facco, for over 60 years world leader in the poultry field, will welcome you in booth E011 hall 7, with the complete range of avant-garde poultry solutions.

Hall 07 – Booth E011 facco@facco.net – www.facco.net

to do so as time goes by so that no leaks occur. The accuracy and consistency of this process is often lacking in inexpensive nipples, with the result that the nipples leak over time and soon must be replaced.

Impex is one of the largest nipple manufacturers in the world and is based in Barneveld, in the Netherlands, which is renowned throughout the world as the centre of poultry expertise. From here, Impex is committed to providing poultry farmers worldwide with high-quality drinking systems. For almost 50 years Impex has guaranteed quality and excellent service, and its products are distributed all over the world through an extensive network of experienced dealers.

Visit IMPEX at the VIV MEA 2020, booth 7.F030!

Clean, fresh drinking water is extremely important for a broiler and contributes to optimal production results. Unfortunately, this is still often overlooked by poultry farmers. It is important to think carefully about the right water supply for your poultry, because a poor-quality drinking system and incorrect management can not only cause health problems but also have considerable financial consequences.

The production of these first-class nipples takes place at the company’s own factory, near Frankfurt, Germany. This ultramodern production facility produces more than 30 million drinking nipples annually for the poultry sector and others. With the most modern machines and the latest technologies, Impex will continue to be able to deliver high-quality drinking systems that meet the company’s three cornerstone values: Innovation, Service and Quality.

Our expert team will be present during VIV MEA at booth 07.F030 to answer all your questions regarding drinking water management and are more than happy to help you find the right solution for your poultry production. See you there!

The drinking water system is often only a small part of the total investment in a new poultry house. At Impex, experience has shown that the drinking water system generally receives too little attention and too often corners are cut in this area to achieve small cost savings, with all the associated consequences. After all, a poor-quality drinking system can lead to serious problems.

The production of a drinking nipple is very precise, because it is very important that the nipple closes perfectly, and it must continue

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Hall 07 – Booth F030 info@impex.nl – www.impex.nl

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

more than half a century to reach a very international dimension, both in sales and in production. Giordano Poultry Plast is glad to introduce its new Automatic Drinking Lines. The system has been upgraded starting with the pipe that goes from rounded to square shape 28x28 mm. This will provide a better result, not only during the use but also for washing at the cycle end. Also the pipes were changed as all plastic accessories and nipple. This new Automatic Drinking Line will also be easy to install, firstly because all the screws were eliminated and due to the larger space between the metal support and the plastic water pipe. The system includes “Super Drop” for broiler, “Pendolo Line” for Turkey and Duck (they will have different cups), completed by our already popular “Giro Line”, a combination of 2 drinking lines with only 1 metal support (mainly used in the French market).

GIORDANO Poultry Plast Giordano Poultry Plast, a leading multinational plastic moulding company, specialized in the production of poultry equipment, will be present at the upcoming edition of the VIV-MEA. Established in 1962 under the name of Avicolplastica and since 1974 as Giordano Poultry Plast, a handicraft company specializing in plastic equipment for poultry farming, the company has grown regularly over

Hall 07 – Booth B037 info@poultryplast.com – www.poultryplast.com

JAMESWAY Incubator Company, Inc. A hatchery that consistently performs well relies on equipment that is energy efficient, easy to use, install and maintain. Our practical and great performing machines are designed by hatchery experts to meet those needs and your bottom line. Jamesway is the partner you can rely on to consistently hatch high quality chicks.

Join us at Stand 10.T009 to see our Platinum 2.0 Single-Stage machines which allow you to produce the highest quality day-old chicks, ducklings and poults.

Hall 10 – Booth T009 sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com

FLEXY, Italian Poultry Equipment Established in 1998 has a wide experience on all the processes related to egg transportation and management. Our wide range of products includes the egg conveyor EGGWAY (available also with our lifter), communal nest FAMILY NEST (one of the best in the market) and semi-automatic nests, EGG TABLE, the FMDS (manure drying system) and the BROILER WAY (conveyor for chickens).

Hall 07 – Booth C015 info@flexy.it www.flexy.it

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

HUBBARD Conventional and Premium; Your Choice, Our Commitment!

Hubbard has introduced the Hubbard Efficiency Plus for the conventional broiler markets looking for the efficient production of hatching eggs and chicks, fast broiler growth, low feed conversion, good conformation and uniformity.

With the Hubbard Premium product range, Hubbard is worldwide choice for speciality markets and offers a large portfolio of products with colour differentiation, slow(er) growth and excellent robustness.

Hall 10 – Booth T005 contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com – www.hubbardbreeders.com

INTRACARE on pole position at VIV MEA Intracare will be present at the 3rd edition of the VIV MEA in Abu Dhabi from March 9-11, 2020. We will welcome most of the distributors, integrators and opinion leaders from the Middle East & African region at our booth in hall 8, booth L011.

Intracare, a GMP pharma grade company, has a strong focus on reducing or completely replacing antibiotics. Rewarded as one of The Netherlands’ most innovative companies, Intracare has solutions to guarantee clean drinking water, to battle Avian Influenza and other animal diseases. Their aim is to improve animal health, performance and welfare: topics of eminent importance for this region.

For us the VIV MEA platform will be the hotspot to share our pioneering innovations and rewarded products with the leading decision makers in the poultry and dairy industry.

Hall 08 – Booth L011 info@intracare.nl – www.intracare.nl

JANSEN Poultry Equipment The JPE BroMaxx ® guarantees broiler producers low production costs, easy management and high performance by creating healthy circumstances. The BroMaxx takes the manure, full of bacteria and ammonia, away from the birds. The smart harvesting methods result in significant saving on labour and a higher return on your investment!

BroMaxx broiler colony system This revolutionary system maximizes broiler production in a healthy and clean environment and reduces the use of antibiotics to an absolute minimum.

Premium+ laying nest The high nest acceptance, minimal amount of floor eggs and use of high quality materials make the Premium+ laying nest the best selling nest worldwide.

Check www.jpe.org for more information

Complete solutions for poultry production Follow us on:

www.jpe.org

- january 2020 -

Hall 07 – Booth B025 info@jpe.org www.jpe.org

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

NEWPHARM will present at VIV MEA 2020 a wide range of innovative and environmentally friendly insecticides and disinfectants

Newpharm is an Italian leading company active in the production and marketing of pest control and environmental disinfection solutions. At VIV MEA 2020 Newpharm will present a wide range of green, safe and effective products for pests and virus control in the livestock and food industries. Newpharm is a future-focused company interested in bringing forward low environmental impact solutions. De facto, Newpharm will launch two new fly control products: the ecological bait FLYREX® GRANULI and Larvmeth ®, an effective Iarvicide against mosquito larvae

and mealworms. FLYREX® GRANULES, thanks to its natural formulation in small, water-soluble, handy envelopes, attracts different species of flies and blowflies from considerable distances, creating dense clusters of insects. For the larvae control in livestock industries, Newpharm suggests Larvmeth ®, an insect growth regulator larvicide (IGR) specifically thought for larvae, neither toxic for humans nor animals. A complete disinfection of livestock environments can be achieved through the use of Viroster ® Veterinary. It has a neutral pH and is suitable for all washable

surfaces. This product has immediate effects and destroys all microorganisms, including spores. For the food industries, Newpharm suggests Amminorex ®. With a wide range of disinfectant action against bacteria, fungi and viruses, even at low temperatures, it has been specifically thought for the meat processing industry.

Newpharm will present a professional equipment for the pest control and disinfection of environments. Mist AerSan ® guarantees ultra-low volume sprayings on the entire interested area, reaching also the higher corners and cracks in the infested environment. Cannon Aer-San ® is ideal for ULV sprayings on wide areas and can dispense concentrated and readyto-use products. Newpharm will show its new branding which reflects the rebranding of the different branches of the Newpharm Group. It will be possible to discover the most innovative solutions which have been thought by the different industrial and manufacturing sectors, in particular in the post-harvest grain storage, in the livestock activity and in the pest control and disinfection of environments.

Hall 09 – Booth T050 info@newpharm.it – www.newpharm.it

SmartStart™ early feeding SmartStart™ from Pas Reform enables hatchery managers to apply post-hatch feeding where it will have most benefit. It comprises two key elements that can be applied individually or together: precision feeding and intelligent lighting. The system is easily integrated into existing hatcheries and can be applied to some or all flocks; in one, two, or all hatchers.

For more information visit our website www.pasreform.com/smartstart

Hall 10 – Booth T002 info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com/smartstart

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

MAREL transforming Arabian poultry processing During VIV MEA 2020, Marel Poultry will focus on semi and full automation of poultry processing, as this is the road ahead for many Arabian processors. In Arabian and East-African countries, processing plants are growing in size. Therefore, their level of automation needs to increase too. Marel Poultry is able to supply made-to-measure systems and services that provide exactly the right level of automation.

Marel will zoom in on plucking, evisceration, grading and distribution as well as water treatment.

Hall 09 – Booth R011 info.poultry@marel.com – www.marel.com/poultry

SPECHT Ten Elsen GmbH Co. KG Since 1961, SPECHT Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG provides a great variety of battery models for rearing, egg production, parent stock and broiler growing. Today, the company is a leading developer and manufacturer of poultry equipment and helps successfully to maintain the German high-quality image «Made in Germany» around the world.

Apart from this product range, SPECHT offers the complete equipment as ventilation, heating and cooling system, etc. High professionalism and deep knowledge accumulated over many years qualify us to find the best solution for the various problems associated with the planning of new poultry farms as well as the reconstruction of existing ones, taking into account all specific conditions individually for each poultry farm.

Hall 09 – Booth P011 info@specht-tenelsen.de – www.specht-tenelsen.de

Let’s see you at our booth!

VDL Agrotech At VIV MEA 2020 we will show the Valenta Flow Slider. A unique feed pan which makes it possible to dose around 1.5kg extra fresh feed in the opened feed pans prior to the DOC’s arrival. Around 0.5kg will flow over the edge on the floor stimulating feed accessibility for all DOC’s, without extra labor cost and need for chick paper. We will also present the Matrix, Chainovation and PoulDry installation.

We look forward to welcome you at our stand!

Hall 07 – Booth B029 marketing@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

dling to Deboning and for line speeds from 1,500 to 15,000 birds per hour.

One of the highlights at the show is the new Rapid Plus breast deboner M5.0 with its semi-automatic loading of front halves. Automated breast deboning with the Rapid means significant labor reduction of up to 28 FTE per shift and provides undamaged back meat harvesting up to 35 grams per bird.

The Meyn specialists find the best solution for every customer. Not only for equipment but also the lay-out of the plant and the complementary services to keep the line running. Through Meyn’s subsidiary in Riyadh, Meyn has a deep understanding of the local poultry markets for better service and agility.

Welcome to Meyn – “Innovating the future.”

MEYN and MAVITEC join forces at VIV MEA 2020 From March 9th to 11th these companies welcome all visitors at their shared booth R038 in hall 9. Visitors can learn everything

Hall 09 – Booth R038 sales@meyn.com – www.meyn.com

about the poultry processing solutions of Meyn. From Live bird han-

PETERSIME Petersime offers world-leading incubation and hatchery solutions with one aim: helping customers reach maximum results for the lifetime of their hatchery.

Meet Petersime’s dedicated crew of specialists at VIV MEA and discover the new Virtual BioStreamer™ Incubator, alongside the company’s wide range of state-of-the-art single-stage incubators.

Hall 10 – Booth T025 info@petersime.com www.petersime.com

SKA SKA’s history runs parallel with modern poultry industry.

With our inventions and continuous technical innovations, we have marked fundamental evolutionary changes in the field. Come and meet us at booth P011 hall 9 – VIV-Mea 2020, March 9-11.

We will show you our complete range of floor equipment. Different solutions to make your poultry farm more efficient and profitable.

Hall 09 – Booth P011 ska@ska.it www.ska.it

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- VIV MEA Preview -

VIV MEA PREVIEW

OMAZ VIV MEA 2020 will be a strategical expo for OMAZ. The Middle East has always been a crucial area for OMAZ and this show is the best way to keep going this way. In our stand we will show our system for layers, the Space International AirP64.

It’s particularly strong and easy to assemble. It is available in three different variants and 100% made in Italy. OMAZ supplies turnkey systems for commercial laying hens, broilers and chicks with fully automatic systems for poultry management.

Hall 08 – Booth J014 omaz@omaz.com – www.omaz.com

RIVER SYSTEMS River Systems s.r.l. proudly confirms its participation at VIV MEA show, where Nebula, our ultrasonic humidifier for egg incubators, returns after winning numerous awards as best innovation. We look forward to presenting also our new incubator, ET-Super: it has a new display, interior light, 3 speeds ventilation and it shows the incubation day. Of course, our other renewed products and services won’t be left out.

Hall 07 – Booth C040 info@riversystems.it – www.riversystems.it

ROXELL The Roxell feeder pan is known as a symbol of high quality and innovation. Around the pan, there is a full line of systems for poultry houses. By combining Roxell products, you can elevate the feed conversion and profitability:

• silos, auger systems, weighers, controllers and feed systems • automated drinking systems: nipples or cups • automated nests: spacious, sturdy, and animal-friendly • ventilation

Hall 07 – Booth D012 info@roxell.com – www.roxell.com

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

house. For succesful hatching egg production it is therefore essential to create the conditions that allow this behaviour. This is what we do at the Vencomatic Group. More than 30 years of experience have enabled Vencomatics poultry professionals to design nest systems that perfectly match the need of breeding birds.

At VIV MEA we present our Grando Nest, a spacious nest, offering a solution for the bigger broiler breeders of today. The nest has a wide entry that makes it easily accessible for the birds, resulting in a maximum nest acceptance. The smart nest design ensures quick assembly, easy access to essential elements for maintenance, and thorough cleaning.

Let’s meet and find out how our innovations can help you to get the most out of your poultry business.

We look forward to see you at our booth!

VENCOMATIC GROUP A hen has the natural desire to breed. To enhance her chance for offspring she will look for a safe, clean and sheltered place to lay her eggs. She will demonstrate this same behaviour in a breeder

Hall 07 – Booth D007 info@vencomaticgroup.com – vencomaticgroup.com

VALLI VALLI provides a wide range of products for laying birds from “A” frame cages for tropical climate countries, to manure belted systems with/without manure drying, Enrichable/Enriched multi-tier and Aviary systems to match the requirements of EEC welfare regulations.

VALLI also supplies rearing in standard and aviary configuration, parent stock and broiler cages.

Care, durability, flexibility, reliability and service are five concepts that deeply reflect VALLI’s approach.

Valli is pleased to invite you to VIV MEA 2020 at Abu Dhabi from 9 to 11 March 2020.

Hall 07 – Booth D025 info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com

VICTORIA Incubators

successfully been taking part for many editions at this important appointment. On this occasion, Victoria will present the last born, newly conceived incubator for 20.000 eggs of capacity, the final result of our constant research aimed to the expansion of the already wide range of incubators we supply. The Victoria focus will be, as well on the important novelties lastly introduced, on the new control board and the special trolleys. The processing of Victoria machinery is unique and customized to our customers’ needs: in fact, each model is designed and manufactured to achieve the maximum results while conserving energy. Victoria is pleased to invite all the customers to take vision of the new products & novelties that will be presented during this important event.

Incubator 64.800 eggs VICTORIA, a world leader in the production of egg incubators since almost 100 years now, renews its participation to the next VIV MEA 2020. The company, present on the market since 1924, has

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INCUBATORS SPECIALIST SINCE 1924

Hall 09 – Booth P011 victoria@victoria-srl.com – www.incubatricivictoria.com

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VIV MEA PREVIEW

VIV MEA 2020 ABU DHABI, U.A.E. MARCH 9-11

3 RD

EDITION

INTERNATIONAL TRADE SHOW FROM FEED TO FOOD FOR THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

& WORLD LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE ON MARCH 8

SHOW PARTNERS

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WWW.VIV.NET

- january 2020 -

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©ACDI/VOCA

FIELD REPORT

New Trade Agreement to impact Africa’s poultry industry The African Union, a continental organization of 55 African countries, has recently launched the operational phase of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which is expected to be the world’s largest free trade area on account of the number of countries, in bid to establish a single market for traded goods such as poultry and poultry products and trade services.

By Shem Oirere

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The AfCFTA Agreement, which comes at a time when Intra-Africa trade has been historically low with exports within the region estimated at 16.6% of total exports in 2017, compared with 68% in Europe and 59% in Asia, promises to create “a clear, transparent, predictable and mutually-advantageous rules to govern trade in goods and services, competition policy, investment and intellectual property.”

- field report -

FIELD REPORT

The Agreement also coincides an attempt by some poultry producers in the continent to review their poultry sector trade policies to stimulate growth in production and cut down on imports of poultry products into the continent.

Although the AfCFTA Agreement has outlined how the signatory countries will work together on matters of customs procedures, trade facilitation, notification of national trade regulating measures, monitoring of compliance, new negotiations, trade remedies and safeguards, standards, non-tariff barriers, regulation of service providers, as well as dispute resolution, it is not yet clear how sensitive sectors such as poultry is likely to be impacted.

The biggest challenge currently is the huge differentials in tariffs among Africa poultry producers and divergent import regulations that have been linked to smuggling of poultry products across the countries’ borders and stifled growth in other markets with huge potential for expansion.

For example, the West Africa country of Benin, which is one of the AfCFTA members, imported Euro 80 million worth of fresh, chilled and frozen poultry meat from the European Union in 2018, with a 13.7% decline from the Euro 102 million it imported in 2017. Subsequently, more than 80% of these imports are sent to the neighbouring Nigerian market.

The EU is not exporting directly to Nigeria because of the country’s existing restrictive ban on imports of frozen

DRINKERS

TRANSPORT CAGES

poultry meat to protect the local market.

“If trend is not checked and brought under control, the huge investments in poultry industry might be rendered unproductive and economy brought to total collapse,” said a previous Nigerian government statement on the entry from Benin of cheap EU frozen poultry meat.

With the AfCFTA Agreement, African countries will have to agree on a common tariff for poultry products imports to protect the region’s industry from collapsing while at the same time encouraging fair competition with other global poultry producers.

Furthermore, some poultry producers such as Ghana, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya and Mozambique have previously imposed separate bans on importation of poultry products including from other African countries that have experienced Avian Influenza outbreaks or importing from European, North American and Asian countries with similar disease outbreaks.

However, the various bans on these poultry product imports have seen a proliferation of cross-border smuggling and shortages forcing governments such as Ghana to lift the suspension of import licensing system for poultry meat to address falling supply of the food products in the country.

Previously, South Africa relied on the EU poultry meat imports, which because they usually come in as ‘cut and butchered’ are more affordable and convenient for con-

FEEDERS

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- january 2020 -

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FIELD REPORT

“With the AfCFTA Agreement, African countries will have to agree on a common tariff for poultry products imports to protect the region’s industry from collapsing while at the same time encouraging fair competition with other global poultry producers”

sumers hence having a competitive edge over the locally processed poultry products.

The government has now launched a team to develop an action plan around the new AfCFTA that would also come up with proposals on how the country can support the continent’s trade in poultry and poultry products while at the same time protecting the growth and performance of the domestic market, which employs an estimated 50,000 people.

“We need find a road to a more competitive, inclusive industry employing more South Africans (and) there are opportunities for us to sell more chicken meat in other parts of the world, increase our capacity and bring down prices for local consumers,” said Ebrahim Patel, South Africa’s Minister of Trade and Industry.

However, the country’s Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development Minister, Ms Thoko Didiza said in early November poultry production “has been static for the last decade despite the fact that consumption has continued to grow.”

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“This has happened because imported poultry has come into the economy in large quantities, displacing South African meat especially at the lower end,” she said during the launch of South Africa’s master plans in the poultry sector, which is part of President Cyril Ramaphosa’s re-imagined industrial strategy for South Africa.

Heads of State and government meeting in South Africa on November 6 during this year’s Africa Investment Forum supported AfCFTA saying the Agreement is “a historic development that promises to fundamentally reshape African economies.”

“The Continental Free Trade Area will improve access to existing markets and lead to the creation of new ones,” said Ramaphosa who was accompanied by Rwanda’s President Paul Kagame and Ghana’s President Nana Akufo-Addo.

Africa’s poultry market is estimated to be worth US$15 billion with much growth expected in Ethiopia, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Malawi, Senegal and Cote d’Ivoire.

- field report -

FIELD REPORT

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MARKETING

Patterns of trade flows in egg exports and imports – Part 4 The fourth part of the series will present patterns of trade flows for some of the leading egg exporting and importing countries. have various reasons. Several outbreaks of the Avian Influenza virus (2003, 2017) which resulted in import bans had considerable impacts on egg exports by the Netherlands.

The banning of conventional cages in Germany as early as 2010 resulted in a sharp increase of German’s imports from the Netherlands. When the transformation to alternative housing systems was completed, imports decreased again. Because of the growing per capita consumption Germany had to raise its imports again from 2012 on.

The Dutch - German trade cluster

Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is Professor Emeritus and Scientific Director of the Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Industry (wing) Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Germany

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A first case study will deal with the egg exports and imports of the Netherlands and Germany. Between these two countries a close exchange of eggs has developed.

The Netherlands have been the leading egg exporting country and Germany the leading egg importing country for several decades.

The close market relations developed because of the direct neighborhood of the main egg producing provinces in the Netherlands and the population agglomerations along the river Rhine in Germany. Over the years, egg trade between the two countries reached volumes which do not have a parallel worldwide Figure 6 documents the considerable fluctuations of the Dutch egg exports and the German egg imports. The ups and down

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Figure 6 – The development of egg exports by the Netherlands and egg imports by Germany between 2006 and 2017. (Source: FAO database design: A. Veauthier).

In Table 27, the Dutch egg exports and egg imports for 2016 are listed by country. Of the total export volume 65.8% were directed to Germany, followed by Belgium, Switzerland and the Russian Federation. With a share of 49.1% Germany was also the leading country of origin for egg imports, followed

MARKETING

by Belgium and Poland. The composition of the leading countries of destination for the exports and countries of origin for the imports show the focus on European countries, mainly EU member countries. Exports to countries outside Europe were only of minor importance. An exception was the year 2015 when over 5,200 t of eggs for further processing were exported to the USA. Because of the disastrous impacts of the AI outbreaks in the Midwest in 2015, U.S. egg processors had to import eggs to fulfil their contracts for egg products.

Table 27 – The ten leading countries of destination for Netherlands’ egg exports and countries of origin for Netherlands’ egg imports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

Exports

Imports

Country

Volume

Share (%)

Country

Volume

Germany

230,144

65.8

Germany

93,450

49.1

Belgium

34,764

9.9

Belgium

42,782

22.5

17,255

4.9

Poland

19,241

10.1

Russian F.

15,843

4.5

France

13,351

7.0

France

8,591

2.5

Spain

9,827

5.2

Italy

5,487

1.6

Un. Kingdom

4,998

2.6

Un. Kingdom

5,042

1.4

Denmark

2,091

1.1

Poland

4,723

1.4

Italy

2,002

1.1

UAE

3,939

1.1

USA

1,430

0.8

Austria

3,682

1.1

Portugal

583

0.3

10 countries

329,470

94.2

10 countries

189,755

*99.7

Total

349,726

100.0

Total

190,319

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding Table 28 – The ten leading countries of origin for Germany’s egg imports and countries of destination for Germany’s egg exports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

Imports

Exports

Volume

Share (%)

Netherlands

313,429

Poland Belgium

Country

Volume

Share (%)

71.1

Netherlands

93,450

59.9

85,009

19.3

Belgium

8,876

5.7

18,819

4.3

Austria

7,846

5.0

Denmark

6,267

1.4

Un. Kingdom

7,328

4.7

Spain

4,786

1.1

Poland

6,290

4.0

France

3,382

0.8

Switzerland

5,760

3.7

Hungary

2,382

0.5

Russian F.

5,440

3.5

Czech Rep.

2,240

0,5

Denmark

3,245

2.1

Latvia

1,820

0.4

Hungary

3,162

2.0

Un. Kingdom

1,525

0.3

France

2,627

1.7

10 countries

439,659

*99.7

10 countries

144,024

92.3

Total

440,776

100.0

Total

155,955

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

The German trade relations were focused on EU member countries. Eggs were not imported from non-EU countries. In 2016, only Switzerland and the Russian Federation were countries of destination for egg exports, but because of the Russian import ban on agricultural products from the EU, from 2017 on exports to the Russian Federation were no longer possible.

Share (%)

Switzerland

Country

The close bilateral trade relations between the Netherlands and Germany are also documented in Table 28 and Figure 7. In 2016, 71.1% of Germany´s egg imports came from the Netherlands and 59.9% of the egg exports were directed to the Netherlands. Poland gained considerable market shares over the past years and it is expected that imports will further increase.

The Malaysia – Singapore trade cluster A similar trade cluster developed in Asia between Malaysia and Singapore. Figure 9 and Tables 29 and 30 document the close interdependence between Malaysia’s exports and Singapore’s imports Table 29 – The five leading countries of destination for Malaysia’s egg exports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

Country of destination

Exports

Share (%)

Singapore

91,743

87.8

Hong Kong

9,674

9.3

Timor Este

1,622

1.6

Myanmar

532

0.5

Brunei Darussalam

510

0.5

5 countries

104,081

*99.6

Total

104,529

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding Table 30 – The five leading countries of origin for Singapore’s egg imports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

Country of origin

Imports

Share (%)

Malaysia

92,542

96.1

China

2,308

2.4

Vietnam

1,027

1.1

New Zealand

259

0.3

Thailand

95

< 0.1

5 countries

96,231

99.9

Total

96,278

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

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MARKETING

were mainly directed to EU member countries. The five leading countries of destination were all members of the EU (Table 32). Together they shared 73.0% of the total export volume, the three leading countries alone 59.2%. Figure 10 documents the completely different trade flow patterns of the two countries. It is obvious that they did not compete with each other in the global egg market.

Table 31 – The five leading countries of destination for Turkey´s egg exports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FA0 data).

Figure 7 – Trade flows of egg exports by the Netherlands and egg imports by Germany in 2016. (Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

Two very successful newcomers in global egg trade In Part 1 it could be shown that besides the Netherlands two newcomers, Turkey and Poland, gained considerable shares in global egg

Figure 8 – The development of Malaysia´s egg exports and Singapore´s egg imports between 2006 and 2016. (Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

30

exports (see Table 5). Together they contributed 26.3% to global egg exports in 2016.

Table 31 documents that the Turkish egg industry profited from the collapse of the egg industries in Iraq and Syria resulting from the military conflicts. Over 90% of the egg exports went to these two countries.

Other countries of destination were located in Western and Central Asia and in Africa. But with the exception of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates exports to these countries were only of minor importance. It is obvious that Islamic countries were the main markets. The trade flows of Turkey’s egg exports are shown in Figure 10.

In contrast to Turkey, Poland exported eggs to 49 countries. The exports

- marketing -

Country of destination

Exports

Share (%)

Iraq

245,542

84.9

Syria

16,791

5.8

UAE

9,068

3.1

S. Arabia

6,222

2.2

Azerbaijan

3,081

1.1

5 countries

280,704

*97.1

Total

289,346

100.0

*Sum does not add because of rounding Table 32 – The five leading countries of destination for Poland´s egg exports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FAO data).

Country of destination

Exports

Share (%)

Germany

66,752

28.5

Netherlands

47,365

20.2

Italy

24,705

10.5

Czech Republic

19,771

8.4

Hungary

12,576

5.4

5 countries

171,169

73.0

Total

234,567

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

Wide trade nets - USA and Hong Kong In a third case study, the trade patterns of U.S. egg exports and Hong Kong’s egg imports will be analysed.

They are specific because of their almost global trade relations.

MARKETING

Facco Libera CAGE FREE

Figure 9 – The trade flows of Malaysia´s egg exports and Singapore´s egg imports in 2016. (Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

In Figure 11 the trade flows of egg exports by the USA and Hong Kong's egg imports in 2016 are documented. Between 2006 and 2016 U.S. egg exports increased by 76,428 t or 103.4%. A peak was reached with over 183,000 t in 2014. Because of the impacts of the AI outbreaks in 2015, exports decreased in 2015 and 2016.

To fulfil their contracts, egg processing companies had to import shell eggs for further processing. Between 2014 and 2015 imports increased from 10,350 t to almost 55,000 t. Shell eggs were mainly imported from the two NAFTA member countries and the EU. Hong Kong’s egg imports grew by 66,081 t or 78.7% in the analysed decade. From 2014 on imports increased much faster than in the preceding years, obviously a result of a higher consumption as the domestic production remained at the same level.

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MARKETING

In 2016, the USA exported eggs to 78 countries. Only Poland had a similar wide trade net. Despite the large number of countries, the ten leading countries of destination shared 92.0% in the total export volume, the two NAFTA member countries alone 52.8% (Table 33). A detailed analysis of all countries would show that exports focused on East and Western Asia, Central America and some African countries.

Table 33 – The ten leading countries of destination for egg exports by the USA in 2016; data in t. (Source: FAO database).

Country of destination

Exports

Share (%)

Mexico

48,316

32.1

Canada

31,173

20.7

Hong Kong

24,360

16.2

Jamaica

16,922

11.3

Trinidad and Tobago

6,921

4.6

Un. Arab Emirates

3,956

2.6

Guyana

3,258

2.2

Bahamas

1,248

0.8

Barbados

1,181

0.8

Haiti

1,072

0.7

10 countries

138,407

92.0

Total

150,368

100.0

Table 34 – The ten leading countries of origin for Hong Kong´s egg imports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FA0 data).

Country of origin

Imports

Share (%)

China

84,032

56.0

USA

33,921

22.6

Thailand

11,530

7.7

Malaysia

8,985

6.0

Spain

3,324

2.2

Japan

3,125

2.1

France

1,270

0.8

Viet Nam

875

0.6

Netherlands

500

0.3

New Zealand

454

0.3

10 countries

148,016

*98.7

Total

150,008

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

32

Figure 10 – The trade flows of Turkey´s and Poland´s egg exports in 2016.

(Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

Hong Kong imported eggs from 27 countries in 2016, only Germany and the Netherlands had similar wide trade relations. Despite the remarkable large number of countries of origin, the ten leading countries contributed 98.7% to the total import volume (Table 34), China and the USA together 78.6%. The dominance of China with 56.0% was to be expected. Figure 11 documents the trade flows of the two countries to their main trade partners.

- marketing -

The main results of Part 4 are as follows: • Global egg trade flows in 2016 showed various spatial patterns, reaching from narrow clusters to global nets.

• Two major trade clusters developed over the past two decades. The trade relations between the Netherlands and Germany are of particular importance because of the high trade volumes.

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MARKETING

tries were able to generate a surplus over their own demand because of highly efficient production systems.

It can be expected that the volume of traded eggs will also in future grow faster than production. The increasing demand in several developing countries cannot be met by their domestic production. Political and economic instability, military conflicts, the lack of capital and know how as well as limited feed resources are the main limiting factors. This is a chance for the OIC and some NIC to develop markets for their surplus. A growth of egg trade is a good way to supply a growing population in the developing countries with the valuable egg protein. Nevertheless, efforts should be supported to increase egg production in these countries.

References Figure 11 – The trade flows of egg exports by the USA and egg imports by Hong Kong in 2016. (Source: FAO database; design: A. Veauthier).

• The cluster which developed between Malaysia and Singapore is younger and the traded volumes are smaller. The bilateral dependence of the two countries was, however, even higher than that between the Netherlands and Germany.

• The extraordinary fast increase of egg exports by Turkey and Poland was possible because of the high efficiency of the egg industry in these countries and the completely different spatial patterns of their trade flows which avoided any competition in the global egg market.

• Although the USA and Hong Kong traded eggs with a large number of countries and the trade net has a global dimension,

34

only a few countries shared the majority of exports respectively imports.

All three trade patterns which are presented in Part 4 strengthen the statement that eggs are mainly traded over comparatively short distances because of the inability to transport them deep-frozen.

Perspectives The preceding analysis of the dynamics and patterns of global egg trade between 2006 and 2016 could show that the trade volumes grew much faster than production. This indicates that the egg demand in many countries grew faster than their domestic production. On the other hand, coun-

- marketing -

FAO database: http://www.fao.org/ faostat.

Windhorst, H.-W.: Regional Patterns of European Egg Production and Trade – with Special Reference to the EU. London: International Egg Commission 2010.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The Globalisation of Egg Production and Trade. London: International Egg Commission 2013.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The EU Egg Industry in Transition. London: International Egg Commission April 2017a.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The North American Egg Industry in Transition. London: International Egg Commission 2018a.

Windhorst, H.-W.: A projection of the future dynamics in global egg production. In: Zootecnica international 40 (2018b), no. 7/8, p. 24-26.

All graphs and maps were designed

by Dr. Aline Veauthier.

MARKETING

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35

TECHNICAL COLUMN

Principles of Farm Biosecurity Biosecurity is a set of management practices to prevent the introduction of infectious organisms (pathogens) onto a site. If a pathogen is present on a site then the biosecurity should prevent its spread to other parts of the system.

Biosecurity needs to be considered for the whole farming system as each part is closely linked to the next.

Risk = (Likelihood of Hazard occurring) x (Severity) Where the Hazard is the pathogen or disease and the Severity is the potential consequences of the hazard occurring (e.g. mortality, flock depletion, reduced production etc).

Biosecurity procedures are designed to reduce the likelihood of the hazard occurring and thereby reduce the risk. The severity can be reduced for some diseases through vaccination or treatment to reduce the consequences of the disease should it occur.

Procedures The biosecurity standards to be implemented need to be considered when a new farm is being designed. It is generally more difficult to retro-fit an existing farm for good biosecurity.

The level of biosecurity required for a particular farm type depends on a number of factors: • Generation of turkeys present on site • Biosecurity requirements for grandparents > parents > meat turkeys.

Objective

• Export requirements.

The objective of farm biosecurity is to exclude potential pathogens from the farm and thereby help maintain the health, welfare and productivity of the stock.

By Aviagen Turkeys Management Specialists

36

The potential risk of a pathogen occurring on a farm can be determined by carrying out a risk assessment:

- technical column -

• Local and Exotic disease risks.

• Zoonotic disease risks.

The level of biosecurity required can be determined by a cost-benefit analysis. The potential financial losses due to a grandparent or turkey parent flock becoming infected with some pathogens are significantly more

TECHNICAL COLUMN

than those of a commercial turkey farm becoming infected. In addition the potential for vertical transmission of certain diseases from breeders is a major factor that needs to be considered. This needs to be weighed against the initial cost of putting the biosecurity infrastructure in place and the continued ongoing costs of operating a high standard of biosecurity.

When formulating the biosecurity standards and procedures for a farm, all inputs to and outputs from the farm need to be taken into consideration (Figure 1). The manner and degree to which the standards below are applied will be determined by the cost-benefit analysis.

The biosecurity standards to be put in place can include the following:

BIOSECURITY STANDARDS COMPONENTS OF THE FARM IN OPERATION

STAFF AND EQUIPMENT

BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES

TURKEY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

SUPPLIES

PRODUCT

Figure 1 – Inputs and outputs from a typical farm.

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- january 2020 -

37

TECHNICAL COLUMN

Location • Located in an area of low poultry density.

• Isolated from other livestock.

• Away from transport routes frequently used to transport poultry.

• Away from concentrations of wild birds and water fowl.

Farm Design • Designed to facilitate biosecurity e.g. single entry point with shower block (Photo 1) • Prevent contact with wild birds and other wildlife including vermin.

• Reduced need for vehicle access to the bio-secure area e.g. locate feed bins near perimeter fence (Photo 2).

• Reduce need for repeated entry into buildings from the external environment e.g. linked buildings (Photo 3).

• Allow effective cleaning and disinfection – choice of materials important (Photo 4).

• Bio-secure dead bird disposal e.g. incinerator.

Staff and Equipment The farm should be self-sufficient in all moveable equipment to prevent the need for transfer between sites.

All equipment on site should also be capable of being cleaned and disinfected prior to each cycle.

The site should be self-sufficient in suitably trained personnel who have no contact with other poultry, livestock or wild birds and should avoid moving between sites. Personnel should not enter the site if they suspect they may have a potentially zoonotic disease.

Management Procedures • The buildings, equipment and environment should be well maintained.

• The stocking policy for the farm should be predetermined to allow adequate down time for maintenance and cleaning and disinfection.

• The buildings, equipment and other infrastructure should be of a suitable hygienic status before a farm is restocked.

• All waste from the site should be disposed of in a suitable manner.

• Suitable biosecurity measures to prevent pathogens entering via personnel, visitors or equipment should be in place at all times.

• The company should have in place a Biosecurity Policy which lays down rules governing the movement of personnel and visitors onto and between sites.

• Predetermined procedures should be followed in the event of disease being suspected or confirmed.

• All vehicles entering the site should be free of potential pathogens.

Photo Photos 1 & 2 – A new farm with perimeter fence and one entrance through a shower block. The feed bins2are located close to the gate in the perimeter fence for ease of access for vehicles.

38

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

Photos 3 & 4 – Enclosed passages between houses on a farm. Equipment, floors & walls are easy to clean and disinfect and in good repair.

• Robust vermin and pest control procedures should be in place.

• Bedding material should be of a

Supplies

Summary

• The farm should be restocked with birds of a suitable health status.

The level of biosecurity adopted will

suitable pathogen-free status.

be determined by the factors stat-

• Feed should be of a pre-agreed health status.

ed above and will need to be com-

• Only potable water should be used.

biosecurity can vary significantly.

pany and site specific. The level of For example, personnel can be re-

quired to simply change boots and wear protective clothing on entry to the farm right through to having a walk through shower in/shower out system where no personal clothing is taken onto the site and all clothing /footwear is supplied on the farm.

Biosecurity infrastructure and policies need to be in place, understood, and strictly followed by all personnel.

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39

MANAGEMENT

Air cell up when setting eggs!

It is important to pay attention to the orientation of the eggs when placing them on setter trays as this has quite an impact on hatch results, both in terms of hatchability and chick quality. Air cell up is the way to go! lies lengthwise in the egg and by day 18 the embryo’s head is under the right wing with the beak pointing upwards, ready to pierce the air cell (internal pipping) and inflate the lungs prior to finally emerging from the egg.

But what if the air cell is out of reach of the embryo?

The air cell is situated at the blunt end between the shell membrane and the egg membrane. The egg shell is more porous at this end and therefore air will enter here as the egg contents shrink due to cooling down after laying. During storage and incubation, the air cell gradually increases in size as water evaporates from the egg contents.

When eggs are set accidentally sharp-endup, the head of the embryo is at the opposite end from the air cell and internal pipping is impossible. It is very difficult for the embryo to hatch in this position because it is fully dependent on the limited oxygen supply through the chorioallantoic membrane, and because the shell is stronger at the sharp end and there is less space for

The embryo lies on the surface of the yolk and is connected to the latebra (‘white yolk’), which is located in the centre of the yolk.

The water-rich latebra has a lower specific gravity than the lipid-rich yolk and according to the laws of physics, the embryo will always move to the top of the egg… no matter which way the egg is placed on the setter tray.

Gerd de Lange Senior Poultry Specialist, Pas Reform Academy

40

By about day 14 the developing embryo lies on top of the yolk sac. It then turns so it

- management -

Figure 1

MANAGEMENT

pipping and moving around. Unsuccessful embryos can be recognised during break-out of hatch residue by their legs being near the air cell; however not all eggs that are incubated sharp-end-up fail to hatch.

A customer in Turkey carried out an experiment in 2016 using different breeds and flock ages. 300 eggs were set sharp-end-up and 300 eggs in the normal position. This resulted in 12.7–21.0% lower hatch of fertile, mostly due to a difference in late mortality (see figure). Moreover, among the eggs that had been incubated sharp-end-up there were more culled chicks. When sharp-end-up incubation is combined with in-ovo vaccination, the results are even more dramatic. A small-scale experiment conducted by a customer in Hungary in 2019 with 162 eggs per treatment resulted in 93 saleable chicks from sharpend-up incubated eggs. When eggs in this position were also in-ovo vaccinated, only 39 saleable chicks were obtained. The control group (sharp-end-down and in-ovo vaccination) showed normal hatch results.

Figure 2

Advice • Be aware that if 10% of eggs are accidentally set sharp-end-up hatchability will be up to 2% lower.

• Train staff in breeder farm and hatchery to set eggs with air cell up (sharp-end-down/blunt-end-up).

• Use a candling light in a darkened room to make air cell visible if in doubt.

• Consider automated sharp-end-down setting, especially when doing in-ovo vaccination.

• Take a sample from setter trays ready for incubation to check for correct setting.

• Pay more attention to egg orientation if you notice the ‘legs near air cell’ sign during break-out of hatch residue.

- january 2020 -

Headquarters CARFED SA POB 2239 CH 6830 CHIASSO Ph. 41. 91. 994.1579 Fax 41. 91. 994.1580

41

MANAGEMENT

The potential impact of slow growth broilers on the resources and infra structure of the poultry industry

Anthony Pescatore PhD, Tatijana Fisher PhD, Jacquie Jacob PhD, Mike Ford M.S. University of Kentucky

42

ŠEmmer&Co

ŠBackyardpoultry.com

Americans consume more chicken than anyone else does in the world.

Consumption is at 90 pounds per person. To meet demand U.S. production is approaching 9 billion chickens producing approximately 50 billion pounds of broiler meat. The broiler market is 55% through retail outlets and 45% through food service. Any change in the production system will have direct impact on the sustainability and economic viability of the poultry industry.

Over a fifty-year period, the broiler chicken has changed in conformation and growth rate. This change is due to genetic improvement and better nutrition. The continual change in growth performance has not been without consequences. Muscle myopathies and skeletal abnormalities have become present in certain segments of broiler production. There has been a movement towards a slower growing genotype of chicken in some sectors of the poultry industry. Slow growth has been defined as less than 50 grams of growth per day. Many restaurants and grocery stores including Whole Foods, Panera Bread, Chipotle, Noodles and Co. and Quiznos have all indicated a movement to slower growing birds raised under the Global Animal Production (GAP) certified process. Bell and Evans has begun the transition to slow growth genotypes with the importation of their own proprietary breed the Das Klassenbester.

The movement to slow growing birds and the GAP standards will have implications for all of the poultry meat industry.

- management -

MANAGEMENT

Studies have been conducted at the University of Kentucky comparing fast growing and slow growing meat type chickens. Cornish Cross Broiler males (Fast growing) and Red Ranger males (Slow growing) were raised on self-selection diets. The traditional broilers reached 5 pounds live weight in 40 days while the Red Ranger required 57 days to reach the 5-pound live weight. The average daily gain for the broilers was 58.3 grams/bird/ day and 39.6 grams/bird/day for the Red Ranger. The growth rate of the Red Ranger was less than 50 grams per day thus qualifying as a slow growth bird. Average daily feed intake was significantly less for the Red Ranger (89 grams/bird/day) than the broilers (111 grams/bird /day). The feed to gain ratio was 1.91 and 2.24 for the broilers and Red Rangers, respectively.

When allowed to self-select their nutrient intake the slower growing birds’ intake, as a percent of diet was higher in energy, lower in protein, methionine, calcium and phosphorus compared to the broilers (Table 1). Total intake adjusted to 5 pound live body weight is presented in Table 2. Total feed intake as well as energy, protein and methionine intake was higher for the Red Ranger than the Table 1 – Self-selected Nutrient Intake.

Cornish Cross

Red Ranger

Avg. Energy Intake (kcal/kg)

2887b

2982a

P<0.0001

Avg. Protein Intake (% of diet)

20.8a

18.3b

P<0.0001

Avg. Methionine Intake (% of diet)

0.32a

0.31b

P<0.0001

Avg. Calcium Intake (% of diet)

0.92a

0.66b

P<0.0001

Avg. Phosphorus Intake (% of diet)

0.47a

0.38b

P<0.0001

Table 2 – Total Self-selected Intake (adjusted to 5 lb live weight).

Cornish Cross

Red Ranger

4.34

5.09

12,532

12,945

Total Protein Intake (kg)

0.90

0.93

Total Methionine Intake (kg)

0.014

0.016

Total Calcium Intake (kg)

0.040

0.034

Total Phosphorus Intake (kg)

0.020

0.019

Total Feed Intake (kg) Total Energy Intake (kcal)

- january 2020 -

43

MANAGEMENT

broilers. This was due to the extra days required to reach the targeted weight. The total intake for calcium and phosphorus however, was lower for the Red Ranger.

Table 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Resources required to produce one million pounds of breast meat.

Cornish Cross

Red Ranger

868,598

1,459,588

68% more

Days housed

40

57

45% longer

# of houses (for extra birds)

44

73

66% more

# of houses (for extra birds + scheduling)

44

100

128% more

Amount of feed (lbs)

8,295,115

16,347,382

97% more

Trucks to deliver feed

198

390

97% more

Trucks to processing plant

104

174

68% more

4,342,992

7,297,983

68% more

Legs produced (lbs)

971,154

1,679,803

73% more

Wings procduced (lbs)

330,128

640,394

94% more

2,041,710

3,977,741

95% more

# of birds

There are other slow growing genotypes for meat production commercially available. These genotypes display similar growth patterns and feed intake patterns as the Red Ranger. A comparison of the genetic potential of a conventional broiler and a slow growing broiler from the same poultry genetic company indicates that the slow growth birds required 24 and 29 extra days to reach 5 and 6 pounds respectively. At equal weights the slow growing birds had reduce average daily gain, increase feed intake and poorer feed efficiency.

er (20.3%). The opposite was true for whole legs with the Red Ranger having higher yield (34.1%) compared to the broilers (30.3%).

The impact of slow growth genotypes is not only felt at the farm level. Carcass composition is also impacted. Carcass weight without giblets (WOG) is significantly less for the Red Ranger than broilers. WOG yield for broilers was 74% compared to a 68% yield for the slow growth genotype. Breast meat yield (percent of WOG) was significantly higher for broilers (31.2%) than the Red Rang-

The impacts that slow growth broilers will have on the sustainability and infrastructure of the broiler industry are presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Producing one million pounds of whole carcasses with slow growth genotypes will require 28% more feed, as well as 27% more feed trucks to deliver feed. At the processing plant water usage will increase by 9% and offal disposal will be increased by

Water for processing (gallons)

Offal produced (lbs)

Table 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Resources required to produce one million pounds of whole carcass.

Cornish Cross

Red Ranger

271,003

296,296

9% more

Days housed

40

57

45% longer

# of houses (for extra birds)

14

15

7% more

# of houses (for extra birds + scheduling)

14

21

50% more

Amount of feed (lbs)

2,588,076

3,318,519

28% more

Trucks to deliver feed

62

79

27% more

Trucks to processing plant

33

36

9% more

1,355,014

1,481,481

9% more

355,014

481,481

36% more

# of birds

Water for processing (gallons) Offal produced (lbs)

44

- management -

36%. Producing one million pounds of breast meat is far more challenging than producing whole carcasses.

To produce one million pounds of breast meat with slow growth genotypes will require 68% more birds and 128% more poultry houses due to the extra birds and scheduling.

The amount of feed needed will be 97% more and will require a similar increase in truck delivers. Trucks to the processing plant will increase by 68% as will water usage. Offal disposal will increase by 95%.

Restaurants and high-end grocery stores are already requesting the use of slow growth genotypes for meat production. Some companies are transitioning to the slow growth broiler. The changing to a slow growing meat type chicken will directly impact the resources needed by the poultry industry and will ultimately have a negative impact on the environment and sustainability.

From the Proceedings of the 2019 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention

MANAGEMENT

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45

NUTRITION

The importance of gut microbiota in chickens with particular emphasis on the field situation

D. Stanley, Y.S. Bajagai Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Australia T.T.H. Van, R.J. Moor RMIT University, School of Science, Bundoora, Australia

46

Intestinal systems of living organisms are inhabited by a dense community of microorganisms dominated by bacteria but also containing archea, fungi, protozoa and viruses.

The microorganisms within these communities exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host and are collectively known as microbiota. Recent expansion in knowledge about the influence of microbiota on health and disease started a major research revolution in the area.

In poultry research, a number of ground-breaking publications have significantly expanded our knowledge and understanding of poultry health. In this mini-review, we focus on poultry gut heath issues and propose solutions for improving birdsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; health by refining their intestinal microbiota health and stability.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

Introduction The recent major drop in the cost of DNA sequencing, combined with advances in the annotation of 16S rRNA gene microbial databases and analysis tools, have all contributed to the “golden age of microbial ecology”.

Poultry researchers have leveraged and applied these advances to define approaches that may be taken to manipulate microbiota to improve a number of poultry production steps. One of the major issues in poultry microbiota research is the extent of flock to flock variability which makes both health and nutritional treatments difficult to reproduce among the flocks. A key contributor to this variation is removal of maternal microbiota transfer via use of modern hatching practices. Removal of antibiotic growth promoters left the industry looking for alternative approaches to control pathogen growth, and new methods for improving intestinal microbiota membership.

It is very difficult to change a mature intestinal microbial community; therefore, the first days of bird’s life are likely

to be the key intervention point to permanently reducing pathogen load and encouraging beneficial bacteria. In addition, maintaining low levels of stress and operating production systems close to optimal are prerequisites for better bird health. As in other symbiotic relationships, host and microbiota have a two-way relationship, if the host suffers the microbiota will not be left unchallenged.

First days of life Until recently we assumed that chicks are fully sterile in-ovo. Recently, that opinion has been challenged and a low level colonisation before birth is being suggested for both chickens and humans and other mammals alike.

Moreover, if the in-ovo colonisers of the bird embryo include opportunistic pathogens, the embryo is likely to die before hatch, similar to the spontaneous abortion due to foetal infection in humans. There is an abundance of studies that have used in-ovo probiotic injection to improve immunity and vigour of hatchlings without any neg-

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- january 2020 -

47

NUTRITION

ative effects on hatching rate and with a number of health benefits reported.

Despite possible low-level colonisation in-ovo, major steps towards formation of gut microbiota starts immediately post hatch and is determined by the bacteria present in the chickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s immediate environment during the first days of life.

Unlike in humans where the microbiota is considered stable and formed by the toddler age, the timeline for microbiota establishment in broiler chickens is significantly reduced and well established during the first week posthatch, remains reasonably constant until 30 days of age; however, slowly increasing in richness and still capable of acquiring new members. Mature microbiota attains a level of stability and the ability to resist change, unlike the immature developing microbiota where significant perturbations, such as antibiotic administration or pathogen exposure, may lead to lifelong health consequences.

For example, very low levels of Salmonella are needed to permanently colonise the intestinal tract at a young age while old birds show significant resistance to Salmonella colonisation. However, transfer of microbiota from older to young chicks increases their resistance to colonisation.

The knowledge of rapid colonisation and maturation of microbiota in chicken strongly suggests that it is of utmost priority to reduce pathogen load and increase beneficial bacteria load during the first week of chickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life.

Both of these aspects are crucial for intestinal and overall health; just reducing pathogens via maintenance of a very clean environment is more damaging to the microbiota than early overloading of the bird with beneficial probiotic strains without any pathogen control, which, depending on strains used, can even be beneficial. The inherent variability of poultry microbiota is much more pronounced than in mammalian species due to nearly complete removal of maternal influence. Hatching birds in very clean hatcheries without the presence of poultry adapted microbiota leads to random colonisation and high flock to flock variation. There are currently no published data on the dynamics of natural microbiota seeding from mother hen to the chicks.

Exposure of birds to the microbiota of previous well performing flocks reduces the effects of random colonisation and microbiota variability among the birds but does not fully transfer donor microbiota and performance, mostly

48

depending on the ability of specific core microbiota species to colonise and persist. In the United States, bacterial diversity is encouraged by litter re-use from the previous flock, providing adequate and rich inoculum to the new flock. The litter carryover would be detrimental if the previous flock was of mildly compromised heath due to latent low level pathogen infection which could then be amplified in the subsequent flock due to early exposure.

Regardless, high levels of hygiene in the first days and depletion of maternal microbiota adapted to the chicken host over thousands of years appears to be an unforeseen and undesirable outcome of modern day hatchery practices.

Spatial and temporal fluctuations Introducing significant changes to microbiota does not really need a very influential variable. Even the most insignificant treatments will cause temporary change in gut microbiota. It is well recognized in human research that gut microbiota of each individual changes slightly on a daily bases. In chickens, faecal microbiota is so variable that even replicates of a single sample can show variation and faecal matter is often visibly non-homogenous. Faecal microbiota from the same bird will vary slightly due to periodic emptying of different gut sections; however, core faecal microbiota remains fairly constant. The caeca is the gastrointestinal site with the most diverse microbiota in birds and is more stable in composition than the faecal microbiota; it has therefore been a preferred sampling site when birds are sacrificed at the end of a trial.

There is a range of host factors that influence development and stability of intestinal microbiota. The majority of studies about poultry microbiota have been done in broilers, generally in birds less than 42 days of age, so the available information represents the microbiota of younger chickens. Considerable difference is reported between broilers and layers. However, to our knowledge, there has only been one published study comparing broilers and layers hatched together and reared in the same facility, using randomised design, on the same feed and environment, showing that there are significant genetic breed influences between layers and broilers, on intestinal microbiota composition. Bird sex is also a strong variable when considering microbiota studies, extremely so in sexually mature birds.

Environmental factors such as housing, including indi-

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

vidual rearing conditions and ambient environmental conditions as well as the type of production system, can influence microbiota composition. Access to free range opens a path for ingestion of soil and insect associated microbiota. Other factors shown to influence microbiota profiles in poultry include litter quality, type and management, lighting schedule, access to feed, climate and quality of temperature and humidity control.

Manipulation through nutrition Feed is the source of nutrients and energy for both host and microbiota growth and homeostasis, and consequently a very strong microbiota modifier. Macronutrients have a very significant influence on microbiota composition: proteins induce expansion of bacteria taxa that are very different to the ones that prefer to grow on carbohydrates. Poultry nutrition is already well-designed for the optimum productivity in both layers and broilers and manipulation of poultry health through manipulation of poul-

h oot B i n 63 s u it 07 Vis #C1 and

try microbiota can be achieved via feed additives. The most notable example is addition of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs), a practice that was used in the poultry industry for over 6 decades. The primary function of AGP addition was demonstrated productivity improvement and control of enteric pathogens like Clostridium perfringens. Although AGPs were used in low, sub-therapeutic doses and were different from antibiotics used in human medicine, recent concerns over possible linkage between AGP use in the livestock industries and the rising level of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens has resulted in a ban on the use of AGPs in many countries and the Australian poultry industry is voluntarily removing AGPs from a majority of farms. The need for pathogen control, especially fear of Necrotic Enteritis outbreaks, is encouraging the industry to look for alternatives to AGPs with proven ability to control major poultry pathogens.

Pathogen control leads to better bird health and often results in better performance. Herbs and spices with known antimicrobial properties, as well as other natural products such as biochar, bentonite and zeolites are also

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being tested as pathogen controlling feed additives and giving promising results. However, the major microbiota modifying additives in poultry feed are still probiotics and prebiotics.

Probiotics and prebiotics Probiotics are widely used in agriculture for their proven health benefits; however, individual farmers report very variable success using commercial products. This is expected knowing that intestinal microbiota can vary at a phylum level even in flocks of the same genetics, reared under same conditions using the same feed batch. Flocks with microbiota differences at such high magnitude would respond differently to probiotic administration in feed.

Commercial probiotics targeting the livestock market include Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus species; however, Bacillus is emerging as a more reliable alternative because of its favourable resistance to feed preparation procedures, and independent of viability issues due to its sporulation nature.

One of the major benefits of probiotic action is their ability to assist the host microbiota during pathogen invasion. In order to launch successful infection, pathogens must either colonise or, if latently present, activate and expand. The host, including the symbiotic microbiota, will also launch a range of defences. Probiotics may also assist via the mechanism of competitive exclusion and the production of antibacterial products such as very efficient antibacterials â&#x20AC;&#x201C; bacteriocins as well as toxic metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide. The host will launch immune responses to prevent pathogen translocation from the gut and often amplify rapid periodic emptying of the small intestine which leads to pathogens being washed out.

There is an abundance of research showing beneficial effects of probiotics in in vitro assays against pathogens and in controlled bird trials. However, running a chicken trial in a research facility environment often uses administration of freshly grown probiotics or a batch validated by the industry for high probiotic isolate viability. Birds are generally grown under optimal, ethics committee approved conditions, which exclude extreme stress. Sometimes those birds are challenged with a pathogen to inspect the efficiency of the probiotic strain/product. In reality, on the farm, birds are often not under such ideal conditions, exposed to more stress, and harbouring very different microbiota in their gut. These differences, especially in layers,

50

in our own experience from sampling a number of major layer farms, are of a very high magnitude. Probiotics thus immediately encounter very different intestinal environments in terms of the inhabitants and their metabolite driven chemistry. In addition to that, the viability of commercial probiotic products and the ability to withstand acid and bile varies greatly due to the intense processing, such as freeze drying which can alter not just viability but also their probiotic properties.

Viability as well as acid/bile tolerance is overcome by the use of sporulating Bacillus probiotics and the research on benefits of such probiotic formulations intensified in the last few years. Despite the obvious Bacillus production advantage, there is no need to give up on the development of beneficial lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria species. Preservation methods need to be further optimised towards the targeted place of delivery, for example, although they may be spread through multiple gut sections, Lactobacillus often targets the small intestine while Bifidobacterium use less digestible polysaccharides and the more anaerobic environment in the large intestine.

Probiotics are suggested to be more effective when combined with prebiotics â&#x20AC;&#x201C; so called synbiotics. Prebiotics are dietary carbohydrates, particularly oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, resistant to intestinal enzymatic digestion but fermentable by intestinal microbiota. They selectively modulate the microbial populations or activity of intestinal bacteria, promoting health and wellbeing of the host. Prebiotics are a nutritional source for beneficial intestinal microbiota that produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Appropriate delivery combined with specific probiotic optimised prebiotic mixes will result not only in better gut heath and pathogen reduction but will also benefit the productivity of birds. Healthy intestinal microbiota is characterised by a high beneficial/pathogenic species ratio. Probiotics administration can help maintain that ratio, especially if the probiotics are delivered from the first days of life, which can allow them to colonise first and, most importantly, colonise intestinal mucosa and remain permanently protective.

Microbiota and host metabolism The demonstrated correlation between intestinal microbiota and growth and productivity indicates that the microbiota can positively influence the metabolism of the host.

Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) and bile salts are two of the major metabolites mediating the impact of microbio-

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

ta on the host metabolism. Intestinal microbiota produces SCFAs by fermentation of digestive-enzyme-resistant non-starch polysaccharides. Although SCFAs affect body weight gain and adiposity in mice, possibly through appetite regulation and energy homeostasis, their effects on feed intake and energy metabolism in chicken are yet to be fully revealed. However, the beneficial effects of SCFAs as antimicrobials and growth promoters have been studied to some extent.

Bile salts (bile acids conjugated to glycine or taurine) also affect energy homeostasis. Host and intestinal microbiota, through their bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, together determine the size of the bile salts pool in the intestine.

Although the role of bile salts in lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in mammals has been well studied, these metabolites have received less attention in poultry research. One of the suggested modes of action of AGPs to improve growth rate in poultry is lowering of BSH activity in the intestine. As we are gradually phasing out AGPs from poultry diets, non-antibiotic BSH inhibitors could be another area of research to find alternatives for AGPs.

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Stressful life of chickens Intestinal microbiota influences the gut-brain axis and can be altered when the host is exposed to periods of stress.

Both broilers and layers can be exposed to periods of metabolic stress by factors such as oscillations in environmental conditions, sudden loud noises, transportation, beak trimming, intestinal pathogens, feed change, to name a few. Broilers are, however, harvested at a young age, while in layers environmental challenges can persist over longer periods of time. Living in a large flock, small disturbances in social hierarchies, inability to use a preferred nesting box, and other social behaviour induced anxiety can be a problem with layers. Based on the abundance of human research on the influence of anxiety on gut microbiota, as well as certain microbiota causing and amplifying anxiety, it is reasonable to suggest that this connection is valid in chickens. Stresses can also lead to intestinal permeability issues and this has recently becoming a topic of interest in poultry research with a number of gut permeability models being investigated by poultry researchers.

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References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Australian Poultry Science Symposium

- january 2020 -

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NUTRITION

Y. Akter1, A. Hungerford2, C.E.F. Clark2, P. Thomson2, M.R. Islam2 and C.J. Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;shea3 1Poultry Research Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia 2School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia 3School

of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, United Kingdom

52

Monitoring intake patterns of layer hens: a link between behaviour and feed conversion ratio?

Feed accounts for approximately 70% of the total cost of laying hen egg production and there is substantial variation in feed conversion efficiency between individual hens. Despite this understanding, there is a paucity of information regarding layer hen feeding behaviour and its impact on feed efficiency.

A 49-week-old Isa Brown layer hen intake of an ad-libitum mash diet at 2 minute time intervals, 24 h a day, was determined for 1 week for each of 35 high and 35 low feed conversion efficiency birds as screened from an initial flock of 450. Findings indicate a distinct intake pattern for layer hens with intake rate increasing from 0300 to 1700 h followed by a sharp de-

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

cline to 2100 h. However, this intake pattern was similar between high and low feed efficiency birds. Research is now focused on individual hen diet selection from the mix of feeds in the mash diet and the association with feed efficiency.

in the same way until all birds had been monitored over 5 periods. Weekly individual FI, daily egg production (EP) and daily egg weight (EW) were manually recorded to determine average daily FI, daily EM and FCR.

Feed efficiency (FE) is an important production trait in poultry. A commonly used measure of efficiency is feed conversion ratio (FCR), which is defined as feed intake (FI) per unit of egg mass (EM) in laying hens. It is widely recognised that behaviour is an important aspect of the physiological status of animals. Feeding behaviour may reflect animal meal habit as a potential predictor of FE. With the help of electronic feeders, individual feeding information can be collected automatically and measured accurately.

In broilers, feeding behaviours were found to be related with FE in different selected lines. However, how feeding behaviour changes over time and how it affects FE is not clear in commercial laying hens. The objectives of this study were to investigate the association between feeding behaviour and FE in Isa Brown layer hens.

Materials and methods This work was conducted at the University of Sydney, Poultry Research Facility, Camden, NSW using 450 Isa Brown birds (25-week-old), randomly selected and housed individually in 25×50×50 cm cages for an initial screening period of 6 weeks with a 14 h lighting program from 0600 to 2000 and 10 h of darkness. All birds were housed individually and offered ad libitum feed (wheat-soybean mealbased mash) as the common experimental diet and water.

The experimental diet consisted of 16.3% CP, 2,750 kcal / kg ME, 0.82% total lysine, 0.42% methionine, 4.0% Ca and 0.4% available P. At the end of the initial screening phase, 150 birds were ranked and grouped based on their overall mean FCR. The top 35 high feed efficiency (LFE) and bottom 35 low feed efficiency (LFE) birds (49-weekold) were selected for a feeding behaviour study of 10 weeks duration. Using a hanging scale system (G7 wireless analogue sensor range 0-5kg; ease mind technology ltd., Hong Kong), 14 birds (7 HFE and 7 LFE) were monitored at one time for intake every 2 minutes of 24 h for 1 week following a 1 week adaptation period with data outputs automatically recorded (Figure 1). After this period, a new group of 14 birds was monitored for intake behaviour

Figure 1 – Scale system with layer hen; 1 – wireless analogue ‘pull’ load cell sensor; 2 - bottle with opening and lip to prevent feed spillage; 3 - feed.

Differences between consecutive weight observations every 2 minutes were calculated as an estimate of the amount of feed consumed over that interval by the bird (n=324,119 weight differences). However, the addition of feed resulted in extreme weight differences, hence any weight differences more than five standard deviations from the mean were excluded from analysis. This process was repeated four times resulting in a dataset of 320,837 differences. Difference data were then binned into consecutive 1h intervals, and the mean and standard deviation over each interval for each bird calculated. Mean values were multiplied by 30 to obtain total amounts of feed consumed over each 1 h period. The mean data and standard deviations were used in subsequent analyses (n=10,933 and n=11,024 SDs) after further extreme-value filtering.

For the total and standard deviations, the following linear mixed model was fitted to the data: Y = constant + Group + Day + Hour + Group.Day + Group.Hour + Bird + ε where Y is the trait being analysed (total or SD); Group, Day, and Hour are fixed effects, with fitted interactions Group.Day and Group.Hour, and Bird as a random effect.

The random errors ε were modelled using an ARMA (P=1, q=1) structure to allow for serial correlation between con-

- january 2020 -

53

NUTRITION

secutive observations. The ‘lme’ function from the ‘nlme’ package in R was used for model fitting, and all analyses were undertaken using R.

Results Daily FI (g/d), daily EW (g/d) and FCR for HFE and LFE birds are provided in Table 1.

Table 1 – Feed intake (g/d), egg weight (g/d) and feed conversion ratio for 35 high feed efficiency (HFE) and 35 low feed efficiency (LFE) Isa Brown layer hens.

Measurement

HFE

LFE

SED

P-Value

Feed intake (g/d)

120

136

2.5

<0.001

Egg weight (g/d)

65

63

1.5

0.42

Feed Conversion Ratio

1.8

2.2

0.03

<0.001

SED – Standard error of the difference between means

The group designated as HFE had a lower FCR when compared with the LFE group of hens (P<0.001). There was no effect of FE group or day of study on intake patterns. However, there was an impact (P<0.001) of time of day on intake rate (Figure 2) with both HFE and LFE birds steadily increasing feeding activity (g/h) from 0300 h to 1700 h, after which intake rate linearly decrease to zero by 2100 h. There was an association (P<0.001) between time of day and standard deviation of intake rate. Both HFE and LFE birds showed a rapid increase in intake rate standard deviation from 0300 h reaching a peak at 0800 h which was maintained until 1700 h, after which time this intake variability decreased to night time levels by 2100 h.

Discussion and conclusion The main objective of this experiment was to determine the association between FE and intake pattern. Overall, the FI of LFE was greater when compared with HFE hens; however, intake pattern was similar between HFE and LFE layer hens. Findings revealed a distinct intake pattern at an hourly level for layer hens, with intake rate increasing from 0300 to 1700 h and a rapid decrease in intake rate to 2100 h. Birds started eating approximately 3 h before the lights came on at 0600 h and reached an initial intake rate peak between 0600 and 0700 h. This initial peak occurred 1-2 h before peak oviposition at 0800 – 0900 h (data not presented). In line with these findings, Savory

54

Figure 2 – Predicted mean hourly intake rate (g/h) 24 h a day for 1 week for 35 HFE (solid line) and 35 LFE (dashed line) Isa Brown birds.

(1977) and Kadono et al. (1981) showed eating activity to decrease for 1-2 h before oviposition with intake rate increasing after this. The high intake rate after oviposition may firstly compensate for low intakes during oviposition, an increased demand for nutrients that occurs due to ovulation 30 minutes after oviposition and the birds’ demand for calcium which is greatest from early afternoon until late evening. In line with this research findings, Duncan and Hughes (1975) showed feeding activity to decrease at the time of luteinizing hormone release at ovulation, when the egg enters the shell gland, before oviposition and then increases following oviposition. In this study, intake decreased to 2100 h when lights were turned off at 2000 h suggesting anticipation of darkness by the hens as per Khalil et al. (2010) an implication of this anticipatory behaviour is the importance of enough feed supply to meet this increased FI before lights go off.

Results show that factors other than intake pattern impact FE in layer hens. Preliminary data (data not presented) indicate that there are differences in diet selection from components of the same mash between birds of divergent FE and this will be the focus of ongoing work.

Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge Australian Eggs for providing the funds. The authors also thank Ms. Joy Gill, Ms. Melinda Hayter, Mr. Duwei Chen, & Ms. Kylie Warr for providing technical support to carry out this study.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Australian Poultry Science Symposium

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

Spotty Liver Disease in cage-free brown laying hens Missouri has a large amount of egg production that uses alternative housing methods such as cage-free farming. The development of the alternative systems began around 2008.

Most of the cage-free egg production utilizes single age farms that have 10,000 to 25,000 brown hen flocks in single deck houses.

Daniel P. Shaw, DVM, PhD, DACVP, DACPV Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri

56

There is a scratch area around the outside edge. Conventional, organic, and pasture systems are used singly or in combinations. One of the unique disease conditions that has shown up in the cage-free flocks is Spotty Liver Disease. It is generally seen in the 30- to 48-week age range. There is usually outdoor access or sometimes, dirt scratch areas. Production can decline 10% or more over 1 to 2 weeks (from middle 90% range down to middle 80% range or lower).

Death loss among the hens may ramp up quickly, from 2 to 5 dead per week to 20 or 30 dead per day. Weak hens may be visible in the flock. When the dead birds are examined, they are

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

in production, the bodies are in good flesh, and there are adequate abdominal fat pads. Sometimes the body cavity contains clear watery fluid and a few stands of protein precipitate. The dead hens always have 1 to 2 mm diameter white spots on the livers; sometimes there will also be red spots. The crops and gizzards may contain muddy material mixed with the feed. Microscopically, the spots are foci of acute necrosis and inflammation. Bacterial cultures often do not produce any growth or light growths of bacteria such as E. coli; the hens usually have intestinal worms but not in unusual numbers.

Researchers in several countries have isolated Campylobacter hepaticus from cases of the disease. Koch’s postulates have been fulfilled with some of the isolates; this is a very fastidious and slow-growing organism in the laboratory; it is rarely isolated routinely.

Campylobacter jejuni is sometimes isolated but it has been proven that it is not the cause of Spotty Liver Disease. Occasionally, Gallibacterium anatis is isolated from similar cases. Usually when it is the cause, there will be other systems involved, such as the reproductive tract.

“One of the unique disease conditions that has shown up in the cage-free flocks is Spotty Liver Disease. It is generally seen in the 30- to 48-week age range. There is usually outdoor access or sometimes, dirt scratch areas. Production can decline 10% or more over 1 to 2 weeks”

The disease has been managed using chlortetracycline (Aureomycin brand) in the feed. Some production systems, however, do not allow the use of antibiotics. There are anecdotal reports that high levels of citric acid or bleach in the water greatly decrease the severity of the outbreak. Many of the flocks seem to develop resistance after 4 to 6 weeks, although death loss can be high.

Changing of the season from hot weather to cool also seems to greatly decrease the incidence or eliminate the disease. Many producers prefer to confine their hens while treating them.

A similar condition called Avian Vibrionic Hepatitis was seen until the 1960’s. The comment in the textbooks is that it disappeared with advent of caged production and no further investigation was performed. Vibrio-like organisms had been isolated at that time and some of these cultures were saved. The preserved cultures, however, could not be revived when an attempt was made in the 1980’s and therefore, it cannot be determined if Spotty Liver Disease is the same as Avian Vibrionic Hepatitis.

From the Proceedings of the 2019 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention

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PROCESSING

Salmonella prevention strategies and influences of sampling method selection Multiple factors can influence both Salmonella prevalence and diversity of Salmonella serogroups detected from both pre and post-harvest samples. Sampling methodologies vary widely when sampling the environment, individual live birds, carcasses, and parts. Furthermore, protocols for analyzing the samples following collection can also impact both prevalence and serogroup diversity.

Bourassa, Dianna V. - Ph.D. Department of Poultry Science Auburn University

58

With more than 2,400 serotypes, it is reasonable to expect that different Salmonella serotypes will have differing abilities to grow and compete in different environments such as dust vs. litter vs. ceca. Even different isolates of the same serotype can have a greater or lesser ability to colonize birds. Differing abilities of certain serogroups to grow during cultivation may impact which serogroups are recovered. However, those serogroups recovered may not be representative of the serogroups present in the original sample.

- processing -

PROCESSING

Salmonella prevention strategies Prevention of Salmonella in ready-to-cook broiler meat products begins at the breeder and broiler farms. High levels of biosecurity are important to prevent introducing Salmonella to the flock. This should include preventing contamination by sanitizing equipment entering and leaving the farm such as vehicles, tools, boots and clothing.

Poultry houses should be managed to prevent entrance of birds and maintain rodent and insect control. Other methods of on-farm prevention include vaccination. Live vaccines can give good immunity protection for Salmonella Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. Before the birds are caught for transport, adequate feed and water withdrawal times between 8-12 hours are needed. If feed withdrawal is too short, there will be greater fecal contamination at the plant. If feed withdrawal is too long, there may be more intestinal breakage during evisceration. The ability of the processing plant to minimize pathogens on the final product is heavily dependent on the levels of pathogens on and in the birds when they enter the plant.

Once the birds arrive at the plant the focus becomes decreasing the levels of bacteria on the carcass throughout the process. This is achieved by methods such as physical separation of kill lines and evisceration lines, counter flow movement of water in scalders and chillers, and use of antimicrobial processing aids to decrease bacterial levels, minimize cross contamination, and keep equipment clean.

skins, whole carcass rinses, and whole carcass enrichments were compared, both prevalence and serogroup were significantly impacted by sample type. In a study comparing common selective enrichment media, prevalence results ranged from 18.0% to 97.4% positive results from the same meat sample. Culture bias can also impact which serogroup is recovered following incubation. In a study starting with equivalent levels of Newport, Enteritidis and Typhimurium, Newport outcompeted both Enteritidis and Typhimurium. This work indicates that results obtained following sample analysis may not be indicative of what was originally present on the sample.

Salmonella prevention strategies should be practiced throughout the entire integrated process in an effort to minimize entrance into the processing plant. Furthermore, sampling and analysis methods have significant impacts on prevalence and serotype results and should be considered when developing a surveillance plan.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention

How safe is your water?

Influences of sample method collection When testing a flock, house, carcass, or other sample for the presence of pathogens, the method of sample collection and can affect results. Prevalence and serotype diversity are affected by sample type, sample incubation method, microbiological media and culture bias. In a study comparing environmental and ceca samples, the highest Salmonella prevalence was found in ceca and feed, however, the serotypes identified were vastly different.

Work comparing serotypes found in an integrated broiler system demonstrated that Salmonella Enteritidis persisted through the breeders, hatchery, broilers, and the processing plant, while other serotypes appeared at a single stage of the system.

After the sample has been collected, the protocol used for analysis can affect prevalence and serotype diversity. Sample incubation method (e.g. with or without tissue) impacts Salmonella prevalence and diversity. When neck

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UPCOMING EVENTS 2020 February, 4 to 6 AGROFARM

All-Russian Exhibition Centre (VVC Grounds), VDNH, Hall 75 Moscow, Russia For information please contact: Gennady Mindru Tel.: + 7 (495) 128 29 59 ext. 100 Email: g.mindru@dlg.org Irina Schved, VDNH Tel.: + 7 (495) 974 34 05 ext. 3829 Email: ishved@vdnh.ru International exhibitor service and stand rental: Anna Khomenko Tel.: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-20 Fax: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-23 Email: a.khomenko@ifw-expo.com

Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre Khaleej Al Arabi Street, - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates For information please contact: VIV worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 - 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 2999 Email: viv.mea@vnuexhibitions.com Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company Khaleej Al Arabi Street - P.O. Box 5546 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates UAE Tel.: 800 23632 Int. Tel.: +971 (0) 2 444 6900 Fax: +971 (0) 2 444 6135 Website: www.adnec.ae

March, 17 to 19 February, 16 to 19 31st Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium

Sheraton on the Park, Sydney The University of Sydney, Australia For information please contact: Benjamin Geist Email: benjamin.geist@sydney.edu.au Claire Fuller Email: claire.fuller@sydney.edu.au Website: sydney.edu.au

49th annual Midwest Poultry Federation (MPF) Convention Minneapolis Convention Center Downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA For information please contact: Lara Durben Email: ldurben@midwestpoultry.com Website: www.midwestpoultry.com

March, 18 to 20 March, 4 to 6 Turkey Science and Production Conference Carden Park Hotel Cheshire, UK

For information please contact: Tel.: +44 (0) 1829 733778 Mobile: +44 (0) 7710 063654 Email: 2019@turkeytimes.co.uk Website: www.turkeytimes.co.uk

ILDEX Vietnam 2020 The 8th International Livestock Exposition, Vietnam Hall A1-A2, SECC HCM, Vietnam For information please contact: Website: www.ildex-vietnam.com

March, 25 to 27 7th Mediterranean Poultry Summit Cordova, Spain

March, 9 to 11 VIV-MEA International trade show from feed to food for the Middle East and Africa ADNEC

For information please contact: Mr C. GarcĂŠs Narro Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU C/ Tirant Lo Blanc, 7 46115 Alfara del Patriarca Valencia, Spain Email: cgarces@uchceu.es

August, 16 to 20 World's Poultry Congress 2020 Palais de Congrès, Paris, France For information please contact: Email: wpsafrance@wpsa.fr Website: www.wpcparis2020.com

INTERNET GUIDE ABVista emea@abvista.com www.abvista.com Agritech agritech@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieri-belts.com Bayer HealthCare www.bayer.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed Headquarters info@carfed.ch www.carfed.ch Carfed Italian Branch info@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.com DSM Nutritional Products www.dsm.com Elanco www.elanco.com Eurosilos SIRP contatti@eurosilos.it www.eurosilos.it EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net Farmer Automatic info@farmerautomatic.de www.farmerautomatic.de FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it Fiera di Forlì info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com FierAgricola Verona info@veronafiere.it www.veronafiere.it Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com GI-OVO B.V. sales@gi-ovo.com www.gi-ovo.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway USA-sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/poultry-processing Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies sales@MSTegg.com www.MSTegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen BV info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info@reventa.de www.reventa.de Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.ska.it Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Tecnoclima tecnoclima@tecnoclimaspa.com www. tecnoclimaspa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com U.S. Poultry & Egg Association info@uspoultry.org www.uspoultry.org Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic info@vencomatic.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv@vnuexhibitions.com www.viv.net Vostermans ventilation@vostermans.com www.vostermans.com

Editorial Director Lucio Vernillo Editorial Staff (zootecnica@zootecnica.it): Daria Domenici, Tania Montelatici Account Executive Marianna Caterino (amministrazione@zootecnica.it) Editorial Office Zootecnica International Via Ugo Foscolo 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy Tel.: +39 055 2571891 Fax: +39 055 2571897 Website: www.zootecnicainternational.com Licence Registrazione Tribunale di Firenze n.3162 Spedizione in A.P. Art.2 comma 20/B legge 662/96 - Filiale di Firenze ISSN 0392-0593 Subscription Rates (1 year / 11 issues): Europe Euro 44 Rest of the World Euro 57 * Subscribe online by Credit Card or Paypal: www.zootecnicainternational.com * Subscribe by money transfer: 1. effect a money transfer to: Zootecnica International, via Ugo Foscolo, 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy; bank: UNICREDIT, BIC: UNICRITM1OU9 Iban: IT 81 H 02008 38083 000020067507 2. send us your complete shipping address by fax (+39 055 2571897) or by email (amministrazione@zootecnica.it).

Art Direction & Layout Laura Cardilicchia - ellecigrafica.com Cover Image: © Denise Vernillo Printed Nova Arti Grafiche, Florence

English Edition Year XLII January 2020

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