Y-SAV Country report Spain, 2012 by Y-SAV Project

COUNTRY REPORT SPAIN December 1, 2012

Country Report Spain, 2012

INTRODUCTION In 2010, a European project addressing Youth Sexual Aggression and Victimization (Y-SAV) was launched. Y-SAV is a three-year project co-financed by the European Union in the framework of the Health Programme to address the issue of sexual aggression and victimization among young people. The project aims to build a multidisciplinary network of European experts in various member states, bring together the knowledge on youth sexual aggression and victimization in a state-of-the-art database, develop a more harmonised way of measuring these issues, and provide recommendations for strategic action to address the problem of youth sexual aggression under different circumstances in different EU member states. This report is part of the Y-SAV knowledge base. The knowledge base presents information regarding youth sexual aggression and victimization for each EU member state. This report presents the current situation in Spain regarding policies, legislation, organisations, prevalence, risk factors and evidence-based interventions in the area of youth sexual aggression and victimization. This report was compiled by the Y-SAV principal investigators at the University of Stockholm (Sweden), Rutgers WPF (The Netherlands) and the University of Potsdam (Germany). We would like to acknowledge Prof. dr. Andrés A. Fernández-Fuertes (Universidad de Cantabria), Dr. Antonio Fuertes (University of Salamanca) Ms. Isabel Vicario-Molina (University of Salamanca) and Ms. Maribel Ramos-Vergeles, for their important contribution to the Y-SAV report on Spain.

This report arises from the project Y–SAV which has received funding from the European Union in the framework of the Health Programme.

Country Report Spain, 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS A. B. C. D.

Government and policies ....................................................................................... 1 Legal situation ................................................................................................... 4 Institutions, organisations and services...................................................................... 7 Research on prevalence, risk factors and evidence based interventions ............................ 12

Country Report Spain, 2012

A. GOVERNMENT AND POLICIES i. Ministries The ministry in charge of youth affairs is The Ministry of Health, Social Welfare and Equality, which has a Director-General for Family and Youth Policy and several subunits, like The Youth Institute (Instituto de la Juventud, called Injuve). All the ministries participate in a Cross-ministerial Working Group on Youth Policies. Injuve has the duty to implement international and national rules and regulations on youth, assemble information of the situation of young people in Spain (and a report is published regularly), promote the social participation of young people through direct support to youth organisations and entities that offer services to young people at a national level as well as on the regional and local level. Injuve also have a department for sexual health, Centro Injuve de Salud Sexual, for face-toface and online counselling. Within the field of health and gender issues there is Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Health Observatory, related to a interdepartmental Committee of the Ministry of Health, Social Welfare and Equality, a State Observatory on Violence against Women, created a collegiate interdepartmental body attached to the General Secretariat for Equality Policies through the Government Delegation on Gender Violence, which is responsible for providing advice, evaluations, institutional collaboration, elaboration of reports and studies, and formulating action proposals in the field of gender violence. The observatory offers statistical information (including the monthly and yearly reports drafted since its creation) as well as the text of the reports that have been elaborated in Spanish, French and English (the reports are published annually and on certain issues executive reports are available). Some Autonomous Communities have created similar bodies. The Institute for Women is an independent organisation attached to the Ministry of Health, Social Welfare and Equality through the General Secretariat for Equality Policies. The main aim of the Institute is to promote and stimulate conditions facilitating real and effective equality between women and men and the full participation of women in the political, cultural, economic and social life. The Institute was created in 1983 to comply with and develop the principles of the Constitution and the duty of the public authorities to remove any obstacle preventing or hindering citizens from taking part in all spheres of society. The Instituteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activity is mainly aimed at analysing the situation of Spanish women in all spheres, gathering information and documentation concerning women, encouraging the provision of services for women, especially for those with special needs, and promoting measures to eliminate gender-based discrimination. To this end it promotes surveys and research, carries out activities to heighten awareness and provide training, designs and implements programmes and creates technical instruments and teaching materials. It also receives and channels, administratively, reports from women of specific cases of gender-based discrimination in fact or in law. In order to reveal the social and professional situation of women, the Institute carries out, organises, co-ordinates and promotes specific surveys and research related to equal opportunities for women and men. It also manages a database of social indicators and statistics on the situation of women. Another of the Instituteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities is to promote awareness and training regarding the principle of non-discrimination for reasons of gender and equal opportunities by organising seminars and conferences aimed specifically at social, economic and legal agents and publishing leaflets on laws and rights applied to women. The Institute has an important publishing and documentation service through which it publishes books, leaflets, special editions, surveys, videos and other materials aimed at raising social awareness about the situation of women, their problems and options, providing technical instruments and support materials helping professionals of both sexes to provide women with services based on their specific situation and needs. The Institute for Women also has a free telephone information service dealing with enquiries regarding legal matters, resources and services related to women and to report sexist advertising.

Country Report Spain, 2012

The Observatory on Domestic and Gender Violence is created within the General Council of the Judiciary (governing body of the judiciary). The Observatory elaborates quarterly reports on domestic and gender violence, with data arranged by judicial districts. The Government Prosecutor’s Office: publishes yearly reports, which include information on the action taken by public prosecutors for the prosecution of violent crimes against women and children. The Children’s Observatory of the Ministry of Health, Social Welfare and Equality collects information on child abuse. In various Autonomous Communities similar observatories exist. ii. Policies Employment and education are amongst the most important political objectives in Spain, and a mayor issue in youth policy (youth in Spain is defined as persons between the age of 14 and 29). Many government programmes have started during the last years to improve the possibilities for young people to form their own life, e.g. on youth emancipation and on the housing situation. The most important policy reform in the field of gender issues is constituted by the Organic Law 1/2004, which introduces the ‘Court for Violence Against Women’,1 a specialised court within the criminal justice system, composed of examining magistrates. These courts conduct the inquest into cases of violence against women and, if applicable, pass sentence in criminal proceedings regarding violence against women as well as in related civil lawsuits. Cases are heard by the Court for Violence Against Women if they involve murder, abortion, bodily assault, harm to an unborn child, unlawful detention, offences against moral integrity, against freedom and sexual indemnity, or any other offence committed with violence or intimidation, or constituting an offence against the rights and duties of the family, where the victim is or was either the wife of the offender, or linked to the offender by a similar relationship. The same applies when the victims include the offender’s own descendants, minors or incapable persons. The competence of the Courts for Violence Against Women extends to criminal law, civil law and family law. The work already undertaken to ensure the application of LO 1/2004 has been intense. In 63 sessions of the Council of Ministers, implementation measures have been agreed upon to accompany this law. Several of those measures further develop the regulatory framework, such as the Agreement on the introduction of urgent measures in the fight against gender-based violence of December 15, 2006, the Agreement on the introduction of additional measures in the fight against gender-based violence of March 2, 2007 and the Agreement on actions to implement the proposals concerning gender-based violence unanimously approved by the Congress of Deputies, dated June 22, 2007. Likewise, more than 20 general conferences and sectorial meetings have been dedicated exclusively to this topic. It is also worth noting that the implementation of the law has had a considerable impact on other rules and regulations. Gender-based violence has been included in three organic laws, thirteen ordinary laws and forty-four instances of subordinate legislation. The law has entailed an unprecedented institutional effort in taking measures and actions, and has had a considerable budgetary impact: since the introduction of the law, the Spanish government has spent almost 800 million Euros on different measures to prevent and push back gender-based violence. Important progress has been made, amongst other things by setting up information campaigns to raise awareness in different areas included in the National Prevention and Awareness Plan, and by setting up a help line providing legal advice and information (‘call 016’). Special bodies have been established, such as an office of the public guardian, specialised courts and public prosecutors, specialised security forces, healthcare and forensic professionals specialised in cases of violence, all of them adequately trained. Furthermore, an Advisory Committee on the Image of Women in Publicity and the Media has been established, as well as an Observatory on the Image of Women and specific working groups within the Observatory on Gender-based Violence of the Ministry of Health, Social Welfare and Equality.

The law adds art. 87 bis to organic law 6/1985 of July 1, the Judiciary Act. 2

Country Report Spain, 2012

iii. Current discussion At the moment, most debates are about the complex implementation of the measures introduced by LO 1/2004 (shortage of staff in the judiciary, insufficient training, etc.). For this reason, training programmes continue to be offered in all fields and at every level (national, regional and local) and more Courts for Violence against Women are established. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the Royal Decree 432/2008 of April 12, which arranges the restructuring of ministries, stipulates in Article 18 that it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Equality to propose and implement government policies regarding equality, the fight against all forms of discrimination and gender-based violence. This new Ministry joins all the measures taken to carry out LO 1/2004.2 Finally the Royal Decree 1313/2010 of October 20, which arranges the restructuring of ministries, created the Ministry of Health, Social Welfare and Equality.3 The Royal Decree 263/2011 of February 28, established a new organic structure and functions of this Ministry. Since the election of the Popular Party (PP) at 20 November 2011, the climate to work on Youth Sexual Aggression and Victimization has been restricted in diverse domains due to austerity measures and because of ideological reasons. For more information on current discussion, please read Combatting Youth Sexual Aggression and Victimization in the European Union: Stakeholders Perspectives and Recommendations (to be published in 2013 on the Y-SAV website).4

Freixes, T., Report on Spain, (2010). In Feasibility Study to Assess the Possibilities, Opportunities and Needs to Standardise National Legislation on Violence Against Women, Violence Against Children and Sexual Orientation Violence. European Commission, available at www.ec.europa.eu/justice/funding/daphne3/daphne_feasibility_study_2010_en.pdf 3

http://www.msc.es/

http://ysav.rutgerswpf.org/ 3

Country Report Spain, 2012

B. LEGAL SITUATION i. Law and legal definitions Summary of definitions in Spanish law:  sexual aggression: basic offence defined as a violation of the sexual freedom of another person through the use of ‘violence or intimidation’. The lack of consent is considered inherent to this requirement and does not appear explicitly in the definition of the offence. Anyone can be the perpetrator or victim of this offence. Sexual aggression carries a sentence of one to four years of prison;  rape: sexual acts with penetration through the use of violence or intimidation.5 To perform bodily access or to receive it is considered equivalent’. This applies to both homosexual and heterosexual relationships. The case law of the Supreme Court has related the concept of deceit mainly to the false promise of marriage;6  abuse of juveniles: sexual abuse with deceit regarding a person over 13, yet under 16 years of age. This is punishable by one to two years of prison, or a fine of twelve to sixteen months. If the abuse involves penetration, the sentence is increased to two to six years. With regard to the nature of ‘violence or intimidation’ case law has established that violence has been considered the use of physical force, and thus, as pointed out by Supreme Court Judgement 1546/2002 of 23 September, it is stated that it equals material coercion or imposition, and implies a more or less violent real aggression by either blows, pushes or tears, in other words, effective and sufficient force to prevail over the will of the victim (Supreme Court Judgments of 18 October 1993, 28 April 1998, 21 May 1998 and 1145/1998 of 7 October 1998) while intimidation is of a psychological nature and requires the use of any coercion, threat or terror implying a rational and founded suffering (Supreme Court Judgement 1583/2002, of 3 October 2002). In both cases they have to be appropriate for avoiding that the victim acts in accordance with his right to self-determination, appropriateness that will depend on the circumstances of the case. Finally, Article 180 CC establishes the aggravating circumstances: When the violence or intimidation are especially degrading or vexing:  the degrading or vexing character refers to the violent or intimidatory means used;  when the offence is committed by the joint action of two or more persons. In this case protection is sought of the increased defencelessness and the intensity of the intimidation of the victim. It is not required that all perpetrators personally commit the sexual acts, it is sufficient that they commit part of them;  When the victim is particularly vulnerable, because of his/her age, illness or situation, or in any case, when he/she is under 13. In the latter case the aggravating factor will always be applied. In the other cases it should be assessed whether they have effectively contributed to the defencelessness;  Abuse of superiority or parentage to the victim, being ascendant, descendent, brother or sister, natural or by adoption;  The use of arms or other equally dangerous means likely to lead to death or injuries. This aggravating factor is applied regardless of the punishment corresponding to the death or injuries caused. If two or more of these circumstances exist, the punishment will be applied in the highest grade. The legal age of consent in Spain is 13 years, as specified by the Spanish Penal Code in Articles 181, 182 and 183. However, if deceit and/or pressure tactics are used in gaining the consent of a minor under the age of 16 years, an individual can be charged with sexual abuse under Article 183 upon parental complaint.

F. Morales Prats/R. Garcia Albedo in G. QUINTERO OLIVARES (Cord) op. cit.: p. 296, 297.

Supreme Court Judgment, 10 December 1983 [RJ 1983, 6514]. 4

Country Report Spain, 2012

The protection order of Article 544 Ter grants a specific and comprehensive protection status to victims of domestic violence. This status entails criminal, civil and social measures. These may be adopted when well-founded indications exist of rape within the domestic sphere of a woman by her husband or comparable life partner, even though they do not live together. Offences against sexual freedom can be considered semi-private or semi-public offences. In these cases, the trial process is initiated by request through the complaint of the victim or his/her legal representative, unless the victim is a minor, incompetent or helpless. In the latter cases the complaint by the Public Prosecutor is sufficient. The Prosecutor can also initiate proceedings taking into account all legitimate interests. In principle, in this case there should be a previous complaint by the parties concerned. Case law has established that a formal complaint is a prerequisite for admissibility. The complaint is not simply notifying the authorities about the existence of a criminal fact; in filing a complaint one is already initiating criminal action and becoming a party in the trial. Persons convicted for sexual offences may be subjected to the measure of controlled liberty, after having fulfilled their prison sentence. In case of a serious crime this measure may last five to ten years; in case of less serious crimes one to five years. The Penitentiary Regulations (Royal Decree 190/1996 of 9 February 1996) establish in Article 116.4 specialised action programmes for penitentiary treatment, which may also be directed to persons convicted for sexual offences, based on a previous diagnostic. The participation in these programmes is always voluntary and may not lead to the marginalisation of the inmates concerned within the penitentiary centres. In Spain no registry exists for sexual aggressors. Neither do accessible data exist on the degree of recidivism in relation to the participation in these programmes. ii. Official statistics The national crime statistics of Spain in the field are hard to evaluate and there were no data available for the study Different systems, similar outcomes. 7 According to the European Sourcebook there were reported 5 rapes per 100.000 of the population in 2005, which is low compared to the European average of 11. Around 200.000 minors are children of women subject to a protection order for reasons of gender violence in Spain, where an estimated 800.000 women are victims of this social affliction. However, ‘only’ 4% of them receive specialised care, according to data published by Save The Children on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women (2009). iii. Legal studies A report by the Spanish Security Forces and Bodies stresses that, in spite of the downward trend in child abuse, one should never become complacent, as ‘the mere existence of a single child victim is cause for serious concern.’ During 2006 the Spanish Security Forces and Bodies registered a total of 3.006 minor victims of abuse within the family environment. Of these minors, 68% were girls. The statistics show that many abused minors suffer more than one type of aggression; there is no age group, which clearly suffers more abuse than others. Differentiating between types of offence, physical abuse is more common among children under 2 years old, while sexual abuse is more common among children over 9 years old, in particular between 12 and 15.8 The first Plan against the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents (2002-2003) was evaluated by the Ministry of Social Affairs in collaboration with the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Valencia in a report published in October 2004.

Lovett, J., Kelly, L., (2009). Different Systems, Similar Outcomes? – Tracking Attrition in Reported Rape Cases Across Europe. CWASU, Daphne II Programme. 8

Friezes, T., Report on Spain, (2010). In Feasibility Study to Assess the Possibilities, Opportunities and Needs to Standardise National Legislation on Violence Against Women, Violence Against Children and Sexual Orientation Violence. European Commission, available at www.ec.europa.eu/justice/funding/daphne3/daphne_feasibility_study_2010_en.pdf 5

Country Report Spain, 2012

The conclusions show that due to this plan a series of objectives were achieved:9  an increased awareness on the subject, mainly in certain professional sectors;  the creation of specific plans to carry out the plan’s objective;  better and increased support to programmes that were being developed;  improved coordination between different institutions (State, Autonomous Communities, local entities) and professional groups (civil society organisations) related with child protection, motivated by the need for joint action in specific areas;  better response to acquired international obligations in the fight against the sexual exploitation of children;  changes made in national legislation.10

It is both an empirical and a qualitative evaluation. Available at: www.observatoriodelainfancia.msps.es/documentos/Evaluacion_Plan_Explot_Sexual_Infancia.pdf 10

Country Report Spain, 2012

C. INSTITUTIONS, ORGANISATIONS AND SERVICES i. National level The Spanish Youth Information network gathers all kinds of information of interest for youth and distributes it to the public in a practical, systematic and updated manner, in 3.000 local agencies and by the Internet. The information includes education about sexuality, AIDS, etc. The network is not only a general information service but also provides personalised service and counselling according to each user’s needs; to answer questions, clarify issues, provide tools, etc. There is also a mobile information service called Informa-bus, especially used in the rural areas, to communicate information to young people. ii. Regional/local level At the regional level there are Youth Councils that support the local councils and local youth organisations in realising their objectives. On the local level there are 118 Youth Councils in the communities. Law LO 1/2004 provides for a Committee against gender-based violence within the Interregional Council of the National Health Service, which is composed of representatives of all the autonomous communities that are competent in this field. The Committee publishes an annual report that is presented to the National Observatory on Violence Against Women and to the Plenary Assembly of the Interregional Council. 1. Victim-oriented institutions, organisations and services 1.1 National level Centro de Asistencia a Víctimas de Agresiones Sexuales (C.A.V.A.S) (Support Centre for Victims of Sexual Aggression) Website Type of organisation Short description

www.violacion.org/ NGO. It is an umbrella organisation of 10 centres for victims of sexual aggression, among others in Valencia, Madrid, or Barcelona.

Services:  counselling;  legal assistance;  online-forum. 1.2 Regional/local level Centro de Atención Integral a Mujeres Víctimas de Agresiones Sexuales (Integrated Assistance Centre for Women Victim of Sexual Aggression) Website

Type of organisation Short description

http://www.madrid.org/cs/Satellite?c=CM_InfPractica_FA&cid=1142522818634 &idConsejeria=1109266187278&idListConsj=1109265444710&idOrganismo=11092 66228570&language=es&pagename=ComunidadMadrid%2FEstructura&sm=11091 70600517 GO (Part of the Women General Direction, Autonomous Region of Madrid). Services: the centre provides victims of sexual aggression and their relatives with integrated assistance (legal, psychological, social and educational). Moreover, the centre is coordinated with other resources of assistance in the Autonomous Region of Madrid. 7

Country Report Spain, 2012

Amuvi Association Website Type of organisation Short description

www.amuvi.org NGO. It is a women association from Andalucía, founded in 1994. It provides legal and psychological assistance and intervention. At the same time Amuvi participates in campaigns to raise public awareness on sexual violence (and other types of violence), and develops research on that field.

Oficina Insular de Intervención Especializada para Víctimas de Agresiones Sexuales y Acoso Sexual de la Asociación Mujeres, Solidaridad y Cooperación (Insular Office for Specialised Intervention with Victims of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment from the Women, Solidarity and Cooperation Association) Website Type of organisation Short description

http://mujeressolidaridad.com/ Women’s Association through an agreement with the Government of the Canary Islands. It provides specialised social, legal and psychological assistance to child, youth and women victims of sexual aggression and sexual harassment.

2. Perpetrator-oriented institutions, organisations and services 2.1 National level Programa de intervención con agresores sexuales (Intervention program with sex offenders) Website Type of organisation Short description

www.institucionpenitenciaria.es/web/portal/Reeducacion/ProgramasEspecific os/agresoresSexuales.html GO (Part of the Secretariat General of Prisons, Home Office, Spanish Government). The intervention program for sex offenders consists of:  detailed psychosocial assessment of each individual and;  psycho-social counselling in group sessions. Content of the counselling sessions:  raise awareness about causes of the perpetration of sexual offenses;  increase empathy for the victim, becoming aware of the damage caused;  assume criminal responsibility without justifications;  change patterns of thinking that lead them to misinterpret situations or behaviours of others;  learn adapted behaviour patterns and increase self-control;  change unhealthy and disorganised lifestyles;  pinpoint the appearance of possible risk factors for recurrence.

3 Professional training, health education and research 3.1 National level Instituto de la mujer (Woman’s Institute) Website Type of organisation Short description

www.inmujer.es GO (Part of the Ministry of Health, Social Welfare and Equality through the State Secretariat of Social Welfare and Equality). This institute brings together many organisations that run women’s shelters, support centres for victims of sexual violence or gender-based violence.

Country Report Spain, 2012

It conducts various studies concerning the conditions of women and offers legal assistance to victims. It acts in issues related to women’s rights. Comisión para la investigación de malos tratos a mujeres (Commission for research on the maltreatment of women) Website Type of organisation Short description

http://malostratos.org/ NGO, founded in 1977. Services:  research;  counselling;  crisis support;  health care/therapy;  information;  legal assistance;  online-forum;  prevention;  public awareness/lobbying;  research;  training. Fields of work:  male/domestic violence;  child abuse;  pornography/prostitution;  sexual abuse;  trafficking in women;  violence against migrant and refugee women;  violence against women in conflict situations;  women’s human rights.

Federación de Planificación Familiar Estatal Website Type of organisation Short description

www.fpfe.org NGO. Federación de Planificación Familiar Estatal, focuses on:  information and education activities;  advocacy for the sexual and reproductive health rights of women and young people;  contraception, including emergency contraception provision;  abortion counselling (not services) and HIV/AIDS prevention services (not treatment/diagnosis). The establishment of Youth Contraception and Sexuality Centres in Madrid, Barcelona and Santiago, offer personal counselling, telephone helpline advice and focused information. Training is provided for young people in supporting Youth Centre HIV-AIDS clients.

Country Report Spain, 2012

3.2 Regional/local level Centros municipales de informacion de la mujer (Municipal information centres for women) Centro de la mujer (Women’s Centre) Website Type of organisation Short description

No website available. GO. According to the WAVE-Network there are many of those centres that work on domestic violence issues throughout Spain. Services:  information;  online-forum.

Centros INFODONA (INFODONA centres) Website

www.bsocial.gva.es/portal/portal?id=5441#

Type of organisation Short description

GO (Part of Regional Social Welfare Ministry, Autonomous Region of Valencia). According to the WAVE-Network there are many of these centres Autonomous Region of Valencia and provide information on and counselling on domestic violence.

Asociación para la Sanación y la Prevención de los Abusos Sexuales en la Infancia (ASPASI, Association for the cure and prevention of sexual abuse of children) Website

www.aspasi.org/

Type of organisation Short description

NGO. The association has, since 2007, worked to prevent child abuse and provide support for victims of all forms of sexual abuse. Services:  counselling and legal services;  mutual Support Group for Victims of child Abuse;  family Support Group;  prevention activities for children and adolescents;  talks to parents and teachers;  raise awareness about the need for prevention, protection and treatment of victims through lectures, conferences and other activities in universities, associations, health centres, etc.;  information and social awareness of its consequences.

Asociación de Ayuda a Víctimas de Agresiones Sexuales y Violencia Doméstica (ADAVAS, Association to Aid Victims of Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence) Website Type of organisation

www.adavas.org/ NGO.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Short description

A women association from León, founded in 1991. It provides specialised legal and psychosocial assistance to child, youth and women victims of sexual aggression and sexual harassment. Services:  information and welfare service;  lectures, conferences, workshops, etc.

Country Report Spain, 2012

D. RESEARCH ON PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND EVIDENCE BASED INTERVENTIONS Inclusion criteria: Studies from 2000 onwards; only quantitative studies; only studies reporting youth sexual aggression (excluding cases of childhood sexual abuse, as defined by legal age of consent). For exceptions, see individual studies. No.

Author

Year of public.

Study characteristics Prevalence data

Incidence data

Perpetration data

Victimization data

Heterosexual aggression

Same-sex aggression

Risk factors/ outcomes

Sipsma, E., Carrobles Israel, J.-A., Montorio Cerrato, I., & Everaerd, W.

2000

Fernández Fuertes, A. A., & Fuertes, A.

2005

Fuertes, A., Ramos Vergeles, M., de la Orden Acevedo, V., del Campo Sánchez, A., & Lázaro Visa, S.

2005

Corral, S., & Calvete, E.

2006

Fuertes, A., Ramos, M., Martínez J. L., López, D., Tabernero, C.

2006

Ramos, M., Fuertes, A., & de la Orden, V.

2006

Ortega, R., Ortega Rivera, F. J., & Sánchez, V.

2008

Not specified

2009

2010

Not specified

8. 9.

Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., Graña, J. L., O’Leary, K. D., & González, M. P. Ortega, R., Sánchez, V., Ortega-Rivera, J., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E.

10.

Romero-Sánchez, M., & Megías, J. L.

2010

11.

Sánchez, V., Viejo, C., OrtegaRivera, J., & Ortega, R.

2010

Not specified

12.

Vicario-Molina, I., Fuertes, A., & Orgaz, B.

2010

Not specified

13.

Fernández-Fuertes, A. A., Orgaz, B., & Fuertes, A.

2011

14.

Fuertes, A., Orgaz, B., VicarioMolina, I., Martínez, J.L., Fernández-Fuertes, A. A., & Carcedo, R.

2012

15.

Santos-Iglesias, P., & Sierra, J. C.

2012

Not specified

Total

Intervention

Country Report Spain, 2012

1. Sipsma, E., Carrobles Israel, J.-A., Montorio Cerrato, I., & Everaerd, W. (2000). Sexual aggression against women by men acquaintances: Attitudes and experiences among Spanish university students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 3, 14 – 27. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition

Design Measurement of sexual aggression Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

N/a A convenience sample: Spanish students at Autonomous University of Madrid.  Total N = 412.  n = 189 male and n = 223 female.  Mean age of the 118 first-year female students: 19.3 (SD = 1.9);  Mean age of the 109 first-year male students: 19.5 (SD = 2.6);  Mean age of the 104 fourth-year female students: 23.2 (SD = 1.4);  Mean age of the 81 fourth-year male students: 23.2 (SD = 1.7). Cross-sectional. Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) (Koss & Oros, 1982), 6-point scale, to explore victimization and sexual aggression.  Lifetime prevalence in heterosexual encounters.  Victimization reports from women.  Perpetrations reports from men. Known person: any person from casual acquaintance to intimate partner. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization  

33.2% of the females had been victimized, 28% through verbal pressure. 24.3% of the men reported engaging in sexual aggression, 19% used verbal pressure.

Highest level of sexual victimization experienced by the females:  19.7% sexual contact;  5.8% sexual coercion;  4.5% attempted rape;  3.2% rape. Number of incidents of sexual victimization of the females:  17.5% experienced one incident of victimization;  5.8% involved in two incidents;  1% involved in 3 or more incidents. Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration Highest level of sexual aggression reported by the males:  15.3% sexual contact;  5.3% sexual coercion;  2.1% attempted rape;  1.6% rape. Number of sexually aggressive acts of the males:  19.5% involved in one specific act;  8.1% involved in two different acts;  5.5% involved in 3 or more different acts.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Findings regarding risk factors

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Summary of findings regarding risk factors for perpetration Attitudes about acceptability of forced sexual contacts:  forced sexual intercourse is significantly more accepted among men than among women and among first-year male students compared to fourthyear male students;  no significant differences in attitudes between fourth-year males and females;  acceptance of forced sex differs by field of study (range from 44% (male literature students, first year) to 0% in other branches;  acceptance of forced sexual contact higher among first-year students who reported exerting sexual aggression. Summary of findings regarding consequences Help-seeking behaviour:  17.6% did not seek any help;  39.2% sought help (from a friend (75.9%), from a relative (37.9%), from a parent (17.2%),from a counsellor/therapist (6.9%), went to police (10.3%), went to hospital/physician (10.3%), went to a rape crisis centre (3.4%);  43.2% did not answer this question;  the majority (86.4%) sought help within two weeks after the sexual aggression;  13.6% sought help within a year.

2. Fernández Fuertes, A.A., & Fuertes, A. (2005). Violencia sexual en las relaciones de pareja de los jóvenes (Sexual violence in intimate relationship of young people). Sexología Integral, 2, 126–132. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

2004. Convenience sample: high school students from Castilla y León (Spain). Participants were involved in a serious romantic relationship (40.2%) or have had at least 1 serious relationship in the previous 12 months (58.8%).  Total N = 572 (238 male and 334 female);  Mean age: 16.6 (SD = 1.01), age range: between 15 and 19 years old. Cross-sectional.  The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI; Wolfe et al., 2001) – Spanish version (Fernández-Fuertes, Fuertes & Pulido, 2006).  The CADRI has 35 items, grouped into 5 subscales (physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal-emotional abuse, threatening behaviour, and relational aggression).  Sexual abuse scale has four items that measure sexually aggressive behaviour, both perpetration and victimization I would take this out because later no frequency data are presented, only the rates of people who experienced/reported each form at least once.  Prevalence in heterosexual dating relationships.  Perpetration and victimization reports from men and women. Romantic relationships. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization 

51.7% (50.1% of males and 54.2% of females) reported having been a victim of at least one sexually aggressive act.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration 

Findings regarding risk factors

47.9% of adolescents (58.8% of males and 40.1% of females) admitted perpetrating sexual aggression.  Males (M = 0.31, SD = 0.44) reported having perpetrated significantly more aggressive acts in their intimate relationships than females did (M = 0.17, SD = 0.27; p<.001).  No sex differences were noted for sexual victimization. Summary of findings regarding risk factors for perpetration/victimization    

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Positive correlation between being a perpetrator and being a victim of sexual aggression for both males (r = .78, p<.01) and females (r = .69, p<.01). Women: positive correlation between age and sexual aggression perpetration (r = .14, p<.01)/victimization (r = .13, p<.05). Women: positive correlation between duration of relationship and aggression perpetration (r = .20, p<.01)/victimization (r =.18, p<.01). Males: negative correlation between importance given to relationship and sexual aggression perpetration (r =.24, p<.01)/victimization (r=.21, p<.01).

N/a

3. Fuertes, A., Ramos-Vergeles, M., de la Orden Acevedo, V., del Campo Sánchez, A., & Lázaro Visa, S. (2005). The involvement in sexual coercive behaviours of Spanish college men: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 872–891. Year of data collection Type of sample

2003.

Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

 Total N = 196 (male).  Mean age: I = 21.3 range: between 18 and 23 years old. Cross-sectional.  Sexual Experience Survey SES (Koss et al., 1987), 9 items, 4 categories (sexual contact, sexual coercion, attempted rape, rape).  In the study they asked about the frequency of occurrence.  Prevalence in heterosexual encounters.  Perpetration reports from men. Sexual aggression between acquaintances.

Convenience sample: male students from the University District of Salamanca.

N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration   

15.3% of the participants reported that they had engaged in acts of sexual aggression (most frequent: sexual contacts through pressure or manipulation). Percentages in Koss’s categories (based on most severe form of sexual aggression reported): sexual contact 9.7%, sexual coercion 1.0%, attempted rape 2.0%, rape 2.6%. Strategies of coercion (based on most severe coercive strategy reported): pressure 6.1%, alcohol/drugs 8.7%, threats/use of force 0.5%.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Findings regarding risk factors

Summary of findings regarding risk factors for perpetration        

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Significant association between hypermasculinity and hostility toward women, the need for control and domination. Negative correlation between self-esteem and sexual depression (feeling of unhappiness and sadness about one’s own sexual life). Positive correlation between sexual preoccupation, sexual depression and a more impersonal sexual orientation. Positive association between sexual depression and hostility toward women. Positive association between sexual preoccupation and the need to control, domination, hypermasculinity, hostility toward women, rape myths (except that women do not have the right to refuse). Positive association between sexual coercion index and self-esteem, sexual preoccupation, a tendency to have impersonal sex without commitment, the need to control and domination. Negative association between sexual coercion index and empathy. I would drop this because it makes little sense without actually consulting the study and seeing the regression model.

N/a

4. Corral, S., & Calvete, E. (2006). Evaluación de la violencia en las relaciones de pareja mediante las escalas de tácticas para conflictos: Estructura factorial y diferencias de género en jóvenes. Psicología Conductual Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica de la Salud, 14, 215233. (Assessment of violence in intimate relationships by means of the Conflict Tactics Scales: Factor structure and gender differences in juveniles). Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition

Design Measurement of sexual aggression

N/a A convenience sample: students from different universities in the Basque country, all of them at the Campus de Bizkaia.  N = 917 final sample (participants who had a relationship during the last year).  n = 492 male (43.5%), age: 21.51 (SD = 2.40) and n = 626 female (55.4%), age: 20.70 (SD = 2.21).  Mean age: 21.06 (SD = 2.33), age range: between 18 and 30 years old; 12.2% didn’t answer the question about age. cross-sectional. Measurement Spanish version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2; Straus et al., 1996). CTS2 consists of 5 scales: negotiation (6 items), physical aggression (12 items), psychological aggression (4 items), sexual coercion (7 items) and injuries (6 items). Only findings for sexual coercion are presented here. Sexual coercion: behaviour to force the partner to participate in a sexual activity which is unwanted; 3 levels of coercion (insistence, threat of force and force) and 3 different types of sexual acts (vaginal, anal and oral sex). Example items (reported in Straus, M.A., Hamby, S.L., Boney-McCoy, S. y Sugarman, D.B. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283-316). Perpetration/victimization 16

Country Report Spain, 2012

Minor:  made my partner have sex without a condom/my partner did it to me;  insisted on sex when my partner did not want to (but did not use physical force)/my partner did it to me;  insisted my partner have oral or anal sex (but did not use physical force)/ my partner did it to me.

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator

Severe:  used force (like hitting, holding down or using a weapon) to make my partner have oral or anal sex)/my partner did it to me;  used force (like hitting, holding down, or using a weapon) to make my partner have sex)/my partner did it to me;  used threats to make my partner have oral or anal sex)/my partner did it to me;  used threats to make my partner have sex)/my partner did it to me.  12-month prevalence in heterosexual encounters.  Victimization reports from women and men.  Perpetration reports from women and men. Intimate partners.

Incidence

N/a

Prevalence

Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization 

More women than men suffer sexual coercion (total sexual coercion by partner; 19.6% vs. 9.5%; p<.00; minor sexual coercion: 19.0% vs. 9.2%: p<.001).

Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration    Findings regarding risk factors Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Men use more total sexual coercion toward the partner than do women (16.3% vs. 8.3%; p<.001). Men use more minor sexual coercion toward the partner than do women (16.3% vs. 8.3%; p<.001). There are no sex differences regarding the prevalence of severe coercion (victimization: 0.5% (women) vs. 0.6% (men); perpetration: 0.0% (women) vs. 0.3% (men)).

N/a N/a

5. Fuertes, A., Ramos-Vergeles, M., Martínez J.L., López, D., Tabernero, C. (2006). Prevalencia y factores de vulnerabilidad y protección de la victimización sexual en las relaciones con los iguales en las mujeres Universitarias Españolas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 799–814. Year of data collection

N/a

Country Report Spain, 2012

Type of sample

Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression

Convenience sample:  female participants of different centres of Universidad de Salamanca (medical and humanities);  not randomly selected.  T1: n = 477 women, T2: n = 366 women.  T1: Mean age: 20.1 (s = 2.16), age range: between 17 and 25 years old. Longitudinal (2 time points, interval of 6 months). Measurement of sexual victimization (measured at the first and second time point referring to Sexual Experience Survey (Koss & Gidycz, 1985). Stereotypical beliefs in sexuality and sexual coercion:  adaption of reduced version of Sexual Beliefs Scale (Muehlenhard & Felts, 1998);  evaluation of 4 out of 5 beliefs: o ‘girls think it is exciting when guys use force on them’; o ‘the use of coercion is justified in case of provocation’; o ‘girls should show little resistance in order not to seem ‘easy’; o ‘girls have or not have the right to say ‘no’ or stop sexual intercourse at any moment although it has already begun;  reliability between .51 and .72. Perceived susceptibility to sexual coercion:  susceptibility in general and in different situations that could end in victimization;  8 items (5 point Likert scale: 1 = low susceptibility, 5 = high susceptibility; α = .89). Perceived control:  extent to which women consider maintain sexual relations after coercion; perception of control over different situations (coercive strategies: blackmail, physical force, consumption of alcohol or drugs, threat);  2 subscales: perception of internal (3 items, 5 point Likert scale, 5 = high perception of control: α = .77) and external control (3 items, α = .70). Self-efficacy:  perception of self-efficacy in coercive situations/have strategies to avoid unwanted sexual intercourse;  13 items, 5 point Liker scale, 5 = high self-efficacy; α = .81;  3 situations (different coercive strategies, see above).

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence

Alcohol related expectances:  following the approach of Dermen & Cooper (1994a, 1994b);  consequences of alcohol consumption on social and sexual relations;  14 items, 5 point Likert scale, 5 = high acceptation of expectation);  2 subscales: positive (10 items, α = .92) and negatives consequences (4 items, α = .85).  Prevalence (last 6 months) in heterosexual encounters.  Victimization reports from women. Acquaintances (relationship, friendship, peers). N/a

Country Report Spain, 2012

Prevalence

Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization Victimization T1:  30.9% of the women experienced at least one situation in which a man they knew who tried to coerce them into unwanted sexual activity (regardless whether the act happened or not);  64.8% of these women experienced this more than once;  of the women who experienced these situations, 48.3% engaged in unwanted sexual acts at least on one occasion.

Findings regarding risk factors

Sexual victimization between T1 and T2 (six-month interval):  12% of the women reported at least one incident of being made to engage in unwanted sexual acts with a man they knew (either attempted or completed sexual acts);  31.8% of the women experienced unwanted sexual acts. Summary of findings regarding risk factors for victimization T1: Differences between victimized and non-victimized women:  significant differences in subscribing to two myths about sexual relations: o myth 1: a woman should initially resist the sexual advances in order to not be considered as ‘easy’; o myth 2: a woman loses the right to stop a sexual interaction once started; o the non-victimized women subscribed less to these two myths;  cognitive-behavioural variables: o susceptibility and efficacy to resist sexual coercion differentiated significantly between the two groups: The non-victimized women perceived themselves as less susceptible and more efficacious in resisting sexual coercion.’;  alcohol-related expectances: o non-victimized women have significantly less positive expectations and more negative expectations about the effects of alcohol; T2: Differences between victimized and non-victimized women at the second measured point:  significant differences between the two groups regarding cognitivebehavioural variables: susceptibility and perception of external control are lower and perceived efficacy is among non-victimized women;  variables related to expectations about the consumption of alcohol: in the group of non-victimized women, the positive expectations tend to be lower whereas the negative expectations are significantly higher;  women with a history of sexual victimization at T1 were significantly more likely to be victimized in the period between T1 and T2.

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Logistic regression revealed that positive alcohol expectations were the strongest predictor of sexual victimization, followed by T1 victimization status, efficacy beliefs and perceived control. N/a

Country Report Spain, 2012

6. Ramos-Vergeles, M., Fuertes, A., & de la Orden, V. (2006). La victimización sexual en las relaciones con los iguales en una muestra de mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes: prevalencia y creencias relacionadas con la victimización (Sexual victimization in relations with peers in a sample of adolescent and young women: Prevalence and beliefs related to victimization). Revista de Psicologia Social, 21, 127–140. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

N/a Convenience sample: Pupils of secondary schools and university students at the university district of Universidad de Salamanca.  Total N = 239 women.  Mean age: 19.06 (SD = 0.81), age range: between 18 and 20 years old. Cross-sectional. Measurement of sexual victimization:  Modified version of Sexual Experience Survey (Koss, Gidycz & Wisniewski, 1987);  Final version with 9 items.  Prevalence in heterosexual encounters.  Victimization reports from women. Just met, friendship, relationship. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization 

Findings regarding risk factors

42.7% (102 of 239) of the women had experienced at least one incident of sexual victimization by a male acquaintance. 28.8% (69 of 239) were victimized more than once.  No age differences were found with regard to the prevalence.  Most coercive situations involved non-coital sexual contacts through continuous verbal pressure (39.7%). 12.1% of the women indicated that the man had used alcohol or other drugs and 6.3% indicated the perpetrator had used threats or physical force. Summary of findings regarding risk factors for victimization   

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

N/a

Relational context of sexual victimization: 24.3% in friendships, 17.6% in relationships and 16.3% with a man just met. Victimized women were more accepting of hypergender ideology explain what this is or delete (M = 2.04, s = 0.51) than non-victimized women (M = 1.84; s = 0.51, t226 = 2.745, p = .007). Victimized women were more accepting of ‘token resistance’ (saying no to sexual advances by meaning yes) (M = 2.71, s = 1.10) than non-victimized women (M = 1.97, s = 0.65, t226 = 2.485, p = .014).

7. Ortega, R., Ortega Rivera, F. J., & Sánchez, V. (2008). Violencia sexual entre compañeros y violencia en parejas adolescents. (Sexual harassment among peers and adolescent dating violence). International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 8, 63-72. Year of data collection

N/a

Country Report Spain, 2012

Type of sample Sample composition

Design Measurement of sexual aggression

Type of data collected

Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

Convenience sample: Students of the 2 nd Cycle of three institutes of Compulsory Secondary Education and Post-Compulsory Schooling in Sevilla and Córdoba.  Total N = 490.  n = 217 male and n = 273 female.  Mean age: 16.08, age range: between 14 and 20 years old Sevilla: 28% and 37.6%, Córdoba: 34.5%. Cross-sectional. Measurement of sexual harassment. Modified version of AAUW Sexual Harassment Survey (1993) developed by McMaster, Connolly, Pepler & Craig (2002). 14 items about perpetration and victimization. In this study they analysed the results of the 5 most frequent forms of sexual victimization:  ‘he or she has looked at you or made comments, jokes or obscene gestures’;  ‘he or she has clutched to your body with sexual intentions’;  ‘he or she has joked or started idle gossip about your sexual behaviour’;  ‘he or she has called you fag, lesbian or gay’;  ‘he or she has shown his/her ass or other parts of his/her body’. The items were rephrased from the actor’s perspective to measure perpetration:  sexual victimization by a peer (α = .709);  sexual victimization by a partner (α = .705);  sexual aggression committed towards a peer (α = .713);  sexual aggression committed towards a partner (α = .694).  Prevalence (time frame not specified).  Victimization reports from women and men.  Perpetration reports from women and men.  Sex constellation between victim and perpetrator not specified. Peer relations, courtship and dating in adolescence. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization  

69.4% of the adolescents stated that they had been victims of sexual aggression by peers (52.8% occasionally, 16.6% very frequently). 66.6% of the adolescents stated that they had been victims of sexual aggression by a partner (40.3 % occasionally, 25.3% very often).

Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration  

Findings regarding risk factors

58.4% % of the adolescents stated that they shown sexual aggression towards a peer (46% occasionally, 12.4% very often). 48.5% the adolescents stated that they had shown sexual aggression towards a partner (35.5 % occasionally, 13% very often).

Sexual victimization between peers is lower among those who are in committed relationships than among those who are in casual relationships whereas victimization and sexual aggression in couples is more frequent among those who are in a committed relationship. N/a

Country Report Spain, 2012

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

N/a

8. Muñoz-Rivas, M.J., Graña, J.L., O’Leary, K.D., & González, M.P. (2009). Prevalence and predictors of sexual aggression in dating relationships of adolescents and young adults. Psicothema, 21, 234- 240. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression

N/a A convenience sample: students from high schools of the Community of Madrid and post high school individuals who were dating at this moment.  Total N = 4.052.  n = 1.852 male (45.7%) and n = 2.200 female (54.3%).  Mean age: 20.6, age range: between 16 and 26 years old. Cross-sectional. Appraisal of sexual aggression in adolescents and young adults, designed by authors, 5-point Likert-type response format. It measured the presence of the most common sexually aggressive behaviours, especially those referring to pressure and coercion to engage in non-consensual sexual relations. Sexual perpetration: for females α = .73, for males α = .73. Sexual victimization: for females α = .72, for males α = .68. 

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

Threatening to break up if the partner refuses to engage in sexual relations.  Verbally insisting on engaging in sexual relations even though the partner does not want to.  Use of alcohol/drugs to prevent the partner’s resistance to engage in sexual relations.  Threatening to use physical force (i.e., holding down, shoving) if the partner refuses to engage in sexual relations.  Grabbing or holding down the partner to engage in non-consensual sexual relations.  Any sexual aggression.  Prevalence in heterosexual encounters.  Victimization reports from women and men.  Perpetration report from women and men. Dating relationship. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization 

Significantly more women than men reported victimization (global index), 25.1% vs. 21.1% (χ2(1) = 8.90, p<.001).

Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration  

Significantly more men than women reported having engaged in sexual aggression (global index), 35.7% vs. 14.9% (χ2(1) = 235.32, p<.001). Most common sexually aggressive behaviour of men and women: ‘verbally insisting on engaging in sexual relations even though the partner does not want to’ (men vs. women: 31.9% vs. 13.5%; χ2(1) = 199:02, p<.001). 22

Country Report Spain, 2012

Findings regarding risk factors

Summary of findings regarding risk factors for perpetration Best predictors of sexual aggression in the male sample:  be a victim of the same type of aggression (also dominant and jealous tactics);  age (higher probability when the men become older);  age at first relationship: lower probability first relationship was at a younger age;  duration of the current relationship: higher probability if men were in a relationship for more than 3 years. Best predictor of sexual aggression in the female sample:  sexual victimization of women (3.24 times higher probability of sexual aggression). Summary of findings regarding risk factors for victimization

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Best predictors of sexual victimization:  also showing sexual aggression (significant for both sexes, males: 1.90 times more likely, females: 4.34 times more likely).  being the victim of the other types of aggression (dominant and jealous tactics, physical and verbal aggression) – for both sexes. N/a

9 Ortega, R., Sánchez, V., Ortega-Rivera, J., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2010). Peer sexual harassment in adolescent girls: A cross-national study (Spain-Italy). International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10, 245-264. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression

2006. Convenience sample: female high school students from Spain and Italy.  Total N = 318 female adolescents between 16-18 years old.  n = 170 from Seville (Spain).  n = 148 from Florence (Italy). Cross-sectional descriptive study. Measurement: frequency of victimization by and perpetration of sexual harassment behaviours. The questionnaire asked participants to report how often they had perpetrated or received a variety of verbal and physical sexual harassment behaviours during the last two months. Two forms of sexual harassment:  visual verbal: behaviours including insults, jokes, but also behaviours with an important visual component, as insults via graffiti, or jokes showing pornographic material (e.g. Made sexual comments, jokes, movements, or looks at you);  physical contact: behaviours aimed at sexual cooperation involving physical contact (e.g. touched, grabbed, or pinched in a sexual way).

Type of data collected

Even though perpetration and victimization data was collected, analyses focused on received behaviours (the experience of being a victim).  Prevalence of women’s perpetration and victimization in during the last 2 months.  Sex constellation between victim and perpetrator not specified.  Structure and dimensions of sexual harassment. 23

Country Report Spain, 2012

Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

N/a N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization There were significant differences between countries. Prevalence of visual-verbal sexual harassment:  Spain: 65.6%;  Italy: 39.7%. Prevalence of sexual harassment with physical contact:  Spain: 16.6%;  Italy: 19.1%.

Findings regarding risk factors Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Prevalence of co-occurrence of both forms of sexual aggression:  Spain: 23.5%;  Italy: 41.5%. N/a

N/a

10. Romero-Sánchez, M., & Megías, J.L. (2010). Alcohol use as a strategy for obtaining nonconsensual sexual relations: Incidence in Spanish university students and relation to rape myths acceptance. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol 13(2), 864-874. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition

Design Measurement of sexual aggression

N/a Convenience sample of students at the University of Granada.  Total N = 349.  n = 154 male and n = 195 female.  Mean age women: 20.79 (SD = 3.72), age range: between 18 and 45 years old.  Mean age men: 20.83 (SD = 3.70), age range: between 17 and 44 years old.  94% of participants (n = 328) were between 17 and 25 years old. Cross-sectional. Measurement:  Spanish version of Sexual Experiences Scale (SES) (Koss et al., 1987);  10 items, frequency scale (never, once, twice, more than twice);  measuring the prevalence of unwanted sexual contact, failed attempts to have non-consensual sexual intercourse by means of threat or alcohol/drugs use and completed non-consensual sexual intercourse involving pressure, abuse of authority, use of alcohol/drugs or threats. To assess the boys’ use of the strategy of using alcohol as a means to have sexual relations with girls in social/dating situations two items were used:  men: ‘have you ever tried to get a girl with whom you were flirting at a party, gathering, etc. to drink alcohol so that you could take it further with her?’  women: ‘have you ever felt that a man you were flirting with at a party, gathering, etc. was trying to get you go drink alcohol so that he could go further with you?’ 24

Country Report Spain, 2012

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

 Prevalence in heterosexual encounters.  Victimization reports from women.  Perpetration reports from men. N/a N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization Based on SES:  overall rate of female victimization was 36%;  separate analysis for items 5 and 8 and additional item developed by the authors: o ‘has a man ever tried to penetrate you when you did not want him to, giving you alcohol or drugs to serve that purpose, without ultimately having intercourse?’  3% of the women reported having experienced an attempted rape by being given alcohol/drugs; o ‘have you ever had sexual intercourse with a man who had given you alcohol or drugs to achieve that end?’  1% experienced forced sexual intercourse after being given alcohol or drugs; o ‘have you ever felt that a man you were flirting with at a party, gathering, etc. was trying to get you go drink alcohol so that he could go further with you?’  44% of the female participants reported that a man had tried to make them drink alcohol in order to get her to have sexual relations. Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration

Findings regarding risk factors Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Based on SES:  overall rate for men’s perpetration of sexual aggression was 16%;  separate analysis for items 5 and 8 and additional item developed by the authors: o ‘have you ever given a girl alcohol or drugs in order to have sexual relations with her, unsuccessfully, in spite of the fact that she did not want to?’  6% of the male participants reported having given alcohol or drugs to a woman in order to get her to have sexual relations, but without success; o ‘have you ever had sexual intercourse with someone by giving her alcohol or drugs, in spite of the fact that she did not want to?’  3% reported having had sexual intercourse by providing alcohol/drugs; o ‘have you ever tried to get a girl you were flirting with at a party, gathering, etc. to drink alcohol in order to take it further with her?’  28% reported that they had tried to get a women to drink alcohol. N/a N/a

Country Report Spain, 2012

11. Sánchez, V., Viejo, C., Ortega-Rivera, J., & Ortega, R. (2010). Sexual harassment and psychological adjustment in adolescent girls. Poster presentation at the World Meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Storrs, CT, July 2010. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

Findings regarding risk factors

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

N/a Convenience sample of adolescent females from Andalucia (Spain).  Total N = 1.770 (all females).  Mean age: 17.82, age range: between 16 and 22 years old. Cross-sectional. Sexual harassment:  modified version of AAUW Sexual Harassment Survey (1993);  13 items, 5-point Likert-type response format;  focus on the experience of being a victim of sexual harassment;  2 scales: ‘visual/verbal sexual harassment victimization’ (V/VSH, α = .767) and ‘sexual harassment with physical contact’ (PCSH, α = .841).  6-month prevalence.  Victimization reports from women.  Sex constellation between victim and perpetrator not specified. Peers. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization  41.5% were victims of visual/verbal sexual harassment.  1.3% were victims of sexual harassment with physical contact.  11.5% were victims of both forms in the last six months. Summary of findings regarding risk factors for victimization Analysis of psychological adjustment of victims and non-victimized women:  victims of physical and visual/verbal sexual harassment had lower selfesteem than non-victims;  victims show higher levels of hostile sexism, depression, delinquent behaviour, verbal aggressiveness, consumption of alcohol/tobacco/drugs than non-victims;  victims of physical and visual/verbal sexual harassment show higher levels of depression, delinquent behaviour, verbal aggressiveness and alcohol consumption than victims of visual/verbal sexual harassment. N/a

12. Vicario-Molina, I., Fuertes, A., & Orgaz, B. (2010). Acoso sexual entre iguales: Incidencia y reacción emocional en una muestra de Estudiantes de 4º Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. (Peer sexual harassment: Incidence and emotional reaction in a sample of students), Psicología Conductual, 18, 629-650. Year of data collection Type of sample

2007.

Sample composition

 

Convenience sample: high-school students from Salamanca (Spain). 53% male and 47% female. Age range: between 15 and 17 years old. 26

Country Report Spain, 2012

Design Measurement of sexual aggression

Cross-sectional. Measurement: peer sexual harassment, both perpetration and victimization through a scale that measures the incidence of verbal and physical behaviours related with peer sexual harassment during the last 12 months. Participants who reported having experienced sexual harassment were asked to indicate their emotional response to the most recent incident.

Type of data collected

Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

The specific items related to sexual aggression were:  to undress or strip;  unwanted sexual touching;  forced kissing;  forced intercourse.  Prevalence of victimization in heterosexual and homosexual constellations.  Prevalence of perpetration.  Emotional reaction to last victimization episode.  Different sex constellations between victim and perpetrator considered, but not specified in results. School friends. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization To undress or strip Unwanted sexual touching Forced kissing Forced intercourse

Boys (%) 40.0 57.3 16.7 6.0

Girls (%) 24.8 49.6 18.8 9.0

Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration To undress or strip Unwanted sexual touching Forced kissing Forced intercourse Findings regarding risk factors Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Boys (%) 32.7 42.7 12.5 6.7

Girls (%) 7.5 21.8 1.5 0.0

N/a In general, more female participants indicated to have experienced a negative emotional reaction than male participants.

13. Fernández-Fuertes, A.A., Orgaz, B. & Fuertes, A. (2011). Características del comportamiento agresivo en las parejas de los adolescentes españoles (Characteristics of dating violence among Spanish adolescents). Psicología Conductual, 19, 501–522. Year of data collection

2007.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Type of sample

Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression

Convenience sample from Castilla y León (Spain): participants were either involved in a romantic relationship (44.4% of the sample) or had had at least one serious relationship in the previous 12 months (55.6%), in both cases with a minimum length of one month.  N = 601 adolescents (42% men and 58% women).  Mean age: 17.1, age range: between 15 and 19 years old. Cross-sectional. Measurement: aggressive behaviour, both perpetration and victimization. The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI; Wolfe et al., 2001). Instead of using the full instrument (i.e., 5 subscales) three subscales from the Spanish version (Fernández-Fuertes, Fuertes & Pulido, 2006) were used: physical abuse (4 items), sexual abuse (4) and verbal-emotional abuse (10). Additional items were added to the Spanish version to improve the psychometric properties of two subscales: physical abuse (2 items added) and sexual abuse (2 items added) (see Fernández-Fuertes, Fuertes y Orgaz, 2008 for details). Sexual abuse (6 items): unwanted sexual touch (bust or butt), forced sexual relations, threatens to achieve sexual relations, undress someone, unwanted kisses, and forced someone to touch.

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence

Example items: my partner forced me to have sexual relations.  Prevalence in heterosexual romantic relationships.  Victimization reports from women and men.  Perpetration report from women and men. Dating relationships. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization 

57.4% of participants (58.2% of males and 57% of females) reported having been a victim of at least one sexually aggressive act.

Summary of prevalence findings regarding perpetration 

51.1% of adolescents (60.6% of males and 44.4% of females; p<.001) admitted perpetrating sexual aggression.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Behaviour

Unwanted sexual touch (bust or butt

Forced sexual relations

Sex

Perp.

Vict.

Perp.

Vict.

Threatens to achieve sexual relations

Perp.

Vict.

Perp. Unwanted kisses Vict.

Forced someone to touch.

Undress someone

Findings regarding risk factors Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Omissions

0 = Never

3 (Frequently, 6 or more times)

0.0

61.3

25.9

8.8

4.0

0.6

78.2

16.6

3.7

0.9

0.4

67.7

22.3

8.0

1.6

0.9

63.6

22.0

10.6

2.9

0.8

87.2

9.2

1.6

1.2

1.7

94.0

3.4

0.9

0.0

0.8

86.0

6.8

4.8

1.6

1.7

89.2

5.4

3.1

0.6

1.2

92.8

4.0

1.2

0.8

2.0

95.7

1.4

0.6

0.3

1.2

91.6

4.4

1.2

1.6

1.7

94.9

1.4

1.1

0.9

1.2

47.0

34.3

11.2

6.3

1.7

61.2

25.1

8.0

4.0

0.8

50.2

30.3

14.3

4.4

1.7

61.2

25.1

8.0

4.0

2.4

90.8

4.4

1.6

0.8

4.9

92.2

2.3

0.6

0.0

2.4

86.8

4.8

4.0

2.0

4.9

84.0

9.6

0.9

0.6

Perp.

2.8

88.4

4.4

2.4

2.0

Vict.

4.9

88.4

4.4

3.4

2.0

Perp.

2.4

90.4

5.2

1.6

0.4

Vict.

4.9

84.5

7.1

2.9

0.6

Perp.

Vict.

N/a N/a

14. Fuertes, A., Orgaz, B., Vicario-Molina, I., Martínez, J.L., Fernández-Fuertes, A.A. y Carcedo, R. (2012). Assessment of a sexual coercion prevention program for adolescents. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 560-570. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Target constructs

2008-2009. Convenience sample: students in their fifth year of high school.  Treatment group: 93 students (39.8% men, 60.2% women), mean age: 16.0.  Control group: 76 students (69.7% men, 30.7% women), mean age: 16.4. Before-and-after evaluation with a treatment group and control group. Measurement of beliefs/attitudes:  to evaluate stereotypical beliefs: stereotypical beliefs surrounding sexuality and sexual coercion: an adapted, short-form version of the Sexual Beliefs Scale (Muehlenhard & Felts, 1998);

Country Report Spain, 2012



empathy for the victim: items from the corresponding subscale of the Deitz, Blackwell, Daley, and Bentley (1982) Empathy for the Victim and Aggressor questionnaire. Measurement of hypothetical behaviour:  perceived Control: the three-item Perceived Control over Sexual Coercion Scale (Fuertes, Ramos-Vergeles, Martínez, López y Tabernero, 2006);  heterosocial Assertiveness Scale that Fuertes et al. (2006) used in a prior study comprised of six items to assess assertive behaviour in situations either of a merely social, or sexual content. Measurement of behaviour:  sexual coercion Tactics: o Experience with sexual victimization: List of tactics used by StruckmanJohnson, Struckman-Johnson & Anderson (2003). It covers nineteen possible sexual coercion tactics.

Measure(s) of intervention success

Length/duration of the intervention: Contents of the intervention

Summary of findings regarding intervention success

It measures whether the respondent has been involved in these behaviours as offender and/or victim. To measure the effectiveness of the program to prevent sexual coercion, through the change in different dimensions and risk factors (e.g., concepts, attitudes, values, abilities, strategies, etc.). Measurements:  before the treatment, in both groups, baseline measured for each variable described above;  three weeks after the prevention new assessment of variables through treatment and control group;  eight months after intervention (final follow-up phase). Seven weekly sessions of one hour’s duration each during students’ homeroom. Sessions were carried out for the boys and girls together, except for of two sessions. The program’s objectives:  cognitive, emotional and behavioural components. It included: o knowledge about and information about sexual coercion; o beliefs, myths and expectation, empathy toward the victim; o ability in communicating/negotiation sexual relation. Stereotypical beliefs:  there was a significant decrease in stereotypical beliefs about sexuality and sexual coercion; differenced between boys and girls - girls in general lower level of stereotypical beliefs in both treatment and control group boys and girls were maintained. Empathy for the victim:  there was a significant increase in level of empathy for the boys after the intervention in comparison to the boys from the control group. Again no effect for the girls. Perceived control:  no differences before and after the treatment. Heterosexual assertiveness:  no differences before and after the treatment. Coercive behaviour:  effect only for boys: before the treatment more engagement in coercive behaviours than after.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Additional findings, e.g., regarding risk factors and/or outcomes

The program achieved an acceptable level of success at promoting greater sensitivity towards this topic and the effects on victims (empathy), and improving the ability to understand and identify a sexually coercive situation. These changes were maintained over time. Also, in the treatment group, a more acute decline was observed in the proportion of young people engaging in sexually coercive behaviours. The intervention did not, however, produce significant changes in the perceived control and assertiveness dimensions. N/a

15. Santos-Iglesias, P., & Sierra, J.C. (2012). Sexual victimization among Spanish college women and risk factors for sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 3468-85. Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression

Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator

Incidence Prevalence

N/a Convenience sample: sample of college women from different universities in Spain.  Total N = 402 (only female).  Mean age M = 20.82, SD = 1.60, age range: from 18 to 24. Cross-sectional. Adolescent and Adult Sexual Victimization (AASV) based on the Sexual Experience Survey (SES; Koss & Oros, 1982). It consisted of the items aimed at assessing sexual victimization after the age of 14 years. It considers different non-consensual sexual activities (scale from 0 (never) to 5 (5 times or more)):  sexual contact: having engaged in sexual contact (kissing, fondling, etc.) without penetration when the woman did not want it, using pressure, drugs or alcohol and threatening or using force;  sexual coercion: involving sexual intercourse without the woman’s consent by means of verbal pressure or use of authority;  attempted rape: non-consensual intercourse using alcohol or drugs and threatening with the use of force or using it;  rape: sexual intercourse when the woman did not want to, using alcohol/drugs and threatening or using force.  Prevalence (since age 14).  Victimization reports from women.  Sex constellation between victim and perpetrator not specified. Specified:  stranger (i.e., a person never met before);  acquaintance (i.e., someone the victim knows but does not have an intimate relationship with);  occasional date (i.e., someone the victim has recently met and is involved to some degree of intimacy with);  partner or ex-partner (i.e., a current partner or ex partner). N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization    

Sexual contact: 30.4%. Sexual coercion: 19.1%. Attempted rape: 3.9%. Rape: 3.4%.

Country Report Spain, 2012

Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator (%) Sexual contact

Sexual coercion

Attempted rape

Rape

Findings regarding risk factors

Stranger Acquaintance Dating partner Ex/Current partner Stranger Acquaintance Dating partner Ex/Current partner Stranger Acquaintance Dating partner Ex/Current partner Acquaintance Dating partner Ex/Current partner

3.2 21.6 24.0 51.2 1.5 7.7 18.5 72.3 15.4 53.9 23.0 7.7 35.7 42.8 21.5

Considered risk factors CSA: the Sexual victimization subscale of the Spanish translation (Pereda, Gallardo-Pujol, & Forero, 2008) of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ; Hamby, Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner, 2005); sexual contact occurred during childhood – before the age of 13 years. Sexual Experiences: number of sexual partners. Substance use prior to sex: frequency of substance use prior to sex was assessed through one question: ‘In general, when you engage in sexual intercourse (anal or vaginal) how often do you use any kind of drug or substance before having sex?’ Sexual assertiveness: refusal subscale of the Spanish validation of Morokoff’s Sexual Assertiveness Scale (Sierra, Vallejo-Medina, & Santos-Iglesias, 2011). The subscale aimed at assessing the ability to refuse undesired sexual contacts. Summary of findings regarding risk factors for victimization Higher frequency AASV was associated with history of CSA, higher number of sexual partner, higher substance use prior to sex and lower sexual assertiveness.

Findings regarding outcomes or consequences

Number of sexual partners and sexual assertiveness mediated the relationship between CSA and AASV - victims of CSA had a higher number of partners and lower sexual assertiveness, which in turn made them more vulnerable to experiencing AASV. N/a

Country Report Spain, 2012

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