Teh Ci En 0343469 - Contemporary Design Theories Module (SEM4)

BERNARD RUDOLFSKY

Bernard Rudofsky was a social historian, architect, and writer who held Austrian American citizenship. He obtained his education with a doctorate in architecture in Austria before pursuing his career in countries such as Italy, Germany and many more.

LOCALITY, TIME AND SOCIO-POLITICAL CONDITION

During the 1930s, he temporarily lived in Brazil and subsequently established an architectural firm, where he constructed several residences in Sao Paulo After submitting an entry in 1941 design competition, he was invited by MoMA to visit the US. He resided there until his passing.

He made a significant impact on the sociopolitical discourse of architecture and urbanism in the 20th century by examining the connection between culture, society and architecture, and designing physical spaces that adapt to people's lives.

TRIGGERING EVENTS / IDEAL GENESIS

The main catalyst for Bernard Rudofsky’s inspiration derives from his travels which abundantly provided him the platform for a wider perspective especially in the areas of a new lifestyle that cultivates the ways people live their lives, their intimate cultures of their individual ethnic group.

Figure 1 : “Ethiopian children innocent of mechanical toys and mechanized entertainment, their imagination unimpaired by pedagogics, amuse themselves with building models of huts and corrals”

Source: Bernard Rudofsky, The Prodigious Builders, New York-London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977,

Figure 2 : Bernard Rudofsky drawing for a house in Procida, published on Domus 123, March 1938

Figure 3 :

SPILLOVER IDEOLOGY

Rudofsky’s ideology can be best described as a critique of modernist architecture and a celebration of vernacular architecture. He shunned the dream of an efficient reengineering of the human environment made by machines as he believed that architecture should be responsive to the necessities and principles of those who reside in it This elevation of ideas enabled Rudofsky to be bolder and vibrant in his architectural sense to make a mark for his works to all that are in a similar field.

ILLUSTRATIONS DIAGRAMS EXAMPLES TO EXPLAIN IDEALS

Mesopotamia means “the land between rivers,” as the land there is fertile and sustainable for irrigation and farming Thus, The Sumerians (early settlers) were the first to gather in small villages and formed a civilisation.

Figure 4 : 883–859 B C Neo-Assyrian Mesopotamia Nimrud (ancient Kalhu) Gypsum alabaster, 92 1/4 x 92 x 4 1/2 in (234 3 x 233 7 x 11 4 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Figure 5 :Ziggurat of Ur - Predessor to the Pyramidphotograghed when the structure was re-discovered in the late 19th century

Figure 6 : Ziggurat of Ur - Predessor to the Pyramidphotograghed in its current condition

KEY WORKS / ADOPTION TO SOCIETY

Rudofsky’s most renowned book familiarizes the reader with architecture that is not created by experts per se, but rather through the ongoing, organic efforts of a community with shared traditions and personal experiences. He presents readers with glimpses and the breakdowns of narrow concepts by introducing the unknown parts of the world. This uniqueness of Rudofsky’s works whereby he selflessly disseminates his own curiosity and transforms his visions into art.

CRITICAL COMMENTARY

YOUR THOUGHTS / OPINIONS ON THE IDEALS

Bernard Rudofsky, an individualist of culture integrated and embraced the qualities of preserving heritage altogether I believe his book emphasizes how art and architecture congregate the way of life and distinguishes how diverse mindsets of tribes could lead to new forms of vernacular languages I sincerely feel that Rudofsky’s innovative techniques safeguard historical structures and conserve our sense of identity, establishing undeniable links to our past, social values, beliefs, customs and traditions, enabling us to recognise ourselves in others, resulting in a stronger sense of cohesion

AFTER EFFECT OF MANIFESTO

In total, he has authored nine books and is widely recognised for his manifesto towards vernacular architecture, titled “Architecture without Architects ” These concepts were presented at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York and subsequently to 100 other museums worldwide.

Bernard Rudofsky's application on vernacular architecture enlightens and greatly inspires those who appreciate art with rich histories until thus far, enriching ideas and visions of every artistic individual that regurgitate the wholesome education of local knowledge and traditions.

04 REFERENCE

https://rudofsky.org/bio.html

https://www getty edu/art/exhibitions/rud ofsky/

https://architectuul com/architect/bernard -rudofsky

https://monoskop.org/images/d/d3/Rudo fsky Bernard Architecture Without Archite cts A Short Introduction to NonPedigreed Architecture.pdf

https://www thespruce com/vernaculararchitecture-480165

https://www themarginalian org/2012/01/2 3/architecture-without-architects-bernardrudofsky/

INTRODUCTION

Coco is an animated film released in 2017, directed by Lee Unkrich and produced by Pixar Animation Studios, takes audiences on an enchanting journey into the world of Mexican culture and the importance of family. Coco tells the captivating story of a young boy named Miguel Rivera, who dreams of becoming a renowned musician like his idol, Ernesto de la Cruz However, Miguel's passion for music clashes with his family's generationsold ban on it Determined to prove his talent and discover the truth about his family's past, Miguel embarks on an extraordinary adventure into the colorful Land of the Dead With the help of Hector, he unravels the mysteries of his ancestry and learns the true power of love, remembrance, and following one ' s dreams. "Coco" is a visually stunning and emotionally resonant film that celebrates the Mexican Day of the Dead while exploring themes of identity, memory, and the everlasting bonds of family

I chose Coco as I felt the movie offers a visually stunning and immersive experience that transports viewers into the vibrant and colorful world of Mexican culture The animation is meticulously crafted, creating a visually stunning tapestry of landscapes and intricate details While watching the movie, "Coco" carries a deep emotional resonance that resonates with me as it explores profound themes such as the importance of family, the power of love and remembrance, and the pursuit of one ' s dreams. The story teaches us valuable lessons about the significance of honoring our ancestors and the impact they have on shaping our identity and heritage - The idea that family bonds transcend both life and death The film emphasizes the importance of cherishing and remembering our loved ones, even after they are gone It highlights the role of remembrance in keeping our ancestors' spirits alive and passing down their stories from one generation to the next

CHARACTERS

IN THE CURRENT LIFE

"MIGUEL"

ANTHONY GONZALEZ

"LUISA RIVERA"

SOFIA ESPINOSA

"ENRIQUE"

JAIME CAMIL

"ROSA RIVERA"

MONTSE HERNANDEZ

IN THE AFTERLIFE

"MAMA COCO"

ANA OFELIA MURGUIA

"HECTOR"

GAEL GARCIA BERNAL

"MAMA IMELDA"

ALANNA UBACH

ERNESTO DE LA CRUZ"

BENJAMIN BRATT

"ELENA RIVERA"

ALANNA UBACH

"TIA GLORIA"

SOFIA ESPINOSA

"PAPA FRANCO

JAIME CAMIL

"TIA VICTORIA"

DYANA ORTELLI

"TIA ROSITA"

SELENA LUNA

"PAPA JULIO"

ALFONSO ARAU

"TIO OSCAR"

"TIO FELIPE"

HERBERT SIGUENZA

SCOPE & BACKGROUND STUDIES

CULTURAL STUDIES

It is deeply rooted in Mexican culture and traditions, particularly the celebration of Day of the Dead, known as Día de los Muertos A vibrant and colorful holiday that honors deceased loved ones and celebrates the continuity of life It involves building ofrendas (altars) to remember and welcome the spirits of the departed, as well as visiting cemeteries, holding parades, and enjoying music and dance It is a time for families and communities to come together, honor their ancestors, celebrate life, and embrace the cyclical nature of existence

CULTURAL COSTUMES

On Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) in Mexico, people often wear traditional costumes (called "Trajes de Día de los Muertos") that hold cultural significance and pay homage to the holiday's traditions

Women may wear colorful embroidered dresses known as "trajes" or "vestidos " They are often worn with floral and geometric patterns. They can be long or short, with flared or straight skirts, and are typically vibrant in color, such as shades of red, pink, purple, or yellow

VISUAL CONTRAST

Coco uses a visual contrast to differentiate between the real world and the afterlife

The real world, including the town of Santa Cecilia, is depicted with a predominant muted color palette and realistic visuals. In contrast, the Land of the Dead is vibrant, colorful, and visually spectacular, with its glowing lights and intricate architecture

SCOPE & BACKGROUND STUDIES

MUSICAL STUDIES

Music serves as a means to celebrate the country's history, traditions, and cultural diversity Mexican music often incorporates indigenous rhythms, traditional instruments, and lyrics that reflect the experiences, struggles, and joys of Mexican people

"REMEMBER ME"

"The song "Remember Me" is a central theme in the film It is introduced early on and appears in various renditions throughout the story, including performances by different characters

SINGERS

The song "Remember Me" is performed by multiple characters The character Miguel, voiced by actor Anthony Gonzalez, sings the song several times throughout the film Additionally, the character of Ernesto de la Cruz, voiced by actor Benjamin Bratt, performs the song in the film The song is featured in different versions, reflecting the different perspectives and emotions of the characters within the story

"Remember Me" becomes a poignant reminder to cherish and honor the memories of our ancestors and loved ones, especially during the celebration of Día de los Muertos It represents the longing for connection and the desire to be remembered by future generations

INSTRUMENTS

Mariachi Instruments

As the song is often performed in a festive and celebratory style, it incorporates instruments commonly associated with traditional Mexican mariachi music These may include trumpets, violins, and vihuelas, which contribute to the vibrant and lively sound of the song and provides a melodic foundation and accompanies the vocals throughout

HISTORY

The vihuela was invented in Spain's Kingdom of Aragon in the 15th century and was the aristocracy's answer to the common people's guitar.

VIHUELA : A string instrument similar to a guitar but smaller in size and has 5 strings

PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS

SYMBOLS

HECTOR / ERNESTO DE LA CRUZ'S GUITAR

Miguel playing Hector / Ernesto de la Cruz's guitar serves as a catalyst for him to travel to the Land of the Dead

ANCESTRAL BLESSING

Miguel's desire to play music and his connection to his great-great-grandfather, who was a musician, create a strong ancestral bond. By playing Ernesto de la Cruz's guitar, which originally belonged to Miguel's ancestor, Miguel inadvertently invokes a mystical connection to his family's lineage

SCENE OF BREAKTHROUGH

BRIDGE BETWEEN WORLDS

Music, being a powerful and universal language, serves as a bridge between the living and the dead The emotional connection formed through Miguel's music creates a spiritual link that enables him to cross over to the Land of the Dead during the Day of the Dead festivities

LIFE AND DEATH

The bridge scene represents a breakthrough as it brings together the themes, emotions, and character arcs It propels the story forward, providing a powerful and touching resolution to Miguel's journey / discovery.

"Coco" tackles profound questions about life and death as it explores the idea that death is a natural part of the cycle of life and that our legacy lives on through the memories and stories shared by our loved ones It encourages reflection on the transient nature of existence and the importance of cherishing the moments

PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS

CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT

MIGUEL BEFORE AFTER

A deep passion for music but faces conflict with his family's ban on music

He is determined to pursue his dream despite opposition

"CALACA"

Miguel develops a deeper appreciation for his family and heritage

He learns to prioritize the love and well-being of his family over his personal ambitions

"Coco" offers a rich tapestry of character development, showcasing personal growth, emotional maturity, and shifts in perspective

HECTOR BEFORE AFTER

Hector is portrayed as a trickster, seemingly selfinterested and looking out for his own interests

A Calaca is a colloquial Mexican name for skeleton - is a figure of a human skull commonly used for decoration during the Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) festival

FUN FACT !

Calacas are not only made of sugar but are also depicted in various art forms They are painted, drawn, and depicted in sculptures, paintings, and other artistic mediums

CALACA DESIGNS

Hector's true motivation is remembered by his living family

He becomes a selfless and loving character, supporting Miguel

Floral elements are commonly incorporated into the designs, such as marigolds, which are significant in Mexican culture and represent remembrance.

CALACA COLOURS

PINK :

It symbolizes the love and respect that endures even after death.

PURPLE:

It represents the spiritual journey and the transcendence of the soul.

KEY SPACES

1 RIVERA'S FAMILY HOME

The Rivera family home is located in the town of Santa Cecilia, Mexico. It is a modest, colorful, and welcoming house that reflects the vibrant culture of the region

2 MIGUEL'S HIDE OUT

It is located in an abandoned, dilapidated building on the outskirts of Santa Cecilia, the town where he lives It serves as his secret refuge and creative space

4 ERNESTO DE LA CRUZ'S TOMB

It is located in an abandoned, dilapidated building on the outskirts of Santa Cecilia, the town where he lives. It serves as his secret refuge and creative space.

3 MARIGOLD BRIDGE

KEY SPACES

It is where deceased ancestors reside, and depicted as a colorful and lively city with towering buildings, bridges, and captivating architecture

A grand and opulent residence located in the Land of the Dead A pivotal location where Miguel uncovers the truth about Ernesto's character.

This place serve as a symbolic representation of the consequences of being forgotten by the living

8 THE SUNRISE SPECTACULAR CONCERT

A moment where Miguel, with the support of his ancestors, performs his music to honor his family and pursue his passion

6 ERNESTO DE LA CRUZ MANSION

5. LAND OF THE DEAD

7 THE FORGOTTEN SLUMS

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

1. MARIGOLD BRIDGE

Also known as, "Puente de los Muertos" (Bridge of the Dead).

The Marigold Bridge symbolizes the passage between the two realms, the living world, and the afterlife. The bridge enables spirits to cross over from the Land of the Dead to visit their living relatives during the special time of the year.

MARIGOLD FLOWERS

In Coco, the the glowing petals serve as a cinematic purpose by creating a stunning and enchanting visual effect and can be easily seen to the audience as a magical element

Marigolds are often called “flowers of the dead,” Cempasúchil, or Flor de Muerto, these bright orange and yellow flowers' fragrance is said to attract souls to the altar. Their bright and cheery color also celebrate life instead of feeling bitter about death

MARIGOLD PATH

The straightness of the Marigold Bridge creates a visual contrast against the organic and irregular shapes of the Land of the Dead The bridge's straight path stands out amidst the winding and twisting streets, buildings, and structures of the Land of the Dead

THE REACTION OF MIGUEL'S FAMILY

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

2. ERNESTO DE LA CRUZ MANSION

The mansion symbolizes Ernesto de la Cruz's fame, fortune, and status in the world of music and entertainment. It is a lavish and opulent mansion, representing the pinnacle of success that Miguel aspires to achieve

ARCHITECTURE STYLE

Ernesto de la Cruz's mansion is an enormous, grandiose structure located in Santa Cecilia, Mexico It features a unique blend of Spanish colonial architecture with Mexican influences The facade is adorned with intricate carvings and details, showcasing a vibrant color palette of warm earth tones The architecture is reminiscent of the Spanish Baroque style, with arched doorways, ornate balconies, and a prominent bell tower.

DECEPTION IN CHARACTER

BROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Baroque architecture was characterized by vaulted cupolas (domelike ceilings) held up by swiveling colonnades (rows of pillars), walls and doorways made of both rough stones and smooth stucco, and interior design denoted by luxuriant fabrics and furniture

The mansion becomes the backdrop for the revelation of Ernesto de la Cruz's true character Miguel uncovers the dark secret that Ernesto is not the hero he appears to be but a thief who stole music and ideas from others, including Miguel's ancestor.

'GOOD" PERSON 'BAD PERSON

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

3. THE FORGOTTEN SLUMS

The Forgotten Slums symbolize the consequences of being completely forgotten by one ' s living family Spirits who are not remembered or honored with ofrendas gradually fade away and end up in this forgotten realm

FINAL DEATH

In the movie, Chicharrón's fading into petals when he dies serves as a visual representation of his complete and final disappearance from the Land of the Dead as he is being completely forgotten by his living relatives

The petals floating away highlight the fragility of memory and the significance of family and the impact that remembrance has on the afterlife

MATERIAL ATTACHMENT

Chicharrón's hammock being filled with his belongings before his death serves as a visual representation of his memories and personal history - the remnants of his life and identity that only he is left to remembers.

NEGLECTED ENVIRONMENT

The Forgotten Slums are depicted as a rundown and dilapidated area. The structures are crumbling, and the overall environment appears neglected and decaying. This spatial represents a neglected community within the Land of the Dead and acts as a reminder of the disparities and inequalities that exist even in the afterlife Broken wooden plank walls

Dim

CRITICAL COMMENTARY

HOW DOES THE SPACE HEIGHTEN THE DELIVERY OF THE MOTION PICTURE, COCO?

The key spaces in "Coco" enhance the delivery of the motion picture by creating a multi-dimensional world that engages the audience on both visual and emotional levels Through the spatial elements, the motion picture Coco effectively conveys its themes, cultural symbolism, and Miguel's journey, ultimately deepening the audience's connection to the story and its messages!

To state an example, the spatial elements in the Land of the Living, has warmer tones, vibrant landscapes, and traditional Mexican architectural styles, which evoke a sense of heritage, and familial connections. These elements serve as a grounding point for the audience, allowing them to relate to Miguel's world and cultural background. The attention to detail in the spatial design enhances the connection with the characters, making their journey more relatable and emotionally resonant

COMMENTARY

The spatial elements in the movie "Coco" play a crucial role in enhancing the storytelling, conveying cultural significance, and creating a visually immersive experience for the audience The motion picture "Coco" portrayal of different spatial settings, such as the land of the living and the land of the dead, showcases meticulous attention to detail and a thoughtful design approach

The land of the living is characterized by a warm and earthy color palette, lively scenery, and the inclusion of traditional Mexican architectural designs In contrast, the land of the dead offers a captivating fusion of vibrant colors, imaginative elements, and a sense of spirituality The spatial aspects in this realm incorporate vivid shades, intricate patterns, and a bustling cityscape, symbolizing the belief that those who have passed away continue to thrive energetically in the afterlife

Through the use of these spatial elements, Coco has successfully conveyed its themes and messages while paying homage to Mexican culture and traditions