COUNTRY REPORT ESTONIA December 1, 2012
Country Report Estonia, 2012
INTRODUCTION In 2010, a European project addressing Youth Sexual Aggression and Victimization (Y-SAV) was launched. Y-SAV is a three-year project co-financed by the European Union in the framework of the Health Programme to address the issue of sexual aggression and victimization among young people. The project aims to build a multidisciplinary network of European experts in various member states, bring together the knowledge on youth sexual aggression and victimization in a state-of-the-art database, develop a more harmonised way of measuring these issues and provide recommendations for strategic action to address the problem of youth sexual aggression under different circumstances in different EU member states. This report is part of the Y-SAV knowledge base. The knowledge base presents information regarding youth sexual aggression and victimization for each EU member state. This report presents the current situation in Estonia regarding policies, legislation, organisations, prevalence, risk factors and evidence-based interventions in the area of youth sexual aggression and victimization. This report was compiled by the Y-SAY principal investigators at the University of Stockholm (Sweden), Rutgers WPF (The Netherlands) and the University of Potsdam (Germany). We would like to acknowledge Ms. Kadri Soo (University of Tartu) for her important contribution to the Y-SAV report on Estonia.
This report arises from the project Y–SAV which has received funding from the European Union in the framework of the Health Programme.
Country Report Estonia, 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS A. B. C. D.
Government and policies ....................................................................................... 1 Legal situation ................................................................................................... 3 Institutions, organisations and services...................................................................... 5 Research on prevalence, risk factors and evidence based interventions ............................ 11
Country Report Estonia, 2012
A. GOVERNMENT AND POLICIES i. Ministries The ministry in charge of child and youth welfare and child protection is the Ministry of Social Affairs. The Ministry of Social Affairs coordinates e.g. children´s rights and child protection policy making. The national child protection includes the organisation of children´s health, education, work, recreational activities and social welfare. The state has to ensure appropriate regulations and supervision, develop strategies and action plans, and to participate in international cooperation. The ministry develops action plans including the rules on how to prevent, reduce, and intervene in cases of violence (also sexual) against children and youth.1 The Ministry of Justice plans and carries out a legal and criminal policy of the state. The Ministry of Justice coordinates together with other GOs and NGOs in the combat against crime, including sexual crimes against minors, which is a priority.2 The ministry in charge of youth issues is The Ministry of Research and Education, which has a special Youth Department. The main tasks of the youth department is to prepare national programmes on youth work, support activities of youth organisations, provide information for and counselling of young people and prepare an overview of the results and studies on the topic of youth works. Issues of youth sexual aggression and victimization are not a responsibility of this ministry, sexual health being an exception. Estonian Youth Work Centre (ENK) is a national centre for youth work under the administrative authority of the Ministry of Education and Research that develops international cooperation, coordinates network activities, finances programmes and projects and performs other functions in the framework arising from the Youth Work Act. The Council of Youth Policies (Noortepoliitika Noukogu) – bringing together representatives from the counties and municipalities, youth centres, child welfare, Youth in Action and others - advices the minister of Education in youth issues, and has the task to analyse, develop and evaluate national strategic documents in the youth field and work out proposals for financial decisions in the field. The Estonian Ministry of the Interior, through the Police and Border Guard Board, is partly responsible for dealing with violence against children and youth. 3 ii. Policies The National Youth Work Strategy 2006-2013 draws together two areas: ‘youth policy’ and ‘youth work’ – to create possibilities for young people (7-26 years) for the comprehensive development of their personality in addition to education, jobs and family. The strategic plan specifies 32 measures for achieving 4 main goals in 10 main areas of youth work. For each of the 32 measures a yearly action plan is prepared. One of these is Development Plan for Reducing Violence – for years 20102014,4 which includes a special chapter on reduction and prevention of violence against children. This chapter also contains a subchapter concerning sexual offenses against persons under the age of 18.
1
www.sm.ee
2
www.just.ee/7729
3
www.siseministeerium.ee/?lang=en
4
www.just.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=52311/Development_Plan_for_Reducing_Violence_for_Year s_2010-2014.pdf. See also the implementing plan at www.just.ee/49973 1
Country Report Estonia, 2012
The National Health Plan 2009-2020 constitutes the principles and measures for a healthy development of sexual and reproductive health of children as future parents, including issues such as awareness rising on sexual health topics, decreasing risky sexual behaviour, prevention of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, prevention of injuries and violence amongst children and adolescents without any reference to sexual violence.5 The Child Protection Concept 2005 imposes standpoints and proposals for the protection of children against physical, mental and sexual abuse, sexual exploitation and trafficking. The Strategy to Guarantee the Rights of the Child (2004-2008) constituted activities for prevention and reduction of violence and increasing youth awareness of sexual health. 6 The Development Plan for Children and Families 2012-2020 aims to increase knowledge of children and young people on gender equality, sexual health, responsible sexual behaviour, equal partnerships, and positive parenting. In order to achieve mentioned objectives sexual health and family training programs for children, parents, teachers and youth workers shall be developed and provided. iii. Current discussion In 2002-2009, there were several changes in wording of relevant provisions of the Penal Code to enhance protection of potential victims. There is no information that these recent measures have been evaluated by public authorities. At the moment there is no on-going public debate concerning the issues of rape, including legal and procedural measures related thereto. 7 There has been more discussion concerning domestic violence and how to provide victims of domestic violence with additional protection. Recently, there has been a discussion about increasing the age of consent but there was no solution because of discrepancy between ministries. Now the age of consent is 14.
5 6
www.sm.ee/fileadmin/meedia/Dokumendid/ASO/RTA/National_Health_Plan_2009_2020.pdf www.sm.ee/tegevus/lapsed-ja-pere/lastekaitse-korraldus.html
7
Poleshchuk, V., Report on Estonia, (2010). In Feasibility Study to Assess the Possibilities, Opportunities and Needs to Standardise National Legislation on Violence Against Women, Violence Against Children and Sexual Orientation Violence. European Commission, available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/funding/daphne3/daphne_feasibility_study_2010_en.pdf 2
Country Report Estonia, 2012
B. LEGAL SITUATION i. Law and legal definitions Rape and sexual violence related crimes can be found in Division 7 (‘Offences against sexual selfdetermination’) of Chapter 9 of the Penal Code (‘Offences against the person’). §141. Rape Sexual intercourse with a person against his or her will by using force or taking advantage of a situation in which the person is not capable of initiating resistance or comprehending the situation. §142. Satisfaction of sexual desire by violence Involving a person against his or her will in satisfaction of sexual desire in a manner other than sexual intercourse by using force or taking advantage of a situation in which the person is not capable of initiating resistance or comprehending the situation. §143. Compelling person to engage in sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse with a person against his or her will by taking advantage of the dependency of the victim from the offender but without using force or outside a situation where the person was not capable of initiating resistance or comprehending the situation as provided for in §141 of this Code. §143.1 Compelling person to satisfy sexual desire Involving a person against his or her will in satisfaction of sexual desire in a manner other than sexual intercourse by taking advantage of the dependency of the victim from the offender but without using force or outside a situation where the person was not capable of initiating resistance or comprehending the situation as provided for in § 142 of this Code. These offences are neutral with regard to gender and age of offenders and victims. Within the category of offences against sexual self-determination, a person is deemed to be incapable to comprehend if he or she is under 10 years of age. However, a person aged 10 or older may also be recognised as incapable to comprehend on the basis of expert’s report. The legal age of consent is 14 years. According to Estonian criminal/penal law, minors can be victims of rape (Article 141 of the Penal Code), satisfaction of sexual desire by force (Article 142), However, it is worth underlining that the acts provided for in these articles of the Penal Code shall be punished more severely if committed against people under age of 18. From 15 March 2010 the Penal Code is amended with Article 178-1.8 It is now penalised offering or making agreement to meet with a person of less than 18 years who is incapable to comprehend or with a person of less than 14 years and preparation of a meeting whereas the aim of the meeting is to commit against this person any of the offences mentioned here as well as offences related to prostitution, pornography and erotic works. During an investigation/prosecution, including testimony in court procedure, victims of rape or other sexual crimes are entitled to the same rights and to the same type of protection as victims of other crimes. Importantly, they are parties to both criminal procedures and court procedures (Articles 16 and 17 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). Victims of rape (as any other victims) can apply for restraining orders. However, there are no specific protective measures available to victims of rape or other sexual offences during an investigation, including when they give evidence in court.
8
RT I 2010, 10, 44. 3
Country Report Estonia, 2012
ii. Official statistics In 2003-2008, the total number of registered crimes of rapes was 916 (or 153 per year, representing 8 reports per 100.000 of the population). In 2008, 160 crimes of rape were registered. All offenders were males; 53% were younger than 30 years of age; 92% committed the crime alone; 31% committed the crime being drunk. Rapists were predominantly adults. Few cases of minor rapists were registered, mostly in ‘closed institutions’. The victim of rape was typically a minor or a young woman: 90% of victims were female and 46% were younger than 23 years of age. Importantly, in 68% of all cases the perpetrator was a relative (26 %) or acquaintance (42 %) of the victim. Incidents of in-family rapes were committed almost exclusively at the victim’s place. 75% of all persons convicted in 2007-2008 of sexual offences committed these offences against minors. 9 There are no specific figures available for youth. Below is statistics for sexual offences against minors.10 Sexual offences against minors Type of offences Rape (§141; subsection 2, 1) Satisfaction of sexual desire by violence (§142; 2, 1) Compelling person to engage in sexual intercourse (§143; 2, 1) Compelling person to satisfy sexual desire (§143¹, 2 ,1) Sexual intercourse with descendant (§144) Sexual intercourse with child (§145) Satisfaction of sexual desire with child (§146) Human trafficking in order to take advantage of minors (§175) Manufacture of works involving child pornography or making child pornography available (§178) Making a proposal for meeting a person (sexual grooming) (§178¹) Sexual enticement of children (§179)
2006 57 41 2 0 0 30 62 2
2007 41 24 4 4 2 10 23 5
2008 67 35 4 12 3 11 28 15
2009 49 49 1 5 2 14 25 7
2010 27 38 0 2 1 11 28 1
29
22
52
27
76
11
10
29
20
1 13
iii. Legal studies In 2007, the Supreme Court gave clarification regarding the notion of ‘helpless situation’.11 It means that the victim is objectively in a situation where he or she is unable to resist to the happening or to comprehend it. The victim’s inability to resist means that he or she is unable to do it or declines to provide resistance due to objective factors, such as less physical strength or psychological barriers (e.g. fear). It is not required to prove lack of any opportunity of defence. It is sufficient if for an external, objective observer the victim’s resistance would be hopeless and that he or she cannot obtain assistance from third parties. The Supreme Court recommended that in a court’s judgment, there shall be shown on the basis of which facts it is found that the victim has been involved in sexual activities against his or her will and what has constituted his or her helpless situation. As for violence, it shall be interpreted as any acts provided for in Articles 120-122 of the Penal Code (i.e. threat, physical abuse, torture).12
9
Tamm, K., Seksuaalkurjategijate kohtlemine ja ravivõimalused, Justiitsministeerium, Tallinn, 2009.
10
Crime in Estonia 2010, Studies of Criminal Policy 15, The Ministry of Justice, Tallinn, 2011, available at: www.just.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=54700/KuritegevusEestis2010_web.pdf and www.just.ee/56150 11
Supreme Court, Criminal Law Chamber, decision of 15 October 2007 in case No. 3-1-1-25-07, sect. 13-13.1.
12
Poleshchuk, V., Report on Estonia, (2010). In Feasibility Study to Assess the Possibilities, Opportunities and Needs to Standardise National Legislation on Violence Against Women, Violence Against Children and Sexual Orientation Violence. European Commission, available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/funding/daphne3/daphne_feasibility_study_2010_en.pdf 4
Country Report Estonia, 2012
C. INSTITUTIONS, ORGANISATIONS AND SERVICES 1. Victim-oriented institutions, organisations and services 1.1 National level National Helpline Women’s Shelter Tartu Website Type of organisation Short description
www.naistetugi.ee/ NGO, is 90% financed by the state; member of The Estonian Women`s Shelters Union. The national helpline was established in 2008. It is operated in three languages (Estonian, Russian and English), available eight hours a day and not completely free of charge. Services: women’s shelter; other services include counselling and crisis support. Fields of work: male/domestic violence; sexual abuse; women’s human rights; there is also a helpline for children, offering counselling, www.lasteabi.ee/eng.
The Estonian Women’s Shelters Union Website Type of organisation Short description
www.naisteliin.ee/index.php?keel=2 NGO. The Estonian Women’s Shelters Union is an umbrella organisation of ten women’s shelters. Services include: safe, confidential space for healing and recovery after being abused or during times of fear; temporary accommodation if needed; psychological counselling and emergency assistance; assistance in dealing with agencies like the police, social services departments; advice on legal matters like court processes, divorce and child protection issues, and legal consultations; support in setting up a new life. The shelters are open 24 hours a day, except for Tallinn Women’s Shelter.
Tallinn Crisis Centre for Women Website Type of organisation Short description
www.naisteabi.ee/ NGO, non-profit, partly funded by the Tallinn City Government. It is united in The Estonian Women’s Shelters Union. The Tallinn Crisis Centre for Women offers help to female victims of intimate partner violence. It offers: the safe shelter; psychological aid in crisis and the following advice after leaving the asylum –up to three months; psychological crisis counselling for women and children; 5
Country Report Estonia, 2012
support in dealing with official agencies; legal advice on divorce and child custody issues.
Nothing is known about the activities with regard to the youth. Services: Shelter; other services: o 24h helpline; o counselling; o crisis support; o legal assistance; o online-forum. Fields of work: male/domestic violence; sexual abuse; violence against women in conflict situations; women’s human rights. Victim support and conciliation service Website Type of organisation Short description
www.ensib.ee/?lang=en GO.
Victim support is a free public social service provider aimed at maintaining or enhancing the victim’s ability to cope. It helps any person who has experienced negligence, mistreatment or physical, mental or sexual abuse. The government compensates to the victims and their family members for the cost of psychological care where necessary. 1.2 Regional/local level There is a county government in each of the 15 counties, with its own local administration, and in the field of youth issues they coordinate implementation of national youth policies. County governments also employ officials who carry out duties related to youth affairs, education and, sports, cultural events, delinquent behaviour and youth with special needs. They also provide information and counselling services. Currently there are 21 Youth Information and Counselling Centres in Estonia. In addition there are a number of web-portals that offer young people information on different aspects of their life, including health and sexuality. According to the Youth Work Act the rural municipalities and the city councils decides objectives of youth work that shall be implemented in its territory as well as the methods for that. Tallinn Child Support Center Website Type of organisation Short description
www.lastetugi.ee/?lng=eng NGO, non-profit, partly funded by Tallinn City Government. Provides psychological help for children, adolescents and their families. The main aim is to support abused children through psychosocial counselling and psychotherapy.
Tartu Child Shelter Website Type organisation
turvakodu.ee/ GO.
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Short description
Tartu Child Shelter provides temporary accommodation and psychological counselling for children aged 3-18 in the case of abuse, conflicts or homelessness. It is open 24 hours a day. There are 10 shelters for children in Estonia.
Tallinn Children’s Home Website Type organisation Short description
www.tallinnalastekodu.ee/client/default.asp?wa_site_id=2 GO. Tallinn Children’s Home is a substitute home for children without parental care or orphans. Tallinn Children’s Home offer also shelter services for children with the problem of abuse and violence.
2. Perpetrator-oriented institutions, organisations and services There are no special institutions or organisation for perpetrators of sexual violence. Sexual offenders are offered counselling and rehabilitation services in prison. 3. Professional training, health education and research 3.1 National level Family Planning Association of Estonia/Estonian Sexual Health Association (ESHA)- IPPF Member Website Type of organisation Short description
http://www.amor.ee/ NGO. The purpose of ESHA is to improve and promote sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) of the people living in Estonia. ESHA aims at: prevention of unwanted pregnancies and spread of STIs; reduction of risk behaviour and violence in partnerships and increase the public awareness on SRHR issues. ESHA raises the general awareness of sexuality and sexual health among young people. It has participated in designing the school health education curriculum. It produces a range of information and education materials, including education kits and videos for schools, and organises training workshops for teachers and young people in different cities. ESHA offers to young people internet counselling, in order to make them more open for dialogs about sexual-life issues and through positive messages to raise awareness concerning sexuality. Peer group activities are conducted at the 15 youth counselling centres, managed by the ESHA Youth Group.
Estonian Women’s Studies and Resource Centre/Eesti Naisuurimus - ja Teabekeskus ENUT Website Type of organisation
www.enut.ee/enut.php?keel=ENG NGO.
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Short description
ENUT aims to advance gender equality in all spheres of life. This organisation: runs as a specialised library on women’s and gender issues; collects and disseminates information on gender issues; raises gender awareness through seminars, conferences and publications as well as promotes, co-ordinates and initiates activities to advance gender equality; co-operates with organisations with similar aims in Estonia and beyond.
Estonian Youth Work Centre Website Type of organisation Short description
www.entk.ee/eng/estonian-youth-work-centre GO. The Estonian Youth Work Centre is national centre for youth work under the administrative authority of the Ministry of Education and Research. Its main objective is to develop and organise youth work in the framework of the national youth policy. It cooperates with agencies, local governments, youth associations and other institutions to develop the youth policy and youth work. The target groups of EYWC include youth workers, youth organisations and agencies as well as general public and young people. The main objectives of the EYWC are: implementation of the Estonian Youth Work Strategy 2006-2013 and Youth Work Act and other relevant laws; development of international cooperation; assessment of the quality of youth work; monitoring of welfare of young people; organisation of training courses on youth work; awarding and recognising the professional qualifications of youth workers.
Tartu Child Support Center Website Type of organisation Short description
www.tugikeskus.org.ee/english.html NGO. The Child Support Center aims to prevent child abuse and domestic violence in Estonia, by raising awareness of community, providing professionals with training and by counselling and treating abused children and their family members. Services include: providing psychological, social and medical counselling, psychotherapy and acute aid in emergency cases to the children and their family members that are exposed to/suffer from violence; training of specialists that are engaged in work with children (medical practitioners, social workers, pedagogues, psychologists, juvenile police officers, prosecutors, judges, etc.); establishing network of specialists in Tartu and spreading the particular model throughout Estonia; shaping public opinion towards domestic violence and child abuse issues in our society. A recent project deals with prevention of drawing children and young people into forced prostitution: ECPAT and The Body Shop have formed a partnership to create and implement the global ‘STOP Sex Trafficking of Children & Young People Campaign’.
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Living for Tomorrow Website Type of organisation Short description
http://www.lft.ee/?keel=eng NGO. The organisation aims to develop sexual health awareness and safer sexual behaviour among young people, with a focus on gender and youth perspectives. The activities of the organisation are: interactive seminars for young people aged 14-18 including issues like sexual health and behaviour, gender issues, HIV/AIDS, drugs, prostitution, human trafficking, sexual violence and human rights; HIV/AIDS and other STD prevention work; educating young volunteers and peer-educators for the HIV/AIDS and other prevention work; youth initiative support and counselling; research on gender and sexual issues; human trafficking prevention - Hotline Service.
4. Other institutions 4.1 National level Estonian Union for Child Welfare/Lastekaitse Liit Website Type of organisation Short description
www.lastekaitseliit.ee/ www.crin.org/organisations/viewOrg.asp?ID=3876 NGO. A non-governmental umbrella organisation concerned with child rights, children’s interests and child welfare in Estonia. The membership of the EUCW comprises 36 local societies for child welfare. The EUCW has experience in creating a safe environment and possibilities for full development for children, with the participation and assistance of all members of society. The target groups are children and adolescents with the age range 0 – 18 years. The areas of expertise are: children and education; children and participation; children and the media; children without parental care; individual cases of violations; refugee and unaccompanied children; reporting to and monitoring the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).
Estonian Women’s Association Round Table Website Type of organisation Short description
www.enu.ee/enu.php?keel=3&id=5 Funded through donations. Supported by Council of Europe, European Union and the European Women’s Lobby through participating in women’s collaborative projects. Estonian Women’s Associations Roundtable (EWAR) is an open and democratic women’s organisations network whose mission is to advance equality between women and men in Estonia as well as in Europe, and to support the European Union’s political decisions that aim to strengthen women’s human rights and gender equality.
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EWAR brings together over 170 women’s organisations via regional roundtables either directly or indirectly. Its purpose is to find solutions to women’s problems: violence against women, wages lower than men’s, general lack of men’s involvement in raising children, general lack of women in positions where important decisions are made. Estonian National Youth Council Website Type of organisation Short description
www.enl.ee/en NGO.
Estonian National Youth Council (ENL) is an umbrella organisation established in 2002 and unites 57 youth organisations throughout Estonia. ENL promotes cooperation between youth associations and active participation of young people in society. ENL is working for recognition and participation of young people. ENL is a partner for the state representing the opinion of youth. It advocates for the youth associations interests in legislation and for better financing of youth organisations. It also holds more than half of the seats in the Advisory Council of Youth Politics, giving advice to the Minister of Education and Research regarding youth politics and financing of youth organisations. ENL is also represented in several other governmental and local level committees, working groups and round tables related to youth and civil society issues. 4.2 Regional/local level Estonian Union for Child Welfare Website Type organisation Short description
www.lastekaitseliit.ee/organisatsioon/organisatsioonist/?lang=en NGO, non-profit. The union helps to secure children’s rights and the development of a childfriendly society by organising trainings, campaigns, activities for children, families, policy makers and practitioners.
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D. RESEARCH ON PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND EVIDENCE BASED INTERVENTIONS Inclusion criteria: Studies from 2000 onwards; only quantitative studies; only studies reporting youth sexual aggression (excluding cases of childhood sexual abuse, as defined by legal age of consent). For exceptions, see individual studies. No.
Year of public.
Author
Study characteristics Prevalence data
Incidence data
Perpetration data
Victimization data
Heterosexual aggression
Same-sex aggression
Risk factors/ outcomes
1.
Soo, K., & Soo, I.
2002
x
-
-
x
Not specified
Not specified
x
2.
Dünkel, F., Gebauer, D., Grzywa, J., & Kestermann, C.
2006
x
-
-
x
Not specified
Not specified
-
3.
Ainsaar, M, Soo, K., & Laur, T.
2007
x
-
x
x
x
-
x
4.
Crime Victim Survey
2009
x
-
-
x
Not specified
Not specified
x
4
0
1
4
1
0
3
Total
1. Soo, K., & Soo, I. (2002). Teismeliste väärkohtlemine Eestis: riskitegurid ja tagajärjed. Tartu (Adolescence abuse in Estonia: Risk factors and consequences. Tartu). Material in Estonian: www.childcentre.info/11148/ Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design
Measurement of sexual aggression
2000. A representative sample of boys and girls in schools all over Estonia. Total N = 874. n = 415 male and n = 459 female. Mean age M = 14.8, SD= 0.8 and range: 14-16 years. Cross-sectional. Part of a larger study: The epidemiological survey for the prevention of child abuse in Estonia. The instrument of sexual violence was self-generated. It was measured using a question ‘How often have you experienced any of the following situations?’ (response options: 1 = almost every day, 2 = about once a week, 3 = about once a month or less frequently, 4 = not at all): I have received insulting comments, compliments and indecent suggestions; I have received insulting hints or proposals to intercourse; I have received insulting proposals to intercourse in return for money, gifts or something like that; I have been bullied by multiples call or mails; I have been tracked on the street what does that mean? I have been forced to watch pornographic material; I have been forced to pose in the nude; I have been forced to show my genitals; I have been made to look at another person’s genitals against my will; I have been forced to undress; I have been subjected to an attempted rape; I have been raped.
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Type of data collected
Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator
Incidence Prevalence
Three additional questions: who was the perpetrator? have you been threatened or silenced after the incident? how old were you then? Lifetime prevalence (time frame not specified). Victimization reports from boys and girls. Sex constellation between victim and perpetrator: included in the study, but no data regarding the sex constellation. Who was the perpetrator? (included in the study, but no specified data regarding the relationship between victim and perpetrator): a peer; a male acquaintance of family; a female acquaintance of family; an unknown man; an unknown woman; father; stepfather; mother; stepmother; an acquaintance; someone else. N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding victimization Total % for each of items:
I have received insulting comments and indecent suggestions I have received insulting hints or proposals to intercourse I have been made insulting proposals to intercourse offering money, gifts or something else for it I have been bullied by multiples call or mails I have been tracked on the street I have been forced to watch pornographic material I have been forced to pose in the nude I have been forced to show my genitals I have been made to look at another person’s genitals against my will I have been forced to undress I have been subjected to an attempted rape I have been raped
Total (%) 55,3
Boys (% ) 52,1
Girls (%) 57,9
22,6
15,9
28,5
22,6
3,3
7,9
13,7
9
17,7
10,7 1,3
4,3 1,3
16,1 0,9
3,1
1,3
4,6
0,8
1
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
1,2 2,6
0,3 −
2,1 4,8
0,5
0,3
1
Sex differences: girls reported rape or attempted rape more frequently than did boys (5% and 1.2% respectively).
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Findings regarding risk factors
Findings regarding outcomes or consequences
Summary of findings regarding considered risk factors The main risk factors were: less close relationships with father and mother; spending less leisure time together father and mother; having frequent arguments with parents; alcohol abuse in the family. No relationship was found between child sexual violence and: insufficient material resources for food and clothes; having arguments with siblings; frequent arguments between parents. Summary of findings regarding considered consequences In the study some emotional and behavioural consequences were examined. Main consequences: depression symptoms (feeling of fear, frustration, low self-esteem); desire to run away from home; truancy; being a victim of school bullying.
2. Dünkel, F., Gebauer, D., Grzywa, J. & Kestermann, C. (2006). Self-reported delinquency and experiences of violence among juveniles in the Baltic Sea Region: The Mare-Balticum-YouthSurvey. In B. Bykowskiej & M. Szulca (Eds.). Zagrozenia wspóczesnej modziezy polskiej (S. 97126). Gdansk: Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Year of data collection
2003.
Type of sample Sample composition
Convenience sample: students of 9 th grade from all school types. N = 445. n male = 278, n female = 166. Mean age M = 16.12, SD = 1.60. Cross-sectional. Part of a larger study: Mare Balticum Youth Survey on self-reported delinquency and violence among juveniles in the Baltic Sea Region. Modified questionnaire originally developed by the Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen, Germany.
Design Measurement of sexual aggression
Question about sexual violence: ‘Someone forces you –through violence or being seriously threatened with violence– to endure or condone sexual actions that you do not want (for example rape or someone putting their hand between your legs).’
Type of data collected
Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence
Respondents were asked whether they had ever been victims of sexual violence and how often this had occurred in the last twelve months leading up to the survey. Victimization reports from boys and girls. Lifetime prevalence. One-year prevalence. Sex constellation between victim and perpetrator not specified. N/a N/a
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Prevalence
Findings regarding risk factors Findings regarding outcomes or consequences
Summary of findings regarding victimization Lifetime-prevalence: 5.8%; 1.1% male victims and 13.5% female victims. One-year prevalence: 4.2%. N/a N/a
3. Ainsaar, M, Soo, K., & Laur, T. (2007). The Baltic Sea Regional Study on Adolescents’ Sexuality. National reports for Estonia. In: S. Mossige, M. Ainsaar, & C. G. Svedin, (55-74), NOVA Rapport 18/07. www.childcentre.info/projects/abused/dbaFile15312.pdf Year of data collection Type of sample
Sample composition
Design
Measurement of sexual aggression
April-May 2003. A representative sample: school survey among 16-18 year olds youths. Cluster sample: from different types of schools (vocational, high school or equivalent) in different regions (Tallinn, Tartu, Pärnu, North-East Estonia, other towns, rural areas). Total N = 1.667. 43.3% male, 56.7% female; at age 16: n = 333; at age 17: n = 752; at age 18: n = 582. Age range: 16-18. Cross-sectional. Part of a larger study: The Baltic Sea Regional Study on Adolescents’ Sexuality. Experiences of being exposed to sexual activities against your will: somebody has exposed him/herself indecently towards you; somebody has touched your body in an indecent way; you exposed yourself masturbating towards somebody; you have had sexual intercourse; you have had oral sex; you have had anal sex. Sexually aggressive behaviour: participants were asked whether they had drawn, persuaded, pressured or forced someone into these sexual activities.
Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence
Ad hoc question about: age of victim at first sexual assault; age difference between offender and victim; consequences of sexual abuse related to mental health. Prevalence (lifetime) in heterosexual encounters. Victimization reports from women and men. Perpetration reports from women and men. Specified in: Acquaintance; family member; stranger. N/a
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Prevalence
Summary of findings regarding victimization
Most commonly reported episode of sexual victimization: ‘somebody touched your body in an indecent way’: 40% of the girls in every age group, less than 10% of the boys. In each age group girls have been victims more often than boys. Very few boys and approximately up to 7,0% of girls have reported at least one incident of penetrative sexual victimization.
Age of victim at first sexual assault : the age of the victim at the first experience of a sexual offence varied between 14 and 16 years. Relationship between victim and perpetrator: 57% of the victims reported that the perpetrator was an acquaintance; 35% of the boy victims and 28% of the girl victims have been victimized by a stranger; a family member or a relative was an offender only in 6% of cases. Summary of findings regarding perpetration Note: results presented only for the 18 year-old boys and girls in the chapter: Svedin, C.G. Experiences with sexual abuse, selling sex, and use of pornography. Findings regarding risk factors
Findings regarding outcomes or consequences
24.2% of boys and 10.5% of girls reported that they had been sexually aggressive towards someone else. Summary of findings regarding risk factors for sexual victimization Risk markers: age (only among girls (the number of incidents increases with age); sex (girls have higher victimization rates than boys). Summary of findings regarding consequences Outcome variables: mental health; sexual exploitation; drug/alcohol use.
Victimized girls reported more negative emotions and feelings. Female victims experienced more sleeping troubles and helplessness. Less mental health differences between abused and non-abused boys. Victimized boys reported significantly more often feelings of tension and worry. Victimized girls tended to use significantly more alcohol and illegal drugs: o 23% of female victims drunk alcohol at least once a week, 14% of nonabused; o 26% of female victims use drugs (14% non-abused); o no corresponding difference among boys. Majority of respondents who reported offering sexual services had previously been victims of sexual abuse.
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Country Report Estonia, 2012
4. Crime Victim Survey 2009. www.just.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=52487/14.+Kuriteoohvrite+uuring+2009.pdf www.stat.ee/dokumendid/50566 Year of data collection Type of sample Sample composition Design Measurement of sexual aggression
Type of data collected Relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator Incidence Prevalence
January 2009. A representative population sample of Estonians. Total N = 4.181. n male = 1.891 and n female = 2.290. Mean age M = 44.6, SD = 17.04 and range 16-74. Cross-sectional. Crime Victim Survey (Safety Survey). Noncontact & physical sexual harassment. Example items: ‘during the past 12 months, have you received sexual hints, comments, or proposals (both verbally and in writing) that were uncomfortable and unwanted by you?’ ‘during the past 12 months, have you had to endure sexual touches, stroking, or other (intentional, not occasional) physical contacts that you were uncomfortable with and that you did not want?’ One-year prevalence. Victimization reports from men and women. Gender constellation between victim and perpetrator not specified. N/a N/a Summary of prevalence findings regarding sexual harassment Age 16-19 20-29
Findings regarding risk factors
Findings regarding outcomes or consequences
Physical sexual harassment (%) Men Women 1.4 7.4 0.9 6.7
Noncontact sexual harassment (%) Men Women 1.0 12.8 2.7 12.0
Summary of findings regarding considered risk factors Age: younger respondents were more likely to experience sexual harassment than older respondents. Ethnicity/nationality: non-Estonians reported more physical and noncontact sexual harassment than Estonian; non-Estonians aged between 16-19 and 20-29 years of age reported more sexual harassment than Estonian at the same age did: o 16-20: 6.8% vs. 12.4%; o 20-29: 7.6% vs. 11.6%. N/a
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