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YOUTH SEXUAL AGGRESSION AND VICTIMIZATION IN SWEDEN STAKEHOLDERS’ PERSPECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE Principal Author: Christian Diesen, Stockholm University Advisory board: Katrin Lainpelto, Eva Diesen, Carl Göran Svedin and Josefin Grände Stockholm, Sweden December 1, 2012
Reco ommendations Sweden, 201 12
1. Intro oduction Sweden has a particular reputattion and posiition in the world w when sexual habitts and sexuall violations are discu ussed. One rumour r that is widespreaad since the 50s is that the t sexual frreedom is much higher here (an nd in Denma ark) than elssewhere. An explanation n might be the t export oof Swedish films, early showing ‘sexual prromiscuity’ amongst te eenagers. Th he image –or the imaagination- was w maybe somewha at confirmed d by young Swedish S chaarter touristss abroad. Another explannation is the e fact that Sweden,, as the first country in the t world inttroduced ma andatory sex education inn the schoolss (1955). S beca ame the firstt country to o prohibit sex purchase, i.e. only criminalising More lattely (1998) Sweden the buye er. In recen nt years the reporting oof rape crimes has incre eased immennsely in Swe eden, with more tha an 100% in 5 years (2003-2008), and is the highest in the worrld per capitta (next to Lesotho). In absolute e figures Sw weden follow ws as the 6tth country in the reporting rank (aafter the US SA, Russia, England,, Germany and South Afrrica – all mucch more pop pulated countries). Wherreas the rape e reporting in most other Europ pean countriies remains at the same level, the e reporting rrate in Swed den is still increasin ng each yea ar. The explanation to tthis develop pment, to th he fact that Sweden has 10 times more ra ape reports than Denma ark or 20 tiimes more reports than n Portugal oor Greece, is hard to pinpointt. One reason n is that the e threshold oof reporting rape has low wered. Manyy girls and women w that earlier in Sweden -o or today in other o countriies– would not n have reported the abbuse they su uffered, do come freque ent, being a rape victim is no longerr connected to a social that today. As reporrting has bec As rape is diiscussed very y openly and d frequently as a major social s probleem the victim m (and the stigma. A environm ment) realise e that she is not alone. T There is also o an awarene ess that legaal and sociall support is available e. e of Julian Assange A is a very clear iillustration of o the Swedish reportingg situation today: t The The case two wom men that rep ported the alleged a violaations would probably ne ever have doone it some years ago, they wo ould have ex xpected to be b mistruste d by the po olice and the e public. Noow a report was made –interpre eted by the police offic cer as a cri me of rape-- in spite off the awareeness that itt would be difficult to prove an n allegation in a case witth no injuries or witnesse es. The Assaange case ma ay give the impression that it is easy to con nvict someboody for rape in Sweden and a that it m must be the result of a eral rape law w. But that is i not the qu uestion; Swe eden has the e same rape law as mostt countries very libe within th he EU (and not n the wide er non-conse nt concept used u in Great Britain or Belgium). Th he Swedish law still requires co oercion or th hat the victiim is not ca apable of giv ving her connsent (becau use of e.g. p). And the Swedish S courrt practice shows that ve ery few repoorts (approx.. 10%) lead intoxicattion or sleep to prosecutions and convictions. on about the Assange ccase seems to t deal mosttly with thee legal accussation, the Abroad tthe discussio expulsion and the ra ape law. In Sweden, on the other hand, the casse has starteed a debate about the on of a violattion and the ‘grey zone’ between crrime and acc ceptable behhaviour. The aftermath definitio of this d debate is that there now w seems to exist a broa ad consensus that ‘a noo is no, no matter m the circumsttances, no matter m what happened be efore’. In this climate it is most inteeresting to analyse and discuss w whether the e Swedish siituation is p particular orr not: Are there more rapes in Sw weden than elsewhere? Why? Arre there ‘sex x cultural faactors’ thatt make the relation bettween the sexes more O can it be that Sweden n has a morre open insig ght of the prroblem and that other problematic here? Or es will reveall the same patterns in th he nearby future? countrie en really hass more rapess than otherr countries –a and more prroblems on ssexual victim mization– it If Swede is highlyy probable th hat it is primarily among young people a differen nce evokes. M Most victimss are young and their offenders are a close at age.
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Reco ommendations Sweden, 201 12
2. The situation Accordin ng to the reports young people consstitutes a biig part of th he victims off rape in Sw weden; one third is under 15, more m than tw wo thirds can n be estimatted to be un nder 25 yearrs of age. Th he average he sex debut is 16 yearss amongst gi rls, but 25% of them sta art their sexuual life befo ore the age age of th of 15. In n the age ra ange betwee en 12 and 177 years 96-9 98% of the victims v of reeported rape e are girls. These fiigures illustrrate that sexual victimiization of yo oung people, especially young girlss, is a real problem in Sweden. A reason may be that tthe ‘sex libe eration’ creates a pressuure on young g people to ally available e, but also gives an imprression of suc ch an availab bility, puttinng young girlls at risk of be sexua being se exually abuse ed. ost other co ountries whe ere finally h has reached the politica al agenda, thhe debate and a reform As in mo work in the field of sexual explo oitation startted with the e incest issue e (in the 80s)), continued with child abuse and vio olence again nst women ( in the 90s) and a reached d the issue oof rape in the 00s. The sexual a discussio on about rap pe –from botth a legal an nd social pe erspective– has h been inteense during the latest period a and some ch hanges in le egislation haave been ma ade in 2005, but the m main questio on (how to formulatte the rape crime) has not n yet been n resolved. A governmental survey has (2010) proposed p a new rape law, makin ng non-conse ent a second dary crime (c called sexual abuse) in rrape situatio ons without ut it is still unclear if o r when such h a law can be acceptedd in parliame ent. In the evident coercion, bu w proposal an n additional prerequisite e is added on o ‘helpless state’ in th e rape paragraph; the new law proposall is that (be esides ‘helple ess condition n’, e.g. drunk, handicap pped or sleeeping) a person with a ‘certain difficulty to t protect his/her sexuaal integrity’ should be included in the group of victims where ccoercion is not n needed to constitutte rape. Thiis amendment can be uused on you ung victims (above tthe age of 15), 1 but is fa airly vague and may be e practiced in a restrictiive way. Through that amendm ment the Swe edish law, according a too the survey y, should be in accorda nce to the Council of Europe Convention on the Pro otection of Children ag gainst Sexua al Exploitatiion and Sex xual Abuse ote, 2007). (Lanzaro ng the substa ance of the police reporrts on rape that are made in Swedenn nowadays, a majority Regardin of the ccases deal with w non-viole ent situation ns (with no or minor injjuries) and iin most case es (even in cases wiith violence)) the identiffied suspect admits inte ercourse, but denies coeercion: He claims c that the girl/ /woman consented to it. The proseccution rate is about the e same year by year (aro ound 10%), but as th he number of o reports in ncreases therre are more prosecution ns today. Annd as the pro oportion of evidentially weaker cases also in ncreases, the n rate has go one down, froom 88% in 2004 to 66% e conviction with teenage victims), NJJA 2009 s.44 47 I and II, in 2010. Two verdiccts in the Supreme Courtt in 2009 (w e need for better policce investiga ations, more e thorough search for supporting have exxpressed the evidence e (corrobatin ng the testim mony of the e victim), an nd it probably will lowerr the prosec cution rate the yearrs to come. 3. Acting against youth y sexuall aggression and victimiization in Sw weden: topiccs of discusssion 3.1 Legiislation and policies pinion the measures m dec cided or prop posed by the e government are far froom satisfacto ory to cope In our op with the e problems of o sexual victtimization a mong teenag gers and tha at this vulnerrable catego ory has not yet reacched the atttention need ded to deall with the situation. s Th here are govvernment ac ction plans against violence ag gainst wome en (2007), cchild sexuall abuse (200 07) and agaainst prostittution and nd to some extent e these e plans coverr the age category 15-177 years, but in general trafficking (2008) an ge range (ass well as th he ones aged d 19-25) are e regarded aas adults. As A the vast memberrs of that ag majorityy of (reporte ed) rape vic ctims are un nder 25 (mo ost under 18 8), young peeople must be b given a special a attention. Th he most vuln nerable grou up today certainly is the 13-14 year old girls. Frrom a legal perspecttive these girls g should not n be a diffficult group p to handle, as in Swedden consent cannot be given byy a person under the age of 15, but in practice the prosecutor hhas to prove e that the perpetra ator realised that the vic ctim was und der age – and d that is ofte en a big probblem. The se econd most vulnerab ble group is the girls between 15 an nd 17, and the t main pro oblem in thee legal practtice is that these girrls are expeccted to act like adults i n sexual situ uations – and d often they are not cap pable to do that.
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Reco ommendations Sweden, 201 12
A new la aw against grooming g (20 010), prohibiiting the sea arch for sexual contactss young persson via the Internet, is a provisiion especially designed ffor persons under u 18 yea ars of age. U nder 18 is allso the age e other sexu ual crimes, e.g. e incest oor using child dren for sexual posing –aand buying sex s from a for some person u under 18 is another crim me than if tthe sex selle er is older- but b no otheer legal measures have been takken to targe et the 15-17 years old, sstill children n according to the UN C Child Conven ntion. More efforts sshould be ma ade for their protection n, but as mo ost sexual criimes not aree –or will be e– reported (and as the relucta ance to rep port probablly is higher among tee enagers thann among otthers), the importan nce of additiional legislattion can be q questioned. ation as a to ool to changge attitudes is traditiona ally very stroong in Swed den. In the The beliief in legisla field of personal protection p the laws ag ainst child corporal pu unishment aand sex purrchase are considerred as good examples off that signal function. We W think thatt a rape law based on no on-consent would ha ave the same e positive efffect, especiially as an etthical guideline for youn g people. Bu ut if such a law is not combined d with contiinuous inforrmation campaigns on attitudes, it might be in n vain (the experience). Other changes of law – or new lawss– in order to o protect thee young may y be of less English e importan nce in the aspect a of ch hanging behaaviours. The e combat against youth sexual aggression and victimiza ation must primarily p tak ke other rou utes than leg gislation to change c the ssituation. Th he work by governm ment institutions, NGOs and researcchers in the area of victtim protecti on in Swede en is quite impressive –with ressearch centre es, helpliness, informatio on and suppo ort– but has not reached d the point hanges in atttitudes can be b seen or fforeseen. No or has the mandatory m sex ex education in schools when ch had thatt effect. d also be notted that in the t Swedish context very y little atten ntion is givenn to boys as victims of It should sexual aggression. Itt seems to be a minor prroblem in nu umbers (espe ecially in pollice reports), but is, in n the other h hand, the sexual oppresssion and expploitation of young girls our opinion, underesstimated. On uctural probllem, a matte er of genderr order, and d therefore more m basic bboth in analy ysis and in is a stru discussin ng solutions.. The main issue i is to p promote sexu ual equality,, a goal thatt is favourab ble for the boys as w well. 3.2 Addrressing Y-SA AV in govern nance The govvernment’s action a plan on violence against women (VAV) was w implem mented prima arily as an educatio onal campaig gn towards all a profession g with this isssue. As an eexample 10..000 police nals working officers got special education on VAV durring the yea ars 2007-2010, but also most people working ervices. The NGOs’ workk with batte ered women,, e.g. womeen’s shelterss, received within the social se oney to deve elop their work, and so did the scientists in thiss field. Such a campaign n has never extra mo been targeted to youth y sexual victimizatioon. On the other hand most profeessionals wo orking with weden has bo oth the the oretical and d practical knowledge k aabout the prroblems of young people in Sw The availability for young g people of iinformation and supportt is satisfactoory as well, at least in youth. T most re egions, but there are very v few in nstitutions or o NGOs (ex xcept in thee big cities) directed specifica ally towardss teenage victims of sexxual victimizzation (or to owards younng sex offen nders). For children there are sp pecial centre es (barnahuss) in more th han 20 cities,, for investiggation of abu use and for rehabilittation (wherre police, social s worke ers, psycholo ogists and physicians p w work ‘under the same roof’), b but in practicce these cen ntres mostly deal with ch hildren unde er 15. For yooung people above that age therre are no sim milar facilitie es. mpaign on VA AV is conside ered to have e improved the t knowledg ge basis but also the tre eatment of The cam the victiims (e.g. byy the police). The introd duction of th he children’ss advocacy ccentres (barnahus) has improved the situatiion –especially the secu rity and the social assistance (not tthe prosecuttion rates)o get the opportunity too come there e. (A problem m is that eveery city or region does for the cchildren who not have e the possibility to gath her resourcess in that wa ay. Another problem is tthat the reh habilitation part of tthe servicess is under dimensioned).. A campaign on Y-SAV would probaably have th he same or similar rresults for the t young people p as th he campaign n on VAV, but b would aalso raise th he general awarene ess of the prroblem by th he public. Evven better would w be to establish e Youuth Advocac cy Centres, ‘barnahu us’ for young g people, bu ut the difficculties to gatther specialiists in all disstricts would d probably be the sa ame as for younger y child dren.
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Reco ommendations Sweden, 201 12
3.3 Rese earch and im mplementatiion The awa areness of th he problem of o youth sexxual aggressiion and victiimization is very strong in Sweden among p professionalss who work with w childreen and young g people. Ass a consequeence many researchers r have perrformed stud dies within that t field; in n fact more than a hundred such stuudies were fo ound when collectin ng items for the Y-SAV knowledge k b base. Most off these studiies were pubblished durin ng the last decade a and as the database d of the t Y-SAV prroject primarily is focuse ed on quantiitative studie es (e.g. on prevalen nce), we find it approprriate to refe er some of the t results of o the Sweddish qualitatiive studies here.
One category within w the field of sexu ual oppression studies can be labeelled as gen nder-based studies. Since th he 60s many y feminist sttudies, both scientific and popular, have been published. m journa alistic publicaations (Boetthius, 1983; Wennstam, W 22004; Kielos, 2008 and Some of these, more media attentiion and keptt the public discussion about a rape Ekis Ekman, 2010), have got a broad m and sexual abusse continuously alive. In general these t books deal with attitudes on o sex and gend der, macho-iideals and th he fact that the rape vic ctim often gets the blam me of what happened h – and as a conseq quence often n blames herrself for it. On the acad demic level many studie es analyses the ‘power of ge ender order’ and the im portance of the heterosexual norm, some of the ese studies performed within the ‘queerr’ concept.
efined as sexxology studie es, some of them on a hhistorical bassis. One of Anotther categorry can be de these studies (L Lennerhed, 1994) discu usses the de evelopment of ‘sexual freedom’ in n Sweden, he 60s one recurrent r thoought was to o reduce mo oral rules to an ethical ‘minimum’. statiing that in th But after 1965 the involv vement for that libera al cause fa aded. One reason was that the ecame a rea ality, in praactice and in law, anotther that thhe feminist movement liberralisation be brou ught the sexu ual violence and abuse in nto the lightt. A recent (IInternet-bassed) study on n youth sex habits (Tikkanen n et al., 2011 1) show thatt the sex deb but occurred at 15,9 for women and 16,4 years men, but tha at 24% made their debutt before the age of 15. 10% had sex llast time witth a person for m theyy did not kno ow before, 10% 1 had had Chlamydia, 30% had at least once m made an HIV V-test. The majo ority of the respondents r were satisfi ed both with h their first and a latest seexual interco ourse.
A third categoryy consists of studies in p political scie ence, demonstrating thee structural impacts i on sexu ual life. One of these stu udies (Wend dt Höijer, 20 002) examine es ‘the polittics of fear’,, signifying that men’s viole ence againstt women plaays an important part in the mainttenance of an a unequal gend der order. Women’s W po ossibilities off participatiing in the society s is lim mited by th heir bodily integgrity being threatened, t both in pub blic and at home. As long as womenn lack the fundamental rightt to their own o bodies, it makes noo sense to speak of a functioning democratic c order for wom men and men. Women’ss citizenship p is conditio onal as long as women have to liv ve under a gend der order wh here fear is a power factoor in the daiily life.
The fourth and widest categ gory contain ns sociology studies, eith her dealing w with broade er concepts of yo outh relation nal matters or o with more e specific sexual issues. In the latterr group there e are some interresting studiies on young g people’s atttitudes to sexual s relatio ons. One (Jeeffner, 1997) examines 15-yyear olds’ vie ew on rape, showing tha t an act of rape r is not re egarded as rrape if both parties are drun nk, if they have h had a relation r befoore, if the girl g is in love with the bboy etc. The ey see the quesstion as ‘a space for negotiation’ an nd the answ wer (rape or not) dependds on factorrs like how ‘no’ is expressed d, the signifiicance of lovve, the effec cts of alcohol, notions off the whore, notions of the rapist as de eviant and the t consequ uences for girls g who have been rapped. According to the hor these conditions simultaneously limit the sp pace for action for youn g girls and extend e the auth spacce for young men. Anoth her study (Be erg, 2002) co oncentrates on the pers pectives of young y girls (15 years), show wing that th hey struggle e to find a balance bettween beingg a ‘slut’ an nd being a ‘friggid’. In this solution off being in-be etween, disscourses of heterosexuaality are important to dete ermine whicch kinds of sexual actiions that will w be comprehended as risk-free e of being disre eputed. The same kind of o reasoning is found in a study (Bäck kman, 2003) on both boy ys and girls (age ed 13-16), bu ut also that all a commentss from the participants p sooner s or latter are connected with the assumptionss that the se exes are diffferent and that sexuality is a dichottomy. The antagonism a ween ideals and a practice es is illustratted by the re emark (from two boys) thhat ‘girls can only lose betw and boys can only win’.
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Reco ommendations Sweden, 201 12
Finally there are e quite a few w studies in psychiatry and a psychology, most of them focuse ed on child ual abuse, bu ut also of re elevance forr older victims and perp petrators. Seeveral Swedish studies sexu concclude that ch hildren seldo om reveal sexxual abuse in the period d while it is hhappening (L Lindblad et al.; Svedin et al.). In one off these studi es (Svedin & Back, 2003 3), 30 childreen had been subjected evere abuse filmed by th he perpetratoor (i.e. hard d evidence ex xisted in theese cases), but no child to se had told anyone e about the abuse befoore the filmss were foun nd. Some chhildren still refused to admit that theyy had been subjected s too abuse whe en they were e confrontedd with the pictures, p a monstrates th he barrier exxisting betw ween experie ence and discclosure. Ano other study findiing that dem (Lea ander, 2008) demonstrattes that child d victims of sexual abuse are very rreluctant to talk about the abuse when it is suspec cted and invvestigated. The T same is valid for youung teenage ers. Details ut the abuse e are the fac cts most harrd to gain in an interview w, and there refore it is essential e to abou acce ept that morre than one interview se ession is nece essary to get relevant innformation about a what happ pened. Stud dies on youn ng sex offe enders discu uss the risk factors buut also the results of treatment. A re ecently published metaa-study from m the Swedissh Council oon Health Technology T essment state es that the internationaal scientific base is not sufficient s too evaluate iff there is a Asse treatment that can reduce recidivism among sex offenders in general, bbut that mu ulti-system ung sex offen nders. therrapy can prevvent relapses among you
everal on the issue of fa amily violencce against women w and In additiion to all these studies there are se children. Recently so ome studies in relation tto ethnical factors, f e.g. honour baseed violence and forced es, have bee en published. The reason n why a sele ection of the e scientific sttudies in Sw weden have marriage been pre esented here e is to demo onstrate thatt a good picture of the situation andd the proble ems exists. Still there are no visible change es in the Sw wedish reality y in the 00s;; the rape reeports (and reports on e against wo omen) incre ease, the poolice investiigations are e not gettinng better, the gender violence patternss among you ung people have not ch hanged, the e sexual opp pression conntinues. Nott even the sexualityy education in schools ha as an impactt enough to prevent the spreading oof venereal diseases. d In short, th here is a ne eed for a ho olistic strate egy to comba at youth sex xual aggresssion and victtimization, starting at school. 3.4 Proa active measu ures and soc cial media Policies on social wo ork can be diirected towaards three different levels of activityy: On the priimary level asures are ta argeted to all a the mem mbers of a certain popullation, e.g. young peop ple, on the the mea secondary level the focus is set on certain riisk groups, e.g. e teenage girls with pssycho-social problems, easures are directed tow wards the pe ersons alreaddy hit by the e problem, and on tthe tertiary level the me e.g. the victims and d offenders of o sexual agggressions. The T general Swedish S appproach on yo outh sexual aggressio on and victiimization ha as so far, acccording to our o opinion, been too llimited to th he tertiary level. Bu ut the suppo ort of victimss and the tre eatment of offenders o do o not really cchange the situation s in the deptth. Without limiting the restorative work a supp plementary strategy is neeeded to dea al with the problem. Most favou urable would d be to introoduce such a strategy on n both the pprimary levell (trying to ople) and the secondarry level (to give young g girls in th e risk zone a certain reach alll young peo attention), but if a priority p mustt be done, w we think the latter is mosst urgent. ducation musst start early y, which means that schhool is the pllace where We thinkk that the atttitudinal ed the efforts must be set in first. Prejudices oon men’s and d women’s role and sexuuality are stiill common e in Sweden and must be e fought thrrough continuous informaation on a le evel where among yyoung people young pe eople can pe erceive it. Th he wide-spre ead rape my yth acceptance and lackiing respect of o integrity must be eliminated . The discusssion about se ex habits and risks must also be linke ked to the isssue of drug and alco ohol consump ption. As a complement c t to the scho ool informatiion programm mes focus must m be set on social media; as these t channe els have beccome so esse ential in the everyday e lifee of young people –and ugh Internet dating)- th hey must bee used for debate d and also inflluence theirr sexual life (e.g. throu informattion. There are a already some good examples in Sweden, th he homepagee and www.o okejsex.nu and the twitter hasshtag #prata aomdet (‘tallk about it’)), where the e social meddia has had a positive impact o on the issue e of sexual victimization v n, but the ho omepages, blogs b and tw witters which h cultivate the prejudices (and the attitude e of male sup premacy) are e much more e dominant. Apart from the t debate al attitudes social media is also ussed for prev vention and rehabilitatioon: There is a virtual on sexua youth re eception (ad dministrated by the gove ernment) at www.umo.sse, where yyoung people e can have advice a about sex, an nd a helpline e (administrrated by a sp pecialised ho ospital) PrevvenTell, which persons with sexxual problem ms (e.g. attra action to chilldren) can ca all to get help (e.g. guiddance to therrapy). 5
Reco ommendations Sweden, 201 12
4. Sum mmary/conclusions Youth se exual aggresssion and vic ctimization cconstitutes a major prob blem in Sweeden. 7-14% of all girls and 3-6% % of all boys are –according to recen t prevalence e studies– forced to interrcourse befo ore the age of 18. In n a survey of o 18 years olds 14% of the girls an nd 4% of the e boys stateed that they y had been subjecte ed to some kind k of sexu ual abuse du uring the past 12 month hs. Another ssign is that the police reports o on rape has increased im mmensely, 2660% in 8 years (2000-2008, all ages), and that alm most 2.000 rapes of children (un nder 15, inclluding attem mpts) are rep ported each year. y onger period –since the 80s– the pub blic and scie entific interest has beeen focused on o violence For a lo exual abuse , but lately y the issue of o sexually abused teen nagers has against women and on child se estion why th he frequencyy of reported rape has entered the agenda. Still there is no answe r to the que increase ed that much; if it is a result of a higher tendency to re eport or if itt is a factual raise of occurred d abuses. Ce ertainly, the willingness oof the victim m to make a police reporrt has increa ased during the last decade, due e to a change e of attitude e to rape vic ctims (by the e police and the environment), but it may a also be a fa act that sex xual and culltural habitss (some rela ated to druggs, others to o Internet) amongstt teenagers have h risen th he risk of se exual victimizzation. Anotther factor oof importanc ce (at least for the high level of o reports) is the neveer-ending public attentio on and meddia debate on o rape in t the weakn nesses in law w or law prac ctice. Sweden,, not seldom connected to hat should be e taken in Sw weden to red duce youth ssexual victim mization is, The mosst important measures th in our op pinion: 1) to o change the e rape law aand 2) to gett a strategy to promote real equalitty between the sexe es, a strateg gy that 3) firrstly must be e implementted in schools and 4) thrrough social media. 5) The influ uence of dru ug and drinkiing habits m must also be taken t into co onsiderationn and 6) it would w be an improvement if Youtth Advocacy Centres cou uld be establlished in the big cities. O On the otherr hand: the nce of a) more research h in the fielld of youth sexual aggression and vvictimization n, b) more importan specialissation among g professiona als working w with young people, p c) more m NGOs w working in th his area, d) better treatment prrogrammes for f young se ex offenders or e) the need n for addditional lawss, is minor ed to the ne eed of a stra ategy for inccreased sexu ual equality. But to deall with that issue i more compare resource es are needed in all aspe ects of the prroblem comp plex.
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